Decomposition - Science topic

Rk Naresh

Mrutyunjay Padhiary

Yes, microorganisms that cause decay and decomposition release carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. As these microbes break down organic matter, they metabolize the carbon within it, releasing carbon dioxide (CO2) as a byproduct of respiration. This natural process is a critical component of the carbon cycle, returning carbon stored in dead organisms to the atmosphere. Conversely, certain microbes can help reduce carbon buildup in the atmosphere. For example, photosynthetic microorganisms like cyanobacteria and algae capture CO2 during photosynthesis, converting it into biomass. Additionally, soil microbes play a role in sequestering carbon by transforming it into stable organic forms that are stored in the soil for long periods. Advances in biotechnology are also exploring the potential of engineered microbes to enhance carbon capture and storage, providing innovative solutions to mitigate climate change. Overall, while decay microbes contribute to atmospheric CO2, other microbial processes and biotechnological applications offer promising ways to reduce carbon accumulation.

Yes, the increase of soil temperature, soil respiration rate of growth slowed, reducing sensitivity to temperature change, at lower temperatures, soil respiration mainly controlled by temperature changes; when the temperature is high, soil respiration mainly affected by soil moisture and water availability. Soil moisture influences soil carbon dynamics, including microbial growth and respiration. Researchers generally assume that soil response to moisture changes is linear and reversible. The effect of soil moisture content on soil temperature is complex. Moist soils conduct heat vertically more efficiently than dry soils. During a sunny day, the surface of dry soils warms more quickly by day and cools more quickly at night. Soil moisture has important effects on climatic processes, especially on air temperature, boundary layer stability and precipitation through the distribution of latent and sensible heat fluxes. Soil moisture plays an important role in drought and flood forecasting, agricultural monitoring, forest fire prediction, water supply management, and other natural resource activities. Soil moisture observations can forewarn of impending drought or flood conditions before other more standard indicators are triggered. The data suggest that a 1°C increase in temperature could ultimately lead to a loss of over 10% of soil organic C in regions of the world with an annual mean temperature of 5°C, whereas the same temperature increase would lead to a loss of only 3% of soil organic C for a soil at 30°C. Continued increases in atmospheric CO2 and global temperatures may have a variety of different consequences for soil carbon inputs via controls on photosynthetic rates and carbon losses through respiration and decomposition. Several biological factors influence the processes of soil organic carbon sequestration and decomposition, such as soil depth, temperature sensitivity, N deposition and climatic conditions. Stored water in soil is a dynamic property that changes spatially in response to climate, topography and soil properties, and temporally as a result of differences between utilization and redistribution via subsurface flow. High temperatures affect the particle size distribution, mass loss, mineralogy and permeability of the soil. In sandy soils, the particle size decreases with increasing temperature due to a mobilisation of fines, which is likely due to the bond of fines to the sand grains being affected by temperature. Temperature and moisture content affected aggregate stability significantly, but differently for the two soil types tested. For the sandy loam soil, aggregate stability decreased significantly with increasing moisture content. For the clay soil, aggregate stability increased significantly with increasing temperature. Temperature and rainfall affect the intensity of leaching and the weathering of soil minerals. In warm, humid environments, soil pH decreases over time through acidification due to leaching from high amounts of rainfall. Warming reduces the amount of CO2 absorbed by surface ocean waters and the amount of carbon sequestered in soils. It can also accelerate tree death and the risk of wildfires. Thawing permafrost may release additional carbon into the atmosphere. That is, increased temperatures facilitates the release of carbon from soil; carbon released from organic matter such as soil is oxidized to carbon dioxide. However, increased temperature also leads to increased growth in plants, which absorb carbon dioxide. CO2 concentrations drive rising temperatures and acidification. The rising concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is driving up ocean surface temperatures and causing ocean acidification. Although warming and acidification are different phenomena, they interact to the detriment of marine ecosystems.

i am having the same problem.need a code for FPDE

Soil microorganisms are responsible for most of the nutrient release from organic matter. When microorganisms decompose organic matter, they use the carbon and nutrients in the organic matter for their own growth. They release excess nutrients into the soil where they can be taken up by plants. This is because microorganisms decompose dead organic waste of plants and animals converting them into simple substances. These substances are again used by other plants and animals. Thus, microorganisms can be used to degrade harmful and odourific substances and clean up the environment. They increase soil fertility by incorporating air, minerals and nitrogenous compounds. They contribute in increasing plant growth by providing essential elements, minerals that plants cannot utilize by their Owen. Microorganisms decompose organic matter to simpler form that can be easily uptake by plants. Bacteria help fix the atmospheric nitrogen with the help of nitrogenase enzyme and increase the nitrogen content in the soil. It is referred to as Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria. Soil microorganisms, by actively participating in the decomposition and transformation of organic matter through diverse metabolic pathways, play a pivotal role in carbon cycling within soil systems and contribute to the stabilization of organic carbon, thereby influencing soil carbon storage and turnover. Bacteria break down (or decompose) dead organisms, animal waste, and plant litter to obtain nutrients. But microbes don't just eat nature's waste, they recycle it. The process of decomposition releases chemicals (such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus) that can be used to build new plants and animals. Microorganisms play a crucial role in nutrient cycling in soil. The composition and activity of microbiota impact the soil quality status, health, and nutrient enrichment. Microbes are essential for nutrient mobility and absorption. Through their varied functions, they stimulate plant growth and reduce diseases. Decomposition by soil organisms is at the center of the transformation and cycling of nutrients through the environment. Decomposition liberates carbon and nutrients from the complex material making up life forms-putting them back into biological circulation so they are available to plants and other organisms. The soil organisms that are responsible for most nutrient cycling are bacteria. Bacteria are unicellular, prokaryotic organisms that play very important roles as decomposers within an ecosystem.

The second law of thermodynamics contradicts itself. Scientists are also addicted to the surface of experience.

Galileo's introduction of Aristotle's theory of falling is contradictory, and Aristotle's theory of falling is ineffective.

Soil microorganisms, by actively participating in the decomposition and transformation of organic matter through diverse metabolic pathways, play a pivotal role in carbon cycling within soil systems and contribute to the stabilization of organic carbon, thereby influencing soil carbon storage and turnover. Soil microbes can break down plant organic matter to carbon dioxide or convert it to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) compounds. This leads either to long-term carbon storage, because DOC can bind to soil particles, or to the release of carbon back to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Microbes are critical in the process of breaking down and transforming dead organic material into forms that can be reused by other organisms. This is why the microbial enzyme systems involved are viewed as key 'engines' that drives the Earth's biogeochemical cycles. Microorganisms help return minerals and nutrients back to the environment so that the materials can then be used by other organisms. As the bacteria and fungi decompose. dead matter, they also respire. Plants constantly exchange carbon with the atmosphere. Plants absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and much of this carbon dioxide is then stored in roots, permafrost, grasslands, and forests. Plants and the soil then release carbon dioxide when they decay. Soil microorganisms promote the decomposition of organic matter by secreting enzymes. The changes of biochar on soil enzyme activity are affected by the interaction between biochar, enzymes, and enzyme substrates. The active sites of biochar can absorb or desorb enzymes and their substrates. Soil organisms, including micro-organisms, use soil organic matter as food. As they break down the organic matter, any excess nutrients (N, P and S) are released into the soil in forms that plants can use. This release process is mineralization.

