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I am looking for suggestions of small molecule commercial drugs which can be synthesized in less than 5 steps. Preferably the drugs approved in the last 2 decades.
Thanks.
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Hello Rajiv,
thanks for asking this interesting technical question on RG. For a good introduction to this topic please have a look at the following relevant article which might help you in your analsis:
Synthetic Approaches to the New Drugs Approved During 2015
Several drugs described here can be synthesized in 2-5 steps. Unfortunately this paper has not yet been posted as public full text on RG. Thus please check if you can accesss the full text through your institution. Moreover, three of the authors have RG profiles. Thus you can easily contact one of them directly via RG and request the full text of the paper.
I hope this helps. Good luck with your work!
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I have a dowex column in H+ form and I want to exchange it with tetrabutylammonium form. What concentration of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide do I need to prepare to pass through the dowex column? What other steps do I need to take?
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Hey. Its been so long, I can't remember if I got the result that I needed or not.
You could call the company that manufactures the Dowex columns and ask for assistance. They might be able to guide you in the right direction. Good luck.
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When I synthesise ester derivatives from pyridin-4-ol why do they turn to keto-enol tautomerism, do both hydroxy and NH parts react wth acid?
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formation the Inter-molecular hydrogen bonding both in solution and solid state favours the pyridone form
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Are there any bioisosteric replacements of triple bond (alkyne) which were employed for lead optimization or scaffold hopping?
Thanks.
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Cyclopropene could be of interest
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I am trying to synthesize boronic acid pinacol ester derivatives from aryl/hetero-aryl halides.
Is there any TLC staining technique which can indicate the formation of boronic acid?
Thanks.
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Curcumin. Dissolve Excess household tumeric in EtOH and you have your stain. Boronic acids/ esters stain orange against yellow background
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I would like to request the Researchers to let me know any procedures or references to carryout synthesis of Schiff bases of 4-Aminosalicylic acid when treated with different substituted benzaldehydes, which results in good yields and requires simple work-up (high atom efficient other than Ultrasound technique or Microwave)
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K.A.Shaikh, V.A.Patil, A.M.Zamir ‘‘Solid phase promoted greener synthesis andantibacterial activity of novel Schiff base under catalytically free condition’’ Elixir Org. Chem., 43, 6960-6963(2012
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When the compound is formed as a salt in the reaction, can NMR be used to identify if the compound is de-salted?
I mean, will the 'H' of HCl salt of my compound be identified by NMR?
Thanks.
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Perhaps easier than looking for the extra signal from the acid in proton NMR would be to compare the shifts of other peaks in either proton or especiallyin carbon NMR. Carbons in the vicinity of a protonated amine should come at different positions than those in a neutral amine. You could look for some examples to see what to expect.
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Hello,
How can we develope a chemotherapy that can only attack the cancer cells? Any idea?
Thanks
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You've just asked one of the defining questions of cancer chemotherapy, and one for which there is not a particularly satisfying answer currently.  Mechanisms for selectively targeting cancer cells follow a few paths:
1) Exploit the rapid uptake of materials by cancer.  This is the theory behind e.g. cisplatin - that cancer cells take in more materials, so will acquire a toxic concentration of the drug before healthy cells do.  This is also the theory behind e.g. some cancer imaging.
2) Exploit cancer-specific pathways.  This is essentially what your Asparaginase type approaches are doing - trying to deplete something that cancer cells need (asparagine) and which normal cells use relatively little of.  But of course asparaginase depletes systemic asparagine, so you're simply hoping that only the cancer cells die because of that.  Alternately, you can target proteins inside the cancer cells that they substantially over express, and hope that normal cells tolerate that inhibition.
3) Exploit cancer-specific membrane receptors.  This is becoming more popular, and is seen in e.g. cancer immunotherapies, or some nano-medicine, where you attempt to bind to a receptor that is highly expressed on the cancer cells of interest, and block its activity directly, or use that binding simply to direct your agents to the cells of interest.
4) Use prodrugs that only activate upon entrance to the cancer cells.  One of the more common mechanisms I've seen here is to use light-activated drugs, and essentially let the drug permeate the whole system, but then irradiate just the tumor to have only the tumor-bound drug (and that of the immediately surrounding tissue, probably) become activated and start killing the cells.
5) Use minimally soluble drugs.  If your drugs won't achieve wide systemic availability, you can inject them directly into the tumor, and hope that they won't get distributed too far from there.  Of course, using such minimally mobile drugs has problems all its own, too.
