Science topic

Arthropods - Science topic

Arthropods are members of the phylum Arthropoda of the animal kingdom, composed of organisms having a hard, jointed exoskeleton and paired jointed legs, and including among other classes, the ARACHNIDA and INSECTS, many species of which are important medically as parasites or as vectors of organisms capable of causing disease in man. (Dorland, 27th ed)
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We sometimes see symphyla in non-running water in caves. Are they trapped or is it just a strategy to survive ?
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Currently, my colleague and I are working on Chilean Symphyla and so I am always looking for literature on these arthropods as it is quite scarce.
I looked for the document you need and it seems that it is not a manuscript but the title of a presentation given at a congress. Look here: https://repositorio.inpa.gov.br/handle/1/28491
Best wishes,
LEO
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Several morphological characteristics (adaptative or not) could be associated with the process of adaptation to a specific environment or microhabitat. For example, several troglobization processes (species with all the live cycle exclusively in caves) in non-related lineages are associated with the same morphological changes, such as anophtalmy, loss of pigmentation, appendage elongation, etc.
My question is: do there exist morphological changes (and which ones) in arthropods associated with the adaptation to live in a canopy? (and a bibliographic reference if possible).
Thank you very much!
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Gracias Mati! Matias Izquierdo
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I recently collected the most beautiful Anystis I've ever seen from under some tree bark and was hoping to check if it had been previously described. Unfortunately, it seems that not much work has been done on the genus? Does anyone know who I could contact about attempting an ID?
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Frederic Beaulieu CNC (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Frederic-Beaulieu) is undertaking a project on these mite. Getting them down to species is problematic because the taxonomy is a mess and there may or may not be a ton of cryptic species based on COI divergences. So I recommend contacting Fred and seeing if he is interested in receiving specimens. He almost certainly will be.
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Particularly flipping specimnes when switching between dorsal and ventral views. Whatever I'm doing seems very difficult and was wondering if there's a better method out there.
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Hi Brendan,
Your university should have a copy of "A Manual of Acarology" (Ed. Krantz & Walter). There's a whole chapter in that about slide-mounting mites, which is useful for all sorts of creatures < 4 mm or so. I could send a copy of that chapter if you can't find it, but you'd have to give me a couple days. It's essential for anyone getting into mites.
Clearing your animals prior to slide-mounting lets you see the dorsum and venter of a small mite without flipping. For bigger animals (e.g. thrips) you generally go through more of a process to clear, with harsher agents, and they get mounted in "stronger, long-lasting" media (like Euparol). Fine-bodied animals like mites often get cleared and mounted in Hoyer's, a chloral-hydrate based medium. Great optics, easy to use, but slides will spoil in time (quickly if not kept in a climate-controlled environment). Spoiled slides are thankfully fairly easy to remount, but that's still a nuisance.
We also use a cavity-slide method. Clear in lactic acid, put your animal into a cavity slide with a few drops of lactic acid, and place a coverslip half over the cavity. You then use a mounted micropin to manipulate the animal while under the coverslip (simply an entomological micropin shoved into the end of a wooden skewer - wet the skewer first to make it soft). That's a preferred method for heavily sclerotised globose mites like oribatids.
Those mounted micropins can also be fashioned into micro blades, loops and hooks with a pair of fine foreceps. Before long, you'll have a small set of favourite tools made for a few cents each - the good pair of forceps are the expensive part.
Good luck!
Owen.
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Hi,
Dear Acarologists and everyone else.
I hope this day will bring you joy, happiness, and success.
I want to get your opinion. Which Software do you use to Illustrate mites or other arthropods? By Illustrate, I mean the usual line drawings in the publication. I use Adobe Illustrator, but I would love to try different options.
So, let me know what you are using or send your recommendations.
Does anyone have experience with AI in this regard? It would be great if we could use it.
Thank you for reading, and I am patiently awaiting your experiences and suggestions.
Regards.
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Dear Jawwad,
Perhaps my approach is a bit old-fashioned - and not the answer you are looking for - but I still prefer to work from a pencil (via camera lucida) and ink these with a pen. The most important benefit of this is that I'm not on a computer during the "ink" phase. So, I can do inking at home and not be anti-social with the family. I might half-watch a movie with the kids, or watch a game of sport. I can do it pretty much anywhere I please providing I have a table and a USB battery pack for the light board - outside, watching birds etc. Any time spent off a computer is good.
After inking, I transfer to Adobe Photoshop, clean the image, add lines if needed, and label. It's then back to the microscope for checking.
If I could not afford Adobe, then I recommend GIMP and, for vector graphics, Inkscape. I haven't used GIMP a great deal, as I've not lost access to Photoshop. I use Inkscape for non illustrative figures but I'm sure it can do scientific illustration. I just find the whole process much slower, less satisfying, and has to be done at my workplace.
There's at least one Acarology-based paper on this topic:
Katya made extraordinary illustrations, so it's a fine technique if you have the technology and patience.
Best wishes,
Owen.
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Hi everyone.
Does anybody, in your experience, has any book recommendations (of recent date) for the aforementioned topics. I have the classic "Invertebrates zoology" of Rupert and Barnes, but it's quite old and, don't get me wrong, it's good for a general perspective, but still is lacking in new perspectives and discoveries regarding invertebrates.
Thank you for your attention.
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I am interested in doing comet assy on arachnid spermatozoa, and I would like to know the best protocol to carry it out homemade. For example, which slide is suitable, how to adhere the low melting agarose, which buffers to use to make the cell suspension, etc.
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Performing a comet assay without a commercial kit for arthropod sperm requires some adaptations and optimization. Here's a general protocol to carry out a homemade comet assay for arachnid spermatozoa:
Materials:
  1. Low melting point agarose
  2. Normal melting point agarose
  3. Comet assay slides (with frosted ends for labeling)
  4. Lysis buffer (e.g., 2.5 M NaCl, 100 mM EDTA, 10 mM Tris, pH 10, with 1% Triton X-100)
  5. Electrophoresis buffer (e.g., 300 mM NaOH, 1 mM EDTA, pH >13)
  6. Neutralization buffer (e.g., 0.4 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.5)
  7. Ethidium bromide or other DNA stain
  8. Microscope slides and coverslips
  9. Microcentrifuge tubes
  10. Centrifuge
  11. Electrophoresis apparatus
  12. Fluorescence microscope
Procedure:
  1. Prepare the cell suspension: a. Collect arachnid spermatozoa by suitable methods (e.g., dissection or other reproductive tract collection techniques). b. Place the spermatozoa in a microcentrifuge tube containing a suitable buffer, such as phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). c. Gently agitate or vortex the tube to release spermatozoa into the buffer.
  2. Prepare agarose-coated slides: a. Melt the low melting point agarose in an appropriate buffer (e.g., PBS) in a microwave or water bath. b. Let the agarose cool down to a temperature that is comfortable to touch but still liquid. c. Place a comet assay slide on a flat surface with the frosted end facing up. d. Apply a thin layer of low melting point agarose onto the frosted end of the slide. e. Place a coverslip over the agarose and gently press to ensure a flat surface. f. Allow the agarose to solidify completely at room temperature.
  3. Prepare the cell suspension agarose: a. Melt the normal melting point agarose in an appropriate buffer (e.g., PBS) in a microwave or water bath. b. Let the agarose cool down to a temperature that is comfortable to touch but still liquid. c. Mix the arachnid spermatozoa suspension obtained in step 1b with the melted agarose at a suitable ratio (e.g., 1:10). d. Mix gently to ensure even distribution of spermatozoa in the agarose.
  4. Apply the cell suspension agarose onto the agarose-coated slides: a. Place a drop of the spermatozoa-agarose mixture onto the center of the solidified low melting point agarose on the slide. b. Quickly place a coverslip over the drop and gently press to form a thin layer of cell suspension agarose. c. Allow the agarose to solidify completely at room temperature.