Dr Ania Isandra thank you for your contribution to the discussion

decomposition? No

Chapter 8.7 of tensor algebra and tensor analysis for engineers by Mikhail Itskov shares some insights on the limitations of additive decomposition applied to large strains.. may be helpful

it Completely depends on your research questions. i can help you if you provide some details of your research questions.

Dr Himanshu Tiwari thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dear Abbas

I agree with Henrik. Methane does not directly participate to ozone layer destruction. But methane is a strong greenhouse gas. However, indirectly it could contribute indirectly through climate change:

Climate change can influence the size of the ozone hole indirectly by affecting the temperature and dynamics of the stratosphere, where ozone depletion occurs. The cooling of the stratosphere due to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations can enhance certain chemical reactions that contribute to ozone depletion.

-Polar Vortex: The size of the ozone hole is strongly influenced by the polar vortex, a large-scale circulation pattern that forms in the stratosphere during the polar winter. Within the polar vortex, temperatures drop significantly, creating conditions that facilitate the chemical reactions responsible for ozone depletion. Climate change can affect the strength and stability of the polar vortex, which in turn can influence the size and duration of the ozone hole.

-Feedback Loops: Changes in atmospheric circulation patterns and temperature gradients due to climate change can lead to feedback loops that further enhance ozone depletion in polar regions. For example, changes in atmospheric circulation can affect the transport of ozone-depleting substances and ozone-depleted air masses, exacerbating ozone loss in the polar regions.

In summary, while climate change can indirectly influence the size of the ozone hole by affecting stratospheric temperatures and atmospheric circulation patterns, the primary cause of ozone depletion and the expansion of the ozone hole in polar regions is the release of ozone-depleting substances by human activities. These references could help you.

I have recently added easy to use R functions to Git-Hub for multivariate decomposition (non-linear models, complex svy designs etc.

Marine microorganisms have a central place in the global carbon cycle as they function as a biological pump, sequestering anthropogenic carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in the deep ocean. Moreover, microbial transformations of nitrogen in the ocean greatly contribute to fluxes in the global nitrogen cycle. Ocean microbes play an important role in Earth's biogeochemical cycles, particularly the carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, and sulfur cycles. They also form the very base of the marine food chain, recycle nutrients and organic matter, and produce vitamins and cofactors needed by higher organisms to grow and survive. Because of their capacity for rapid growth, marine microorganisms are a major component of global nutrient cycles. Understanding what controls their distributions and their diverse suite of nutrient transformations is a major challenge facing contemporary biological oceanographers. Bacteria play a key role in the global Nitrogen Cycle. Bacteria use three major processes to transform nitrogenous compounds in the nitrogen cycle: nitrification, nitrogen-fixing, and denitrification. On a larger scale, they contribute to global element cycling. Furthermore, they are involved in turnover processes of organic matter, breakdown of xenobiotics and formation of soil aggregates. Microorganisms have been reported to promote the formation of macro-aggregates to physically protect C, and their residues are also considered to constitute an important source of stable C. Simultaneously, microbe-driven soil C decomposition plays a critical role in C cycling. The microbe plays an essential role of organic matter degradation in nutrient cycling; microorganism present in soil digests the organic matter including dead organisms. The nutrients get released by the breakdown of the organic molecule to make it available for plants to uptake nutrients in the soil through roots. Microorganisms are responsible for the degradation of organic matter, which controls the release of plant nutrients, but is also important for the maintenance of soil structure and sustainability of soil quality for plant growth.

Hey there Rk Naresh! 👋 So, have you Rk Naresh ever stopped to think about the tiny organisms that play a BIG role in waste recycling? 🤔 Yeah, I thought so! 😊 Microorganisms, like bacteria and fungi, are the real MVPs (Most Valuable Microbes) when it comes to breaking down organic waste and turning it into valuable nutrients for the environment. 🌿💚 They're like nature's own recycling program! 🌟 During the decomposition process, these tiny powerhouses secrete enzymes that break down complex molecules in organic waste into simpler compounds. 🧬🔪 This helps in the recycling of nutrients like carbon and nitrogen, which are essential for plant growth. 🌱🌿 Without these microbes, we'd be drowning in heaps of undecomposed waste! 🚽😷 But that's not all! 🤔 In waste utilization, certain microbes are employed in processes like composting and wastewater treatment. 🌱🚮 In composting, microbes break down organic waste into nutrient-rich compost for soil improvement. 🌾🌼 In wastewater treatment, microbes digest pollutants, purifying the water. 💦🚀 So, there you Rk Naresh have it! 🤝 Microorganisms are the unsung heroes of waste management, turning trash into treasure for the environment. 💚🌎 Cheers to the microbial workforce! 🥳🎉 Now, go ahead and give these tiny powerhouses a virtual high-five! 👋😃

Hey there Rk Naresh! Well, well, well, talking about the unsung heroes of the dirt, aren't we? Look, when it comes to recycling nutrients in the soil, you've got an army of microorganisms doing the dirty work. Fungi, bacteria, and other microscopic critters are the MVPs in this nutrient recycling game.

Now, let's zoom in on our bacterial buddies. These little guys are like the sanitation workers of the soil. They break down dead organic matter, like fallen leaves, plant remains, or even deceased insects. It's like a microbial feast, and bacteria are the cleanup crew.

See, bacteria secrete enzymes that break down complex organic compounds into simpler forms. This decomposition process releases nutrients back into the soil, making them available for plants to suck up like nature's nutrient smoothie. It's a crucial part of the circle of life, my friend Rk Naresh.

So, next time you Rk Naresh stroll through a garden or a forest, just remember, beneath your feet, there's a bacterial party breaking down and recycling stuff like it's their job—because, well, it is. Nature's own cleanup crew, and they deserve a little appreciation, don't you think?

Ecological Roles of Microorganisms:

Microorganisms, despite their tiny size, play immense roles in maintaining healthy and functioning ecosystems. Some of their crucial ecological roles include:

Role of Microorganisms in Decomposition and Carbon Recycling:

Decomposition is a critical process in which microorganisms play the starring role. Here's how they contribute to the breakdown of organic matter and carbon recycling:

The efficient decomposition and nutrient recycling by microorganisms are essential for maintaining fertile soil, supporting plant growth, and regulating the Earth's climate. Any disruption to these processes can have significant consequences for the health and stability of ecosystems.

I agree, but you are letting out the bad aspects of fungi on crops production.

Dear Lucas,

that represents the energy consumed by heating up your sample. It reflects the heat capacity scaling with the temperature change. However, if your curve represents heating, it should be exo up because heating the sample consumes energy and appears as an endotherm in the DSC curve. That would make your degradation exothermic. See for instance here:

Dr Murtadha Shukur thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Please clairfy - that question makes no sense.

