Contaminants - Science topic

Cells round like this and become refractory when they enter mitosis. This likely is what you are seeing.

Often, higher concentration are used to understand LC50 and EC50 values within your test population. Validation experiments can also be ran with higher concentrations to then understand which concentrations should be used in future experiments once an effect has been observed.

The presence of small black dots in cell cultures can indeed be confusing, especially for those new to cell culture work. These dots could potentially be cell debris, but they could also indicate contamination⁴.

**Cell Debris:** If the black dots are of varying sizes and shapes, they could be cell debris⁴. Cell debris can occur naturally as cells die and break apart, or it can be a result of mechanical stress during handling.

**Contamination:** If the black dots are of the same size and there is an increase in their number over time, this could indicate bacterial contamination⁴. However, you mentioned that these dots are not moving, which is not typical for bacterial contamination³.

There's also a phenomenon known as "black swimming dots" (BSDs) that has been observed in cell cultures¹. BSDs are extremely tiny dots found in dishes of cultured cells and are very hard to remove¹. They are nonliving inorganic nanoparticles but should derive from an unidentified airborne infectious organism¹. BSDs can bring adverse impact to cell experiments¹.

To determine the nature of these black dots, you might want to consider the following steps:

1. **Observation:** Keep monitoring your culture. If the number of black dots increases over time, it's more likely to be a contamination issue⁴.

2. **Microscopy:** Use a microscope to get a closer look at the black dots. Their shape, size, and behavior can provide clues about their nature⁴.

3. **Testing:** There are various tests available to detect specific types of contamination. For example, PCR-based methods can detect mycoplasma contamination².

(1) What are the little black dots in the cells? – Sage-Answer. https://sage-answer.com/what-are-the-little-black-dots-in-the-cells/.

(2) 3 Culture contaminants you hate and how to save your cells - Quartzy. https://blog.quartzy.com/3-culture-contaminants-you-hate-and-how-to-save-your-cells.

(3) Black swimming dots in cell culture: the identity, detection ... - bioRxiv. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2018/07/15/366906.full.pdf.

(4) Common contamination and solutions in cell cultures_Cell Culture .... https://www.leadingbiology.com/article-131.html.

(5) Observed tiny black dots on cell culture - Cell Biology. http://www.protocol-online.org/biology-forums/posts/35069.html.

Improving microbiology skills and training involves enhancing education programs, implementing quality control measures, utilizing advanced technologies, fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, providing ongoing professional development, and adhering to standardization and accreditation. These strategies aim to emphasize accurate microbial identification, minimize errors in sample processing, leverage molecular techniques for enhanced specificity, encourage collaboration across disciplines, keep professionals updated on emerging technologies, and ensure adherence to established standards. By implementing these measures, the misidentification of commensals and contaminants as pathogens can be reduced, leading to improved patient care and public health outcomes.

Dear Greg Williams et al.,

There is no such thing as "irreducible concentration" for stormwater contaminants. Current stormwater BMP are mainly physical (screening, settling, filtratation, ..) and chemical (coagulation-flocculation). These technologies don't remove soluble pollutants. That's why we also integrate advanced biotreatment with short contact time (15 - 20 minutes) to capture and mineralize most soluble pollutants. Typical results are shown on https://www.modelengineering.eu/circulate_water .

Try soil metabolomics such as looking at the metabolites left behind after application of fertilizer or herbicides etc. That's an area where much have not been done. I am also working in that area though I'm new in this area as well, but we can collaborate anyways.

Hello: Yes, contaminant size is crucial for adsorption and transformation, as reported in the literature. Additionally, consider factors like the nanocomposite's particle size, active site distribution, and medium viscosity. Have you conducted the adsorption experiment under kinetic conditions? Does the process involve solely adsorption or also transformation. cheers!

The pictures do not show anything relevant.

I do not know which studies you have read. I would not be surprised if the ones using kg/Day are considering bodyweight and those with mg/day intake of contaminants. Anyway, both are considering weights so conversion of kg into mg or viceversa is easy.

