Regional Policy - Science topic

Foods that are produced and processed locally using some forms of traditional knowledge are important for achieving food and nutrition security in Africa. These food crops are generally nutritious, being rich in essential nutrients and bioactive food compounds necessary for health promotion. Additionally, most African indigenous food crops are bett...

Food is a basic need that must be fulfilled. In general, food availability that is smaller than the needs can cause instability in society. Indonesia is an agrarian country, whose source of livelihood is through agriculture, plantations and fisheries. This means that, objectively, Indonesia's food security rests on these three sources. The legal ba...

Forests are home to more than half of the world's land-based species of animals, plants, and insects. They also combat climate change and buffer the impacts of storms and floods. By feeding rivers, forests supply drinking water for nearly half of the world's largest cities. Forests also provide shelter, jobs, and security for the forest-dependent p...

Seaports are critical for global trade and development but are at risk of climate change-driven damages, operational disruptions and delays with extensive related economic losses. The aim of the present contribution is to (a) provide an overview of the main impacts of climate variability and change (CV&C) on ports; (b) present recent research on tr...

LIFE PollinAction aims at increasing landscape heterogeneity and connectivity through the creation of a Green Infrastructure in rural and urban landscapes as a tool to mitigate the pollination crisis and help develop multifunctional spaces. To this aim, it targets both habitat restoration or recreation and policy implementation. To achieve long-ter...

The purpose of this article is to analyze the influence of Finland on regional policy of NATO and the Russo-Ukrainian war. The article explores political, economic and military aspects of Finland and Ukraine in the light of the Russian aggression while considering their relationships and foreign policy goals on a regional level. The author draws at...

As the user’s behavior changes at any time with cloud computing and network services, abnormal server resource utilization traffic will lead to severe service crashes and system downtime. The traditional single anomaly detection model cannot handle the rapid failure prediction ahead. Therefore, this study proposed ensemble learning combined with mo...

This study intends to build a theoretical mechanism of agricultural socialization services for the eco-efficiency of agricultural land use from two paths, namely the agricultural division of labor and technological progress, and empirically calibrate the Tobit model based on the data of the China Family Tracking Survey (CFPS) for 4453 farming house...

Studying future land use change for sustainable regional development remains a challenging task. Although many previous studies have conducted multi-scenario simulations, research on optimal scenarios that consider the impact of regional policies is relatively limited. In this paper, based on exploring the drivers of land use change, a land value a...

Since the 2000s, the European Union (EU) has vigorously commenced to implement the European integration agenda, especially in South -Eastern Europe. However, EU foreign policy began to be implemented in the first half of the 1990s, when the region was shake n by hostilities amid the collapse of the former Yugoslavia. Undoubtedly, at that time the E...

The study guide examines the strategy, methods, tools and institutions of influence of the European Union in Central Asia, shows the alignment of the interests of the EU with other actors in the region, analyzes the results of the EU’s influence on the construction of the region and the solution of regional problems, for state building and developm...

In Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL), accurately perceiving opponents' strategies is essential for both cooperative and adversarial contexts, particularly within dynamic environments. While Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) and related algorithms such as Actor-Critic with Experience Replay (ACER), Trust Region Policy Optimization (TRPO), a...

The paper investigates the use of conditionality to achieve directionality within transformative innovation policies. To date, research in this area has been very limited in spite of the increasing adoption of the instrument of conditionality to advance societal goals, such as in the context of the new US industrial policy. The paper contributes to...

On-policy reinforcement learning methods, like Trust Region Policy Optimization (TRPO) and Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO), often demand extensive data per update, leading to sample inefficiency. This paper introduces Reflective Policy Optimization (RPO), a novel on-policy extension that amalgamates past and future state-action information for p...

Climate change is recognised to lead to spatial shifts in the distribution of small pelagic fish, likely by altering their environmental optima. Fish supply along the Northwest African coast is significant at both socio-economic and cultural levels. Evaluating the impacts of climatic change on small pelagic fish is a challenge and of serious concer...

In the context of regional development, territorial resilience has emerged as a central concept for designing economic policies. Within the context of the Portuguese regions, analysing transformative resilience makes it possible to identify structural changes throughout time. Transformative resilience goes beyond simply recovering from economic sho...

