Toshiaki Tadano's research while affiliated with Hokkaido University and other places
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Publications (101)
Planting Al tolerant crops is an economically justifiable approach in crop production on acid soils. Experiments were conducted to study the mechanisms of Al tolerance among species and varieties of tropical rice, maize, and soybean with previously known levels of Al tolerance. These varieties were hydroponically cultured in 0, 5, 10, and 30 mg l-1...
The mechanism of Al uptake in melastoma (Melastoma malabathricum L.), which accumulates Al in excess of 10 000 mg kg–1 in its leaves and roots, was investigated. Al uptake kinetics in excised melastoma roots showed a biphasic pattern, with an initial rapid phase followed by a slow phase. It was indicated that Al uptake in the excised roots occurs m...
Lupin (Lupinus albus L.) plants exudate a large amount of secretory acid phosphatase (S-APase) under phosphorus-deficient condition. If the function of this enzyme is transferred to other crop plants which had a lower secreting ability for S-APase, one may expect an improvement of phosphorus utilization from organic phosphorus compounds in the rhiz...
To improve the recycle use of phosphorus from sewage sludge, we have proposed the utilization of acid phosphatase and citraic acid by the action of plant exudation. As sewage sludge is known to be composed of a large number of phosphorus compounds, at first we have fractionated into several phosphorus fractions by STS (Schmidt-Thannhauser-Schneider...
The objective of this study was to suppress potato common scab by lowering the soil pH and increasing the concentration of water-soluble aluminum (Al) in soil with a single application of ammonium sulfate into each row. Superphosphate (P) and potassium sulfate (K) were applied to the surface soil horizon and ammonium sulfate (N) was applied only in...
During the growth of lupin (Lupinus albus L.) plants, a shortage of phosphate induces the secretion of acid phosphatase (APase) from their roots. We have already isolated and characterized the lasap1 cDNA clone for an APase from phosphate-deficient roots. In this paper, we report on an another cDNA clone, designated as lasap2, encoding secretory AP...
The amount of rock phosphorous remained in the world is limited. Therefore, it is important to develop the technology and construct the social system for use of recycled phosphorous. Municipal wastewater contains 5 to 10 mg/1 of phosphorous on suspended and soluble forms. This paper deals with separation of phosphorous from municipal wastewater by...
Studies were carried out to identify the secreting portion of acid phosphatase (APase) in roots of lupin (Lupinus albus L.) and a key signal for the secretion from the roots. When lupin was grown in a nutrient solution without phosphate, the APase activity on the whole root surface increased and it was particularly high on the proteoid roots. When...
Aluminum (Al) tolerance and phosphate absorption in rape and tomato were compared under water culture and field conditions. The relative growth rate in the Al treatment compared with -Al treatment was similar in the two crops under water culture conditions, while under field conditions, the growth rate was 2- to 3-fold higher in rape than in tomato...
Chemical properties and phosphorus forms in Kohong (Kh: Typic Paleudults; coarse-loamy siliceous), Hat Yai (Hy: Typic Paleudults; clayey-skeletal, kaolinitic), and Ban Thon (Bh: Typic Haplorthods; sandy, non-cemented) soil series collected according to genetic horizons in southern peninsular Thailand were analyzed including fractionation. Phosphoru...
To find the effects of CO2 enrichment on plant development and photosynthetic capacity of nodulated (line A62-1) and non-nodulated (line A62-2) isogenic
lines of soybean (Glycine max Merr.), we examined the interactions among two CO2 treatments (36±3 Pa = AC and 70±5 Pa = EC), and two nitrogen concentrations [0 g(N) m−2(land area) = 0N; 30 g(N) m−2...
We have isolated a cDNA clone, named LASAP1, for an acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2; APase) from a cDNA library constructed from mRNA in phosphatedeficient lupin (Lupinus albus L. cv. Kievskij) roots. LASAP1 was 2,187 bp in length including a single open reading frame of 1,914 nucleotides that encodes 638 amino acid residues containing a putative sign...
In relation to the recent incidence of potato common scab (Streptomyces scabies) in Abashiri, Hokkaido, Japan, the changes in selected soil chemical properties associated with deep plowing or “cutting and banking” practice were examined. The water-soluble aluminum concentration of the 1:10 (soil: water) extract (water-soluble Al) in the Andosol vir...