Fluorescence alone will probably not be sufficient for your analysis because contaminant mixtures will lead to overlapping, indifferentiable results, but in combination with a chemical separation method, e.g. HPLC, you will indeed have a powerful tool at hand:

Dear friend Sima Zarei

To clean glass equipment like ampoules, use a diluted hydrochloric acid solution (5-10%) for effective removal of organic residues and chemical contaminants. Handle with caution, wearing gloves and goggles, and perform in a well-ventilated area.

Hey there Timothy Imanobe Oliomogbe! You Timothy Imanobe Oliomogbe know, targeted biosorption is like the untapped gold mine of environmental remediation. It's a game-changer, no doubt. I mean, we've got this whole world of microalgae at our disposal, and the idea of customizing them to be heavy metal magnets is downright genius.

Think about it – tweaking microalgae strains to have a special liking for specific heavy metals? That's like having a cleanup crew on a molecular level. Efficiency skyrockets, and we can say goodbye to energy-consuming methods that are so last century.

Few interesting articles are:

Patent Development of sustainable environment by utilizing energy e...

Chapter Using Microalgae for Treating Wastewater

Technical Report Algae Strain Identification for Wastewater Treatment

Poster Reaction Energy: Fueling tomorrow

Technical Report Sustainable Future With Green Technolgy

Chapter Anaerobic Degradation of Phenolic Wastewater: Batch Test Study

Article Ajnavi, S., Shandilya, Kaushik K., Srivastava, P., Aerobic d...

Technical Report How to develop Green Culture with Sustainable actions for Cl...

Technical Report Green Culture: Sustainable Actions for Climate Change

I'm all in for exploring this frontier. It's not just about pollution control; it's about rewriting the rules of engagement with our environment. We're talking about precision, economy, and a sustainable approach to tackling pollution head-on. So, to answer your question, yeah, targeted biosorption is the future, my friend Timothy Imanobe Oliomogbe. Let's dive into this and revolutionize the game!

Here is a link to a method:

https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?Lab=NERL&dirEntryId=103917

Yes, chlorophyll is not very stable. Due to its chemical structure, being a complex, it might decompose steadily, forming (brownish) pheophytins. This can become because of samples being exposed to (UV) light or residual enzyme activities. Fucoxanthin is chemically a different structure and comparatively more stable.

Dr Phil Geis thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Dear friend Alaa Al-Khalaf

Ah, the intriguing world of catalysts and contaminants! Now, pay attention because I am about to drop some knowledge.

Solid catalysts can indeed be like the superheroes of the chemical world, capable of removing both acidic and basic contaminants simultaneously. This often happens in the realm of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs), Green Sustainable Materials, and Nano Organic Materials. Let me break it down:

1. **Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs):** These are a set of chemical treatment procedures designed to remove organic and inorganic pollutants from water and air. Solid catalysts in AOPs, like titanium dioxide (TiO2) or other metal oxides, can generate reactive oxygen species under certain conditions. These reactive species, like hydroxyl radicals, have the power to oxidize a wide range of contaminants, whether they are acidic or basic.

2. **Green Sustainable Materials:** The term "green" here suggests a more environmentally friendly approach. Solid catalysts in green materials could include various natural or sustainable substances. For example, some clays or modified natural materials can act as catalysts to neutralize both acidic and basic pollutants, providing a more sustainable solution.

3. **Nano Organic Materials:** The magic of nanotechnology! Nano-sized organic materials, such as carbon-based nanomaterials, can also be engineered to have catalytic properties. These nanomaterials might exhibit excellent catalytic activity, removing contaminants irrespective of their acidic or basic nature.

The key lies in the tailored design of these materials. Engineers and researchers can modify the surface properties, composition, and structure of solid catalysts to make them effective for a broad spectrum of contaminants. So, imagine a world where a single catalyst can handle both the Batman and Joker of contaminants simultaneously!

Remember, my friend Alaa Al-Khalaf, the world of catalysts is ever-evolving, and researchers are continuously pushing the boundaries of what these materials can achieve. It's a thrilling time in the chemistry of contaminants, and solid catalysts are at the forefront of this chemical crusade!