  5. Lysis and electrophoresis: a. Carefully remove the coverslip from the slide. b. Place the slide in a pre-chilled lysis buffer and incubate for an appropriate duration (e.g., 1-2 hours) at 4°C. c. After lysis, carefully transfer the slide to an electrophoresis tank containing pre-chilled electrophoresis buffer. d. Perform electrophoresis at a low voltage (e.g., 0.6 V/cm) for a suitable time (e.g., 20 minutes). e. Disconnect the power and gently remove the slide from the electrophoresis tank.
  6. Neutralization and staining: a. Rinse the slide gently with neutralization buffer to neutralize the alkaline environment. b. Optional: Stain the DNA with ethidium bromide or other DNA stain. c. Place a coverslip over the slide and seal the edges with nail polish or a suitable mounting medium.
  7. Visualization and analysis: a. Examine the slide using a fluorescence microscope with appropriate filters. b. Capture images of comets using suitable imaging software. c. Analyze the comet images to determine DNA damage parameters (e.g., tail length, tail moment) using specialized comet analysis software or image analysis algorithms.
It is important to note that this protocol is a general guideline, and optimization may be required for specific arachnid spermatozoa samples. Factors such as agarose concentration, lysis buffer composition, and electrophoresis conditions may need to be adjusted to achieve optimal results. Additionally, appropriate positive and negative controls should be included in each experiment for comparison and validation.
Please note that working with arachnid spermatozoa may require specific considerations and adaptations, and it is advisable to consult relevant literature or experts in the field for additional guidance and expertise.
These video playlists might be helpful to you:
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When the arthropod specimens (in alcohol collection) are dirty and sometimes with fungus, what tips for cleaning do you advise in order to have clean samples for SEM ? (Most of them do not resist long ultrasonic cleaning because the cuticular armatures are fragile.) Is there any solution or treatment for dissolve fungus (and not chitin)?
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Thanks for the advise Vladimir!
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comment faire un test de l'efficacité de la moustiquaire
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Oui Pr Aline Edith Mekeu la moustiquaire est imprégnée . La moustique comme parasite.
S'il y a autres tests permettant de vérifier l'efficacité d'un textile à éliminer les parasites
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I was having trouble identifying an arthropod found in fruits. I do not have a clear picture of that arthropod. If anyone can identify.?: help me to identify.
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Se tiver fotos dele adulto, pode ser da família Berytidae . É bom com fotos mais nítida para ter certeza.
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Dear colleagues! We plan to isolate mitochondria from freshwater amphipods, but didn't find any methods in literature - the closest found was the method of isolation from whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei.
The problem is - the amphipods are quite small - around 1 cm long, so it's hard to isolate the gut before mitochondria isolation.
Will it work if we use just the sample of 10 g (or is that too much?) of amphipods and blender to homogenize it in isolation medium? Or it is crucial to select only some parts - for example only the amphipods legs and antennas?
P.S.: we do not have chitinase, nor the chance to get it in time.
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Isolating mitochondria from freshwater amphipods involves several steps, including homogenizing the tissue, centrifuging the homogenate to pellet the mitochondria, and separating the mitochondria from other cellular components. Here is a general protocol for isolating mitochondria from freshwater amphipods:
  1. Collect and prepare the tissue: Freshwater amphipods should be collected from their natural habitat and kept on ice until they can be processed. To isolate the mitochondria, you will need to use a small amount of the amphipod's tissue, such as the muscle or gill tissue.
  2. Homogenize the tissue: To break open the cells and release the mitochondria, the tissue should be homogenized using a glass homogenizer or a tissue grinder. The tissue should be homogenized in a buffer that is appropriate for the specific goals of the experiment, such as a hypotonic buffer for enzyme assays or a detergent-based buffer for protein isolation.
  3. Centrifuge the homogenate: After homogenizing the tissue, the homogenate should be centrifuged at low speed (e.g., 1,500 x g) to pellet the mitochondria. This will separate the mitochondria from other cellular components such as the nuclei, cytosol, and plasma membrane.
  4. Separate the mitochondria from the other cellular components: To separate the mitochondria from the other cellular components, the pellet should be resuspended in a buffer and centrifuged at high speed (e.g., 10,000 x g). The resulting supernatant should contain the mitochondria, while the pellet will contain the other cellular components. The mitochondria can be further purified by centrifuging the supernatant at an even higher speed (e.g., 100,000 x g) to pellet the mitochondria.
It is important to note that the specific details of the protocol may vary depending on the specific goals of the experiment and the resources available. It is also important to follow good laboratory practices and to handle the samples and chemicals carefully to avoid contamination and to ensure the integrity of the results.
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Hello,
I am looking if anyone knows about any chemical solution that could function as an alternative way (not lactophenol cotton blue, chlorazol black...) to stain the chitin of internal sclerotized genitalia and other structures of arthropods.
Additionally, does anyone have a digital version (or just scaned) of Notes on Microscopical technique for Zoologists by C.F.A. Pantin, 1946. Or any other book or resource that describes protocols for chitin staining?
Regards,
Pedro
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Pedro Peñaherrera-R. Why don't you want to use chlorazol black? It works very well for spiders. I typically use KOH 10% for 24 hours for epigynes and then stain if needed, but usually (depending on the taxa) the structures are sufficient without need for staining for taxonomy. For large theraphosids, I simply dissect the spermathecae and remove the tissue with needles, without need for any immersion in chemicals.
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I have been given 4 organisms (insect) and need to manually construct the max possible trees and then choose the most parsimonious and back this up by research. they are arthropods.
first How can i verify what are the number of possible trees, I have already drawn 12, but got feedback that that is not enough. I am using 10 characters.
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So you are short three trees. You must have another three ways to root the tree.
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I am wondering what species of insect this is?
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iTs a fly diptera
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Good afternoon,
I am carrying out a monthly invertebrate sampling for future molecular studies (DNA). I am euthanizing my arthropods with 70° ethanol right after the capture and then store them in a freezer. Would it be better for DNA preservation using 96° or pure ethanol?
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I have heard, but do not remember the source, that 100% alcohol/absolute alcohol can be used for DNA studies. Normally 70% alcohol is used for storage in alcohol. Some recommend 70% with 5% glycerol for long-term storage. If possible, freezing, as mentioned, is best for DNA studies. The colder the better. -18 degrees C, is standard in household freezers. Dry ice holds - 78o and can be used for short-term freezing. Liquid nitrogen is even colder, but requires special equipment.
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Hi. I am working with arthropods (decapods, stomatopods, maxillopods...) using COI standard genetic marker for the identification. I am trying to assign my sequences to reference sequences from GenBank (via MIDORI). But what percent identity do I have to choose ? I don't find any resource mentioning it. Your kind response would be highly appreciated. Thanks Regards Lisa Loze
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Ask answer to specialist
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  • There are many articles recommended to use salt water with few drop detergent for one-day pitfall trap but their major disadvantage is it destroying soft organism like a spider etc. In addition to that, some also used 10% formaldehyde (volatile compound) but it may alert some active insect due to having the sense to differentiate volatile compound. Therefore kindly suggest me, which antifreeze useful for effective for one-day pitfall trap.
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We try to develop a standardised sampling protocol to take samples of arthropods which occur on urban hedgerows? At the moment, it seems that beating (combined with a funnel?) is the best method. Do you know any standards for hedgesampling?
Studies in German are very welcome.
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I do not know of any "established" standard for sampling arthropods in hedgerows. Do you know the older study of Zwölfer et al. (1984)? I have attached a PDF file, as well as for the study of Theves (2013) with barber traps and beating in hedgerows in SW-Germany.
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I work on ostracod species that belong to order crustacia and phylum Arthropoda but I dont have enough key for this ,please who can help me
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Thanks alot
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Is there any method to collect arthropods other than pitfall traps, light traps & hand picking method ?