The effects of N-source and Al on the growth of seedlings of Melastoma malabathricum, Acacia mangium, and Melaleuca cajuputi, which are tropical woody plants and are very tolerant to Al, and barley (Hordeum vulgare), which is a typical Al-sensitive plant, were investigated. The Al and N treatments consisted of the application of either 0 or 0.5 mM...
To make clear the nutritional characteristics of sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) and oil palm (Elaeis guineensin Jacq.) grown in tropical peat soil, minerals concentration, organic compounds concentration, and photosynthetic rate were estimated, and the obtained results were as follows. Since, the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magn...
Potato common scab induced by Streptomyces scabies is a serious constraint for potato-producing farmers and the incidence of potato scab depends on the soil chemical properties. We examined the chemical characteristics of conducive and suppressive soils to potato common scab with reference to the chemical properties of nonallophanic Andosols, recen...
A beamline especially designed for atmospheric photochemical reactions has been constructed at the NTT synchrotron radiation facility. By inserting a buffer helium chamber with Be and Si(3)N(4) partition windows between the beamline and the reaction chamber, studies can be performed without the differential pumping systems normally used in existing...
The possibility of controlling common scab of potato with Geranium pratense, root of which show an antimicrobial activity, was investigated. Application of dried root powder or powdered methanol extract from G. pratense roots to the soil tended to decrease the area with scab lesions on tubers sampled from the soil with a high inoculum level. Mixed-...
Acid sulfate soils, peat soils, sandy podzolic, and saline soils are widely distributed in Peninsular Thailand. Native plants adapted to such problem soils have grown well, and showed no symptom of mineral deficiency or toxicity. Dominant plants growing in low pH soils (acid sulfate and peat) were Melastoma marabathricum and Melaleuca cajuputi. Sin...
The Al accumulation mechanisms in an Al accumulator plant, Melastoma malabathricum L. (Melastoma), was investigated. Al was located in the upper epidermal cells and also distributed in mesophyll cells in leaf sections. In root sections, Al was found in all the root tissues, particularly in the epidermis and endodermis. Al concentrations in young le...
The effect of fertilization method on the occurrence of potato scab was investigated in allophanic Andosols in the Iburi area of Hokkaido, Japan. At the flowering stage, the pH of the soil horizon where the potato tuber grows, was lower significantly in the treatment where ammonium sulfate was supplied in the rows and phosphate and potassium were s...
Effect of CO2 enrichment on the carbon-nitrogen balance in whole plant and the acclimation of photosynthesis was studied in wheat (spring wheat) and soybean (A62-1 [nodulated] and A62-2 [non-nodulated]) with a combination of two nitrogen application rates (0 g N land area m and 30 g N land area m) and two temperature treatments (30/20°C (day/night)...
CO2 was assimilated during 10 min in leaf of rice and soybean under 21 kPa O2 (21% O2 treatment) and 2 kPa O2 (2% O2 treatment) at the vegetative growth stage and flowering stage. The C distribution ratio to respired CO2 and crude chemical components (sugars, polysaccharides, amino acids, organic acids, and proteins) was determined. In this paper,...
Effects of Al, Ca, Mg, and Si on the growth and mineral accumulation of ill. malabathricum (Melastoma malabathricum L.), which is an Al accumulator plant, were investigated using the water culture method. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were used as control plants. After Al application, growth was inhibited in barley, but sti...
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Phosphorus deficiency induces the synthesis of acid phosphatases in roots of lupin and other plant species, In this study we examined the induction of secretory acid phosphatase (S-APase) at both the molecular and cellular levels, Lupin plants had increased levels of total acid phosphatase activity within two to five days after P was withered and l...
Root crops such as potato, beet, and sweet potato produced high yields with application of coated fertilizers, which corresponded to the maximum yields reported in Hokkaido (northern part of Japan). Based on the following results, a root-shoot interaction model was proposed to explain the high productivity of root crops. 1) The highest biological y...
Phosphorus deficiency induces the synthesis of acid phosphatases in roots of lupin and other plant species. In this study we examined the induction of secretory acid phosphatase (S-APase) at both the molecular and cellular levels. Lupin plants had increased levels of total acid phosphatase activity within two to five days after P was withered and l...
