Trusses - Science topic

This paper focuses on a particular application of birch plywood in adhesively bonded connections, namely, a node of a timber truss. The aim is to investigate the influence of the plywood's additional width and the load-to-face grain angles on its load-bearing capacity in tension (tensile capacity). The experimental tests started from the case with...

Strong surface elasticity has been only found in nanoscale materials due to their large surface-to-volume ratio. In this paper, at the macroscale, the strong surface elasticity is revealed in thin metamaterial structures. Moreover, the metamaterial structures filled with complex microstructures often need computationally prohibitive resources if th...

Rational design principles for ultra-broadband lattice-based metastructure absorbers (MMAs) remain scarcely explored, including elucidation of the governing absorption phenomena. This work presents Octet truss lattices gradient-tailored to achieve highly efficient wide-spectrum electromagnetic (EM) wave mitigation. The optimized 15 mm thick three-d...

Anisotropic mechanical metamaterials with controllable properties are crucial for additive manufacturing design. However, manually regulating microstructural anisotropy remains challenging. This study introduces a method for artificial intelligence-aided design (AIAD) and mechanical metastructures optimization (MMO) to achieve extensive multi-scale...

This paper presents a new structural design framework, developed based on iterative optimization via quantum annealing (QA). The novelty lies in its successful design update using an unknown design multiplier obtained by iteratively solving the optimization problems with QA. In addition, to align with density-based approaches in structural optimiza...

Vibration-based structural health monitoring (SHM) is crucial in assessing the integrity of large civil infrastructures. Developing an accurate finite element (FE) model that effectively reflects the dynamics of a full-scale structure is essential for the success of vibration-based SHM. This study introduces a comprehensive framework for FE model u...

As the operation of buildings become more efficient, the carbon emissions generated by other phases of the building's life cycle should also be mitigated to fully address the climatic crisis. In this sense, structural systems have an important role in the total embedded carbon of a construction. This paper proposes a workflow to inform the conceptu...

Kinematic instability due to unstable nodes is an often neglected but critical aspect of mathematical optimization models in truss topology optimization problems. On the one hand, kinematically unstable structures cannot be used in the actual structural design. On the other hand, unstable nodes within continuous parallel bars can make the calculati...

The optical truss interferometer (OTI) is a contingent subsystem proposed for the LISA telescopes to aid in the verification of a $1 \frac{\mathrm{pm}}{\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}}$ optical path length stability. Each telescope would be equipped with three pairs of compact fiber-coupled units, each forming an optical cavity with a baseline proportional to t...

Steel structure designers frequently encounter the need to reinforce hot-rolled compressed steel elements. This is particularly common in the case of compressed truss bars in steel truss girders. Typically, reinforcement is designed using bars or flat bars welded to the compressed element. However, welding technology is not always feasible in exist...

Additive manufacturing (AM) offers new possibilities to fabricate and design lightweight lattice materials. Due to the superior mechanical properties of these lattice structures, they have the potential to replace honeycombs as cores in sandwich panels. In addition to the advantage of the integral fabrication thanks to AM, additively manufactured l...

The core of the modern lightweight wind turbine blade may be a truss structure based on carbon-fiber rods connected to stiff ribs. A specialized robot manufactures these structures by spatially winding impregnated carbon fibers around pre-positioned ribs with cutouts for securing the fiber bundle. Quantity of the ribs, their positions, and position...

This article presents a number of new insights into the construction and significance of the Marian shrine of Scherpenheuvel. Archival research indicates that work on the dome of the church designed by Wenzel Coebergher (1557-1634) had already been completed by circa 1621. It is also safe to assume that the gallery behind the church and the Oratory...

This study evaluates topologically optimized lattice structures for high strain rate loading, crucial for impact resistance. Using the BESO (Bidirectional Evolution Structural Optimisation) topology optimisation algorithm, CompIED and ShRIED topologies are developed for enhanced energy absorption and impact resistance. Micromechanical simulations r...

One of the issues raised by Ben Clift’s book on the OBR is the paradox in UK neo-liberal thinking since Brexit. This is created by the attempt to reconcile their support for a transnational, technocratic, depoliticised rules-based order with the exercise of national sovereignty to take back control. In this contribution to the symposium I will expl...

The agriculture sector is a leading global water consumer, utilizing approximately 70% of all freshwater withdrawals. Traditional irrigation methods prove inefficient, prompting the industry to seek improved models. Substantial efforts in the initial five-year plan aimed to expand irrigated areas through surface irrigation projects and groundwater...