But yeah.  People have tried these mechanisms, and others, and we have yet to develop a real totally selective anti-cancer therapeutic.  Cancerous and non-cancerous tissues are, quite simply, just very similar.  It's very, very hard to selectively target one over the other, especially compared to targets like bacteria, viruses, etc. 
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I want to know how we can develop a scheme to synthesize a new molecule.?
How to design a new scheme ?
Senior Researcher having experience in Drug synthesis please share their
views, idea , anyone from Harvard University ? write me back.
 Thank you
Sunil Kumar
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Thank you so much for all this kind of valuable information. I hope in future you will keep sharing information with me, 
Thank you..
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Any Researcher working on lead molecule , screening . please share their experience with me.
I want to know the exact route to develop a new molecule. 
Thank you
sunil kumar
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Thank you sir..
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when i try to n-alkylation of aminothiazole in ceftazime use base and heat between 60-70 in dmf the pyridine ring liberate and i know from it is smell and color of pyridine? how can i overcome this? please i need help 
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Dear Alaa Aljanaby,
Find in attach, a paper on:  Synthesis of new derivatives of Ceftazidime as possible Prodrugs
Shakir M. Alwan*,1 and Abdul-Hafeedh H. Abdul-Wahab*
* Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Baghdad,Iraq.
Iraqi J Pharm Sci, Vol.22(2) 2013
In this paper they prepared Schiff-bases by  using TEA (triethyl amine) as a basic catalyst in Metahnol soln. at 60 0C in the first step and after that they used 5% NaHCO3 and put it in refrigerator.
Best wishes
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Procedure reported in literature by using concentrated Sulphuric acid and fuming Sulphuric acid is not working.
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Dear Anurag Chaudhary,
Please, find in attach a paper on: the preparation of COUMALIC ACID
Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 4, p.201 (1963); Vol. 31, p.23 (1951).
Taking in your consideration the following notes:
Notes
1. A technical free-flowing powder, melting at 126–128°, was used.
2. This washing is essential to remove the mineral acid and to avoid partial esterification that otherwise takes place during the methanol recrystallization step.
3. The submitters state that an additional 10–12 g. of crude acid can be obtained from the filtrate by extraction with ether in a continuous extractor.
4. Depending on the color of the crude acid, several additional recrystallizations may be required to obtain a colorless product.
Best wishes
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Hi all,
I am looking at calculating transition state energies of triazoline degradation in the prodrugs I am synthesizing. It is the step between step 2 and step 3 (in the attached figure).
The protocol I am following at the moment is to use Avogadro to conduct a systematic rotor search (conformer search) to find the conformers at local minima and subsequently conduct a optimization and frequency calculations on Gaussian 09.
I am having issues with finding a suitable conformer. As Avogardo does not provide the same set of conformer every single time I conduct the "systematic rotor search". And also on conducting an energy minimization on the obtained local minima conformers the energy drops further leading to a totally new conformer.
Can you suggest any better way of doing this?
Thank you.
Regards,
Siddharth.
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If you are just trying to locate the TS, there are two strategies - if you can draw a reasonable TS, then do that and use opt=(ts,calcfc,noeigentest) in G09 and that should find the TS - if you can't draw what would be a reasonable looking TS, then you can use the structure of the reactant and the structure of the products in the G09 input file along with opt=(qst2,calcfc,noeigentest) and that will find a TS along a path from reactant to products - I hope this helps -
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I have found an excess of benzylamine in my synthesized product. I am trying to remove various methods but all went failure. So Friends help me in removing benzylamine from my synthesized compound. Moreover my compound is a pyridine moiety. Requesting you all to help me
Thanks in Advance
Ajay
UGC-BSR Research Fellow
Annamalai University
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1) First concentrate the reaction mass by vacuum distillation. Most of the benzyl amine can be removed in rota evaporator. Then add some chloroform to the viscus reaction mixture and distill it again. Benzyl amine may from positive azeotrope with CHCl3. Repeat the process again.
2) Then.......benzyl amine is soluble in water. If your desired compound is insoluble in water, partition of your reaction mixture b/w excess water and organic solvent (preferably CHCl3) may lead separation of benzyl amine.
If it doesn't work, partiotion b/w 10% aq. ammoniun chloride and Ethylacetate might help.
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Does anyone has done selective deprotection of methyl ester of sialic acid in presence of pivaloyl group?
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Thank you so much everyone for your help.