Abstract: Plants in which growth was reduced by low and high Al applications were designated as Al-sensitive plant (Hordeum vulgare) and Al-medium tolerant plants (Leucaena leucocephala, Ischaemum barbatum, Stylosanthes guianensis, and Fagopyrum esculentum), respectively, while plants in which growth was not affected or was stimulated by Al applica...
Phytase (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate phosphohydrolase; EC 3.1.3.8) was purified from roots of tomato plants grown under phosphorus-deficient conditions using five purification schemes. The phytase was successfully separated from the major acid phosphatase to an electrophoretic homogeneity. The native molecular weight of this enzyme was estimated...
The distribution of secretory acid phosphatase and organic acids enhanced by phosphorus deficiency in lupin rhizosphere was investigated using a rhizobox system which separated the rhizosphere soil into 0.5 mm fractions. In the soil fraction closest to the root surface, the lupin exudates displayed an acid phosphatase activity of 0.73 u g dry soil...
The PIT1 gene which is highly homologous with phosphate transporter was isolated from Catharanthus roseus and analyzed. The cBNA PIT1 contained an open reading frame of 542 amino acids and its sequence showed a 31, 30, and 34% identity with the phosphate transporter of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (PBO84), Neurospora crassa (PHO-5), and Glomus versifor...
Based on the previous paper (Osaki et al. 1995, Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 41, 635-647), crops were classified by root characteristics for nitrogen uptake as follows: Group I (small root dry weight (RW) and high specific absorption rate of nitrogen (SARN)): legumes, potato, and beet; group II (large RW and low SARN): cereals; and group III (large RW an...
Phosphorus (P) deficiency increased the secretion of phytases from roots of various plant species. The secretory phytases were collected with a dialysis membrane tube for 24 hours from roots of sixteen plant species grown with low or adequate supply of P in nutrient solutions. The activity of not only secretory phytase, but also acid phosphatase, i...
Aluminum (Al) toxicity of crop plants is a serious problem in low pH soils throughout the world. However, since native plants adapted to low pH soils grow well even in such problem soils, the investigation of the nutritional characteristics of these plants is important. Plants were cultivated in nutrient solution, of which soluble Al and P were equ...
To study the different mechanism of photosynthesized carbon distribution in cereal and legume crops, 14CO2 was assimilated to the fully expanded leaf of soybean under 21 kPa O2 and 2 kPa O2 at the vegetative growth stage. The 14C-distribution ratio in respired CO2 and photosynthates was determined.
A larger amount of photosynthesized 14C was distri...
第5回衛生工学シンポジウム（平成9年11月6日（木）-7日（金） 北海道大学学術交流会館） . 1 計画・展望 . P1-10
Phosphorus deficiency induces the synthesis of acid phosphatases in roots of lupin and other plant species. In this study we examined the induction of secretory acid phosphatase (S-APase) at both the molecular and cellular levels. Lupin plants had increased levels of total acid phosphatase activity within two to five days after P was withered and l...
The nutritional characteristics of sago palm (Metroxylon sagus) grown in a shallow peat in To Daeng, Thailand were investigated. The contents of nutrient elements, sugar, and starch in each organ, and the net photosynthetic rate of leaves of sago palm were determined at various growth stages. The results obtained were as follows: 1) The macro and m...
The possibility to control potato common scab with Geranium pratense which has antimicrobial activity in the roots, was investigated. Incidence of the disease decreased by application of roots or methanol extracts from G. pratense roots to the soil, and when G. pratense was mix-cropped with potato. Geraniin was identified as the major antimicrobial...
Oxygen dependent electron transport in 13 phylogenic groups of higher plants was studied with the changes in the fluorescence induction by oxygen removal. The oxidation of intersystem pool by oxygen and the Mehler reaction were higher and leaf Cu content was lower in the early-evolved higher plants than that in the recently-evolved higher plants. I...
It has been considered that respiratory substrates are used only for maintenance respiration under maintenance status such as when plants are placed under prolonged dark treatment (4 days). However, when 14C-[U]-sucrose or 14C-[U]-amino acid mixture was introduced into a mature leaf of rice and soybean under maintenance status, the introduced 14C-c...