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Hello Modala; The most effective collecting method depends largely on what group you are interested in, and what microhabitat you are sampling. If you are engaged in general collecting, the methods you mentioned are commonly used and are generally effective. Here is a website that describes various methods.
You will quickly find that any of these methods produces so many specimens that you can't process all of them. You probably will want to focus on one or a few taxa that especially interest you. Best regards, Jim Des Lauriers
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-Inaturalist
-Orthoptera Species File (OSF)
-Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera) species from Argentina and Uruguay
-The Catalogue of Life (COL)
-Global Biodiversity Information (GBIF)
-Berkeley Ecoinformatics Engine (Ecoengine)
-Encyclopedia of Life (EOL)
-Integrated Digitized Biocollections (IDigBio)
-NBNatlas
-System of Information on Brazilian Biodiversity (Sibbr)
-Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS)
-VertNet
I need more suggestions please!
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The following RG link is also very useful:
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I wonder what are the best ways to make arthropod collections (Collembola, Euscorpius, Diplopoda, Insects....)? What are your experiences? Do you have your own collection? What are you collecting and why?
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Also check please the following very good RG link:
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I'm looking for an easy and reliable way to highlight the veins of butterfly specimen from different families at a museum while taking pictures of them. Thus far, I've only found ways to do so on living organisms, but I'm pretty sure some kind of thermal filters won't help me here. Does anyone have any kind of experience when it comes to different kinds of lenses or something similar?
Editing the pictures afterwards in order to highlight the veins isn't really an option, since I'll be taking hundreds of pictures.
Thanks for your help
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Would transmitted light from underneath help? I'd say that editing the images afterward might indeed be an option. Perhaps by applying some edge-detection algorithm to them (such as 'canny edge detection' - quite easy in R or Python, or even in Photoshop, which is also able of batch processing your images). This can easily be done to 100s of images - just let the computer run overnight.
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How long will it take for arthropod ingredients to appear on our menu?
Recently, Nestle has released food for dogs and cats, in which, in addition to the usual chicken, they added chopped fly larvae. And no, the global corporation does not save on cats. Livestock is one of the drivers of climate change, and replacing cows with insects can reduce its turnover. Some insect products have been on the market for a long time. Tell us who you can try and what sensations to expect?
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Depends on the country and culture. Unlikely in Brazil. Most likely in China.
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I am looking for information on sublethal contact toxicity of thiamethoxam to soil arthropods with respect to female and male development. Any help would be appreciated!
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Dear Audrey,
If you just looking for a method to determine the sublethal effects of a pesticide on both sexes of an insect, the best method is TWO-Sex Life Table Analysis. With these method you can get development parameters for both sexes without ignoring the power of males in the population growings. The outputs of the "age-stage, two sex life table analysis" will show you the differences between the males and females.
To understand the age-stage two sex life table analysis theory;
and for being start to use the method with free computer program you can check the link below;
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Do you use functional traits?
I would like to use a categorical classification, any references to suggest?
Thanks
Noelline
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Hello Noelline; My students once attempted to measure the dispersal distance of a weevil (15 mm body length) that is a host-specific parasite of large Yucca plants. They gathered weevils from yuccas, painted colored dots on the beetles indicating a particular plant. About 100 beetles were marked. For the next two weeks yuccas in the vicinity were closely inspected for marked beetles. As I remember it, about 25 beetles were recovered from plants whose distances were measured from the plant of origin. The greatest distance measured was 1.1 miles. It was logistically simple but very tedious work. Best regards, Jim Des Lauriers
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Dear colegues,
What do you think about this? Can insects or others arthropods transmit the virus (directly or indirectly)?
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I don't thnk insects can transmit the virus directly or indirectly.
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I'm working on an aquatic insect that produces silk and I would like to know if every silk has a composition of fibroin (highest percentage) and sericin. Thank you!
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Thank you!
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Dear Everyone!
I am looking for papers detailing arthropod phoresy in the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber.
Any help is greatly welcome!
Sincerely;
Márton
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Thanks Márton! I don't have those coccid references.
Those mites described by Khaustov & Poinar, and by Klimov et al., may not be on insects, but are in groups that we can expect a phoretic relationship. But as far an unequivocal evidence goes, Masgowski is the best.
There are also Eocene reports of phoresy by mites, should they be of interest.
Best wishes and thanks, Owen.
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Antlions are one on soil arthropods in their early larvae stage, where they create a conical pit in the sand and wait for its prey to fall in it to devour it as a predator. So suggest the method use to count the population of these insects in the habitat.
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Hi. I hope the following website could help you:
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If we want to study arthropod abundance and diversity on various managements/landscapes, we also record the temperature, RH, precipitation, or sometimes specifically, we measure soil properties, host plant's phytochemical components or landscape characteristics.
I read the book authored by Alain Zuur et al. (Mixed Effects Models and Extension in Ecology with R), but I could not understand the book well because of my inadequate knowledge of statistics. Because many studies used different approaches, I don't know when we should use PCA, CCA, GLM, or LME, or their variation.
If I record arthropod abundance and diversity on various landscapes (identified at least to family level), and I measure the physical environmental properties,
What is the best analysis that could describe the effects of the environmental factors on the arthropod abundance and diversity?
To date, I only use Pearson's correlation to determine the relationship between the observed variables with the environmental factors. But I know that the correlation analysis cannot give robust results or the analysis results could be overestimated. Even in my own experience, if there is no significant correlation, I'll just remove one of the variables/factors.
Thank you.
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Firstly, I would suggest you to run a normality test (i.e. shapiro-wilk test). If the data are normally distributed then you can use General Linear Model (GLM) as it takes in more than 2 factors with different levels. If your data is non-normal, then you can use the Generalized Linear Model (GLzM). I hope these suggestions help out.
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I am working on insect associated mites. The parasitism and predation of the mites on the insect is evident from the direct observation and rearing experiment. I encountered a problem in confirming the predatory/parasitic relationship of the mite on the insect in molecular level. Could you please suggest a molecular technique for analysing the predatory /parasitic relation of the mite on the insect host. If we are going for a gut content analysis of the mite, which kind of molecular tests will be more sensitive in analysing it?
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For 4 years, I have collected arthropods from Djibouti. Now I need help to identify them.
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Perhaps a good idea to set picture of specimens in iNaturalist. Sometimes people identify specimens in that way.
Friendly,
Jean-Michel.
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Hi all,
I am currently looking into the prevalence and effects of arthropods as predators of vertebrate brood. To do so, I'm building a database consisting of observations of arthropods predating vertebrate young that are dependent on parental care, in terrestrial systems (think for example of nestlings in birds or young mammals).
So if you, during your field work or in your free time, have observed such a predation event (or know anyone who has), please share it with me with as much detail as possible!
Thanks in advance for your help
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I have observed an attack by a scolopendra (Scolopendra cingulata) on young reptiles. They also attack chicks of birds nesting on the ground. These observations are in the Astrakhan region, Kalmykia, Stavropol Territory, Crimea and Kazakhstan.
Regards, Sergey
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I am working on the phylogenetic analysis for communities of plants and arthropods.
A standardized protocol of building phylogenetic tree for plant species list that was widely used in studies. In brief, by reading a species list into R, using "plantlist" package in R to get one verified "Family/Genus/Species" list, and then reading the one into an online platform - phylomatic ( http://phylodiversity.net/phylomatic/ ) to get a .tre file.
However, I have no idea of building a phylogenetic tree for arthropod. Is there a sort of open online platform or software in producing one arthropod's phylogenetic tree? I had one athropod species list.
If no one, how abut effective way(s) of building the tree.
Thanks a lot.
Shimin Gu
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I am not aware of any platform such as 'Phylomatic' (for plants) for obtaining a phyogeny of a list of arthropod species. You will have to infer a tree yourself with data available in GenBank; if you are lucky all your species will have sequences available for the same gene(s). Otherwise, you will have to generate your own data.