In this study, we developed a new method of topology optimization for truss structures by quantum annealing. To perform quantum annealing analysis with real variables, representation of real numbers as a sum of random number combinations is employed. The nodal displacement is expressed with binary variables. The Hamiltonian H is formulated on the b...

Piezoelectric transducers applied on or integrated in structures, combined with appropriate circuits have been extensively investigated as a smart approach to the mitigation of resonant vibrations with high relative amplitudes. \cmt{A resonant shunt circuit consisting of the capacitive piezoelectric transducer and an inductance can be configured to...

In this study, a novel damage detection framework for skeletal structures is presented. The introduced scheme is based on the optimization-based model updating method. A new multipopulation framework, namely, the Famine Algorithm, is introduced that hopes to reduce the number of objective function evaluations needed. Furthermore, using static displ...

Lattice structures have emerged as promising materials for aerospace structure applications due to their high strength-to-weight ratios, customizable properties, and efficient use of materials. These properties make them attractive for use in anti-ice systems, where lightweight and heat exchange are essential. This paper presents an extensive exper...

In the last few decades, the technology of 3D concrete printing (3DCP) has had a significant development. This technology has a great potential to improve efficiency in the construction industry. It can provide safer site working conditions, material savings, a reduction of construction time, and a high versatility of architectural and structural d...

1 Summary A variable density, stress constrained topology optimization based on SIMP and a p-norm aggregated global element stress measure is used herein. The aim of optimization is to achieve maximum material savings by utilizing the structure at its load limit. The challenges are manifold. The number of active stress constraints increases with un...

This paper emphasizes on testing the flexural capacity of Hybrid Steel Truss Reinforced Concrete Beam (HSTRCB), where a prefabricated steel truss is embedded into concrete beam instead of conventional rebars, forming a composite section. Five doubly reinforced concrete beams were designed, casted, experimentally tested and analyzed to investigate t...

We examine the heap of linear connections on anchored vector bundles and Lie algebroids. Naturally, this covers the example of affine connections on a manifold. We present some new interpretations of classical results via this ternary structure of connections. Endomorphisms of linear connections are studied, and their ternary structure, in particul...

This paper emphasizes on testing the flexural capacity of Hybrid Steel Truss Reinforced Concrete Beam (HSTRCB), where a prefabricated steel truss is embedded into concrete beam instead of conventional rebars, forming a composite section. Five doubly reinforced concrete beams were designed, casted, experimentally tested and analyzed to investigate t...

In recent years, many researchers have made a continuous effort to develop new and efficient meta-heuristic algorithms to address complex problems. Hence, in this study, a novel human-based meta-heuristic algorithm, namely, the learning cooking algorithm (LCA), is proposed that mimics the cooking learning activity of humans in order to solve challe...

The purpose of the presented study is to determine and mathematically model the reliability of a steel truss with different variants of local failures of rod elements due to corrosion processes. In order to achieve a quantitative reliability assessment, the truss structure is considered as a combination of subsystems containing relatively small gro...

This study investigates the combined use of generative grammar rules and Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) for optimizing truss structures. Our approach accommodates intermediate construction stages characteristic of progressive construction settings. We demonstrate the significant robustness and computational efficiency of our approach compared to al...

The long-span dual-purpose highway-rail double-tower cable-stayed bridge has the characteristics of a large span and large load-bearing capacity. Compared with the traditional cable-stayed bridge, its wind resistance and seismic resistance are weaker, and the dynamic characteristics of the bridge are closely related to the wind resistance and seism...

Modal parameter identification of railway bridges is essential for comprehending their dynamic behavior. This understanding enables the development of numerical simulations that more accurately mirror their actual behavior. It also helps in monitoring changes in material condition through frequency variations over time, and establishing the maximum...

Multi-stable structures attract great interest because they possess special energy landscapes with domains of attraction around the stable states. Consequently, multi-stable structures have the potential to achieve prescribed reconfiguration with only a few lightweight actuators (such as shape-memory alloy springs), and do not need constant actuati...

This paper proposes a novel improved prairie dog optimization algorithm integrated with a convergence curve monitoring frame (M-IPDO) for truss optimization. Three measures are used to improve the prairie dog optimization (PDO): Firstly, the initialization process of the algorithm is improved based on quasi-opposition learning and quasi-reflection...

Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) enable AI agents to go beyond simply supporting human activities and, instead, take more control in team decision-making. While significant literature has studied human-AI collaboration through the lens of AI as a "second opinion system," this type of interaction is not fully representative of many hu...