Thanks for detailed answer sir. Can you share any related research wrt low quality ghee products (and their comparison) in Pakistan?

I have a similar problem. When I look at my cells under the microscope after adding Trypan Blue I see a red fuss. My cells have 100% viability, yet they have stopped dividing. I am not sure if it is because of the media. Please let me know what did work for you. Here is a picture of my contamination.

This information sheet summarizes key findings, recommendations and conclusions from the WHO technical report, Microplastics in drinking-water (WHO, 2019)

For more information contact: Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Health Department of Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health World Health Organization 20 Avenue Appia 1211 Geneva 27 Switzerland gdwq@who.int

What auxotrophies are you using?

phosphates/mineral salts?

Alternatively go back over your sample preparation protocol and determine the source of the PEG contamination.

I also agree with Yogain Taank . selecting a specific antibiotic would work in your favor. Identify the antibiotic which might work for your assay, that might provide better and beneficial results to your lab settings!

Kaushik Shandilya

Thank you for the answer.

Now, several questions are raised:

Do you know any article which used methanol as a chemical to wash carbon material, i.e., biochar or activated carbon? Can I receive the research articles?

For the steps involved in methanol washing:

Step 1: Prepare a sufficient quantity of methanol.

Step 2: Take the activated carbon sample and place it in a suitable container.

Step 3: Pour methanol over the activated carbon, ensuring that the sample is fully immersed.

Step 4: Agitate the mixture gently to enhance the cleaning process.

Step 5: Allow the activated carbon to soak in methanol for a sufficient period, typically several hours or overnight, to ensure thorough cleaning.

Step 6: After soaking, separate the activated carbon from the methanol by filtration or decantation.

Step 7: Rinse the activated carbon with fresh methanol to remove any residual impurities.

Step 8: Finally, dry the washed activated carbon under controlled conditions, such as in an oven, to remove any remaining traces of methanol.

If can, please do add any article or citation for any step.

Thank you very much.

Ayuba Saminu

Hi

Yes, it is possible

Contamination may be through employees or broken and leaking water pipes or contamination of the source. And in general, non-observance of health standards can be the cause of pollution.

Thank you so much, Please feel free to distribute the announcement in your department.

The identification and isolation of microorganisms that can degrade plastic or oil from a sample involves several steps. Here is a general approach to achieve this:

1. Sample preparation: Take a sample from the environment where you suspect the presence of degrading microorganisms. You can use sampling tools such as a sterile spatula, a sterile pipette, or a sterile cotton swab to do this. It is important to work under sterile conditions to avoid cross-contamination. 2. Enrichment: Once the sample is prepared, you can culture it in a suitable medium containing nutrients for the microorganisms. The choice of medium depends on the type of microorganism to be isolated. For example, you can use oil or hydrocarbon-enriched medium to isolate hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria.

3. Incubation: Cultures must be incubated at the optimum temperature so that the growth of the microorganisms is isolated. Incubation times can vary depending on the type of microorganism and the medium used.

4. Identification: Once you have obtained a pure culture of microorganisms, you can proceed to identify them. Identification methods may include microscopic observation, Gram stain, PCR, DNA sequencing, mass spectrometry, etc. 5. Degradability test: You can perform degradability tests to determine if the identified microorganisms are able to degrade plastics or oils. These tests may include tests on microbial growth in the presence of plastics or oils, tests for the production of degradation enzymes or chemical analyzes to detect the degradation of the substance.

It is important to note that the identification and isolation of degrading microorganisms can be a complex process and success depends on many factors, including sample quality and choice of medium.

The microbial organisms transform the substance through metabolic or enzymatic processes. It is based on two processes: growth and cometabolism. In growth, an organic pollutant is used as sole source of carbon and energy. This process results in a complete degradation of organic pollutants. Bioremediationuses microorganisms to degrade organic contaminants in soil, groundwater, sludge, and solids. The microorganisms break down contaminants by using them as an energy source or cometabolizing them with an energy source. The microbial degradation of oil and fats comprises a combination of complex biological and physicochemical processes, such as the production of lipase, the lipolytic reaction, and the mass transfer properties for the substrate phase, the fatty acid uptake and the growth kinetics of the cells. In a material, any physical and chemical change that is caused by the action of microorganisms is known as biodegradation. Natural and synthetic plastics are degraded by the action of microorganisms including bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi. Bacteria, archaea and fungi are typical prime bioremediators . The application of bioremediation as a biotechnological process involving microorganisms for solving and removing dangers of many pollutants through biodegradation from the environment.