Once you have your data for the same gene(s), you will have to align your sequences per gene, determine the best partition and models of evolution, and then estimate your phylogeny. There are plenty of resources out there to guide you. Here are a couple of links:
A good intro to estimating phylogenies, although a bit outdated:
If you want to jump to the practical aspects, you should check this book of Barry G. Hall, apparently there is a new edition coming later this year:
I hope it helps!
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Beside dung beetles, I would like to learn more about the diversity of arthropods in silvopasture systems where livestock are kept on rotation. Also what about arthropods diversity in similar systems in temperate zones? Thank you.
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What makes you think that I, a modest Medical Anthropologist with some experience in medical aspects of people's migration, am an expert in this particular matter?
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Dear all,
I performed an in vitro luminescence bioassay to determine the effect which an arthropod toxin has on the cell viability (CellTiter Glo) of mouse myoblasts and neuroblasts. After blank reduction, I prepared a calibration curve from the control data (Fig. 1). A statistical evaluation of my control data suggests that a polynomial regression of 2nd order fits best (based on highest R2 adjusted and lowest standard error).
The problem I am facing is that unexpectedly the toxins tested display HIGHER luminescence values than the positive control (direct correlation of cell survival and luminescence units). This leads to a negative root, when trying to resolve the polynom equation by pq-formula, and thus, I get no cell survival results for my toxins.
Do you have any suggestions how to solve this problem? Did I miss a "normalization step" of my dataset which could overcome this problem? Or is it possible that it has simply no solution because we are trying to extrapolate from an "interpolation" approach?
Fig. 1. Regression. Shows the data for my calibration curve, and the polynomial curve itself.
Fig. 2. Calculations. Shows how I calculated the cell survival % for my samples and also recalculated for the controls based on their induced luminescence signal.
Thank you for your time in advance!
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It is not the point that the assay gives a signal that is nicely correlated to the cell number. The point is that these cells are all comparable (allsimilar cells under similar conditions), but your cells are not (different treatments, different environments).
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Ethanol and propylene glycol are both used to preserve mites, and each have their drawbacks (i.e., evaporation and specimen distortion). Some people add a small amount of glycerol to vials of ethanol to prevent samples from drying out over time if containers prove less than perfectly airtight. Does anyone have experience with the long-term performance of ethanol/propylene glycol mixtures as preservatives for mites, and particularly for oribatids?
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Dear Kara,
The usual concentration for ethanol is 70%. The more percentage makes specimens fragile in long-term even in short-term. About propylene glycol, I should say it may not go to the bottom of vials and it helps to reduce the evaporation of ethanol.
Best, Elaheh
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" Pitfall trapping is the standard method for collecting ground-dwelling arthropods and soil fauna in studies of ecological and agricultural entomology " ( Ruiz-Lupión et al. 2019).
In my current research assistant position I am working on analysis of macro-fauna in forests. We use pitfall traps to assess the abundance of macro-fauna in a given area. I'm curious to learn more about other methods used for this sort of analysis.
  • What methods for pitfall trapping have you used, if any?
  • What were the advantages/disadvantages and what would you have changed about the method you used.
Our methods are as follows:
  1. Briefly, we plant a plastic cup in the ground with a cover on top (to make sure mammals or larger animals do not enter the trap but only macrofauna can enter)
  2. we leave the cup for several weeks
  3. The macrofauna fall into the cup and are preserved by antifreeze, which are then taken into lab for identification and abundance counts
  4. By measuring the area of the cup's top, and how many bugs have fell into said area, we can then gain a better understanding of the abundance of macrofauna in the area
In a study reviewing pitfall traps, Ruiz-Lupión et al. (2019) states the factors which should be considered by ecologists using pitfall traps. They state, "the capture rate of arthropods in pitfall traps is proportional to their activity, and the number of individuals that each trap catches may or may not reflect their true abundance, and instead just their activity. Thus, the rate of capture is proportional to the joint effects of abundance and activity, something that has very often been overlooked by ecologists for a long time... [Nonetheless,] activity estimates from pitfall trap catches can still be biased because of multiple factors such as the surrounding habitat structure or the environmental conditions such as temperature and water availability. Additional factors could be the vertical distribution of the soil and leaf litter layers, as well as the attraction or repulsion of preservative fluids, detergents, or baits, the effects of which vary according to the taxon, sex, season, and environment. Specifically, if a trap retains excessive amounts of water, it could act as an attractor for the fauna, especially during drought periods, therefore biasing the estimates of activity. "
References:
Dolores Ruiz-Lupión (2019). New Litter Trap Devices Outperform Pitfall Traps for Studying Arthropod Activity. Insects 2019, 10(5), 147; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10050147
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This is on RG now. Fitzgerald L.A. 2012. Finding And Capturing Reptiles. Pp.77-88. In R.W. McDiarmid, M. S. Foster, C. Guyer, J. W. Gibbons, and N. Chernoff (eds.), Measuring and Monitoring Biological Diversity: Standard Methods for Reptiles. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.
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I will like to determine the level of various reactive oxygen species produced from ticks as part of an experiment. Considering the unstable nature of different ROS and their ability to dissociate within a short period, what is the best approach to get a good insight into how much ROS is been produced. Thanks
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Thank you all for your responses. They were really useful
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Hello,
I have a set of independent qualitative variables related to households (type of house, type of windows, presence of pets, ...), and dependent quantitative variables (number of arthropods collected in the households, species richness and diversity indexes).
Which statistical test would you recommend to understand which factors are affecting the most the arthropods population?
So far I came across Factor analysis of mixed data (FAMD) but these analyses are new for me so I would like to have opinions from people with more expertise than me, thanks a lot for your help.
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The following excerpt from Huberty & Morris (1989) supports Daniel Wright's hunch that models examining one DV at a time might (i.e., univariate models) be preferable for exploratory research.
"A second situation in which multiple univariate analyses might be appropriate is when the research being conducted is exploratory in nature. Such situations would exist when new treatment and outcome variables are being studied, and the effects of the former on the latter are being investigated so as to reach some tentative, nonconfirmatory conclusions. This might be of greater interest in status studies, as opposed to true experimental studies." (p. 303)
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In the current EFSA Guidance on the risk assessment of plant protection products on bees (Apis mellifera, Bombus spp. and solitary bees) related to the Regulation (EC) 1107/2009 valid test methods for bees are in place. Beside bees (honeybees) several other pollinator groups are affected by pesticides and biocides such as lepidopterans or beetles. In order to improve the risk assesment for pesticides and biocides it is important to have a whole overview of exisiting guidelines beside the European regulations, OECD framework or the US EPA regulatory.
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Of this type of centipede (two centimeters long) there are many in my garden, located at 2,350 meters above sea level in the Andes of northern Peru (Chachapoyas, Amazonas department). Any idea to which family and genus it belong and if it’s dangerous for toddlers?
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Hello Stefan; It looks like it belongs to the order Polydesmida. There is a website, Bugguide, that has lovely identified photographs. Here is the address Bugguide.net Maybe a specialist can be more specific.
Best regards, Jim Des Lauriers
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Dear colleagues,
I'm an applied enotmologist employed at the State Office for Health and Social Affairs Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, N-Germany. One of the services we offer is to determine arthropods suspected to be pest species or parasites etc, collected by private persons or pest management professionals etc.
From time to time we receive Bethylidae too, in most cases people got stung before ...
The last speciemen were send a few days ago. It is a brown, wingless female, claws are simple without a basal hook, antenna 12-segmented. Regarding the keys available to me (Perkins 1976, Peeters et al. 2004, Azevedo et al. 2018, Sellenschlo 2019) it should be a Cepalonomia sp., probably C. gallicola? But the distal antennal segments aren't black – is this really a characteristic of C. gallicola? Unfortunately I'm not familiar with Bethylidae.
As far as I could find out C. gallicola is not recorded for Germany jet, so may my id is wrong.