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when I react the acid with aminoguanidinium hydogen carbonate by fusion the yield is so small 
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Use the acid chloride to undergo acethylation, (equimolar ratio) in THF, directly without the need for neutralization of the HCl salt. Then continue reflux for 6 hr. Get red off the solvent, neutralize with sodium carbonate solution and extract you product by chloroform.
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Using ter-butylamine and Br2 (2:1 ratio) at -70 Celsius and methylene chloride as a solvent.
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Selective ortho-bromination using Rh catalyst is a known scheme. Have a look at the following link on details.
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previously i was used this procedure
  • 2eq.  hydrazine hydrate in IPA and 1 eq. aldehyde solution was added slowly 
  • after 10 min add a water in reaction mixture, ppt was obtain 
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I have tried many acidic catalysts in a variety of solvents, Many of these reaction will end with the formation of azine Ar-C=N-N=C-Ar unless you use a large equivalent of hydrazine hydrate. The best conditions to obtain the hydrazone in large purity and high yield is described in reference and Tried personally by me. The procedure involves  Refluxing the carbonyl compound with 6 equivalent hydrazine hydrate in 96% ethanol in the presence of catalytic quantities of p-toluenesulfonic acid (0.04 equiv) for a period varied from 10 min to several hours, depending on the reactivity of the carbonyl compound as shown by TlC. The work up is through cooling and addition of Water then Filtration.
Reference:
Shirinian et al., Russ.Chem.Bull., Vol. 48, No. 11, November, 1999, 2171-2173.
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Please provide me with the appropriate publications or the catalog numbers of the commercially available anhydrides.
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Dear Jacek,
It is planned that these prodrugs will be given enteric coated and upon reaching the blood circulation they intraconvert to their parent drugs.
Rafik
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If expanding the ring structure from 5 member to 6 or 7 , then what is the effect of ring size on the MDR, bioavailability and cytotoxicity in general. 
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This is from many articles that I have read and wrote.
My field is improving bioavailability of drugs.
You can get into my profile in Research Gate.
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I have a crude reaction mixture, consisting of Potassium Carbonate, organic polar compound (the required one) and some polar but possibly organic impurities. I have possible two options to workup. Is it better to first perform aqueous washing to remove potassium carbonate and then run column chromatography to purify my required compound from impurities. Alternatively, i should better run column chromatography directly instead of aqueous washing because potassium carbonate is ionic salt and may stick on flash silica which could possibly give me my required compound as fully pured. What type of workup should i go with? I am interested to seek answers from respective expertise in the field of Synthetic Organic Chemistry or as relevant.
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If your compound is polar enough to go into water - filter through a short plug of Celite  545 (diatomaceous earth). That would be better than silica because there is almost no change that your compounds will stick to it. Then rotovap and do your column.
If your desired compound is not water soluble, I would do a water wash first. I dislike filtering through Celite. It just takes so long. I just rotovap everything down, wash with water and then do the column.
Do not take everything and put it on the column. You run the risk of your column getting clogged up by the K2CO3 residue. Then your column could burst/ pressure get too high/ its a mess, save yourself the trouble.
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can I use PPA as solvent or just little amount of it to complete reaction.
Please provide detail procedure of benzoxazole synthesis. Pl provide references.
Thanks in advance
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Here is an experimental for the synthesis of 2-phenylbenzoxazole from benzoic acid and o-aminophenol in polyphosphoric acid (PPA). You should be able to adapt this method for your purposes. 
2-phenylbenzoxazole from benzoic acid & o-aminophenol in PPA:
Benzoic acid (1.22 g, 10 mmol) and o-aminophenol (1.09 g, 10 mmol, 1 eq) were stirred in polyphosphoric acid (PPA) (40 g) at 60 °C for 2 hr and 120 °C for 2 hr. The PPA solution was poured over ice water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 50 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated NaHCO3 (2 x 25 ml), water (2 x 25 ml), and brine (2 x 25 ml). The EtOAc extract was dried over MgSO4 and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by silica gel chromatography to afford pure 2-phenylbenzoxazole (1.8 g, 92% yield).
Adapted from Hung et al, 1995.
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Need a process for the bulk synthesis of 4-(4-HYDROXYBENZYLIDINE)-P-FLUOROANILINE by using other starting material which is already patented by these two starting material for Ezitimibe
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I am doing a Cadogan reaction and I have a difficulty in isolating my target compound from a gummy product. 