Microorganisms play a significant role in the removal of heavy metals pollutants. The heavy metals exert toxic effects on living cells. As degradative aerobic bacteria are Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Sphingomonas, Rhodococcus, and Mycobacterium. Bioremediation is therefore an eco-friendly and efficient method of reclaiming environments contaminated with heavy metals by making use of the inherent biological mechanisms of microorganisms and plants to eradicate hazardous contaminants. However, micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes–even though they go unnoticed in your compost pile–are responsible for most of the organic material breakdown. They are chemical decomposers because they use chemicals in their bodies to break down organic matter. Bacteria, fungi and a few other microorganisms initiate the process of decomposition and are known as decomposers. They feed on dead organisms to survive. The decaying and dead animals and plants serve as the raw materials which, on the breakdown, produce nutrients, carbon dioxide, and water, etc. Fungi-based biodegradation is eco-sustainable and one of the latest alternatives; it can detoxify pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, plastics, toxic dyes, and other environmental contaminants.

Micro-organisms are well known for their ability to break down a huge range of organic compounds and absorb inorganic substances. Currently, microbes are used to clean up pollution treatment in processes as 'bioremediation'. Microorganisms alone have the potential to remove pollutants to some extent. Literature studies state that, bioremediation using microorganisms and phytoremediation using plants is the cheapest method employed for the removal of pollutants. Their slow process for removal is a disadvantage. Bioremediation is a natural process, which relies on bacteria, fungi, and plants to remove, reduce, degrade, or immobilize environmental pollutants from soil and water, thus restoring contaminated sites to a relatively clean nontoxic environment. Phytoremediation basically refers to the use of plants and associated soil microbes to reduce the concentrations or toxic effects of contaminants in the environment. Phytoremediation is widely accepted as a cost-effective environmental restoration technology. On one hand, bacteria present in the untreated water may help in its purification through biodegradation of the contaminants. On the other hand, some bacteria may be human pathogens and pose a threat to consumers. Due to their close proximity to plant roots, soil microbes significantly affect soil and crop health. Some of the activities they perform include nitrogen-fixation, phosphorus solubilization, suppression of pests and pathogens, improvement of plant stress, and decomposition that leads to soil aggregation. These organisms have many tasks, and are central to crop fertility, purifying the environment from pollutants, regulating carbon storage stocks and production/consumption of many significant green house gases, such as methane and nitrous oxides. The microbes simply eat up contaminants such as oil and organic matter convert them and then let off carbon dioxide and water. The process uses naturally occurring bacteria, fungi or plants to degrade substances that are hazardous to human health or the environment. Microorganisms help in cleaning up the environment. They decompose dead and decaying matter from plants and animals; convert them into simpler substances which are later used up by other plants and animals. Thus, they are used to breakdown harmful substances. Cleaning is a process that physically removes contamination, including some microorganisms and, if soiling is present, it is an essential step before effective disinfection or sterilisation can be performed. Cleaning does not necessarily destroy all microorganisms, even if a surface looks cleaner

EEO=(Pelec*t)/V and t (s) is the time required to achieve a 90% degradation of contaminant. EEO definition is independent on reaction kinetics

Use BSA, it is relatively inexpensive and everyone is using it for protein assay. That way, your study can be readily replicated elsewhere.

There are a few possibilities that could be causing the high AhR activity in your negative controls:

1. Contamination in the Instant Ocean: While Instant Ocean is a high-quality synthetic sea salt mix, it is possible that it contains trace amounts of contaminants that are affecting your assay. You could try switching to a different brand of synthetic sea salt mix to see if the issue persists.