So please have a look to the attached pictures, hopefully they are detailed enough to clarify the species. Please let me know if you should need other details/views ... if necessary I'll send the speciemen to one of you. (the cuticular surface was still a bit wet due to a storage in glycerine, before I've taken the pictures)
Thanks a lot for any comments or suggestions,
Kai
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Dear Kai,
this is indeed a female of the Cephalonomia gallicola aggregate, and probably of the nominate species that Ashmead (1887) described from Florida. It is a warehouse species with a global distribution. Specimens found outdoors in southern Europe however may form a separate taxon.
Van Emden (1931) found specimens instored malt in Halle and described the species as Cephalonomia caesarorum. Later he corrected the name into C. quadridentata Duchaussoy, which has been synonymised with C. gallicola. So the species is known from Germany and probably present in several entomological collections, where Anobiidae are its hosts. The colour of the antennae is variable and appears to be related to the size of the specimens. Study of the males can probably give some interesting clues.
With regards, Jeroen de Rond
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A few years back, when I still was at high school at Bangladesh (Mymensingh division, plains), I noticed (in a suburban locality where my house is) a nocturnal elongated insect (5-6 mm long by 2-3 mm wide) that often roam in groups of 10-20 insects and be attracted by light. they have limited flight capacity and can climb in painted masonry indoor walls. they have two elongated nearly transparent wings at their dorsal side, and segmentation in their ventral side is clearly distinguishable, which seemed to be filled with some sort of liquid. I can not describe their dorsal appendages, but when i crushed some of them plainly out of curiosity, they smelled strongly near-exactly like jasmine (Jasminum sambac ) or coral jasmine (Nyctanthes arbor-tristis) flower!
Is there any description on similar insects that have their body vessel filled with fragrant liquid?
Can taxonomy of the arthropod can be estimated from the given data?
What is the probable role of these fragrant compound in arthropod? (e.g. defense mechanism, immunity, courtship). I know methyl jasmonate is a phytohormone for plant-to-plant communication, and also a little bit about musk deer and ambergris whale
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Maybe the insect ingested the phytohormone from the plant
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Colecté arañas en la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta en dic-enero 1972-73, enero-marzo 1974 y marzo-mayo1975. Creo que tengo MUCHOS datos útiles, sobre todas las familias de arañas. Representan siete meses de trabajo de campo, colectando a mano y a veces con trampas, en 1) bosque semiárido de Ciénaga y del pie la la montaña (ca. Río Frío y cerca de Atanquez), 2) bosque subhúmido de montaña inferior, 3) bosque húmedo de montaña superior, 4) bosque de neblina (muy pocas colectas), 4) bosque sub-páramo, 6) páramo y 7) zona de piedras y nieve permanente. Los datos de colecta son bastante precisas. No tienen coordinadas, pero tienen altura sobre nivel del mar, y creo que con MUCHO trabajo voy a poder poner coordinadas exactas, y a la misma vez, corregir la asnm. Puedo indicar, con cierto grado de precisión, el límite inferior y superior (asnm) de cada especie de araña. Muchos de mis ejemplares fueron identificados por H.W.Levi, N.I.Platnick y otros expertos. Muchos de mis especímenes posiblemente se perdieron, aprox. 1984, por ahí, o si no se perdieron, probablemente están en el FSCA, Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville, Florida, USA. El punto es lo siguiente. Han pasado aprox. 45 años desde la época de mi estudio inédito - son 45 años de calentamiento global, y creo que si alguien puede repetir mi trabajo ahora, se podrá descubrir como el calentamiento global ha afectado la araneofauna de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta en los últimos 45 años.
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Estimado John, el Programa de Biología de la Facultad de Ciencias Básicas de la Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Colombia, está desarrollando varios estudios sobre la variación altitudinal de la diversidad en la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Estos estudios están sirviendo de base para los trabajos finales de varios alumnos. Creo que podría ser una posibilidad interesante dada la cercanía e interés.
Cordial saludo,
Abel
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The best type of bioassays choice and non choice for arthropods for indicate preference for plant varieties of same species. Four varieties and a phytophagous.
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Dear you can rear the insect which you want to use or check the host preference, and now grow new seedling for this experiment under laboratory condition and then apply the insect and evaluate the host preference.
For this purpose you must rear the insect up to five generations and then you able to evaluate.
I hope you understand.
Regard
M. Ramzan
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I need to perform barcoding on a subset of specimen from arthropod bulk samples. As I want to be able to detect endoparasitoids as well, I am considering freezing my samples instead of storing them in ethanol, to avoid contamination with non-target DNA from the bulk sample.
However, I read that freezing-thawing cycles may damage the DNA, and I will need to thaw and refreeze the samples once or twice to separate the target specimen from the bulk.
Hence I am wondering what could be the best compromise between limiting contamination and preventing excessive damage to the DNA.
Could filling up the samples with 99% ethanol shortly before freezing help?
Thank you in advance for your help!
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Russell Gray
Mark Cooper
Thank you for your recommendations!
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There is a large number of groups of arthropods that do not work their biology, taxonomy or information is very incipient because they are very difficult to obtain research funds. However, we are losing part of the bidiversity and, like all animals, an ecological imbalance is being created, as we identify the extinction of some species of these groups
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About unidentified species, since there are groups of invertebrates that do not matter, because they do not benefit man.
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Hello Ali. I would appreciate if you could share the outline of the project on cover crops. ¿Are there publications from this project already?
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Dear Ali,
Thanks for sharing this. Good luck with your project.
Best regards,
Eduardo
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I am currently working with arbovirus evolution in different environment conditions and in different hosts cells. I'm working with dengue virus and in order to study the different hosts I will be using an arthropod cell lineage and I want to use a human cell lineage that can be considered as a target or is commonly used in dengue in vitro infection. Ideas?
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For producing DENV, Vero or bhk. For hematological infection, meg01 k562, or hl60.
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Does anyone know first-hand or know of a recorded observation as to what hemocyanin (the oxygen-binding molecule in the blood of most arthropods and mollusks) smells/tastes like? I know that hemocyanin is copper-based, but in some respects does not resemble copper visually (blue of green) due to the surrounding molecule. I know that vertebrate blood is often described as having a coppery taste despite being iron-based, so I was wondering what hemocyanin would taste like. Does it taste anything like the taste of crab, squid, or other hemocyanin-using organisms?
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Hello, similar topic well discussed here.
Good luck!
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Intéressés par les recherches fondamentales ou appliquées sur les organismes entomophages (arthropodes prédateurs, insectes parasitoïdes, nématodes entomopathogènes, etc) ?
Participez au prochain de Colloque des Entomophagistes (25-29 mai – Antibes-Juan les Pins, France) !
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thanks for sharing the information !
Best,
Joe
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I have seen extensive use of road salts to melt ice during winter time especially in north. I am wondering what could be the effect of salt and other de-icing chemicals on arthropods living and/or overwintering near by roads.
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I don't think there are many publications on this area and would be great area for any aspiring researchers. I was also curious that's why I posted it here.
I wish I had some information to share with you Dmitry Telnov
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The headline just appeared :
"ScienceDaily: Space & Time News
A break from the buzz: Bees go silent during total solar eclipse
Posted: 10 Oct 2018 07:55 AM PDT
In an unprecedented study of a solar eclipse's influence on bee behavior, researchers organized citizen scientists and elementary school classrooms to set up acoustic monitoring stations to listen in on bees' buzzing -- or lack thereof -- as the August 2017 total solar eclipse passed over North America. The results were clear and consistent at locations across the United States: Bees stopped flying during the period of total solar eclipse. "
This observation would seem to suggest that as global warming has progressed, and still does, then increasing days of cloud cover will reduce bee activity. Also that other pollinating insects may be involved and negatively impact on the human food chain. Not to mention arthropod food species predated by nesting birds. Intra-arthropod food chains may also likely be affected negatively.