In the literature, quality of life is increasingly emphasised as a determinant for the location choice of highly qualified individuals. There is no doubt that the Euregio, which is ecologically, economically, and culturally rich, offers great potential for the settlement of highly qualified professionals. Statistical data show an increasing rate of...

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana Implementasi, faktor yang mempengaruhi implementasi dan upaya apa saja yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi faktor penghambat dalam implementasi tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data adalah observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Sum...

In the process of achieving China's "Dual Carbon" goals, policy coordination serves as a crucial driving force in breaking regional administrative barriers and promoting emission reductions. Based on 7462 policy texts and panel data from 31 provinces in China, we utilize the BERTopic model, Social Network Analysis and the STIRPAT model to analyze t...

The extent of shrinkage in the Netherlands is rather limited so far. Still, the Netherlands was one of the first European countries that introduced a national-level policy for regions facing structural population decline and shrinkage in 2009: the Population Decline Action Plan. This happened in response to local and regional policy initiatives and...

Most methods in reinforcement learning use a Policy Gradient (PG) approach to learn a parametric stochastic policy that maps states to actions. The standard approach is to implement such a mapping via a neural network (NN) whose parameters are optimized using stochastic gradient descent. However, PG methods are prone to large policy updates that ca...

Neural Network based approximations of the Value function make up the core of leading Policy Based methods such as Trust Regional Policy Optimization (TRPO) and Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO). While this adds significant value when dealing with very complex environments, we note that in sufficiently low State and action space environments, a co...

There is a long discussion on the economic growth latency of the Balkan countries as one of the main causes that holds back these economies from the European integration as much of the capability to achieve winning bilateral and multilateral agreements for several issues, like custom, taxation, immigration or energy policies. Despite, the economic...

Livestock production is one of the most important agricultural sources of greenhouses gasses (GHG). Transforming the livestock sector is a critical task to mitigate the effects of climate change, and the implementation of silvopastoral systems (SPS) may be a way to do so. Carbon footprint (CF) estimation was carried out for 131 conventional livesto...

The purpose of this study is to outline voter participation in the elections to the European Parliament in Poland in two dimensions - in the process of organization of the electoral process (collection, granting and verification of signatures of support for lists of candidates for the EP in Poland) and in the act of voting. The author identifies...

Continued investment in the development and application of mathematical models of poliovirus transmission, economics, and risks leads to their use in support of polio endgame strategy development and risk management policies. This study complements an earlier review covering the period 2000–2019 and discusses the evolution of studies published sinc...

This paper introduces a novel approach to Regional Economic Development (RED) in China, proposing the “Strategic Zone + Type Zone” model as a solution to the challenges of uneven regional growth. In China’s 14th Five-Year Plan context, this study addresses the disparity between eastern and western regions, emphasizing the importance of a tailored a...

The green innovation performance (GIP) evaluation helps to identify strengths and weaknesses in regional innovation systems and has been crucial for policymakers in developing appropriate regional policies. Recent methodology has focused on establishing an indicator framework and calculating composite scores. It is noteworthy that the non-linear re...

Agriculture has a huge impact on the economic indicators of development of the Kyrgyz Republic, but faces several difficulties, the most serious of which are population growth, land degradation, poor financing of the industry, which significantly affects the insufficient volume of products produced and affects the development of the regions. The wo...

The Western Balkans region is persistently vulnerable to natural hazards, inadequate infrastructure, and limited institutional capacities, necessitating a collaborative approach to disaster risk management. This paper presents a comprehensive project led by the Scientific-Professional Society for Disaster Risk Management (NSD-URVs) in Belgrade, aim...

Lots of discussion has been happening worldwide for the need of developing sustainable forms of tourism. Sustainability in tourism procedures can be easily thought as the procedure of the minimization of carbon emissions. But is this what it is all about? As tourism is an activity which has a clear geographical index, it is easily understood that t...

As a powerful engine for economic reform and curbing carbon emissions, digital inclusive finance provides solid support for achieving the goal of digital carbon neutrality. This study reveals the positive effect of digital inclusive finance on carbon emission reduction and the deeper reasons behind it by digging deeper into the panel data of 213 ci...