Allophanic Andosols was treated in the field with different types of methods of fertilizer application in an effort to improve field suppression of common scab of potato caused by Streptomyces scabies. When superphosphate and potassium sulfate were broadcast and mixed with the surface soil, the scab severity index significantly decreased. Then, alu...
The nitrogen content (Nc) — potassium content (Kc) relationship in leaves was classified into two types; type I, in which Kc decreases with the decrease of Nc, and type II, in which Kc remains constant against the decrease of Nc. To understand the effect of K nutrition on translocation and carbon-nitrogen (C-N) metabolism in leaves of type I and ty...
The distribution of carbon from current photosynthates into leaf carbohydrates pool (sugars and starch, which abbreviated as carbohydrates pool) and TCA/AA pool (organic acids, free amino acids and protein, which abbreviated as TCA/AA pool) provides information about carbon (C)-nitrogen (N) interactions in relation to plant nutritional status and g...
Aluminium (Al) toxicity and phosphorus (P) deficiency often appear together in acid soils. The mechanisms of differential tolerance of crop plants to high Al and low P were investigated under solution culture and field conditions. The tolerance to the high Al and low P conditions was in the order of lupin (Lupinus aldus L.) > soybean (Glycine max M...
According to the results of high-yielding crop trials, a root-shoot interaction model is proposed to explain the high productivity of high-yielding crops. In our experiments the highest biological yields obtained varied considerably between different crops (l.45 kg m-2 dry matter for rice, 2.39 for winter wheat, 2.57 for maize, 2.13 for potato, 2.1...
According to Thornley, J.H.M. (Nature, 227, 304-305, 1970) and McCree, K.J. (Crop Sci., 14, 509-514, 1974), respiratory substances are used only for maintenance respiration when plants are exposed to the dark conditions for a long period of time (more than 2 d). The maintenance respiration is also affected by the nitrogen status in plant, because p...
In this study we purified both acid phosphatases (Apase) secreted from tomato and lupin roots, and compared the properties of these two enzymes. The secretory Apases from tomato and lupin showed the following similar properties. 1) Both enzymes were homodimers consisting of two identical subunits, each with a molecular weight of approximately 68 ki...
Carbon (dry matter)-nitrogen relationship was expressed as DMt = DM0 × exp(CNI × Nt) in Gramineae crops (including root crops), and DMt = DM0 + CNF × Nt in Leguminosae crops, where DMt is the amount of dry matter at various growth stages, Nt is the amount of nitrogen absorbed at various growth stages, DM0 is the initial value, and CNI and CNI′ are...
Mechanisms of salt tolerance were estimated in terms of the ATPase activity in roots, the Na excluding- ability of roots, and the regulation of Na translocation from roots to shoot by comparing Na tolerant plants (barley) and Na sensitive plants (rice) grown at high NaCl concentrations. The results obtained were as follows.
1.
As the relative dry w...
Most plants exhibit inhibitory and stimulatory biochemical interactions with other plants and microorganisms, referred to as “allelopathy.” Especially, through root exudates, higher plants are able to affect the microfiora in the rhizosphere. Production of biological active substances by higher plants that prevent phytopathogens (bacteria, fungi, a...
According to the results of high-yielding crop trials, a root-shoot interaction model is proposed to explain the high productivity of high-yielding crops. In our experiments the highest biological yields obtained varied considerably between different crops (1.45 kg m-2 dry matter for rice, 2.39 for winter wheat, 2.57 for maize, 2.13 for potato, 2.1...
When dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was used as the extraction solvent for the leaves of wheat and field bean, a large increase in the extraction of chlorophyll (Chl) a was observed in comparison with 80 % acetone or 96 % ethanol; however, the extraction of Chl b decreased by about one half. The leaf physical and morphological characteristics were import...
Effect of NH4 and NO3 on N-aIIocation to organs and nitrogenous compounds in potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) was examined in hydroponic culture using an automatic pH control system, and the results obtained were as follows.1. Growth of upper leaves was stimulated by NH4 because NH4-N was preferentially distributed into upper leaves compared to...