These effects, if they occur, would seem most likely to be experienced during early growth seasons when cold and warm humid air masses will most frequently collide over areas of food production, and will have increased in the past 150 years and will continue to do so. Their effects upon human food supply will become immense as our global capacity to produce food drops below the global demand for it, and will proceed exponentially to a cube function due to the volumetric characteristic of increasing humidity.
Qu: Are there any bee studies which support the above proposition in relation to annual cloud cover variation bees, pollination, their population and related food yields?
The observation referred to in the headline was perhaps simplistic, in that it might lead some to imagine that it is the loss of radiation visible to the human eye which translates into suppressed appian activity, or that of other insects too. It is well established that the sense of sight, and capacity to navigate and find food, of different insects species involves a wider range of ranges of frequencies than humans rely upon. Since many parts of the emf spectrum may be selectively absorbed by atmospheric pollutant gases, vapours and aerosols the distribution of which are also likely to experience, though to us invisibly so, local variations just as does cloud cover then the true complexity and perhaps previously unsuspected breadth and depth of the negative potential of the real problem can be fully appreciated.
The consequence of this fact leads one to a generalisation of the proposal above to include all key species, species by species, and a generalisation of the question to include studies of all important pollinators.. flies, wasps and so on in relation to all possible human, and natural, atmospheric pollutants, constituents and chemically interacting derivative products.
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Thank you for this straightforward explanation. Though a full solar eclipse does simulate night-time for a period of time, 20 minutes or so. Cooler air temperatures are tolerated to some extent and are ameliorated by ground radiation, higher humidity also raises the thermal capacity of the air. It is not my field, and it would seem that the 'experiment' over North America was predominantly a stunt to encourage school science. I wonder if that can justify bad science? Rob
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Can someone help me with the scientific and common names of these arthropods.
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Oh sorry, really. I'd better not express myself unless I'm sure. Or emphasize I am not.
It rather looks like some Dermaptera. But maybe you identified that already and are looking for a mor precise taxon?
Good luck and sorry for spreading my ignorance around.
Best
Christian
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Please identify this arthropod in the photo. Also comment on its habitat, venomous nature, etc.
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This species is most similar to Mastigoproctus giganteus from North America, but the present specimen has no anterior red legs; may be it is a new taxon.
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It is known that CDC light traps are used for the capture of insects of medical importance, but it was observed that not only capture this group of insects, also other groups of non-target arthropods with positive phototaxis . Thus, it is important to know how to maximize the samples, and collaborate with specialists in other groups of arthropods.
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While not the most recent information, the following chapter in Volume VII/6A of the Handbook of Sensory Physiology, by Randolf Menzel, lists the characteristics of photoreceptor pigments in many species. Obviously some species may be attracted to light and others repelled by it, but this would help you determine where in the spectrum various species can visually detect light. The chapter is online at:
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I will be collecting water for microbiome and eDNA work and I am trying to figure out the best methods for cleaning/sterilizing my plastics.
Water will be collected using plastic turkey basters and filtered with a metal strainer into a plastic container ~2L capacity. For each sample, I will be using a different baster, strainer and container that will be brought to the field site sealed, but I need to be able to clean/sterilize these items in between sample visits.
With arthropod surface sterilization, I've used cleaning with bleach, sterile water and ethanol. A similar set up might work for the plastics, or maybe a combination of cleaning with each of the above and then placing under UV. If anyone has experience with this type of cleaning or any suggestions, I would greatly appreciate the input.
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Thanks again for the input. I'm hoping that eDNA and microbiome (bacterial) DNA will be degraded with whatever sterilization process I use so that each time I sample with the sterilized sampling equipment, there will be no worry about mixing DNA from previous collections with the new collections.
Thanks for your help.
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Hi, I am currently working in Bolivia and writing down a proposal with the same subject as yours, but focused on bats of agricultural interest within the inter-Andean valleys of Bolivia.
So far, I planned to assess species richness within the diet of insectivorous bats through meta-barcoding, because I could not come up with a straightforward method to measure abundance. How do you plan to do it? RT-PCR?
please, let's keep in touch! I hope we can collaborate at some point.
good luck with your project,
Alejandra Troncoso
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Hi Alejandra Troncoso
I'm really glad you are working on this project. We know of the importance of bats in the population control of arthropod agricultural pests and we have to study them to show this importance to the whole world.
I analyze the samples through the metabarcoding (includes PCR) methods and next generation sequencing (NGS) techniques (Illumina) and due to the large amount of reads generated I have the support of a bioinformatics team that analyzes this data through computational scripts.
They manage to generate beyond the wealth of food items, the abundance these items appear in the reviews. I'll go through with them in detail and I can pass it on to you.
Would you like to write me an email? Thus, our communication becomes easier. [ac.jardelino@gmail.com]
See you and good work,
Ana Jardelino.
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I´m thinking to use potassium hydroxide to dissolve the muscles.
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Please have a look this review papers
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Dear David,
we are working in Cretaceous insects, and we are visited Mada several times for study the taphonomy of arthropods preserved into resins. We study fossil arthropods preserved in amber, and we are interested in the possibilitiy to found fossil insects in Mada, mainly from the Cretaceous. Thanks and all the best,
Xavier
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Dear Xavier,
Yes from Jordan I collect it this year
Best regards
Abdalla
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I am planning to collect soil arthropod for my research studies. if any effective method other then tullgreen funnel are highly useful
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I would suggest:
Ausden M, Drake M. 2006. Invertebrates. In: Sutherland WJ, (ed). Ecological census techniques. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; p. 214-249.
Interesting sampling methods are described in this chapter (i.e. Terrestrial emergence traps, digging and taking soil cores, litter samples, desiccation funnels,...) along with their advantages, disadvantages, and biases. Do not hesitate to leave me a message If you do not have access to this book. Good luck.
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Dear Colleagues,
I was wondering if someone who has had plenty of experience experimenting with pitfall traps as a method of collecting arthropods (especially spiders), could share his/her experiences regarding: 1) Does the material that the pitfall trap is made off, affect its ability to capture spiders? To be more precise is glass better than plastic or vice versa? and 2) Does the nature of the fluid used inside the pitfall trap, affect its ability to capture spiders? To be more precise, which of the different fluids used viz, supersaturated saline, alcohol, water, ethylene glycol, formalin, etc are more efficacious? P.S, I managed to locate one article detailing a comparison of the different fluids used in the pitfall traps but, I suppose actual experiences are sometimes more informative as compared to controlled studies. Thank you.
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Yes, I captured a lot of spiders just using water + dish-washing liquid (some drops) in my pitfall traps.
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I am participating in a project on ‘rats, climate change, and public health’. The premise is that high rates of urbanization are leading to increases in human wastes, which leads to higher numbers of rats, which partly reflects our underwhelming abilities to control rat populations (see neophobia and rodenticide resistance). I believe there are potential ramifications for public health because higher densities of humans in metropolitan areas could be coming into contact with rat-vectored pathogens. These microbes may persist longer because climate change ostensibly leads to shorter cool seasons and longer warm seasons, which leads to wider distributions and increased longevity of the arthropods that transmit potential pathogens from rats to people and other wildlife.
If you were interested in better expressing the link between rats and climate change, what approaches would you use?
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Hi Michael
Historically the presence of rats can also be linked to trade, like grains and sugar.  So ports and warehouses will be involved. this suggests further correlations. In the case of plague, there are also links with the ecology of fleas. You can check out my work on plague and rats in San Francisco
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I want to compare arthropod assemblages (with presence-absence data) found in several plant species belonging to a same genus.
As the sampling effort was not the same in some plant species, the resulting dendrograms are very skewed to the number of localites sampled.
I would like to know if there is a method to weight my data in order to get a more realistic interpretation of the relationship between host plants.
Do you know any statistical method that allows this kind of analysis?
Thanks in advance.
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Hi Daniel
If you have the data on which arthropod species are from which location, you could use rarefaction to rarefy to the smallest number of locations you have for a particular plant species. That is, if I sampled a smaller number of locations for plant species x, how many arthropod species would I expect on average?
