Urinary Tract - Science topic

Nosocomial infections, also known as healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), are infections acquired in hospitals or other healthcare facilities. These infections are typically not present or incubating at the time of a patient's admission. Here are the criteria for identifying nosocomial infection

Timing: The infection must occur at least 48-72 hours after admission. Alternatively, the infection could manifest within 10-30 days after discharge, particularly if it is related to a surgical procedure

Location:The infection occurs in a hospital, nursing home, rehabilitation center, outpatient clinic, or other healthcare facility.

I'll go with cystoscopic incision, and follow up after 1 month

I agree with the excellent and comprehensive answers from Mary CR Wilson.

Just to add recurrent UTI's occurring in the context of an incomplete course of antibiotics, and /or resistance to the prescribed antibiotic, anatomical bladder abnormalities (diverticulae, calculus), functional -vesico-urethral reflux, renal calyx- pyelonephrosis, calculi, underlying co-morbidities (diabetes) and perimenopausal changes in estrogen levels.

If the urine was properly collected, I don't think it is important to get a catheter sample.

Besides klebsiellas are gram negative bacteria which presence causes nitrites in urine plus leucocytes.

Very good question! It is true nowadays Google has been used to get any informations and sometimes people without scrutinizing results of their search use anything that pops up.

I personally never came across any misconception about E. Coli.

I am very much interested to know!

Please see the link below.

Pelvic floor muscle exercise would be an evidence based first line treatment methods for women with urinary incontinence.

Hi,

There is a recent review answering the exact question

Hello Lennert,

I hope they are able to send the article that you need.

Again, very best wishes,

Mary

Dear Zara,

I worked with these cell lines for several years. These two cells grow very well, Initially it is slow, but later it grow very well if not contaminated with mycoplasma. So far I remember, I used RPMI 1640 for 5736 and DMEM for T24 cells. 10% serum is fine and you don't need anything else. 5736 cells is very sticky to culture plate, very careful for passaging!!! If you need any further help, please mail me: provash2000@gmail.com

Hello,

Hope I can help you with your questions.

1) Depends on how long you incubate in formalin the mouse bladder is rather small so eventually the formalin will reach the inner layers and urothelium and fix it. However I think you will have the best results if you perfuse the whole animal with formalin.

2) Depends on your fluorescent dyes. I think Carnoys is acidic and different dyes are more or less sensitive to pH.

3) I do not think formalin will harden (though the tissue will, a little bit), maybe you mean paraffin? We used to infuse the bladder with cryosectioning media before freezing them for sectioning when we wanted to have sections with distended bladders and it worked fine. I think you could try to do the same thing with paraffin.

Have a look at the methods section in our papers it might be helpful :-)

Best regards

Karl Svennersten

 Thank you for your answer!!!

Validation of the Urgency, Weak stream, Incomplete emptying, and Nocturia (UWIN) score compared with the American Urological Association Symptoms Score in assessing lower urinary tract symptoms in the clinical setting.

The antibacterial spectrum of fosfomycin includes staphylococci, Haemophilus sp. and most of the enteric gram-negative bacteria, but with a considerably higher MIC for Klebsiella sp., Enterobacter sp. and Serratia sp. Fosfomycin is moderately active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with variable MICs ranging from 4 to >512 mg/L.

yes i agree particularly in stones

The supersaturation of urine with CaOX, the most common component of kidney stones is an important factor in crystallization, with later factors being nucleation, growth and aggregation. Thus if supersaturation or later steps in crystallization can be prevented, then lithiasis should be avoided. Indeed, several measures are usually taken to reduce supersaturation, e.g. increasing fluid intake and medical therapy. Although treatments have improved considerably, it is generally accepted that better strategies for preventing kidney stones have developed.

REFERENCE:

S V Krishna Reddy ,Ahammad Basha Shaik, Suneel Bokkisam. Effect of Potassium Magnesium Citrate and Vitamin B-6 Prophylaxis for Recurrent and Multiple Calcium Oxalate and Phosphate Urolithiasis.

  Korean journal of urology 06/2014; 55(6):411-6. DOI: 10.4111/kju.2014.55.6.411

Don't think the  number of stones  have any real clinical relevance. More important is the clinical indications for cholecystectomy.