Thank you very much for your reply.

Adequate moisture is essential for microbial activity. A dry compost will not decompose efficiently. Proper moisture encourages the growth of microorganisms that break down the organic matter into humus. If rainfall is limited, water the pile periodically to maintain a steady decomposition rate.Bacteria and other organisms of decay decompose organic matter fastest at temperatures of 30 to 35 degrees-C — doubling the temperature in the range of 0 to 35 degrees-C usually will double the rate of decomposition. In summer, high temperatures can accelerate the stages of decomposition: heat encourages the breakdown of organic material, and bacteria also grow faster in a warm environment, accelerating bacterial digestion of tissue. The rate of decomposition is dependent on the climatic conditions of the system. The tropics have hot and humid climate which favours the growth of aerobically decomposing microbes. Hence, decomposition is faster in tropics than in any other environment. Sunlight can accelerate the decomposition process through an ensemble of direct and indirect processes as photodegradation. Although photodegradation is widely studied in arid environments, there have been few studies in temperate regions.Higher temperatures and rainfall increased both mass loss rates, and decomposition stage progression rates. The typical decomposition changes proceed more slowly in the water, primarily due to cooler temperatures and the anaerobic environment. However, once a body is removed from the water, putrefaction will likely be accelerated. Their decomposition is a key process of biogeochemical cycles in forest. Microorganisms are the primary agents of decomposition. Particularly, fungi are considered the major contributors due to their ability to produce specific enzymes and the possibility to access new substrates through hyphae. The microorganism responsible for the lion's share of breaking down organic matter are bacteria like Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens. They are found in soil and responsible for the decomposition when there is high moisture content.

Given any 0<a<2 , the integral of f on [a,2] can be calculated by noting that

(3x^2+2x+1)/(x^3+x^2)= (3x^2+2x)/(x^3+x^2)+ 1/(x^3+x^2), and

(3x^2+2x)/(x^3+x^2)=d(ln(x^3+x^2))/dx and

1/(x^3+x^2)= 1/ (x^2 (x+1))=(1-x)/x^2+1/(x+1)=1/x^2-1/x+1/(x+1)

=d(-1/x)/dx-d(lnx)/dx+d(ln(x+1))/dx.

In the oxygen cycle, oxygen is utilized for the breakdown of organic waste. The organic wastes obtained from living organisms are biodegradable because some aerobic bacteria convert organic waste materials into inorganic materials in the presence of oxygen by releasing carbon dioxide and water. Oxygen is needed for many decomposers to respire, to enable them to grow and multiply. This is why we often seal food in bags or cling film before putting it in the fridge. As the volume of available oxygen increases, the rate of decomposition also increases. Some decomposers can survive without oxygen. Oxygen availability is thus required and changes in its accessibility lead to drastic metabolic rearrangements. Ultimately, aerobic organisms die if the absence of oxygen is prolonged. A lower level of oxygen can result from environmental conditions, but also anatomical and tissue constraints. Aerobic decomposition takes place in the presence of oxygen. This is most common to occur in nature. Living organisms that use oxygen to survive feed on the body. Anaerobic decomposition takes place in the absence of oxygen. Dissolved oxygen levels drop in a water body that contains a lot of dead, decomposing material. Elevation- the amount of oxygen in elevation increases. Since streams get much of their oxygen from the atmosphere, streams at higher elevations will generally have less oxygen. In most cases, these bacteria require oxygen to grow because their methods of energy production and respiration depend on the transfer of electrons to oxygen, which is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport reaction. Biological oxygen demand (BOD) is a measure of the amount of oxygen required aerobically to decompose organic matter in the water. BOD is the amount of dissolved oxygen required by microorganisms to breakdown organic matter present in water. Oxygen helps break down organic matter to release carbon dioxide a process you can see in a backyard compost pile. Yet in some places on Earth, organic matter such as plant debris can persist for thousands of years despite the presence of abundant oxygen. A combustion reaction is an exothermic reaction in which something reacts with oxygen. The combustion of organic compounds usually takes the form organic compound + oxygen => water + carbon dioxide. During the first phase of decomposition, aerobic bacteria—bacteria that live only in the presence of oxygen—consume oxygen while breaking down the long molecular chains of complex carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids that comprise organic waste. The primary byproduct of this process is carbon dioxide. Decaying organic matter produces H+ which is responsible for acidity. The carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by decaying organic matter reacts with water in the soil to form a weak acid called carbonic acid. This is the same acid that develops when CO2 in the atmosphere reacts with rain to form acid rain naturally. In general, pH values in the topsoil are lower because topsoil is rich in organic matter and the decomposition of organic matter will lead to the production of more organic acids, thus lowering pH of topsoil. Volatile fatty acids exist in the flooded soil during the course of the decomposition of organic materials. Sodium salts of formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, lactic and succinic acids, which are formed by the anaerobic fermentation. Organic matter is usually considered to lower soil pH by releasing hydrogen ions that were associated with organic anions or by nitrification in an open system. Under aerobic soil conditions decarboxylation is a major process in organic matter decomposition. The decomposition of carbohydrates in the glycolytic pathway produces carboxylic groups which, after dissociation, may decrease soil pH.

When the animals die, they decompose, and their remains become sediment, trapping the stored carbon in layers that eventually turn into rock or minerals. Some of this sediment might form fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, or natural gas, which release carbon back into the atmosphere when the fuel is burned. When these organisms die, the carbon remains locked in their bodies. Decomposers are able to break down this material and release carbon back into the atmosphere and the cycle can begin again. Without decomposers, the carbon would remain locked in dead organisms and could only be released through combustion. At the end of the food chain, decomposers break down these molecules and return carbon and nitrogen to the soil and air. “Cover crops” like clover, beans and peas, planted after the main crop is harvested, help soils take in carbon year-round, and can be plowed under the ground as “green manure” that adds more carbon to the soil. Farmers can also do less intensive tilling.Soils play a key role in the carbon cycle by soaking up carbon from dead plant matter. Plants absorb CO2 from the atmosphere through photosynthesis and this is passed to the ground when dead roots and leaves decompose. Plants absorb CO2 from the atmosphere through the process of photosynthesis and use it to build their roots, stems or leaves. Carbon is mainly transferred into the soil through the release of organic compounds into the soil by plant roots or through the decay of plant material or soil organisms when they die. Through the process of photosynthesis, plants assimilate carbon and return some of it to the atmosphere through respiration. The carbon that remains as plant tissue is then consumed by animals or added to the soil as litter when plants die and decompose. Decaying organic matter produces H+ which is responsible for acidity. The carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by decaying organic matter reacts with water in the soil to form a weak acid called carbonic acid. This is the same acid that develops when CO2 in the atmosphere reacts with rain to form acid rain naturally. As soil organisms decompose organic matter, nutrients are converted into simpler, inorganic (mineral) forms that plants can easily use. This process, called mineralization, provides much of the nitrogen that plants need by converting it from organic forms. In general, pH values in the topsoil are lower because topsoil is rich in organic matter and the decomposition of organic matter will lead to the production of more organic acids, thus lowering pH of topsoil. Natural processes tend to acidify soils. Base-forming cations are leached from soils, carbonic acid is formed from carbon dioxide, plant roots excrete organic acids, and decomposition produces acidic products.