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Sublimation
After this  - acid treatment, to convert Cadogan reaction products to ionic form (not suitable for pyrroles). Next step is sublimation of TPP/TPPO, or recrystallization/chromatography/extraction by low-polar solvents
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Acetophenone Phenylhydrazone was synthesized and obtained as good yellow crystals after re-crystallization from ethanol. The formed crystals on exposure to air (air drying at room temperature) became brown (after 4 hrs) and turned into dark reddish-brown color (after 15 hrs) and started to liquefy (16 hrs).
Can anyone suggest me why this decomposition is occurring and how to prevent this?
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Dear Nagendra,
I believe your hydrazone was simply oxidized in the air; this happens with several  phenylhydrazones.    I suggest that after drying the crystallized compound please keep it under inert atmosphere, such as under nitrogen or argon.
 Good luck and best wishes,
Katalin
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Can anyone explain the detailed mechanism of IBX synthesis from Iodo benzoic acid and oxone in water?
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There is no evidence of single electron transfer events and even numbered oxidation states of iodine are known to be unstable. The behaviour of oxohalogens in this respect is very well established as is the electrophilic nature of oxygen in peroxysulfate.
Iodosobenzoic acid is a known intermediate that can be synthesised from iodobenzoic and oxone and can also be converted to IBX with oxone.
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Enzymatic or chemoselective resolution of corey lactone benzoate. Any literature references are most welcome.
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Babu,
Please, find some literature
Good luck
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Benzyl bromide and the product formed are soluble in organic phase like ethyl acetate, the excess of benzyl bromide present in the product may lead to its deterioration. How does one separate excess of benzyl bromide to get rid of this problem.
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Add Triethylamine, excess benzylbromide will get converted to Benzyltriethyl ammonium bromide which is water soluble. Partition between water and any organic solvent will solve the problem.
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What are the optimum condition for a nucleophilic substitution reaction involving 4-aminophenol, so that the phenolic OH is only allowed to react keeping the aromatic amino not involved in the reaction. How will solvent selection affect the reactivity, and what is the most suitable solvent?
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You could tune the nucleophilicity of both functional groups with the conditions (organic bases for the amine; inorganic bases for the phenol).
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Can anyone tell me whether a pyrimidine derivative is possible from mannich product (beta keto amine) by condensation with urea with suitable catalyst? I have synthesized 2,4,6 tri substituted pyrimidine derivatives from chalcones, now looking for 1,2, 4 trisubstituted derivatives.
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Many thanks and I will confirm now the products with H-NMR, C13-NMR.
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I am using PASS online software for docking newly synthesized molecules, but I am unable to understand what Pa and Pi value indicates and which one is better for biological activity.
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Pa and Pi value tells the probability of activity.
Pa means probability to be active and Pi means 
probability to be inactive..
If Pa > 0.71 you can expect the molecule will show that activity.
For more details you have to study the docking with respective protein
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My compound contain C, H, N, S and i have done C, H, N analysis. Can anyone suggest how to calculate exact composition of C, H, N, S based on the C, H, N analysis data?
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Assume that 100 g of the compound is available (a+b+c+x=100g):
C ⇒ a g
H ⇒ b g
N ⇒c g
S ⇒ x g [from 100 minus (a+b+c)]
Determine moles:
C ⇒ a g / 12 g mol-1 = a1
H ⇒ b g/ 1   g mol-1 = b1
N ⇒c g/ 14 g mol-1 = c1
S ⇒ x g /32 g mol-1 = x1 (assumed smallest)
Divide by smallest to seek lowest ratio:
C ⇒ a1 / x1 = d
H ⇒b1 / x1 = e
N ⇒c1 / x1 = f
S ⇒x1 / x1 = 1
CdHeNfS
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In view of NaCl importance in human beings is it a micronutrient?
It is essential component of food, composed of Na & Cl. I would like to know that NaCl (Sodium Chloride) is under the category of Micronutrient?
Please give answer in view of both Plant & Animal.
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NaCl does  not act as a micronutrient . Excess of it may create salinity to the soil.
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.
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Barad,
I did a quick search for you, I hope that might help.
Good luck
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Structure of compound is confirmed by HNMR, IR, MS and elemental analysis.
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Keto enol forms of the compounds can be observed by taking H NMR where you canoberve enolic proton at delta 14.5 ppm and in IR you can observe enolic OH at 3200-3500 and C=O band at about 1700wave number.
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The mechanism of reaction of conversion of the compound is 7 to 22 in the attached file. It is called Venuti's method.