Effect of NH4-N and NO3-N on plant growth and tuber swelling of potato plant (Solarium tuberosum L.) was examined, and the results obtained were as follows.NH4-N stimulated tuber swelling, while NO3-N stimulated the branching of stolons and stems, and shoot growth.In plants grown with NH4-N, a large amount of NH4-N was mainly partitioned into tuber...
When lupin plants were grown in phosphorus-deficient nutrient solutions, the activity of acid phosphatase secreted from their roots remarkably increased in comparison with that under adequate phosphorus conditions. Based on activity staining of acid phosphatase on IEF gels, many isozymes were present in roots and leaves, but one of these was mainly...
We have studied the influence of oxygen removal on the chlorophyll fluorescence induction in maize leaves, grown in control (C) and nitrogen deficient (-N) plots. The removal of oxygen from the air surrounding maize leaves led to the increase of all the fluorescence induction transients, in which the M1-maximum was most sensitive to the oxygen remo...
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. var. Beniazuma) plants were grown in a cold region at 4 nitrogen application rates. Results are as follows.1. Total dry weight and tuberous root dry weight decreased at a high nitrogen application rate (30 g N m). The growth at 30 N was restricted from the early growth stage and the nitrogen content was higher at 30...
We have studied the influence of oxygen removal on the chlorophyll fluorescence induction in maize leaves, grown in control (C) and nitrogen deficient (— N) plots. The removal of oxygen from the air surrounding maize leaves led to the increase of all the fluorescence induction transients, in which the M1-maximum was most sensitive to the oxygen rem...
The influence of oxygen removal on chlorophyll fluorescence induction was studied in higher plant leaves. Removal of oxygen from the air surrounding maize leaves led to the increase of the fluorescence intensity and to a delay of the time at which the P-peak and M1-maximum appeared. The oxygen removal also led to the increase of the fluorescence in...
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. var. Beniazuma) plants were grown in the field of Hokkaido University where the following treatments: (1) application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (C plot), (2) absence of nitrogen application (-N plot), (3) absence of phosphorus application (-P plot), and (4) absence of potassium application (-K plot) hav...
The influence of oxygen removal on chlorophyll fluorescence induction was studied in higher plant leaves. Removal of oxygen from the air surrounding maize leaves led to the increase of the fluorescence intensity and to a delay of the time at which the P-peak and M1-maximum appeared. The oxygen removal also led to the increase of the fluorescence in...
To investigate the cause of the low productivity per unit amount of nitrogen absorbed in Leguminosae compared to Gramineae, the respiratory rates of shoot, root, and a single leaf of rice and soybean were monitored during the vegetative growth stage at 3 levels of nitrogen application using hydroponic culture. The results obtained were as follows.1...
Contents of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), and chlorophyll in whole leaves were measured, and the productivity of maize plants was analyzed in relation to the content of these photosynthetic components. Results were as follows.1. A very high grain yield (1,140 g m on dry weight bas...
By sink (ear) manipulation and additional nitrogen application at the flowering stage, studies were carried out to determine the changes in the contents of nitrogen and photosynthetic components; ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), and chlorophyll. Then the relationships between the amo...
Contents of nitrogen, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and chlorophyll in individual leaves of maize were measured during growth, and the following results were obtained.1. According to the changes in the nitrogen content, each leaf was subdivided into 3 classes: class I, 2nd to 6th l...
The C distribution among organs of rice plant at the ripening stage was determined under different levels of light intensity and mutual shading. The results obtained were as follows.1. By shading (63%), dry matter accumulation was remarkably affected, whereas the C distribution ratio to shoot, roots, ears, and for respiration was affected slightly...
For the study of the C-behavior of introduced C-compounds, C-[U]-sucrose, C-[U]-asparagine, and C-[U]-serine were introduced from the tip of the leaf at the vegetative growth stage of rice and sorghum plants, which were grown with NH4-N or NO3-N, and under light or dark conditions. The results obtained were as follows.1. Pattern of CO2 release rate...
Accumulation and distribution of dry matter and nitrogen were examined by the sink cut treatment. The results obtained were as follows.1. In Gramineae except for maize, the amount of nitrogen in leaves decreased and nitrogen was translocated to stems regardless of the sink cut treatment, whereas the amount increased by the sink cut treatment in Leg...