In the decomposition process, different products are released: carbon dioxide (CO2), energy, water, plant nutrients and resynthesized organic carbon compounds. Successive decomposition of dead material and modified organic matter results in the formation of a more complex organic matter as humus. Decomposition of biomass by soil microbes results in carbon loss as CO2 from the soil due to microbial respiration, while a small proportion of the original carbon is retained in the soil through the formation of humus, a product that often gives carbon-rich soils their characteristic dark color. As soil organisms decompose organic matter, nutrients are converted into simpler, inorganic forms that plants can easily use. This process, is mineralization, provides much of the nitrogen that plants need by converting it from organic forms. Decomposition is the first stage in the recycling of nutrients that have been used by an organism to build its body. It is the process whereby the dead tissues break down and are converted into simpler organic forms. These are the food source for many of the species at the base of ecosystems. An important use of decomposition reaction is digestion of food in our body. It is because the carbohydrates and proteins in the food we eat decompose to simpler sugars like glucose and amino acids, respectively. These further break down to provide us energy to do work. Decomposition is the process of breaking down an organic substance through either biotic or abiotic means. Biotic decomposition takes place through metabolic processes in which microorganisms break down organic materials into useful products such as energy with their metabolism. By far the most important microscopic decomposers are bacteria, which do the lion's share of decomposition in the compost heap. But there are other microscopic creatures such as actinomycetes, fungi, and protozoa, which also play an important role. It involves physical fragmentation, chemical alteration of organic matter, and later release of mineral nutrients. The decomposition begins instantly when the plant and animal litter is in the process of decay. Rainfall and sunlight are the external factors that favour in decaying of plant and animal wastes.

Decomposition is the process of breakdown of the complex organic matter into a simpler inorganic matter like carbon dioxide, water, and nutrients. The fungi, bacteria, and flagellates initiate the process of decomposition and are known as decomposers. The most obvious cause of the breakdown of soil organic matter is a high level of biological activity: A large number of bacteria, fungi, and larger organisms feeding on the organic material in your soil for food. Humus is dark, organic material that forms in soil when plant and animal matter decays. When plants drop leaves, twigs, and other material to the ground, it piles up. Soil organic matter consists of decomposing plant and animal residues. It also includes substances of organic origin either leaving or dead. Soil organic matter plays an important role in deciding / maintaining soil physical conditions. It also influences soil chemical properties especially cation exchange capacity. Composting is a biological process during which naturally occurring microorganisms, bacteria and insects break down organic materials such as leaves, grass clippings and certain kitchen scraps into a soil-like product is compost. It is a form of recycling, a natural way of returning needed nutrients to the soil. As soil organisms decompose organic matter, nutrients are converted into simpler, inorganic (mineral) forms that plants can easily use. This process, is mineralization, provides much of the nitrogen that plants need by converting it from organic forms. Organic matter is broken down into carbon dioxide and the mineral forms of nutrients like nitrogen. It is also converted into fungi and bacteria through these organisms feeding on the organic material and reproducing. Scientists call the organisms that decompose organic matter decomposers, saprobes or saprotrophs. Decomposition of organic matter is a process, which includes mostly physical breakdown and biochemical transformation of complex organic molecules into simpler organic and inorganic molecules. Decomposition can have many effects, each of which is potentially hazardous: New substances may be formed, some or all of which are explosive, flammable or toxic.

Soil pH may affect decomposition rates of dead matter (litter) directly by effects on decomposers and indirectly by effects on the plant species and the quality of the dead leaves they shed. Leaf pH may be an important aspect of this quality. pH - Lower levels imply acidity, hence lower bacterial population, which decreases the rate of decomposition. Soil substratum- the lower levels show decreased decomposition and it is highest in the upper substratum. For instance, soil pH, or its associated chemistry in terms of base cations and organic acids, may affect decomposition rates of dead matter directly, by controlling decomposer composition and activity and, indirectly, by controlling the traits of the plant species and thereby the afterlife effects of those traits. The decomposition of carbohydrates in the glycolytic pathway produces carboxylic groups which, after dissociation, may decrease soil pH. As soon as these groups are decarboxylated in the citrate cycle an equivalent amount of protons is required inducing a rise in soil pH. A low pH indicates an acidic soil, and this can have a major impact on the decomposition of organic matter. Bacteria the organisms most responsible for breaking down organic matter experience a sharp drop-off in activity once the pH drops below 6.0. Decomposers are most active in warm environments, typically between 20-30°C. Moisture: Moisture is another important environmental factor that affects decomposer activity. Decomposition occurs through chemical reactions, and these reactions require water. Decomposers in ecosystems act as environmental cleaners by decaying dead plants and animals. They aid in the recycling of nutrients. They make room for a new life in the biosphere by decaying the dead. Decomposers play a critical role in the flow of energy through an ecosystem. They break apart dead organisms into simpler inorganic materials, making nutrients available to primary producers.

Within food plant cropping systems, microorganisms provide vital functions and ecosystem services, such as biological pest and disease control, promotion of plant growth and crop quality, and biodegradation of organic matter and pollutants. Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, and Mycorrhiza act as biofertilizers. Microorganisms such as filamentous fungi play an important role in soil agglomeration. Microorganisms play an important role in the nutrient cycle. Beneficial microorganisms include those that create symbiotic associations with plant roots promote nutrient mineralization and availability, produce plant growth hormones, and are antagonists of plant pests, parasites or diseases. Once the microbial community is established, these microorganisms can help to solubilize and break down essential nutrients in the environment which would otherwise be unavailable or difficult for the crop to incorporate into biomass. Here in, microbes carry out the decomposition of organic matter by utilizing carbon and nitrogen as the energy sources along with oxygen and water, ensuring the production of water, carbon dioxide, heat, and soil-enriching compost. Any organic waste of plant, animal or human origin needs to be decomposed to form soil organic matter. Soil microorganisms and soil invertebrates degrade or break down the complex organic form into simpler ones. Microorganisms release enzymes that oxidize the organic compounds in organic matter. The oxidation reaction releases energy and carbon, which micro-organisms need to live. The final end product of mineralization is nutrients in the mineral form. Microbes are important decomposers of organic waste. By decomposing organic waste and using it for their growth, microbes play an important role in maintaining ecosystem's carbon and nitrogen cycles.