2. Contamination during sample processing: Even if you have taken precautions to clean your glassware and use high-quality water, it is possible that some contamination has occurred during sample processing. For example, if your SPE cartridges were not washed thoroughly enough, residual salts or other contaminants could be affecting your results.

3. Interference from other compounds: It is possible that other compounds in your samples are interfering with your assay, leading to false positive results. This could include compounds that are naturally present in the Instant Ocean or introduced during the crude oil treatment process.

To troubleshoot this issue, you could try the following:

1. Use a different brand of synthetic sea salt mix to prepare your ASW.

2. Repeat your sample processing procedure with additional quality control steps, such as running blank SPE cartridges and analyzing the washes for contaminants.

3. Consider using additional assays or analytical techniques to confirm the AhR activity results and identify potential interfering compounds.

4. Consult the literature or reach out to other researchers in your field to see if they have encountered similar issues with Instant Ocean or other sea salt mixes.

Hi Adam,

I would not be worried. I see the same in my HEK 293F suspesion culture. I think these are just big cells.

Cheers,

Jan

HI,

Some suggestions from me:

- Optimize binding& wash buffers by increasing imidazole concentration.

- Use screening kit to find the optimal metal ion(Ni2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Zn2+).

- Optimize the length of the His-tag. Longer tag will bind with higher imidazole concentration and you remove your contaminants that are not bonding.

- Optimize the elution step. Change from step to linear gradient.

- Increase the volume of the linear gradient.

- Change to a pH gradient (can be tricky).

- Use high quality imidazole (should be a white powder).

- Use NTA ligand (and not ISA ligand) for immobilization of the metal ion.

- Add a second purification step, e.g. SEC or IEX. This will help a lot for increased purity!

I have added some information of different prepacked 1 mL and 5 ml columns with different metal ions attached for easy screening for optimizing.

Improper handling will inevitably lead to leaking into water. The main question is then: how much and what are the (possible) adverse effects.

Sudarshan Ravi

Whitish sediments in cell culture usually are fibrin precipitations that have no ill effects on cell culture.

Just don't confuse fibrin precipitations with denatured proteins (a jelly-like substance). you should decant serum and use it without denatured proteins.

https://patents.google.com/patent/CN102293780A/en#:~:text=A%20sodium%20acetate%20Ringer%27s%20injection%20is%20made%20from,carbon%20for%20needle%20and%20500000ml%20of%20injection%20water.

Hey guys so we got the results of how much pb was remediated but then there was fluctuations between the results. Can someone help me?

Plastics are composed of polymers and additives that modify the transparency, colour and other properties of the polymer. Polymers are brittle and not very useful. Plastifiers are additives added to the polymers to enhance their hardness, flexibility and resistence. Additives are not chemically linked to the matrix of the polymer, so they can difusse from plastics to the environment. They can diffuse to liquids and solids that are in contact with the surface of the plastic. Microplasticts have a large surface to volume ratio, so it is very likely that any additive present in the plastic microparticles difusses more easily to the environment. Among plastifiers, phthalates are present almost in all plastics that we use (for example, last year the EU refused to ban the addition of phthalates to plastics used in the food industry). It has been shown that phthalates are potent endocrine disruptors and interfere with the gonadal development of organisms. Since 1950, 9.5 billion tonnes of plastic have been produced and only a minor fraction of them has been recycled, other fraction has been burned, but most of it is stored as waste somewhere or has been released to the environment. This is about 1 plastic ton per person inhabiting the Earth. More than one million tonnes of phtalates are produced annualy, mostly as additives for plastics that end stored as waste or in the environment. I don't know of any estimate of the total amount of phtalates in the environment, but given these figures, I assume that the amount could be high (about a few grams per person inhabiting the earth). There are also indications of unexplained endocrine changes in human populations. Since the last two decades, a decline in the fertility and quality of human sperm has been documented. Although the causes of this fertility decline are unknown, the most likely cause is environmental, because a genetical change leading to lower sperm production in only two decades is not possible. Low fertility and low quality of esperm are compatible with a chronic exposure to low phthalate concentrations, given the results of toxicity experiments with various organisms. So, because our dependence on plastics could have an impact on human reproduction and because microplastics are present everywhere, including our food and drinking water, research on microplastic is important or, I think more properly, urgent.