To investigate the growth efficiency of harvesting organs of rice, winter wheat, oat, barley, maize, sorghum, soybean, field bean, lupin, pea, adzuki bean, chick pea, peanut, sunflower, safflower, flax, rape, castor bean, cotton, and potato, the dry weight and respiratory rate of the harvesting organs were measured and the composition of crude chem...
“Standard yield variety” and “high-yielding variety” of rice, winter wheat, maize, soybean, potato, beet, and sunflower were grown, and the relationship between root growth and absorption of nitrogen was studied. To estimate the role of root in nitrogen absorption, nitrogen absorption rate (ΔN, g N m−2 d−1) was parameterized into root dry weight (R...
C-[U]-sucrose, C-[U]-asparagine, and C-[U]-serine were introduced from the tip of the flag leaf at the mid-ripening stage of rice and sorghum plants, which were grown without nitrogen application after flowering, and the C-behavior of the introduced C-compounds was studied. The results obtained were as follows.1) When C-[U]-sucrose was introduced t...
Eight Gramineae crops (rice, spring wheat, barley, oat, maize, sorghum, redtop, and orchardgrass), and seven Leguminosae crops (soybean, field bean, adzuki bean, lupin, pea, alfalfa, and red clover) were grown in a field. The characteristics of nitrogen absorption were parametrized as root size (root length or dry weight), root activity (specific a...
CO2, C-[U]-sucrose, and C-[U]-asparagine were introduced to the flag leaf of rice or fully-expanded leaf of soybean. The C-distribution to respired CO2 and each organ as well as to crude chemical components (sugars, amino acids, organic acids, protein, and the “others”) was determined in the flag leaf of rice and fully-expailded leaf of soybean and...
Several field crops were grown at different nitrogen levels during 6 y, and under combinations of nitrogen levels and plant density . Then the parameters which determine the economic yield (Ye) were evaluated by using the following formula . Ye=Yb × HI(DM), Ye=Yb(N) × HI(N)/Nc(h .o.) × 100, and Ye=Gn × Gw, where Yb is the biological yield ; HI(DM)...
To analyze the effect of nitrogen application at the tuber swelling stage, N assimilated at various growth stages was traced during growth, and the amounts of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and chlorophyll were determined during growth. The results obtained were as follows.1. N assimilated after the lowering stage was imm...
To demonstrate the effect of nitrogen application at various growth stages on the tuber yield of the potato plant (Solarium tuberosum L. cv. Danshakuimo), the partial production efficiency of nitrogen absorbed (PPE(N)) during growth and the effect of nitrogen topdressing were examined, and the results obtained were as follows.1. PPE(N) decreased ra...
The biological yield (Yb, glucose basis) of crops can be expressed by the following formula: Yb= Eu× Ea, and Yb= NAR × LAD, where Euis the solar radiation use efficiency; Eais the amount of solar radiation received by the plant canopy; NAR is the average net assimilation rate; and LAD is the leaf area duration. The results of parameter analysis obt...
Nine crop species were grown in P-sufficient and P-deficient nutrient solutions. The activity of acid phosphatase secreted by the roots increased under P-deficient conditions in all the species examined. That of lupin increased most remarkably. The properties of the enzyme secreted by the roots of lupin was investigated. Many isozymes existed in th...
The changes in the amounts of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/ oxygenase (Rubisco) and chlorophyll were compared under nitrogen, phosphorus, or potassium deficiency and standard treatments in field crops (spring wheat, maize, soybean, and potato). The experiments were conducted in the field where the following treatments had been applied sinc...
As ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), and chlorophyll are key factors in determining the dry matter production and the yield of crops, the effect of nitrogen application on the accumulation of Rubisco and chlorophyll in several important field crops; rice, spring wheat, maize, soybean, and potato was examined. Although the n...
Five crops (lupin, rice, cabbage, tomato, sugar beet) were grown in phosphorus-sufficient and phosphorus-deficient nutrient solutions. Acid phosphatase was collected for 24 h, and the effects of several soil environmental conditions such as pH, high concentrations of K, Mg, Zn, Cu, and Al, and soil-water extract on its activity were investigated.Th...