An experiment was conducted on a prestressed concrete (PC) composite girder bridge with steel truss webs to investigate its flexural performance. The mechanical characteristics and failure modes of a PC composite girder bridge with steel truss webs was clarified. Finite element (FE) analysis was carried out, and the influence of the girder height-t...

Optimization-based methods are increasingly being implemented for structural damage detection (SDD) problems through the minimization of the objective functions based on vibration data. Meanwhile, the challenge of high computational cost hinders the applied use of SDD methods, especially upon addressing large-scale structures. In this study, a two-...

The “321” prefabricated highway steel truss bridge is widely used for highway rescue, disaster relief, and emergency traffic. This paper uses a 33 m double-row monolayer “321” prefabricated highway steel truss bridge to analyze its mechanical properties and component stability. The actual traffic flow capacity of a total weight of 53.32 tons is use...

Any three-dimensional finite element analysis of the failure of wood trusses necessarily incurs several markedly nonlinear effects, including the coexistence of orthotropic ductile and brittle failure modes depending on entangled tensile, shearing, and compressive stress states, and the mesh dependency inherent in the adoption of softening stress s...

The next generation of large space infrastructure will require crucial advancements in current technology. Current methodologies focus on large deployable structures folded into cramped payload fairings or revolutionary assembly techniques requiring many moving components. Utilizing both in-space assembly and deployable concepts, a hybrid mixed ass...

In this study, a nonlinear energy sink (NES) is used to suppress the nonlinear aeroelastic response of graphene platelet reinforced composite (GPLRC) lattice sandwich plates in a supersonic airflow for the first time. The face sheets and lattice core trusses of lattice sandwich plates were reinforced with graphene platelets (GPLs). The effective el...

Bayesian updating can integrate new observations in real time. This online updating property makes the Bayesian approach particularly suitable for dynamic monitoring of structural damage. In this paper, the node displacements are obtained by the finite element software OpenSees, assuming that the bars are damaged and the stiffness is reduced. Rejec...

This paper uses the finite element simulation to examine the effects of modified stirrups on RC beams. There are seventeen (17) FE models, including various stirrup configurations such as traditional, spiral, and truss systems, as well as advanced modifications, were thoroughly analyzed using Abaqus software to evaluate parameters such as loaddefle...

This paper reviews and analyzes the state-of-the-art in topological optimization methods for the construction of lightweight structures. It synthesizes the key principles and stages of introducing these technologies, emphasizing their importance in modern industrial applications. The study explores various optimization techniques, their mathematica...

Scholars and engineers have increasingly focused on the safety of steel-structure buildings. An accurate analysis can substantially reduce the collapse probability of these buildings. This paper proposes a novel risk analysis model to assess the safety of steel-structure buildings. The vector entropy method and weight clustering were used to improv...

There is growing interest recently in reducing the usage of metals in timber structures. Birch plywood possesses satisfactory mechanical properties compared to other wood-based panels and is promising to be utilized in timber connections as a substitute for the more conventional slotted-in metal plate. There are essentially two possibilities to con...

The optimal structural design is imperative in order to minimize material consumption and reduce the environmental impacts of construction. Given the complexity in the formulation of structural design problems, the process of optimization is commonly performed using artificial intelligence (AI) global optimization, such as the genetic algorithm (GA...

In order to investigate the mechanical performance and failure modes of laterally connected precast hollow core composite slabs with board-side dense splicing, static model bending performance tests were conducted on three tightly connected hollow composite slabs and one seamless hollow composite slab under monotonic loading. The failure mode, crac...

We propose a novel two-scale (meso-macro-scale) approach to computationally capture cancellous bone remodelling allowing for efficient and effective numerical implementation. Therein, the macro-scale is governed by the well-established kinematics and kinetics of one-scale continuum bone remodelling. However, the constitutive behaviour is not postul...

The morphological variation in Schizothorax oconnori, Schizothorax waltoni, and their natural hybrids was examined using conventional and image‐based analysis approaches. In total, 38 specimens of S. oconnori, 35 of S. waltoni, and 37 natural hybrids were collected from the Shigatse to the Lhasa section of the Yarlung Zangbo River during June and J...

The reconstruction of structural subassemblies in historic buildings is a widely debated topic that often arises throughout a building’s lifespan. The most vulnerable structures and, consequently, the most frequently modified are roofs, due to the materials used, which render them susceptible to biological decay or fire. This paper aims to analyse...