Did you check already for micro organisms? These are often the cause for food poisoning.

How are you getting this spectrum? Full scan while infusing? During a run? is this continual, or just at start of run or at end of run when more organic is present?

Typing in MW=112 into NIST molecular weight search gives about 400 possibilities. https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/mw-ser/

Looks like a textile fiber!

James C. Trask Organic and inorganic contaminants removal experiments have been performed at pH. How is the solution kept constant? Are disturbing ions not effective in the removal process?

Here is what I suggest. Find a list of medicines that include chemical struture information. Then Start with a list of medicines that contain chlorine. Look for medicines with a Chlorine atom that ALSO contain a 5 membered or 6 membered rings (like benzene). The ring structue will normally absorb light and probably more than 250 nm. Example a molecule like phenylalanine.

Hello Lester Wu

It is probably due to multiple usages of running buffer. Try it with freshly prepared buffer.

Best wishes!

Hi,

I fully agree with mentioned above remarks.

Based on my experience I can add:

Clean it, close it, start pumping, check if there is no leak, if not and the pressure is better than ~5*10E-6 mbar start to bake out. Be sure what component in your vacuum chamber is most sensitive for temperature i set the maximum temperature (including small safe limit). Protect viewports and feedthroughs (alu foil). If you have, use heating tent or heating jacket etc.

Just one comment for the picture, try not to cross heating tapes. In our case, these places are most possible to burning out tapes completely.

Good luck

@Svetlana Kurcheva, Thank you for the answer. The experiment is working right now and I ruled out the variable readings due to handling error.

I hope these files can be useful for you.

Dear,

As we know that soil bacterial colonies appear in the media within 24h, while fungal growth requires more time (3-4 days). Therefore, no need to add any antifungal in the initial isolation stage. Anyway, if you want to add, you may add Nystatin, etc. Thanks

Dear Ipsita Priyadarshini, the question should be more specific in order to get clear and precise answers. In general, the most promising and attracting in BM-NPs is the synergy in properties that arises after such combination. The morphological form of the built structure also has its influence. My Regards

From your description, it appears that the contamination isn't due to airborne microorganisms settling on top of the agar, but that it is present in the liquid agar at the time of pouring the plates. You mention that you autoclave the agar in rather large batches (3x3 L); could it be that with such large batches, 45 min autoclaving isn't sufficient time for the liquid to reach a high enough temperature to kill the contaminants, especially if theu are spore formers that could be more heat resistant ? I realize that this might be inconvenient to prepare large batches for a lab course, but what about trying to pour a small batch of plates, e.g 500 ml, to see if the problem still occurs ? If not, I would suggest to subdivide the agar medium to be sterilized into more smaller aliquots for autoclaving to allow more efficient heat transfer.

Scusami non riesco a capire se sei un infermiere o un tecnico. La percentuale dell' 86% è solo per alcuni ioni (in teoria) non analizziamo pìù il bagno di dialisi in uscita da anni.

According to Singh et al., the typical mean Pb concentration for surface soils worldwide averages 32 mg/kg and ranges from 10 to 67 mg/kg. However, the value of Pb obtained from Raja Musa soil in this study is lower than in previous studies [37, 38], with 100 mg/kg suggested as the upper limit

(PDF) Heavy Metals and Ni Phytoextractionin in the Metallurgical Area Soils in Elbasan (researchgate.net)

Hi. There are several ways to address this question. In figure 1, the growth of cells is not natural, hence cells are appearing in a sphere shape. I suggest you check for mycoplasma contamination in the media after growing the cells for 4-5 days.

As you mentioned, the change of color to yellow might happen because of the acidic pH in the media. (In general, it should be 7.4). Make sure that the media pH is neutral. The other possibility is the batch that you have frozen as a stock, might also have contamination. Try reviving from the Parental one.