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection and HPV-related cancers can be prevented through vaccinations and mass cervical screening programmes. The Ministry of Health in Italy provides recommendations on primary and secondary prevention of HPV-related diseases, but the 19 Italian regions and 2 autonomous provinces have organisational and decision-makin...

This article discusses improvements of regional (within-country) policy analyses focusing on Germany. Policy results from the literature and own model simulations of the current EU climate policy with carbon border adjustments highlight significant differences in policy results across EU countries and German regions. Whether carbon border adjustmen...

Food security is pivotal for national sustainable development. This study utilizes panel data from 31 Chinese provinces spanning from 1990 to 2021 to construct distinct indicator systems for urban–rural integration and food security. The entropy method is employed to assess levels of urban–rural integration and food security, with their inter-relat...

This brief is part of a series of four on the agrarian transition in the Mekong region. It highlights issues that emerged as critical concerns in a consultation involving inputs from more than 100 experts from the region: Brief 1 ‘Pathways towards sustainable land systems’ Brief 2 ‘Agricultural commercialisation: Balancing efficiency, equity, and...

In this study, the historical development of multinational corporations, which have held significant positions in both the global economy and international relations since their inception, is examined, along with the roles they have played in intergovernmental relations. The aim of the study is to reach a conclusion by conducting an analysis of the...

This chapter rigorously examines the influence of climate change on migration dynamics from the Northern Triangle countries—Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala—towards the southern Mexican and United States borders, analyzed through a national security lens. Utilizing comprehensive analyses of principal diagnostics from the World Bank, the Internation...

Aceh is a region that has special autonomy and privileges based on law within the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. In terms of the application of the special autonomy, four pillars shall be enacted by the government, including the implementation of religious life and the role of religious scholars in making regional policies in the conte...

Over the years, the tourism sector has constantly been a driving force in strengthening the Greek economy. Therefore, being capable of leveraging a tourism business’s performance can be of great importance in many aspects for destinations and destination management and marketing organizations (DMMOs). For this very purpose, this study’s methodology...

The definition and connotation of green development are developed based on the concepts related to green development in the existing literatures. And a regional green development promotion mechanism is formulated, in which the control subsystem including national and regional policy exerts influences on the management subsystem including economic,...

Our analysis sets out a methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of regional development programmes in Ukraine. Specifically, we investigate to what extent the Ukrainian approach to regional development policy resembles the successful approach taken by the EU programmes of Cohesion Policy in the post-2004 New Member States. In addition, drawing...

Download full-text via:https://jcep.ut.ac.ir/article_95135.html***********Introduction: Powerful countries always consider themselves the right to intervene in crises to prevent threats against their interests and gain more benefits. The West Asian region has an important place in the equations of great powers such as Russia, Saudi Arabia and Iran...

The purpose of this study is to examine a productive efficiency index that incorporates two new production factors of sustainability—an environmental variable as an undesirable output and a well-being indicator as a desirable output—for 12 years of data from 2007 to 2018 pertaining to 47 prefectures in Japan. This study proposes a combination of a...

South Asia has been experiencing recurring severe air pollution episodes in recent years. While many previous studies investigated such episodes focusing on individual cities and specific events, limited information exists on episode characteristics across multiple cities in this region. This study presents a comparative analysis of the characteris...

While European regions face a range of different climate hazards, little is known about how these differences affect local climate adaptation planning. We present an analytical framework for evaluating local climate adaptation plans (LCAPs) and apply it to 327 cities in 28 countries across different European regions. To do this, we use statistical...

The Campania region has a genetic heritage, both vegetal and animal, of great scientific interest, but many genetic resources risk extinction or abandonment. Thus, from a sustainability perspective, their conservation is very important and represents an imperative to allow future generations to satisfy their needs just as we are doing today. The ai...

Oil palm is the dominant global oil crop due to its high productivity and diversified usage in many sectors. Since the late 20 th century, oil palm cultivations proliferated in Southeast Asia, West Africa, and Latin America. However, global market factors, different national and regional policies, and smallholder versus commercial planting regimes...