This approach is commonly used for alpha-diversity patterns but not beta-diversity. However, in principle, it could be done by repeatedly subsampling the data and recalculating the dissimilarity matrix (I assume you are using dissimilarity because you mentioned dendrograms).
A much simpler alternative is to use Simpson's Dissimilarity. If increased sampling effort leads to more arthropod species per plant species (a very likely assumption), then Simpson's Dissimilarity is designed to correct for this difference in species richness between samples. In practice, I find it an over-correction but it might work fine for your data.
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I'm looking for springtails Folsomia candida. Do you know a place or institution where I could get few individuals enough for breeding in lab? I'm in Poland
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Hi,
I do have some.
Maybe a bit late...
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I am searching for literature which help me to identify taxonomic and functional information of tropical macrofauna soil arthropods.
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Hello everybody, i have been searching research gate for 2 days now to find literature about the food consumption of arthropods, beneficials and bees.
Especially for influenced organisms e.g. under an effect of a plant protection product (herbicides, pesticides and other products.
But i did not find much about that topic. It was included in 2 to 3 papers but i guess that this isnt all of that.
If anyone could give me an idea where to find literature for influenced eating behaviour of bees, beneficials and insects in general i would be totally happy.
Kind regards,
Marcel
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Dear Marcel,
Regarding the activity and intentions of IOBC, assessing the efficiency of pesticides on natural enemies was its most imminent and important aim. Here you can find lots of papers and studies but not free of charge : https://www.iobc-wprs.org/
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Hello , 
I'd like to if there are others -new- biological control means of Schistorcea gregaria ,Locusta migratoria ?
Best regards 
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Dear Narimene
Please find as attached file my two recent papers  about the use of some bacterial strains on Locusta migratoria.
Regards
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I study host preference of herbivorous arthropods and the host-plant traits which may affect it. In particular, I work with greenhouse plants and sucking arthropod assemblages (spider mites, thrips, whiteflies, scale insects, and aphids). Psyllids, cycadas, planthoppers, and Heteroptera are absent in my work. I read the article about stylet penetration by Bemisia (see in the attachment), and it would be nice to compare such data with those about another suckers. Especially interesting is to know which areas of plant surface herbivores choose to pierce, how they get to the needed tissue, and based on what they make a choice to feed or leave out.
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Maybe this will he of interest, if you like the type of approach:
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From the breeding period of spiders up to the full growth of the offsprings, do you have any idea what would be the approximate duration of the entire process? Specifically, those spiders belonging to the Araneidae family.
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Hello Dear
Spiders need to be fed only once every 3-7 days.
diagram of tank to rear spiders inMoisture is a more critical factor for the survival of spiders in captivity. One of the ways to keep the container moist without drowning the spider is to place a small potted plant inside the cage; another way is to place a ball of cotton wool or a folded filter/toilet paper which can be wetted with a few drops of water every day. Best regards
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In the Great Belt (Danish waters) we found in a water depth around 40 m two male specimens of possibly Entoniscidae. Who is able to identify or can give some identification notes for this paratising isopod species? Or if Entoniscidae is wrong can give the correct family.
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perhaps a parasitic copepod?  I'm not an expert on this group, so try using Gotto (2004).
There are such elongated copepods like Mytilicola, Rhodinicola , Ascidicola. Mytilicola intestinalis males reaches 8 mm (females 4mm), Ascidicola rosea 4mm and Rhodinicola elongata 4.5mm. Perhaps it is an option to contact Myles O'Reilly (Myles.O'Reilly@sepa.org.uk)?
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I am interested in the function of arthropod cocoons occurring in passerines breeding nests (sexual selection, signals, mate quality).
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Thank You for the answers :)
I know well this article about wrens, this is the only one which I know about the arthropod cocoons in bird nests.
I rather expect observations, e.g. this year I observed cocoons in the nest of red-backed shrike. I wonder how much bird species can use this nest material and what is the function of this behaviour. :)
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Hello!
Can anybody help me with the species identification of these two ticks please?
I think they are probably from migratory birds...
Mónica
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Hello,
first, they are not nymphs, i saw one, on the panel A (on the right) where the genital aperuture is visible, so it can not be a nymph. then for the identification of engorged specimens i can say that morphogical features is impossible to reveal and other ways are proposed to identify ticks as molecular identification (12S or other), MALDI Tof and other methods.
best regards
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My student brought this Myriapod picture he snapped in Southwestern Nigeria, West Africa. The area is Tropical rainforest region. Unfortunately the resolution of the phone camera he used is bad. A student who touched it developed blisters on his skin.
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It is definitely not a myriapod but an insect. I would say it is a lepidopteran. Last instar caterpillars normally wander around to find a suitable place to pupate. 
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Dear researchers i found this interesting spider at my home..can anyone identify this Arthropod member (class - Arachnida)
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Dear Elaya , 
As Wafaa pointed out, this is a Lynx spider of family Oxyopidae. This one is Oxyopes sp. and close to Oxyopes macilentus.
Best,
Tharindu.
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Hi everyone,
Can anyone help me in identifying this insect ? thanks in advance, 
3 specimens found in early June 2016 in a mixed hedgerow along a pear orchard near Leuven, Belgium. Insects were very small, 1-2mm. All three had asymmetrical feelers which looked bit like lobster claws. Abdomen is somewhat sunken.
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It is probably an early instar of Heterotoma planicornis (Pallas) (Miridae).
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Hi!
An arthropod measuring ~3 mm was found on the body of a rescued Indian Flying Fox (Pteropus giganteus) from Kohora Range, Kaziranga National Park, Assam, by a local NGO named NRSB, Bochagaon. The arthropod was observed wriggling on the soft fur of the rescued specimen. The images of the same are attached herewith for identification (4X magnification).
Regards
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Your specimen of of the family Nycteribiidae, Diptera (ectoparasites of bats), they almost never leave the bodies of their hosts.
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Dear all,
greetings from Chennai, India. Our database is looking for images of Pycnogonids recorded from the Indian waters. The shared images will be acknowledged and will be watermarked in the image itself. Please do send in images for the following species. Thank you all in advance for your time and help.
1.       Achelia boschi Stock, 1992
2.       Ammothea sp. Leach, 1814 
3.       Ammothella omanensis Stock, 1992 
4.       Anoplodactylus cribellatus Calman, 1923 
5.       Anoplodactylus digitatus (Böhm, 1879) 
6.       Anoplodactylus eroticus Stock, 1968 
7.       Anoplodactylus petiolatus (Krøyer, 1844)
8.       Anoplodactylus sandromagni Krapp, 1996 
9.       Ascorhynchus ramipes (Böhm, 1879) 
10.   Bathypallenopsis annandalei (Calman, 1923) 
11.   Bathypallenopsis safari (Stock, 1984) 
12.   Callipallene pectinata (Calman, 1923) 
13.   Colossendeis angusta Sars, 1877 
14.   Colossendeis colossea Wilson, 1881 
15.   Colossendeis macerrima Wilson, 1881 
16.   Endeis flaccida Calman, 1923 
17.   Endeis meridionalis (Böhm, 1879) 
18.   Endeis mollis (Carpenter, 1904) 
19.   Eurycyde flagella Nakamura & Chullasorn, 2000
20.   Nymphon andamanense Calman, 1923 
21.   Nymphon arabicum Calman, 1938 
22.   Nymphon foxi Calman, 1927 
23.   Nymphon longicaudatum Carpenter, 1904 
24.   Nymphopsis acinacispinatus Williams, 1933 
25.   Pallenopsis alcocki Calman, 1923 
26.   Pallenopsis crosslandi Carpenter, 1910 
27.   Pallenopsis ovalis Loman, 1908 
28.   Propallene kempi (Calman, 1923) 
29.   Pycnogonum indicum Sundara Raj, 1930 
30.   Pycnogonum moolenbeeki Stock, 1992 
31.   Pycnogonum tesselatum Stock, 1968 
32.   Rhopalorhynchus kroeyeri Wood-Mason, 1873 
33.   Seguapallene echinata (Calman, 1938) 
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 Hi! Deepak,
Dr. Claudia's Ph.D. thesis which I downloaded from JCU online is attached for your kind reference.