This research presents a nonlinear finite element investigation on the behavior of high strength reinforced concrete corbels by using ANSYS program. A theoretical study using the finite element method is presented in the current work on fifty four corbels specimens divided into three series. Series one divides into two parts , The first part contai...

Pending questions regarding cochlear amplification and tuning are hinged upon the organ of Corti (OoC) active mechanics: how outer hair cells modulate OoC vibrations. Our knowledge regarding OoC mechanics has advanced over the past decade thanks to the application of tomographic vibrometry. However, recent data from live cochlea experiments often l...

The stable and site-specific operation of transmission lines is a crucial safeguard for grid functionality. This study introduces a comprehensive optimization design method for transmission line crossing frame structures based on the Biogeography-Based Optimization (BBO) algorithm, which integrates size, shape, and topology optimization. By utilizi...

A crimping and pultruding forming process for truss rods using Carbon Fiber (CF)/Polyether–Ether–Ketone (PEEK) prepreg tape as the raw material is proposed to address the problem of continuous manufacturing of space trusses on orbit. The proposed process provides material rods for continuous truss manufacturing. Through numerical simulation and exp...

Monitoring civil engineering infrastructure is crucial to ensuring that the structures can continue to function properly. An important aspect of this assessment is detecting structural damage. This study proposed a method that combined static loading techniques and modal parameters to establish a third level of damage detection. Specifically, the d...

Based on the WindPACT-3MW wind turbine tower commonly used in wind power engineering, a finite element model (FEM) of a hybrid wind turbine tower combining an upper steel tube with a lower steel truss is designed and established. On this basis, a static optimization analysis, wind-induced vibration analysis, and fatigue life analysis of the hybrid...

This paper presents the current state of conservation of historic roof churches located in the Żuławy of Gdańsk (Poland). It also describes the architecture of these temples, the region itself and old carpentry techniques for constructing roof trusses. Interdisciplinary tests were carried out in six churches. The geometry of the load bearing struct...

An analysis of changing patterns of the values of member forces in a scissors truss, depending on the position of connections of its lower chords to the upper chords, is performed. Exploring effective truss structure designs in terms of balanced combination of maximum strength and minimum weight is a sustainable approach to a more rational use of b...

In the realm of nonlinear structural mechanics, tracing load-displacement curves becomes complex when approaching the limit points caused by instability. Multiple ideas have addressed this challenge, dating back to the late 1960s. Despite the integration of various algorithms into commercial finite element software, no single algorithm generally so...

Combining Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and close-range photogrammetry has become a safer, more efficient, and cost-effective solution for bridge inspection compared to conventional methods. However, close-range bridge images captured by UAVs often suffer from severe quality issues, such as blurriness, improper exposure, limited coverage, or insu...

The present research develops and verifies a simpler numerical approach for analyzing the thermal transient state of rehabilitated concrete beams reinforced with various types of FRP (fiber-reinforced polymer) subjected to high temperatures and specifically built as under-reinforced concrete beams. This approach offers a straightforward, efficient,...

This study introduces an approach for assessing the stability of tensegrity structures by examining local and global buckling behaviors. We employ the Rayleigh-Ritz method to parameterize the tensegrity configuration, incorporating nodal displacement and local bending deformation. A detailed formulation of the potential energy for tensegrity struct...

Quantum computing (QC) is a rapidly growing technology in the field of computation that has garnered significant attention in recent years. This emerging technology has become particularly relevant due to the increasing complexity of optimization problems and their expanding search spaces. As a result, innovative solutions that can surpass the limi...

Origami structures exhibit desirable stowage properties for application in deployable space structures. This work aims to improve a design methodology for origami structures using topology optimization. The objective is to find the optimal configuration of the truss structure based on axial rigidity and the crease pattern that maximizes the displac...

We consider the problem of designing lightweight, load-bearing planar frame structures for additive manufacturing, which can be formulated as a nonlinear, non-convex mathematical programming problems. Even using state-of-the-art commercial solvers, exact methods are only capable of solving small unrealistic instances (with very few variables). In t...

This paper examined the effect of outrigger braces with improved arrangements on the seismic performance of diagrid steel structures to enhance the performance of a diagrid structural system. To this aim, a tall steel structure was selected and equipped with outrigger braces by placing truss braces in three different positions and arrangements, inc...