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thank you very much Adel Amer
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We are doing an anti-cancer test. When we dissolve the comp with DMSO, it dissolves. But when we add medium (DMEM or Tween20), it starts forming precipitate. Does anyone know how to solve the problem?
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For compounds wth low solubility, generally little can be done in terms of additives which will boost compound solubilitymore than a few percent. In general, you need to look at the highest final concentration of compound you wish to assay and what dmso tolerability your assay has. Then, calculate the lowest concentration of dmso stock required to reach that final conc. Diluting 5 ul of a 100mM dmso stock may lead to precipitae, but if you can get away with diluting 10 ul of 50 mM stock to the same volume you may have a better chance as long as the assay tolerates the 2-fold higher conc of dmso.
There are other solvents which can be used eg ethanol, glycerol etc but if the assay is cell-based, this often elads to toxicity.
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I need to open an epoxide on a complex molecule with a primary TBDMS group
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Epoxide first convert to helo hydrine via HCl or HBr and HI then helo hydrine convert to Diol present of water and alkali.
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I am using acid chloride as reagent.
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Reaction of 4-cyano-5-aminopyrazole with DMF dimethyl acetal at 100C for 4 hrs followed by reaction with NH3 will provide the aminopyrazolopyrimidine. Plz. see
--- Makarov, V. A.; Ryabova, O. B.; Alekseeva, L. M.; Shashkov, A. S.; Granik, V. G., Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds (New York, NY, United States)(Translation of Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii) (2003), 39, (2), 238-243.
Good luck
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I do know some of them like Boc, but I am looking for a small protecting group and not bulky one! Also, is MOM(Methoxymethyl ether) a good one or not? Thanks!
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I'm working with thiol at moment. I use http://www.tcichemicals.com/eshop/en/us/commodity/D1114/
as protecting group and activating agent. The reaction is very straightforward. The thiol can be regenerate by reduction with TCEP or similar reducing agents and can be carry out in water solution too.
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I am worried about the epimerization at the alpha C with respect to the amino group.
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NaOH + H2O2 forms an anion HOO- more nucleophilic and less basic than OH-, due to what is called alpha effect. You should try it, it gives me good results in such saponification.
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I need to synthesise 5,6,7,8-tetrafluoro naphthoquinone or 5,6,7,8-tetrachloro naphthoquinone.
Any suggestions for the synthesis of either of these chemicals ?
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Hi,
Adapt the procedure of Torssell - see the attached
Bill
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CH3F, CH3Cl, CH3Br, CH3I.
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@ andrei thanks for your answering...but why this pattern only.
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Recently I am involved in the modification of cyclodextrins. How best to remove modifying particles from the interior of cyclodextrin. These compounds are soluble in water, methanol and ethanol. Thanks in advance for your help
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Add an inorganic solvent that displaces the particles. Many CD's will loose their guests with strong organic solvents such as acetonitrile. You will likely need to find something that the guest is soluble in.
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What do we need to consider when developing an inhibitor?
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you have to do these:
1. Find the lead compound and characteristic of target receptor
2. Studying about QSAR and choose the pharmacophore that has inhibitory effect
3, Dock your ligand design into its receptor to get the binding energy (good or bad). Compare with the drug ligand that work properly as a inhibitor based on your disease target.
4. If you mean to make drug which administer orally, you have to consider Lipinski rule of five (log P, H-bonding donor, H-bonding acceptor, and weight molecule)
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I have synthesized 6-nitroquinazolin-4(1H)-one following the Niementowski protocol but have problems with dehydroxy-chlorination? This should be a fairly simple reaction to perform but I have tried several inert conditions, 90 - 160°C, 1hr - 6hr reactions using the above listed reagents, but had no luck. I only recover my starting material or something else. If you have particularly carried out the reaction please suggest a trick to this reaction; could it be that I need a little atmospheric moisture or maybe there's a way to shift quinazolone equilibrium to a 4-hydroxy somehow besides using the above reagents?
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I'd go for POCl3 neat with a base (typically it's N,N-dimethylaniline). heat at 100°C for a couple hours. These reaction can take up to 72h to complete.
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There is a software named OSIRIS that predicts the toxicity of some systems. Is there any online resource to calculate the toxicity of the newly synthesized compounds?
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It´s a good option:
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Recently, I use DCC to carry out amide formation (the last two weeks). And now I have some areas of my skin with a little bit of dermatitis (forearm, neck and armpit). I have taken care about using gloves but maybe it was not enough. Does anybody know if that is possible and the type of allergic of DCC and another coupling agents? I have read something about that but any testimony of someone with the same problem. Thank you very much in advance
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It has already been mentioned. I repeat the same. It is always better to inculcate the habit of reading the MSDS before handling any chemical. For most of the commercially available chemicals, MSDS is provided by the manufacturers on their website. Please do read this. ... and give due RESPECT to UNKNOWN chemicals.