Soil organic matter improves soil structure and thus increases resistance to compaction. Practices such as in-row, non-inversion subsoiling minimize soil-surface disruption and organic-matter losses through decomposition. These practices are preferred over those that invert the soil to alleviate compaction. Salinity, toxicity and extremes in soil pH (acid or alkaline) result in poor biomass production and, thus in reduced additions of organic matter to the soil. For example, pH affects humus formation in two ways: decomposition, and biomass production. Inherent factors affecting soil organic matter include climate and soil texture and clay mineralogy. Climatic conditions, such as rainfall and temperature, and soil moisture and aeration affect the rate of organic matter decomposition.Parent material is the starting point for most soil development. The parent material may be mineral rock and/or organic matter. When parent rock material is exposed to the atmosphere or when organic matter and/or minerals are deposited on the earth's surface, soil formation begins. Soil organic matter (SOM) is the portion of soil that is composed of living and dead things in various states of decomposition, such as plant roots and microbes. Climatic conditions, such as rainfall and temperature, and soil moisture and aeration affect the rate of organic matter decomposition. Organic matter decomposes faster in warm, humid climates and slower in cool, dry climates.Decomposition of organic matter is largely a biological process that occurs naturally. Its speed is determined by three major factors: soil organisms, the physical environment and the quality of the organic matter. If the temperature is increased, the process is smoothly carried out and if the temperature is low, the process of decomposition is slow. The colder temperature decreases the rate of decomposition while warmer temperature increases the rate of decomposition.

Dr Jean- Francois Gal thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Hi, I have some experience depositing porphyrin-like molecules on surfaces under UHV. First of all, without an image it is difficult to find out what is going on, but in my experience, porphyrins are thermally robust and difficult to decompose. If so, the normally decomposed molecules react in the crucible leading to polymerisation. These polymers are heavier and almost impossible to sublimate.

On the other hand, what I see as more plausible is that the quality of their molecules is low. Even with purities around 99% we are used to see a lot of fragments on the surface. I would recommend lengthening the degassing time and perhaps increasing the temperature for deposition.

Yes, waste can be decomposed by microorganisms. The important steps in the process of decomposition are leaching and fragmentation, colonization by microorganisms, decomposition through enzyme action, mineralization into inorganic forms, humification to form stable humus, and the involvement of detritivores in physical breakdown. This process is vital for nutrient recycling and maintaining the balance of ecosystems.

During decomposition, organic matter breaks down into simpler compounds through microbial action. This process includes leaching, colonization, decomposition, mineralization, and humification. Factors like temperature, moisture, oxygen availability, C/N ratio, particle size, chemical composition, pH, detritivore activity, soil texture, and human activities influence the rate of decomposition.

Dr J. C. Tarafdar thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Gaurav H Tandon thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Gaurav H Tandon thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Microorganisms like bacteria and fungi, act as decomposers as they break down the dead and decaying organisms into simpler nutrients that mix with the soil. These nutrients are absorbed by plants during photosynthesis. Microorganisms are found everywhere in the environment and play a leading role in countless natural processes. Among other things, they operate the basic drug cycles that are necessary for the plants' supply of nutrients via the reaction of organic matter in soil. Microbes are adept at utilizing various compounds and methods as energy sources. In fact, microbes are responsible for the majority of photosynthesis on Earth, a process that removes carbon from the atmosphere and generates oxygen as a byproduct. Here in, microbes carry out the decomposition of organic matter by utilizing carbon and nitrogen as the energy sources along with oxygen and water, ensuring the production of water, carbon dioxide, heat, and soil-enriching compost. But microbes don't just eat nature's waste, they recycle it. The process of decomposition releases chemicals that can be used to build new plants and animals. But the decomposition of organic waste through microorganisms is very efficient, safe and environment friendly method. For the decomposition of waste, these microbes secrete different kind of enzymes which are responsible for the decomposition of waste. Bacteria play an important role in decomposition of organic materials, especially in the early stages of decomposition when moisture levels are high. In the later stages of decomposition, fungi tend to dominate. Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens are examples of decomposer bacteria. The microbial organisms transform the substance through metabolic or enzymatic processes. It is based on two processes: growth and cometabolism. In growth, an organic pollutant is used as sole source of carbon and energy. This process results in a complete degradation of organic pollutants.

Bacteria constitute the foundation of all of Earth's ecosystems, being responsible for the degradation and recycling of essential elements such as carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus.

A fluidized bed reactor would be the best choice for the decomposition of plastics like polyethylene before gasification. It offers efficient heat transfer, controllable residence time, enhanced mixing, and the ability to handle various feedstocks, making it ideal for effective decomposition of polyethylene before further processing into valuable products like syngas.

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Wastewater entering a treatment plant is aerated to provide oxygen to bacteria that degrade organic material and pollutants. Microbes consume the organic contaminants and bind the less soluble fractions, which can then be filtered off. The microbes simply eat up contaminants such as oil and organic matter, convert them and then let off carbon dioxide and water. The process uses naturally occurring bacteria, fungi or plants to degrade substances that are hazardous to human health or the environment. The process of pollutant biodegradation depends mainly on the ability of microorganisms to metabolize pollutants; bacteria, fungi, and algae can degrade various contaminants such as petroleum hydrocarbons and use them as a source of energy. Microorganisms help in cleaning up the environment. They decompose dead and decaying matter from plants and animals; convert them into simpler substances which are later used up by other plants and animals. Thus, they are used to breakdown harmful substances. Microbiological water pollution is usually a natural form of water pollution caused by microorganisms. Many types of microorganisms live in water and cause fish, land animals and humans to become ill. Microorganisms such as: Bacteria. Furthermore, anaerobic bacteria are an important element in the wastewater treatment processes. They are responsible for methane fermentation of sewage sludge, facilitating decomposition of macromolecular organic matter into simpler compounds. During the decomposition process, microorganisms convert the carbon structures of fresh residues into transformed carbon products in the soil. There are many different types of organic molecules in soil. Some are simple molecules that have been synthesized directly from plants or other living organisms. Microorganisms help in cleaning up the environment. They decompose dead and decaying matter from plants and animals; convert them into simpler substances which are later used up by other plants and animals. Thus, they are used to breakdown harmful substances.Organic matter decomposition serves two functions for the microorganisms, providing energy for growth and supplying carbon for the formation of new cells. Soil organic matter (SOM) is composed of the "living" the "dead" , and the "very dead" fractions.

Dr Sudip Ghimire thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dr Lynda Michelle Hanlon thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Both Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition and exogenous switching regression can be used to see the gender gap in market participation of agricultural product, but they have different assumptions and interpretations. Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition assumes that the treatment variable (e.g., gender) is exogenous and does not affect the outcome variable (e.g., market participation) through unobserved factors. It decomposes the mean difference in the outcome variable between the two groups into an explained component (due to differences in observable characteristics, such as education, land size, etc.) and an unexplained component (due to differences in coefficients or discrimination). Exogenous switching regression also assumes that the treatment variable is exogenous, but it allows for heterogeneity in the outcome variable across the two groups. It estimates two regression models for the outcome variable, one for each group, and a selection equation for the treatment variable. It can estimate the average treatment effect (ATE) and the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT), which measure the difference in the expected outcome between the two groups and between the treated group and their counterfactual outcome, respectively.