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate ageing planning with the aim of finding out the convergence with the guidelines of the Decade of Healthy Ageing. Theoretical Framework: This theme presents the main concepts underpinning the research such as the paradigms of active and healthy ageing, the principles set out in the Universal D...

Allocation of spatial and temporal transformations in resource‐producing subjects of the Russian Federation for the decade 2012–2021 based on the comparison of tax revenue materials with budget execution data. The materials of the study were information from the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation, Form 1, regulatory legal acts. The value...

Objective: This paper seeks to thoroughly re-evaluate the strengths of Ghana's nursing and midwifery licensure examination digitization implementation against existing criticisms on preparedness, equity and transition gaps. Method: An in-depth counter-analysis approach drawing extensively from authoritative internal technical documents and monitori...

In the period after the 2008 financial crisis, the European Union and Brazil experienced, respectively, periods of regional divergence and convergence. The research developed in these two territories brings new evidence on the importance of non-territorial policies, that worked as indirect regional policy, for these trajectories. In the case of the...

The concept of cluster development has characteristics that are identical to tourism activities. Based on the Master Plan for the KSPN Dieng and its Surroundings, the Dieng Plateau is developed with several development strategies, namely the development and strengthening of local potential-based tourist attractions in a sustainable manner, increasi...

This article aims to discuss the policy implications and criteria for ideal urban area policy innovation from a public policy perspective. This research was conducted using a case study approach using semi-structured interview data collection techniques as a data collection instrument. The results of the research show that the policy implications f...

EU approval still pending. The major general target for REINFORCING is to empower EU institutions and territories to make tangible and long-term progress in the implementation of ORRI to steer the Green Deal and fair transition’s governance. The REINFORCING vision is that institutions and projects with different levels of expertise can easily inte...

Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate the challenges and opportunities of implementing open access policies in African universities. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because...

One of the concepts used in the field of regional policy is the definition of «city». At the same time, there are many definitions of this term in the scientific literature. In particular, in statistics, «city» means a settlement with an appropriate number of inhabitants, performing specific, mostly non-agricultural functions. At the same time, dif...

The tasks of finding ways to optimal economic development were and are the main ones in systemic economic research, and from the point of view of its significant disproportions, concepts related to regional development play a special role in these searches, primarily attempts to determine its mechanism, conditions and factors that shape this proces...

Article 12 of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 5 of 2014 concerning the State Civil Apparatus stipulates that employees in their duties must be clean from corruption, collusion, and nepotism. The implementation of discipline development for the State Civil Apparatus (ASN) as an effort to prevent corruption crimes in the Agam Regency Regional...

IMPACT STATEMENT The essential causes of productivity has been a formidable question since enlightenment. In classical and pre-classical periods, the difference in productivity was attributed to differences in geographical and people's attitude to work and luxury. In neoclassical, productiveness was an effect of natural force inside material object...

Purpose-This article aims to evaluate the entry and exit of companies from local productive structures, with a specific focus on the sectoral complexity of these activities and the complexity of these portfolios. The study focuses on empirically demonstrating the thesis that related economic diversification exacerbates the development gap between m...

The contradiction between economic growth demands and the achievement of the “dual-carbon” goals at the regional level is a pressing issue in China. As a significant economic and cultural center in the western region of China, the Guanzhong Plain urban agglomeration has experienced rapid development and urbanization, making it one of the key areas...

The article is devoted to the study of the problem of social conditions of reproduction of labour resources for farms in modern Russia. Based on the analysis of modern publications of the science-intensive Scopus database, the international experience of the development of farming and labour resources of this category of production organizations is...

Purpose. The purpose of the research is to determine the degree of implementation of specific regional policies in rural areas in the context of Bulgaria’s integration into the European Union through the prospects of the changing economic situation and new trends in the implementation of regional policy. Methodology / approach. The focus of the res...

This paper builds common grounds for a future research agenda in the regional studies of evolutionary economic geography and global production networks. I put forward two ‘troubling themes’ of (geo)politics and heightened risks as the most disruptive forces in today’s increasingly fragmented global economy and argue for their significance in region...