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I am trying to cleave the Tr from aziridine using TFA/DCM/MeOH. But I am getting ring opened product. Please help me with a suitable method.
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If it is hydrogenation, you can add BOC-anhydride in the reaction mixture and then subject to the reaction. This will give you N-Boc in one pot. If it is Li-based deprotection.. you need to work up and do BOC protection to the dry crude aziridine compound (or you can try barbier type by adding BOC-anhydride in the reaction mixture after you confirm the trityl deprotection by TLC).
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We are doing amination of 2-chloro pyridines without palladium chemistry,while our molecule have one functional group which falls a part above temp.100 degree C.
So anyone is familier with favourable condition?
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You can use the procedure reported By Kandalkar, Sachin R. et al From Tetrahedron Letters, 54(5), 414-418; 2013, which involves displacement by NaN3 followed by reduction using PPh3, or use procedure reported by By Wang, Xiadong et al From PCT Int. Appl., 2005099711, which uses benzylamine as nucleophile followed by debenzylation using H2SO4 or hydrogenation. Condition may be harsh but depends on what substrate you are using. You an use other procedures which involves heating under pressure using CuI and aqueous Conc NH4OH/NH4OAc in an autoclave using procedure reported By Ritter, Joachim C. From PCT Int. Appl., 2009018504.
I also second with Daniel Ramsbeck method of converting to N oxide and then using NH4OH to displace Chloro please refer to procedure reported By Lin, Yih-Shyan et al in Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 55(7), 3201-3215; 2012
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I have reduced a nitro to amine using SnCl2 under acidic conditions, neutralized the solution using NaOH and precipitated Sn(OH)2 and crystallized a product (amino acid) from aqueous solution using AcOH. Normally this reaction gives good yields but this time the yields are very low (less than 20%). Could this be the work up procedure (co-precipitation) or scale of crystallization...any ideas?
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Most likely yes. I would suggest you adjust the pH to neutral and avoid to add water as Zwitterionic compounds are often quite water soluble. As a work-up, you can try to add potassium fluoride in excess and filter the tin-fluoride complexes. Tin is fluorophilic and tends to form ionic salts (a bit like silicon does with higher silicates...). Those are not soluble in most organic solvents.
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Most chemical preparations involving extraction of aqueous layer involve drying the solvent (MgSO4, CaCl2, P2O5, you name it) prior to its evaporation. Often it seems important but I think it may not be necessary in every case.
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Removing suspended water from organic solvents is necessary prior to the concentration of such solvents in rotary evaporators. Otherwise, the suspended water will keep with your compounds/extracts at the end of the concentration of organic solvents, and then removing it will be a very harder task!
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I'm trying to do a reaction between an alkyl iodide (a little bit unstable) and piperazine, in order to obtain the monoalkylated piperazine. However, I'm having trouble obtaining a good yield and controlling the mono/dialkylation ratio. Could anyone help with suggestions?
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You may try 2eq piperazine x1HCl in EtOH (add conc. HCl to a suspension of piperazine in EtOH, this gives a clear solution). Then slowly add the iodide. Works best for chlorides since the dihydrochloride of excessive piperazine precipitates.
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Its an aromatic aldehyde with ortho-piperidine and meta-bromine substituents. I have tried
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It is bisulfite!!!
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I was wondering if the carboxylic acid should be protonated or not in order to decarboxylation to happen.
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If it is "pyrolysis", the mechanism indicates it depends on pH.
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I just need the reference title, volume, title, year and issue no where it was published.
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Use sigma-aldrich webpage and enter your CAS there.... luck!
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I need synthesize compounds of the type R-CO-NH-R(amino acid), but I am having problems with protecting groups.
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There are number of methods but its selection depends on the properties of reactant whether it multifunctional or unifuctional you may choose enzymatic amidation or silylation followed by condensation at extreme negative temperature what we always do.
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If so what is the reason?
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Heat transfer of oil is fast and skin temperature of sand is high
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Tips about mobile phases would also be useful.
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Dear Charles, I have limited experience using/making ferrocenes/ruthenocenes... I used normal silica plates and normal solvent systems: EtOAc/Hexane, CHCL3/MeOH.... Good luck