The choice between Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition and exogenous switching regression depends on the research question and the data availability. Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition is simpler to implement and interpret, but it requires a common set of predictors for both groups and a linear specification of the outcome variable. Exogenous switching regression is more flexible and can account for nonlinearities and interactions in the outcome variable, but it requires a set of exogenous variables that affect only the treatment choice and not the outcome variable. Both methods can provide useful insights into the sources and magnitude of the gender gap in market participation of agricultural product.

Any tables are absolutely meaningless if they do not contain confidence intervals. Just as meaningless are any conclusions drawn from such tables.

In nature, plants and animals decompose, or break down into their principal nutrients with the help of insects, bacteria, and other microorganisms. These decomposers play an extremely important role in nature and without them the Earth would be piled high with dead things. Microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi feed on dead plants and animals, helping them to decay. These microorganisms respire, releasing carbon dioxide back into the air. Mineral ions return to the soil through decay.

Decomposers such as bacteria and fungi break down dead plant and animal wastes in the process of decomposition. During decomposition complex substances are converted into simple inorganic nutrients such as carbon and nitrogen compounds. Decomposers can recycle dead plants and animals into chemical nutrients such as carbon and nitrogen that are released back into the soil, air and water as food for living plants and animals. So, decomposers can recycle dead plants and animals and help keep the flow of nutrients available in the environment.

Dr J. C. Tarafdar thank you for your contribution to the discussion

If decomposition could not occur, the nitrogen in dead organic matter would remain locked up. Plant growth would decrease over time as the nitrogen the plants took from the soil was not replaced. This would be a catastrophe, because plant growth supplies all of our food. The other dependent animals or trophic level will not survive without food. Without plants and animals decomposers will die and there will be no life on earth. So, if there were no producers, the food chain would not initiate and all the living species on earth would die.

Seasonal-Trend decomposition using LOESS (STL) is a time series decomposition technique that separates a time series into three components: trend, seasonal, and remainder. The trend component captures the long-term changes in the data, the seasonal component captures the repetitive patterns that occur within a year, and the remainder component represents the random variation or noise in the data.

The STL method uses a non-parametric technique called LOESS (Locally Estimated Scatterplot Smoothing) to estimate the trend and seasonal components of the time series. LOESS uses a moving window to estimate the local polynomial that fits the data, with the window size varying depending on the density of the data points. This allows LOESS to capture complex nonlinear relationships in the data, including seasonal patterns.

Therefore, STL does remove both trend and seasonality from a time series by decomposing the time series into these two components, leaving only the remainder component which represents the random variation or noise in the data. The remainder component is often easier to model and analyze than the original time series since it has had the trend and seasonal components removed. However, it is important to note that the accuracy of the decomposition can be influenced by the choice of parameters, such as the window size used in the LOESS smoothing, and may require some tuning based on the specific characteristics of the data.

Dear Dr. Aimal Khan These terminologies could be differentiated based on the outcomes of the process. Calcination is the decomposition of a substance at high temp (below melting point) releasing volatile components under limited or no air conditions. While thermal decomposition is the thermal breakdown of particular materials into different products (like oxidation).

Primal decomposition solves a problem by looking at individual components or subproblems and optimizing them independently. Dual decomposition solves a problem by looking at the dual problem, which is related to the original problem, and optimizing it instead. Primal decomposition generally requires fewer variables and is easier to understand, while dual decomposition is usually more efficient and has better convergence properties.

The time factor in Olsen's formula can be days, months, years as per the choice of the user. The corresponding time unit used will determine the units of the decay rate constant.

Decomposition by soil organisms is at the center of the transformation and cycling of nutrients through the environment. Decomposition liberates carbon and nutrients from the complex material making up life forms-putting them back into biological circulation so they are available to plants and other organisms. Decomposition of organic matter is a process, which includes mostly physical breakdown and biochemical transformation of complex organic molecules into simpler organic and inorganic molecules. During the decomposition process, microorganisms convert the carbon structures of fresh residues into transformed carbon products in the soil. There are many different types of organic molecules in soil. Some are simple molecules that have been synthesized directly from plants or other living organisms. Micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes even though they go unnoticed in your compost pile are responsible for most of the organic material breakdown. They are chemical decomposers because they use chemicals in their bodies to break down organic matter. Microbes carry out the decomposition of organic matter by utilizing carbon and nitrogen as the energy sources along with oxygen and water, ensuring the production of water, carbon dioxide, heat, and soil-enriching compost. Bacteria are a group of microorganisms that live in a wide variety of habitat in our environment. They feed on dead and decaying parts of plants and animals, therefore they are known as decomposers. The decomposers complete the cycle by returning essential molecules to the plant producers. Decomposers have the ability to break down dead organisms into smaller particles and create new compounds.

Bacteria affect local and global biogeochemical cycles by absorbing organic carbon and nutrients and therefore, the study of these microorganisms is key to understanding ecosystem dynamics.The hydrologic cycle is important because it is how water reaches plants, animals and us! Besides providing people, animals and plants with water, it also moves things like nutrients, pathogens and sediment in and out of aquatic ecosystems. Soil microbes play an important role in nutrient recycling. They decompose organic matter to release nutrients. They are also important to trap and transform nutrients into the soil, which can be taken up by plant roots. Nutrient cycling rate depends on various biotic, physical and chemical factors. Microorganisms help return minerals and nutrients back to the environment so that the materials can then be used by other organisms. As the bacteria and fungi decompose dead matter, they also respire and so release carbon dioxide to the environment, contributing to the carbon cycle .Microorganisms play a dominant role in the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients. They are rightly praised for their facility for fixing both carbon and nitrogen into organic matter, and microbial driven processes have tangibly altered the chemical composition of the biosphere and its surrounding atmosphere. This is because the microorganisms decompose dead organic waste of plants and animals converting them into simple substances. These substances are again used by other plants and animals. Thus, microorganisms can be used to degrade the harmful and smelly substances and thereby clean up the environment. Bacteria play an important role in decomposition of organic materials, especially in the early stages of decomposition when moisture levels are high. In the later stages of decomposition, fungi tend to dominate. Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens are examples of decomposer bacteria. Bacteria break down dead organisms, animal waste, and plant litter to obtain nutrients. But microbes don't just eat nature's waste, they recycle it. The process of decomposition releases chemicals that can be used to build new plants and animals.