As the control brain of the petrochemical plant, blast-resistant performance requirements are important for the sustainability of the petrochemical control room and should be guaranteed when the vapor cloud explosion occurs in the petrochemical production process. The 3D-Kagome truss core sandwich structure is a kind of blast-resistant material wit...

The Fennec Fox algorithm (FFA) is a new meta-heuristic algorithm that is primarily inspired by the Fennec fox's ability to dig and escape from wild predators. Compared with other classical algorithms, FFA shows strong competitiveness. The “No free lunch” theorem shows that an algorithm has different effects in the face of different problems, such a...

To reduce the negative impact on the environment, architects, designers, and construction companies need to find and apply eco-friendly and sustainable building solutions. Due to its renewable nature and numerous advantages, timber has become an attractive substitute for steel and concrete in both residential and non-residential construction projec...

Chenab is a major River flowing through Jammu and Kashmir on which Indian Railways constructed a massive bridge structure known as Chenab Bridge located in Reasi district. The bridge having a height of 359 m (Deck Height) above the river was completed in August 2022 and the track laying work on the bridge was completed in March 2023. This massive b...

The assessment of structures after an earthquake is a critical aspect of ensuring the safety and reliability of structural engineering. This study presents an evaluation of the efficacy of four fitness functions based on modal characteristics of structures and the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Algorithm in the context of structural damage detec...

This paper conducts an initial analysis of the impact of a vapour permeable membrane on airflow within triangular attic spaces, resembling the shape and dimensions of medieval sanctuaries found in historical rural churches in our region. The first principles study, using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) based on the simulation models, aims to ide...

Cellular materials offer industries the ability to close gaps in the material selection design space with properties not otherwise achievable by bulk, monolithic counterparts. Their superior specific strength, stiffness, and energy absorption, as well as their multi-functionality, makes them desirable for a wide range of applications. The objective...

Structural engineers are often required to draw two-dimensional engineering sketches for quick structural analysis, either by hand calculation or using analysis software. However, calculation by hand is slow and error-prone, and the manual conversion of a hand-drawn sketch into a virtual model is tedious and time-consuming. This paper presents a co...

Strigolactones are a class of phytohormones with various functions in plant development, stress responses, and in the interaction with (micro)organisms in the rhizosphere. While their effects on vegetative development are well studied, little is known about their role in reproduction. We investigated the effects of genetic and chemical modification...

The forensic-based investigation (FBI) is a metaheuristic algorithm inspired by the criminal investigation process. The collaborative efforts of the investigation and pursuit teams demonstrate the FBI’s involvement during the exploitation and exploration phases. When choosing the promising population, the FBI algorithm’s population selection techni...

This paper covers aspects of quantifying the symmetry of two- and three-dimensional elastic bar-and-joint structures. The concept of symmetry as a quantitative property instead of a binary question of 'yes' or 'no' is widely accepted and thoroughly investigated, for example, in molecular physics but also in engineering sciences, mainly in chemical...

In the pursuit of excellent mechanical properties, the realization of lightweight structure has attracted great attention from researchers in recent years. To reduce the mass of structures while providing them with low-frequency, broadband vibration damping and multifunctional integration capabilities, this paper presents the use of a Meta-lattice...

Large space truss structures (LSTS) are quickly becoming a vital type of space structure due to the fast expansion of the outer space field. The equivalent modeling approach has recently attracted the attention of researchers and engineers due to the finite element method’s limitations. In order to solve the equivalent beam model (EBM) in terms of...

The finite element analysis of space trusses accounts for the three-dimensional nature of the structure, including the effects of axial, bending, and torsional deformations, as well as the interactions between members at the nodes. This comprehensive approach is particularly advantageous for complex space trusses with intricate geometries, varying...

The application of Bayesian updates to the finite element method for structural damage detection represents an avant-garde approach in the industry. Its merit lies in astutely transforming the influence of uncertainty into a forward problem. Nonetheless, the selection of simulation experiments and loading measurement schemes still relies to a certa...

The traditional golden jackal optimization algorithm (GJO) has slow convergence speed, insufficient accuracy, and weakened optimization ability in the process of finding the optimal solution. At the same time, it is easy to fall into local extremes and other limitations. In this paper, a novel golden jackal optimization algorithm (SCMGJO) combining...

This study presented a comprehensive reduced-order modeling and solution method for multi-harmonic nonlinear frequency response analysis of large space truss structures with nonlinear joints. In the modeling method, the multi-harmonic describing function method was used to obtain the equivalent linearized model of the nonlinear joint, then a conden...