Ramón Piloto-Rodríguez thank you very much for your answer

We were using piranha solution to clean microscopy slides of any organic (that includes plastic) residues. But you need to store the glassware well after cleaning otherwise you get contamination back soon. We stored slides in ddwater in beaker also cleaned by piranha and covered by aluminium foil.

Dear Rafael Factor Carandina ,

Did you figure out a way to resolve this? If yes, could you kindly share what you did?

Best,

Shruti

Cual es el proposito de su investigacion?

Si es su trabajo con la cepa, deberia repetir el experimento evitando la contaminacion de muestras

The dots are far from the lines, so I'm not convinced on their shapes :)

Dear Sarthak

As the other researchers said, those options are available. BUT if you are looking for a more scientific option, I would suggest you look at one of my papers-

"Vermiremediation of metal (loid) s via Eichornia crassipes phytomass extraction: a sustainable technique for plant amelioration"

The theory behind this approach is- to transform the phytoremediated plants by decomposing and then feed those decomposed phytoremediated plants to earth warms to produce vermicompost and thus a high amount of organic matter-rich and phytochelatins-rich compost will be generated. This organic matter chelates down and makes a confined lattice complex of the pollutants coming out from the plants. This process restricts the mobility of the pollutants to get released after phytoremediation.

I hope this will help

Yes Dear Elhachmi Guettaf Temam you can. You can also use Ozonator for decontamination

pls refer the attached article

Dear José Luiz Vieira, is this a Pickering emulsion to prepare hollow SiO2 nanoparticles ? Please more details are needed. My Regards

The US has the National Mercury Laboratory that might help. In one of our reports on Researchgate, I uploaded about monitoring on the Francis Marion National Forest. Many black water streams with headwaters in wetlands have high methyl mercury. The accumulation of methyl mercury is most notable in carnivorous fish, but I have also seen reports that mosquito fish also accumulate to high levels. The fatty part of the fish we sampled was the common approach to test for mercury accumulation. As I remember, we found much less in sediment and water samples. I would not expect sea grass to be an efficient accumulator, but since growing in wetlands conditions, maybe worth a test or discuss with the US National Mercury Lab or active mercury scientists. I don’t know if David Krabbinhoff (spelling?) is still the Director, but he has published heavily on the subject. Waterbirds or other animals that feed heavily on carnivorous fish may also be worth testing. I was told that the mercury tends to accumulate in the fatty tissues, but you might want to confirm that.

Welcome

You are most welcome dear Trad khodja Abdallah . Wish you the best always.

@Shuraik Kader is right

Dear Azm Shaher Al-Homoud ,

I have 3 conference proceedings.

You can read the following links:

1. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-56168-6

2.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/am/pii/S0165993616300218

3.https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2018/ta/c8ta02143k

Totally agree with Matthew Wheal s answer, Both ICP-OES and the ICP-MS have unique characteristics with interference.

For example, ICP-OES high salt matrix carrying a lot of organics will interfere with some elements at trace levels, therefore need to process, digest, and dilute the samples.

For ICP-MS, known polyatomic interferences can be associated with salt-affected matrices (Ex: As).

Therefore, with the scope of the analysis, required analytes, need to prepare the samples.

Meanwhile, for quality assurance of the salt matrics samples, you can have some Certified Reference Material.

I have experience in (SLEW-3) CRM analysis. For this, additional ICP-MS spectrometer optimization, sample processing are required to achieve these specific samples. That will help to assure the accuracy and precision of the salt matrix sample results.

Eleonora Gadducci The purity of by-product of PEMFC (water) is depends on the purity of input hydrogen and oxygen. In fact, PEMFC are supposed to be operated using hydrogen with 99.999% purity. This is because when the ions and contaminants present in the impure hydrogen subjected to electro-chemical reaction under such acidic environment of PEMFC, it can potentially damage the catalyst membrane of the cell. Therefore, PEMFC are always operated with the purest form of hydrogen and predominantly the product water is pure when the feed-stock is pure

Kindly check the following articles, that would really surprise you:

Harsh Oza thank you so much. it will help a lot. i will apply them

Totally agreed!