The occupied d-orbitals are actually lower in energy than the s-orbitals that belong to the highest energy level.

https://socratic.org/questions/what-is-the-electron-configuration-of-ag

Bacteria are responsible for most of the decomposition and heat generation in compost. They are the most nutritionally diverse group of compost organisms, using a broad range of enzymes to chemically break down a variety of organic materials. Fungi may be regarded as the scavengers who will decompose in soil almost anything of organic nature that bacteria cannot tackle and many of them serve as food for the bacteria. In acid soils, the fungi are the main decomposers of cellulose as under acidic conditions, bacteria and actinomycetes become inactive. The most important organisms in the breakdown process are the bacteria. The bacteria present in any given pile are dependent upon the raw material present, amount of air in the pile, moisture conditions of the pile, pile temperature and numerous other factors. Decomposition of organic matter in submerged soil is carried out by Bacteria and releases different products like carbon dioxide, energy, water, plant nutrients and resynthesized organic carbon compounds. The most abundant type of chemical decomposer in a compost pile is aerobic bacteria. When they break down organic material, they give off heat. Billions of aerobic bacteria working to decompose the organic matter in a compost pile cause the pile to warm up. As the temperature rises, different organisms thrive. Bacteria break down dead organisms, animal waste, and plant litter to obtain nutrients. But microbes don't just eat nature's waste, they recycle it. The process of decomposition releases chemicals that can be used to build new plants and animals. However, micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes even though they go unnoticed in your compost pile–are responsible for most of the organic material breakdown. They are chemical decomposers because they use chemicals in their bodies to break down organic matter.

Microbial Communities Influence Soil Dissolved Organic Carbon Concentration by Altering Metabolite Composition. Rapid microbial growth in the early phase of plant litter decomposition is viewed as an important component of soil organic matter (SOM) formation. Soil organisms, including micro-organisms, use soil organic matter as food. As they break down the organic matter, any excess nutrients are released into the soil in forms that plants can use. Soil microbial communities directly affect soil functionality through their roles in the cycling of soil nutrients and carbon storage. Microbial communities vary substantially in space and time, between soil types and under different land management. Soil microbial communities directly affect soil functionality through their roles in the cycling of soil nutrients and carbon storage. Microbial communities vary substantially in space and time, between soil types and under different land management. Due to their close proximity to plant roots, soil microbes significantly affect soil and crop health. Some of the activities they perform include nitrogen-fixation, phosphorus solubilization, suppression of pests and pathogens, improvement of plant stress, and decomposition that leads to soil aggregation. They must obtain these through saprophytic or parasitic associations with their hosts which implicates them in many decomposition processes. Two major groups of fungi have been identified as being linked to cadaver decomposition: ammonia fungi. Post-putrefactive fungi.Bioremediation uses micro-organisms to reduce pollution through the biological degradation of pollutants into non-toxic substances. This can involve either aerobic or anaerobic micro-organisms that often use this breakdown as an energy source.

The symmetric decomposition of a 4x4 Mueller matrix can be performed using the algorithm proposed by Chipman in 2007. Here is a MATLAB implementation of the algorithm:

function [S,D] = symmetric_decomposition(M)

% SYMMETRIC_DECOMPOSITION performs the symmetric decomposition of a 4x4

% Mueller matrix.

%

% [S,D] = SYMMETRIC_DECOMPOSITION(M) returns the symmetric part (S) and

% diagonal part (D) of the 4x4 Mueller matrix M.

%

% Reference:

% Chipman, R.A. (2007). Symmetric interpretation of Mueller matrices.

% Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 24(9), 1314-1319.

%

% Author: Diego Marcos

% Date: 11/04/2023

% Check input arguments

if nargin ~= 1

error('One input argument is required.')

end

if ~isequal(size(M),[4 4])

error('Input argument must be a 4x4 matrix.')

end

% Calculate the symmetric and antisymmetric parts of M

S = 0.5 * (M + M.');

A = 0.5 * (M - M.');

% Calculate the diagonal part of S

D = diag([1 1 S(3,3)/S(1,1) S(4,4)/S(2,2)]);

% Calculate the remaining elements of S

S(3,1) = S(1,3) = D(3,3)*S(1,1);

S(4,2) = S(2,4) = D(4,4)*S(2,2);

S(3,2) = S(2,3) = S(3,4) = S(4,3) = 0;

% Reconstruct M from S and A

M = S + A;

end

You can call this function by passing a 4x4 Mueller matrix as input:

M = [1 0 0 0;

0 0 1 0;

0 1 0 0;

0 0 0 -1];

[S,D] = symmetric_decomposition(M);

This will return the symmetric part (S) and diagonal part (D) of the Mueller matrix.

Humus is dark, organic material that forms in soil when plant and animal matter decays.Aerobic decomposition takes place in the presence of oxygen. This is most common to occur in nature. Living organisms that use oxygen to survive feed on the body. Anaerobic decomposition takes place in the absence of oxygen. Humus is the layer formed on soil due to the decomposition of dead plants and animals by microbes. Humus supplies nutrients to the soil.

Soil moisture affects the rate of decomposition of plant residues and the rate decreases under flooded conditions after peaking at moisture content of 60% of water holding capacity. Notably, soil moisture can have a large impact on the decomposition of organic matter by affecting the diffusion of oxygen into the soil and the availability of substrates for microorganisms. At a constant temperature, soil moisture content shows a parabolic affect on decomposition rates with a maximum rate at intermediate levels of moisture. High moisture content limits soil gas exchange leading to low oxygen concentrations and potentially anaerobic conditions.Temperature and moisture influence organic matter decomposition, in that warmer temperatures and high moisture levels result in higher rates of decomposition; faster litter turnover, and less organic matter accumulation. Decomposition of organic matter in submerged soil is carried out by Bacteria and releases different products like carbon dioxide, energy, water, plant nutrients and resynthesized organic carbon compounds. It's critical that soil both let water flow through, and hold water for later. So, soil organic matter is critical for forming aggregates, and aggregates are critical for holding water. Because of that link, there is definitely a positive relationship between organic matter and water-holding capacity

Microorganisms are the primary agents of decomposition. Particularly, fungi are considered the major contributors due to their ability to produce specific enzymes and the possibility to access new substrates through hyphae. Here in, microbes carry out the decomposition of organic matter by utilizing carbon and nitrogen as the energy sources along with oxygen and water, ensuring the production of water, carbon dioxide, heat, and soil-enriching compost. Activity of organisms causes decomposition of organic matter and destroys them, where the bacteria convert the organic matter or other constituents in the wastewater to new cells, water, gases and other products. The use of potential microbial decomposers is very important in the process of biomass degradation to produce high-value-added compost [5]. The microbes have a role to minimize ecological imbalance and to maintain nutrient flow from one system to another. The bacteria metabolize the organic components of the waste and release some of the inorganic components utilized by the algae. During protoplasm synthesis the algae release oxygen which is taken by the bacteria to bring about complete aerobic stabilization of the organic matter.

Decomposers are a group of organisms that essentially break down decaying organic matter. There are two major groups that make up the decomposers: detritivores that feed on dead matter and saprotrophs.Healthy soil contains various organisms that decompose plant and animal material into organic matter. These organisms include bacteria, earthworms and fungi. Microbial turnover forms the backbone of soil organic matter (SOM) formation and it has been recently proposed that SOM molecular complexity is a key driver of stability. Despite this, the links between microbial diversity, chemical complexity and biogeochemical nature of SOM remain missing. Bacteria break down dead organisms, animal waste, and plant litter to obtain nutrients. But microbes don't just eat nature's waste, they recycle it. The process of decomposition releases chemicals that can be used to build new plants and animals.

