Objective: A dry powder inhalation of tetanus toxoid and mannitol was prepared and evaluated for stability and its immunogenicity in comparison to the conventional TT vaccine. Material and Method: TT and mannitol dry powder inhalation was prepared and evaluated for particle size analysis, FTIR, flow properties, encapsulation efficiency, flocculatio...
Clostridium tetani produce tetanospasmin, a potent exotoxin; that causes tetanus or lockjaw disease. Scientists developed an anti-tetanus toxoid to protect the body from the spasm's neurotoxic effect. In Pakistan recently, 478 cases of neonatal tetanus were reported. The study was carried out at The National Control Laboratory for Biologicals Islam...
Objective: Redesign the conventional Mueller and Miller (MM) medium, without animal-derived (meat and blood) components, to produce tetanus toxin from Clostridium tetani. Methods: Meat-based ingredients (such as bovine heart/brain/liver infusion) were replaced by vegetable peptone in combination with hydrolysate of casein in a modified MM medium an...
Currently available vaccines require several booster doses to induce effective immunity and these results in significance compliance problems, particularly in developing world. Based on this, the present study was to efficiently encapsulate the tetanus toxoid (TT) in chitosan microspheres by emulsion cross-linking method, with an aim of targeting t...
The objective of the present work is to develop Tetanus Toxoid (TT) loaded Polylactic Acid microspheres for controlled delivery. The microsphere was prepared by emulsion cross-linking technique using polymer Polylactic Acid. Dichloromethane and Gluteraldehyde saturated Toluene were used as solvent and cross-linking agent respectively. Tetanus Toxoi...
Chitosan adsorbed microspheres containing tetanus toxoid were prepared in the size range of 10 mum to 75 mum, by emulsion-cross linking technique at different speeds of agitation. The amount of tetanus toxoid incorporated into chitosan microspheres were estimated by limes flocculation test and in vivo evaluation of tetanus toxoid adsorbed chitosan...
The majority of available vaccines require several booster doses to
induce effective immunity and these results in significance compliance
problems, particularly in developing world. On basis of this, Tetanus
toxoid (TT) has the model antigen encapsulated with in chitosan
micropheres by emulsion cross-linking method, with an aim of targeting
the dr...
Here we report the results of a study to establish a replacement WHO International Standard (IS) for tetanus toxoid for use in flocculation test. The standard was calibrated in flocculation units (Lf) against the 2nd IS using the Ramon flocculation method. At its 70th meeting in October 2019, WHO ECBS established the material (coded 16/302) as the...
The aim of the present study was to prepare safe and potent tetanus toxoid (TT). Lyophilized culture of Cl. tetani strain no. 49205 was revived
in sodium thioglycollate medium. Seed culture was prepared in sodium thioglycollate medium in appropriate conditions. Seed culture was
transferred aseptically in to a fermentor containing production medium...
The 1st International Reference Reagents (IRR) of Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids for Flocculation Test (DIFT and TEFT) were established by the WHO in 1988. These reagents are essential for the standardization of assays used to calculate Lf units of toxoids. Candidate replacement materials were provided by several European vaccine manufacturers and...
Tetanus toxoid is a vital primary reference material used for standardization of assays required to establish the antigenic purity of tetanus toxoid for vaccine production. Several formulations were assessed and ampouled fills of each formulation lyophilised. The relative Lf content determined by Ramon flocculation, SRD, and ELISA assays was measur...
The majority of available vaccines require several booster doses to induce effective immunity and these results in significance compliance problems, particularly in developing world. On basis of this, Tetanus toxoid (TT) has the model antigen encapsulated with in chitosan micropheres by emulsion cross-linking method, with an aim of targeting the dr...
Internationally accepted designations of antigen content for toxoid vaccines are provided by the WHO in Lf (limes flocculationis) units, based on the formation of antigen-antibody complexes. The current assay method for Lf determination involves observation of the complexes by eye, making the development of a more objective system highly desirable....
Rocket Electrophoresis (RE) technique relies on the difference in charges of the antigen and antibodies at the selected pH. The present study involves optimization of RE run conditions for Tetanus Toxoid (TT). Agarose gel (1% w/v, 20 ml, pH 8.6), anti-TT IgG - 1 IU/ml, temperature 4-8 degrees C and run duration of 18 h was found to be optimum. Heig...