Best Regards,
M. Nithyanandan
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I need some information about the inorganic compounds existing in the Enchytraieds or Collembolan body.
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I am not interested in inorganic compounds existing in the in Enchytraieds or Collembolan body.
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Please , help me to identify up to the species level
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It is an adult  waterscorpion (Hemiptera Heteroptera Nepidae), very probably (or surely) belonging to the genus Nepa, which includes a number of species in the world. In Europe 3 species, the most common and widespread European species is N. cinerea (= rubra). Where was this photo taken? Regards,
Rinaldo Nicoli
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I have one specimen but I don't know which family it belongs. It was parasitizing a Cumacea (Eudorella sp.) in marine tropical waters.
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According to Knudsen et al. (2009) Deoterthridae are present on Cumcea. But I suggest you contact specialists in that group such as Huys or Boxshall or others for confirmation.
Knudsen, S.W., M. Kirkegaard, and J. Olesen. 2009. The tantulocarid genus Arcticotantalus [sic] removed from Basipodellidae into Deoterthridae (Crustacea: Maxillopoda) after the description of a new species from Greenland, with first live photographs and an overview of the class. Zootaxa 2035: 41–68.
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we found this organism from the pond water sample in our university UMT. I'm so curious what is this organism as it has 8 legs , it's not arthropod , and it's so microscopic. Can it classified it same group with the spider group?
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Dear Khoo shing,
The mites are not Hydracarina. They belong to the cohort Astigmatina (previously known as the Astigmata), now included with the Oribatida. There are a lot of aquatic species - I cannot identify yours further from the images - they are too low resolution. Hope this helps. Cheers, Matt
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the first one is Halimede
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I looking for persons who work on the family Lycosidae in the Caribbean, I have four species to identify.
If you are interested, or if you have colleagues that it may be of interested, I can send the specimens.
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Karl, did you have any success in finding a collaborator?  How is the work going?  Are you focusing on any particular genus? 
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I worked with crabs in mangrove forests of Berau, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. I could not obtain weight for some small crabs due to problem in microbalance and I want to use weight for abundance biomass curves. What shall i do?
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Its an old problem.  You need to consider what you want the data for, and the accuracy that you require. Actually crustaceans don't differ all that much between species. See paper by Sangun et al. 2009. (link below).  You could use the lower and upper estimates for "b" and give a range of values for the abundance biomass.  That would probably be a better estimate anyway than obtained from a "point in time" estimate from specific data - because its going to vary from season to season.
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Hi all, how are you?  is there any information about Wolbachia effects on its host organ size?
I mean can Wolbachia decrease size of some body organs such as nervous system, ovariols or some thing like this?
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There is an interesting example of Wolbachia in Drosophila paulistorum, where it acts as an obligate mutualist. If you take out Wolbachia, D.pau develops dystrophic ovaries, means the ovarioles don't mature. So, the ovaries are there, but with small size and abnormal shape, having degenerated nurse cell nuclei.
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I found Copris lunaris female on a meadow near a cow dung, 2-3 days old. It is near a meadow marshes, where people come frequently with animals for food. I found the specimen in May and the temperature was 21°C.
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Hi Lila,
The first and the last ones are Uropodina deutonymhs, other two pictures show a Macrochelid mites. 
Cheers,  Jenő
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Any related publications that look into arthropod species turnover within forest ecosystems, particularly with comparisons between commercial monoculture forest plantations with mixed species stands
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Hi, Pedro Cardoso has written many papers about the topics you've mentioned. Take a look at his ReserchGate profile.
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Thanks!
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In xanthophycean algae:
Rybalka N., Wolf M., Andersen R.A.; Friedl T. 2013. Congruence of chloroplast- and nuclear-encoded DNA sequence variations used to assess species boundaries in the soil microalga Heterococcus (Stramenopiles, Xanthophyceae). BMC Evol. Biol. 13 (39):1471-2148. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-39.
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Currently, I am interesting in thrips Barcoding characterization  and I need some samples of various Franklinothrips sp. to compare to mine. If can, please contact me for discussion regarding options fees. Thanks
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Ok, when I have specimens this summer, i'll let you know!
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This Crab this crab was found in an estuarine ecosystem in Cartagena, Colombian Caribbean
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Alexander ese ejemplar corresponde a Aratus pisonii
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 I am trying to compile information about the presence of some oribatid species througout Europe and it seems surprisingly that there is no consolidated check-list of French species available/published. Would be greatful for any help, thanks.
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Thanks Gerd and Jean Francois. Iwill contact Marc.
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I am looking to explore this idea as a research project using Hissing Cockroaches as a model. I am looking for more information on different venoms that may have different than usual effects on arthropods. 
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Yes. Many small snake species consume insects or molluscs--notably snails and slugs--and some of the species are venomous rear-fanged snakes.  Granted that most small species, especially burrowers, prey on worms and other open circulatory animals, there are notable snal-eaters, especially in South America.
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Dear colleagues,
I made photo of this stick insects in a sandy beech of North Borneo at National Park Similajaui. I'm trying not to catch arthropods preferring photos, and I have no PDF of identification key in this group on Borneo (no in open access - Please, attach if possible). It was not far from the shore vegetation and with body length not more than 10 cm.
Andrey
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It is an adult male of the tribe Lonchodini. It may be Lonchodes, Mnesilochus or Hermagoras, I cannot say more : ask Frank Hennemann, he should know.
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Which of them is your identification on these photos?
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Unfortunately the taxonomic characters presented for differentiation of two species are not reliable and decisive.
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When I slide-mount Diptera specimens, I typically macerate them for ca 24% at room temperature in 10% KOH (pH between 12.5 and 12.8). This removes a lot of muscle tissue and pigments, and make it easier to observe internal sclerotized structures. I then neutralize the specimens in 99% acetic acid (for ca 5-10 minutes) and dehydrate them in ethanol before mounting them in euparal on microscope slides for permanent storage.
Recently I received some specimens that already have been treated with DNA extraction buffer (pH approximately 8) for 18 hours. They are already somewhat pale; but I don't know to which extent this is from the alkality of the solution or from the enzymes in the buffer solution. I am concerned that following my standard procedure of 24% KOH at room temperature will make them too pale to be used for morphological studies.
Does anyone have experience with making permanent slides of arthropod material after immersion in DNA extraction buffer? How can I account for the partial maceration of the material when modifying my protocol?
Regards, Gunnar
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Marija's suggestion of lactic acid is worth investigating. The real positive thing about lactic acid is that it is far more selective about which tissue is cleared and which is not (it preferentially target hard chitinous tissue leaving soft tissue intact) , and crucially, unlike KOH, the clearing process reaches an end point... even after many hours at 90C it will not clear any more than it has during the first 1-2h. If you did that with KOH the specimen would eventually dissolve completely!. It is probably advisable to give the specimen an aqueous or neutral pH buffer wash   (at low ionic strength to keep solutes to a minimum) before a final 90-100% EtOH wash and eventual mounting in euparal.
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We tried to use Flow cytometry, but only single peak was observed and we are not able to resolve it
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Yes, there is one such study done. But in that study they have sequenced transcriptome of other species namely Stegodyphus llineatus and Stegodyphus tentoriicola. But still there is no information regarding any marker on sex chromosome. Following is the paper that talks about the same.
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Hi scientists: Does anyone know which chemical can be used instead of PTU (N-Phenylthiourea/phenylthiocardamide) to inhibit melanogenesis in insect hemolymphs .
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Another option is to use Phenylthiourea (PTU, 1 mM) is a good inhibitor of phenoloxidase and is often used in insect plasma to prevent melanization. Example reference is PMCID: PMC3656302