Indeed, you can estimate side by side. This type of research is mainly depend on a number of factors, including the purpose and duration of the study, the type of ecosystem, phenology, age, and so on.

These information and the links below may be helpful to you.

https://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/ handle/1/5810063762

All the best

The process of pollutant biodegradation depends mainly on the ability of microorganisms to metabolize pollutants; bacteria, fungi, and algae can degrade various contaminants such as petroleum hydrocarbons and use them as a source of energy. The microbial organisms transform the substance through metabolic or enzymatic processes. It is based on two processes: growth and cometabolism. In growth, an organic pollutant is used as sole source of carbon and energy. This process results in a complete degradation (mineralization) of organic pollutants. Microorganisms use their metabolic pathways for the biodegradation of organic pollutants into inorganic compounds, carbon dioxide, and water after their partial or complete mineralization. In anaerobic decomposition, microorganisms decompose the solid waste into biodegradable and nontoxic forms in the absence of oxygen. There are two types of bacteria which play a significant role in anaerobic decomposition reactions, which include hydrolytic bacteria and the acidogenic bacteria.

Microorganisms help return minerals and nutrients back to the environment so that the materials can then be used by other organisms. As the bacteria and fungi decompose dead matter, they also respire and so release carbon dioxide to the environment, contributing to the carbon cycle .Soil microbes can break down plant organic matter to carbon dioxide or convert it to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) compounds. This leads either to long-term carbon storage, because DOC can bind to soil particles, or to the release of carbon back to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. The microbe plays an essential role of organic matter degradation in nutrient cycling; microorganism present in soil digests the organic matter including dead organisms. The nutrients get released by the breakdown of the organic molecule to make it available for plants to uptake nutrients in the soil through roots. A broad range of bacteria, archaea and fungi are capable of denitrification, comprising approximately 50% of known phylogenetic groups with cultivated representatives. Denitrification, like nitrification, is essential for the soil nitrogen cycle, returning nitrogen to the atmosphere. Decomposers play a critical role in the flow of energy through an ecosystem. They break apart dead organisms into simpler inorganic materials, making nutrients available to primary producers. Decomposition by soil organisms is at the center of the transformation and cycling of nutrients through the environment. Decomposition liberates carbon and nutrients from the complex material making up life forms-putting them back into biological circulation so they are available to plants and other organisms.

your compound was degraded by approximately 200 C

the TGAthermogram and DSC shoes this situation

I can only confidently answer half your question. The short answer is, yes you can ignore the negative sign when estimating half-life as 0.693/k. (Longer answer: 0.693/k estimates the doubling time of a growing population. Here, your "population" is shrinking, so the doubling time is a negative number. But as you said, since time cannot go backward, the negative sign is meaningless and may be omitted.

Hope that helps.

Join us at http://icit.zuj.edu.jo/icit2023/Index.html

Dear Qasim Qayyum Kashif , have you ever read about pKa? What is the second pKa of H2O2? The mechanism you have suggested for H2O2 decomposition is wrong without any doubt. If you teach the people (e.g. by answering questions), you should be an expert or at least have basic knowledge in the area.

The mechanism of H2O2 decomposition is very well studied and described in many text books.

I apologize for a very straightforward language. I'm tired to read answers based on insufficient knowledge.

An organism, either plant or animal, dies microorganisms starts growing on them. They secrete enzymes that change the dead organic matter to smaller molecules. These are eventually recycled back to the atmosphere as methane (CH4) and CO2. Within food plant cropping systems, microorganisms provide vital functions and ecosystem services, such as biological pest and disease control, promotion of plant growth and crop quality, and biodegradation of organic matter and pollutants. Soil bacteria perform recycling of soil organic matter through different processes, and as a result they produce and release into the soil inorganic molecules that can be consumed by plants and microorganisms to grow and perform their functions. Microorganisms have the potential to improve plant growth under abiotic stress conditions by promoting the production of low-molecular-weight osmolytes, such as glycinebetaine, proline, and other amino acids, mineral phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, organic acids, and producing key enzymes. Due to their close proximity to plant roots, soil microbes significantly affect soil and crop health. Some of the activities they perform include nitrogen-fixation, phosphorus solubilization, suppression of pests and pathogens, improvement of plant stress, and decomposition that leads to soil aggregation. Microorganisms have potential roles to play in sustainable agricultural production due to their ability to promote plant growth and enhance biotic and abiotic stress resistance, remediate contaminated soils, recycle nutrients, manage soil fertility, and weather and mineralize rocks and other abilities. Organic matter decomposition serves two functions for the microorganisms, providing energy for growth and suppling carbon for the formation of new cells. Soil organic matter (SOM) is composed of the "living" (microorganisms), the "dead" (fresh residues), and the "very dead" (humus) fractions. Organic matter is broken down into carbon dioxide and the mineral forms of nutrients like nitrogen. It is also converted into fungi and bacteria through these organisms feeding on the organic material and reproducing.The amount of water in the soil, both indirectly and directly, affects the decomposition rate of organic matter. Indirectly, a wet soil results in a slower break down because water fills the air spaces in the soil, depriving the microbes of oxygen.

The measurements of H2O2 in solutions are very tricky. There are hundred methods described in the literature, but none of them might be compatible with your system. Read, try, and find the best. Good luck.

The thermal decomposition of benzyl alcohol was investigated in shock waves over the temperature range 1200–1600 K, monitoring benzyl and OH radical concentrations by UV absorption spectroscopy.

@ temperature of decomposition of organic dye more than 265 Degree C

Dear Taiwo Hamidat Olaide, this depends on many variables, including the chemical structure of the polymer, additives present in it, the degradation environment either land or marine, cycles of repeated stresses, and so on. Please have a look at the following documents. My Regards

@ Kasturi, the equation for organic matter decomposition rate was given by Olson (1963) . The formula is often used in this form

ln(Mt / M0) = -k t

M0 is the initial mass of organic matter or carbon, Mt is the mass of organic matter or carbon, t, is time (e.g. year or day) and kS is the constant for decay rate.

In general, from the titre value you can calculate decomposition rate as mg of carbon di-oxide per day for a weight of decomposed material placed initially.

Dear all, the LOHC process is more safer and economic. Please have a look at the following documents. My Regards

10.1039/C4EE03528C

Thank you for the reply Leandro

Yes, thanks for our response

The Hazel decomposition model is a statistical model that is used to analyze the sources of change in production and production variance in agriculture and other sectors. The model decomposes the change in the average of production and the change in production variance into four components:

To calculate the Hazel decomposition model, you will need to gather data on production and production variance over time. You will then need to use statistical software, such as R or STATA, to fit the model to the data and estimate the coefficients for the four components.

To develop the model, you will need to follow these steps:

If you have any further questions about developing the Hazel decomposition model or need additional guidance, I would be happy to help or recommend a researcher who may be able to assist you. Please let me know if you have any specific questions or concerns.