William B. Pennebaker's research while affiliated with Columbia University and other places

... The JPEG standard [1] pioneered this technique, employing lossy compression to discard details imperceptible to the human visual system. Following the success of JPEG, video coding standards such as H.261 [2] and MPEG-1/MPEG-2 [3] were introduced to efficiently compress video content for applications like video conferencing and storage media (e.g., VCD/DVD). Over the years, international coding standards mainly pursued high compression performance toward human consumption tasks, where minimizing signal reconstruction error is the critical metric to reflecting human perception. ...

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Unveiling the Future of Human and Machine Coding: A Survey of End-to-End Learned Image Compression

... A simple model of early vision (visual information processing in the eye and the visual pathways up to roughly the striate cortex) may consist of (1) retinal units (photoreceptors and spatiotemporal filters including interactions between adjacent units; light adaptation is presumed to be located in these units), 11 (2) noisy channels with limited bandwidth (retinal ganglion cells/optic nerve), 22,23 and (3) pooling of adjacent channel outputs at the level of the cortex (a step that has been shown to be essential for understanding the variability in static perimetry and the relationship between perimetric and structural measures of glaucomatous damage). [63][64][65] For the foveal increment, the logCS versus log luminance curve showed a vertical shift ( Fig. 2A), that is, the difference in logCS between the glaucoma patients and controls was independent of luminance. In terms of the abovementioned model, this implies intact (that is, no impaired light adaptation) retinal units of which the number may be decreased and or the connectivity to the brain lost (as opposed to a horizontal shift, which would point to damaged retinal units). ...

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Visual complaints of patients with glaucoma and controls under optimal and extreme luminance conditions

... MPEG-1 is a block-based video compression technique which exploits discrete cosine transform (DCT) and motion compensation error to reduce spatiotemporal redundancy in image sequence [19,20]. In MPEG-1 standard, each picture is divided to 16 * 16 subimages called macroblocks (MBs). ...

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An Effective Slow-Motion Detection Approach for Compressed Soccer Videos

... The chromosome population for the GA's represents templates that are used in data compression, where the size of data after compression is assigned back to the chromosome. Table II shows a comparison with two major international standards for data compression: Lempel-Ziv ("compress" command of UNIX) and JBIG (joint bilevel image coding experts group) [21], [22], both available on LSI chips. The EHW chip attained compression ratios for printer images almost twice those obtained by the international standards. ...

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Real-world applications of analog and digital evolvable hardware

... Finally, the psychovisual redundancy concerns the imperceptible details of the human visual system. Some lossless compression methods that explore coding redundancy are Huffman coding [21], Shannon-Fano coding [22], arithmetic coding [23] and dictionary-based encoding such as LZ78 and LZW [24]. Run-length coding [25], bit plane coding [26] and predictive coding [27] explore interpixel redundancy. ...

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Adaptive Lossy Image Compression Based on Singular Value Decomposition

... To give one example for a typical cause of directional artifacts, consider JPEG compression [83]. While this popular [27,53] lossy compression standard does not favor any direction, common parameter choices do leave directional artifacts. ...

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Landscape More Secure Than Portrait? Zooming Into the Directionality of Digital Images With Security Implications

... A motion vector specifies two features: the direction of movement and the magnitude in terms of pixels per frame. There is motion vector information provided by MPEG encoder [5]. But as Kasturi et al pointed out [4], this motion vector information is not reliable as it is used as motion compensation for video compression, instead of accurately tracking specific objects in the video frames. ...

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Detecting Moving Text in Video Using Temporal Information

... DC coefficients and AC coefficients being treated separately for entropy coding. [16] JPEG recommends two encoding methods for entropy coding -Huffman coding [27], primarily used by baseline sequential codec, and arithmetic coding [28]. However, both codecs can be used for all modes of operation. ...

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Discrete Cosine Transform in JPEG Compression

... Most RAW formats feature some type of lossless compression for the mosaic images. For instance, the Canon, Kodak, Nikon and Adobe digital negative (DNG [15]) formats 1 employ non-adaptive Huffmanbased compression or directly apply the lossless mode of the JPEG [17] standard (not to be confused with the JPEG-LS [18] or JPEG 2000 [19] standards). These approaches offer fast implementations, but at the cost of reduced compression ratios compared to state-of-the-art algorithms for mosaic images from the literature. ...

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Lossless Compression of Color Filter Array Mosaic Images With Visualization via JPEG 2000

... Progressive image transmission [24,306,374] involves sending a low quality image followed by successively more detail, so the picture quality gradually improves as more data is being received. This method is used on the web, for example, so that the user can cancel a page early in the transmission if it is not of interest. ...

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Pattern Matching in Compressed Texts and Images