In Romania, the issue of economic inequalities and regional convergence is one of the current important topics on which the attention of economic specialists and the decision-making factors is focused. In the actual context, the regional policy in Romania is implemented at regional level, the regions being formed by counties that have voluntarily a...

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to find out the existence of tourist villages that have not experienced development like other tourist village destinations that have experienced a lot of progress. Theoretical reference: Development of integrated tourist village destinations needs to be carried out through collaboration, with strong regiona...

Clarifying the spatio-temporal patterns of ecosystem services trade-off/synergy relationships (ESTSs) and their attribution in the Yellow River Basin is crucial to constructing ecological civilization in China. This study first analyzed the spatio-temporal change of ecosystem services (ESs) including the water yield, soil conservation, carbon seque...

This comprehensive review highlights the innovative applications of eco-friendly nanofibers in facilitating microbial activity and functionality for the advancement of sustainable agri-food systems. It provides an in-depth exploration of nanofiber-based biocomposites, with a specific focus on the encapsulation of bacterial cells within nanofibers....

The European Commission actively promotes EU Valorisation Policy as a critical component to maximise the social and economic impact of research and innovation. This involves leveraging research results to address societal challenges and drive green and digital transitions, particularly those funded publicly. Research valorisation is the process of...

Introduction. The innovative investment model of planning and development of cities in the conditions of crisis phenomena in the economy of the state in the conditions of the legal regime of martial law and the post-war recovery of the country require the search for new approaches in the state management of the development of regions. In Ukraine, t...

In the framework of the debate regarding the future of the regional policy, It is a working paper on how to improve the use of data and artificial intelligence approaches to turn regional and innovation policy into an applied science. The proposed approaches will allow for faster adaptation of the strategy or its implementation process when faced...

Sampang is an area that has the largest salt field in Madura. But the existence of abundant salt fields does not make it a developed region. Sampang has consistently been a disadvantaged area. Thus, predictably, there are various problems regarding salt in Sampang. This issue needs to be studied, especially on legal issues that hinder the developme...

Small businesses producing cereals, legumes, and sunflower seeds contribute to the country’s food security and environmental protection potential. The purpose of this study was to substantiate the social, economic, and conceptual foundations of small business entities’ activities in the production of cereals, legumes, and sunflower seeds in modern...

The sustainability of watershed management is a key issue that must be considered to ensure the continuation of watershed services such as agriculture, food, and energy. This concern has also been raised in Presidential Regulation No. 2/2015 and No. 18/2020 regarding the National Medium-Term Development plans for the periods of 2015–2019 and 2020–2...

ZET Gıda güvencesinin sağlanmasında önemli bir yere sahip olan şeker birçok ülkenin tarım ekonomisi açısından oldukça önemlidir. Özellikle 1980'li yıllardan sonra uygulanan piyasa ekonomisinden doğrudan etkilenen Türkiye tarım politikaları ve dolayısıyla tarım ürünleri, küreselleşme politikaları çerçevesinde dünyaya entegre olabilmek için de köklü...

While the recent advanced military operational concept requires an intelligent support of command and control, Reinforcement Learning (RL) has not been actively studied in the military domain. This study points out the limitations of RL for military applications from literature review and aims at improving the understanding of RL for military decis...

Studies on China’s success in the electric vehicle industry overlook the role of regional clustering and regional electric vehicle policies in supporting sustainable production and consumption. This paper adopts a mixed-method policy inventory and analysis to examine the rise of the new energy vehicle (NEV) industry in China’s Greater Bay Area. It...

Disaster management is one of the government's efforts to protect the community from disaster hazards. For this reason, in terms of disaster management that has occurred in disaster-prone areas so far. The role of the local government bureaucracy is often less relevant between the rules and the implementation that occurs in the field. As a result,...

First referral hospitals (FRHs) are the hospitals closest to the community, which offer expertise or technologies to complement more widely available ‘basic’ ambulatory care or inpatient care. Despite having been a subject of interest in global health policy in the latter half of the 20th century, in more recent decades, they appear to have been ov...