According to its size,condition of the surrounding tissues and exprience. You have

1- simple closure after proper dissection of the fistulous tract and excision with a supporting dartos covering

2- a trap door closure.

3- a Matheui likeinverted skin flap.

4-if complex fistula with multiple openings you can use the previous or revert to re construct the urethra

If you like i have photos of all the  abovr of my own work I can show them to you

24 hour urine should be kept in refrigerator or long preservation and sodium azide is generally used to prevent any bacterial and fungal growth in it

What is the full term for IDCs ?

If it corresponds to indwelling urinary catheter, we don't use pre-filling urinary bladders but a supervised catheter's ablation protocol. It consists in attention on miction return, and if not, an in-out catheter by nurse all 4 hours until miction recovery.

I was wondering whether the systemic uptake of oestrogen would be, following bladder installation, as the low systemic uptake from vaginal application is one of the benefits of local use.

You are probably aware of the following publications but I have included the references: 

In a Cochrane Review, the work of Kurz et al. 1993 (RCT) is discussed when intravesical estrogen was used 'Intravesical application of estriol in sensory urge incontinence - a prospective study'. (Ref for the Cochrane Review: Cody, June D., et al. "Oestrogen therapy for urinary incontinence in post-menopausal women." Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4 (2009).) The work of Kurz et al. was also included in the 2012 update (ref: Cody, June D., et al. "Oestrogen therapy for urinary incontinence in post-menopausal women." Cochrane Database Syst Rev 10 (2012).) The concept of intravesical estrogen is also mentioned in "Legendre, Guillaume, et al. "Menopause, hormone treatment and urinary incontinence at midlife." Maturitas 74.1 (2013): 26-30" but no detail is given. 

The natural history of the prepuce is one thing we do know about, thanks to a number of (much cited) papers. The one most often used is Gairdner's 1949 paper - the fate of the foreskin. He used a probe to separate adhesions around the age of three - thus his figures are not a true reflection of the natural history. This is perhaps where the expectation of a fully retractable foreskin at age 3 comes from.

The studies below show gradual and variable figures. We must also remember that full retractability is a function of two things - a preputial opening large enough for the glans, and a lack of glanular adhesions to the inner prepuce. Thorvaldsen has a mean age of 10.4 years, Oster's cohort had a 48% chance of some preputial adhesions at this age.

Perhaps more accurate are the figures of authors such as Oster (1969 - Danish schoolboys), Thorvaldsen (2005 - Danish again, this article in Danish), Ko (2007 - Taiwanese boys), Kayaba (1996 - Japanese boys), Agarwal (2005 - Indian boys), and Morales Concepcion (2002 Spanish article).

There are a few tools that might help you. The first is an app for IOS:

There is also a video tutorial available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LplpznnhDmU.

The definition of "new" is questionnable. There are some relatively newer drugs used in some parts of the world, not available in other parts. For example, most of the former USSR countries enjoy the benefits (much better bioavailability and lesser toxicity and side-effects) of soluble Nitrofuran derivate Furazidin (trade name Furamag), first synthesized in Latvia in late 1970's, but those are not available in the Western Europe. I am not aware of the new classes of drugs for treating UTI, sorry

There really is no universal "best or proper" procedure for fixation. Every fixation procedure does lead to some change in the tissue being fixed. As can be seen from all the replies above the fixation procedure will depend on what you need to do with the tissue later. From your question you have mentioned histological examination. For most histological procedures fixation in 10% buffered formalin give adequate morphological preservation for routine H&E as well as most commonly used histochemical staining procedures. But if you are planning Immuohistochemistry / immunofluorescence or any other immunological procedure then it really depends on the antigenic epitope that is being studied and the available antibodies. You may then have to look at the best fixation procedure and if any antigen retrieval etc would be required later. I do not think storing in PBS is a good idea esp since you plan to study UTI. The bacterial growth that is invariably likely esp if your tissue are already infected may vitiate the results.

I do not use any protocol in my daily practice. I judge by individual because the indications for CT are not the same. If I suspect renal mass , arterial phase + venous phase is essential and may be 3-5 minute delayed phase. If I suspect obstructive uropathy , venous phase and 10 minute delayed phase is enough.