In this study, we analyze the purpose, challenges, and opportunities of transnational innovation systems using cassava as the case study crop in the East Africa region. Cassava scientifically referred to as Manihot esculenta Crantz, is an important food security crop for the poor and vulnerable and a potential building block for advancing the bioec...

Methane is a significant greenhouse gas (GHG), and it is imperative to understand its spatiotemporal distribution and primary sources in areas with higher methane concentrations, as such insights are essential for informing effective mitigation policies. In this study, we employed TROPOMI satellite retrievals to analyze the spatiotemporal patterns...

Climate change presents a pressing challenge to regional development, impacting economies, environments, and societies across the globe. Europe, with its diverse regions and commitment to sustainability, serves as a unique case study for exploring the integration of climate change strategies into regional policy and planning. The purpose of this st...

This study evaluates the effectiveness of program implementation that combines Integrated Community-based Risk Reduction (ICBRR) with Nature-based Solution (NbS) in Manggarai Regency, East Nusa Tenggara and Tanggamus, Regency of Lampung Province. The method used is qualitative measurement using indicators of NbS achievement by the United Nations Of...

An increasing focus on aquaculture using introduced strains or species poses a serious threat to native wild species in sub‐Saharan Africa, yet almost no policies have been enacted or regulations put in place to address this environmental challenge. Aquaculture in these regions has traditionally been conducted on a relatively small scale but is cur...

Purpose: Employment is the basic right of the citizens, migrants, refugees and all other kinds of residents throughout the globe. International laws, economic zonation, domestic regulations, ordinances and regional policies require timely reviewing and revising to provide fair opportunity to all. However, the scenarios take an adverse turn when dis...

Many of the larger US metropolitan regions promote polycentric development as a way of fostering livability, accessibility, and sustainability. Polycentric urban structures can increase transit ridership, promote active transportation, and decrease vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and CO2 emissions. Although many regions include ambitious polycentric a...

In recent years, the European Union (EU) has taken concrete steps to enhance its energy security and reduce its dependence on Russia. Russia's invasion of Ukraine has further highlighted the critical dimension of the energy crisis between Russia and the EU. This study emphasizes the vital role of sub-regional energy dynamics in regional policy form...

We study reinforcement learning (RL) in the setting of continuous time and space, for an infinite horizon with a discounted objective and the underlying dynamics driven by a stochastic differential equation. Built upon recent advances in the continuous approach to RL, we develop a notion of occupation time (specifically for a discounted objective),...

The article is devoted to the development of the coal industry in the context of the growing global trend towards the decarbonization of economies and the reconfiguration of energy markets. The Kemerovo region, being one of the largest Russian coal-mining regions, is in a zone of increased risk associated with global trends since the region depends...

The “ACCOBAMS Survey Initiative” (ASI) is a pilot programme aimed at establishing an integrated and coordinated monitoring system for cetaceans across the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans of the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and contiguous Atlantic (hereafter “ACCOBAMS”) area. Conducted in coordination with Mediterranean coastal countries,...

In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the importance of interrelationships between cultural and creative industries (CCIs) and tourism for cross-industry innovation and sustainable local development. The purpose of this study is to deepen the understanding of the role and relevance of the CCIs-tourism nexus for innovation-driven so...

A common statement found in regional policy reports is that regional growth is an “export or die” issue. However, the succession of disruptions in the international supply chain has highlighted the crucial roles of domestic activities, local markets and short supply chains, turning the environmental and resilience challenge present in growth policy...

The Bay of Plenty Regional Council (BOPRC) is in the process of reviewing its inventory of natural geothermal resources of the region and their geographical extent. This work provides the science base-knowledge for identifying and mapping the systems for the sustainable management of the geothermal resources through its planning framework, as well...

This policy brief is meant to reduce the expansion of Eucalyptus to farmlands, wetlands and near water bodies, which has been uncontrolled and alarming, leading to loss of biodiversity, drying of springs and reduction of food production in Sidama region. The expansion of Eucalyptus is derived by the benefits it provide as the fast growing and econo...

This paper uses a structural approach to analyse economic convergence within the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) countries. This Regional Economic Community has recorded several postponements of the convergence horizon defined by the Economic Commission. However, it is a framework that is supposed to lead to economic growth and liv...