To investigate the growth efficiency of harvesting organs of rice, winter wheat, oat, barley, maize, sorghum, soybean, field bean, lupin, pea, adzuki bean, chick pea, peanut, sunflower, safflower, flax, rape, castor bean, cotton, and potato, the dry weight and respiratory rate of the harvesting organs were measured and the composition of crude chem...
Ultrastructural changes of the root tip cells in barley induced by the application of 0.05 mol m Al at pH 4.0 were investigated.The structure of the cells in the peripheral cap was altered within 1 h of aluminum treatment. The cells of the epidermis also showed similar morphological alterations to those of the peripheral cap cells within 12 h of al...
It has been generally considered that the low productivity of Leguminosae is caused by accumulation in the reproductive organs of a large amount of protein and lipid, since the biochemical costs of synthesizing these compounds is higher than that for carbohydrate. However, we report here on results which show that: the growth efficiencies (dry matt...
C-[U] -sucrose and L-C-[U]-asparagine were taken up from the tip of the lag leaf at the milking stage of rice plant, which was grown without nitrogen application after lowering, and the behavior of C was studied. The results were as follows.1. When C- [U] -sucrose was taken up from the tip of the flag leaf, at least 42% of the carbon absorbed was t...
A carbon-nitrogen interaction model during growth was developed as follows: DM = DM0e(CNI×N) for Gramineae (rice, wheat, and maize) and root crops (potato, sweet potato, and sugar beet) and DM = DM0 + CNI′ × N for Leguminosae (soybean, field bean, and adzuki bean), where, DM is the dry weight of plant, N is the amount of nitrogen accumulated in pla...
L-C-[U]-asparagine, L-C-[U]-aspartic acid, L-C-[U]-glutamine, and L-C- [U] -glutamic acid were taken up from the tip of the flag leaf at the milking stage of rice, which was grown without nitrogen application after flowering, and the behavior of C was studied. The results were as follows.1. During the 24 h period after C-absorption, the respiratory...
Water culture experiments, a laboratory experiment and a field survey were conducted to analyze the effect of canal waters drained from tropical woody peat areas distributed in Peninsular Thailand on the elongation of rice roots and to determine whether some toxic compounds were present in the waters. The results obtained are summarized as follows....
Two field experiments were conducted in a deep woody peat soil located at Pontian in the south western part of Peninsular Malaysia to determine the effect of graded levels of liming with and without micronutrient application on the growth and performance of maize and tomato plants. The results obtained revealed that the growth of the maize and toma...
In order to elucidate the cause of poor growth and occurrence of sterility observed in crops cultivated in a Malaysian deep peat soil in the absence of micronutrient application, the growth and performance of barley and rice were investigated. The results obtained were as follows:1. Cu and B were the most deficient micronutrients in this peat soil....
This study deals with the processes whereby the C-compounds, which have been constructed in shoot by CO2 fixation during the vegetative growth stage, maximum shoot growth (MSG) stage, and mid-ripening stage, were respired by shoot or other organs and reconstructed in other organs and into other compounds during the growth of rice and soybean. Resul...
“Standard yield variety” and “high-yielding variety” of rice, winter wheat, maize, soybean, potato, beet, and sunflower were grown, and the relationship between root growth and absorption of nitrogen was studied. To estimate the role of root in nitrogen absorption, nitrogen absorption rate (ΔN, g N m d) was parameterized into root dry weight (RW, g...
The effect of nitrogen application on the process of nitrogen distribution and retranslocation during the maturation stage was investigated in the field for rice, spring wheat, maize, soybean and potato.1. The yield of the harvesting organs reached a peak at 100 kg N/ha (100 N) in potato and at 300 kg N/ha (300 N) in rice, spring wheat, maize, and...
In order to obtain basic information on the reconstruction of carbon and nitrogen compounds during germination, changes in the content and composition of the chemical components of Gramineae (rice, wheat, and maize) and Leguminosae (soybean, field bean, and peanut) during germination were compared. The results obtained were as follows.1. In seeds,...
By using high-yielding varieties (lines) and by applying coating urea which releases nitrogen slowly, it was possible to achieve a very high yield, which corresponded to the yield records reported in Hokkaido. The results obtained in the “high yield” compared with the “standard yield” treatments were as follows. 1. The economic yield (t/ha on a dry...
Nine crop species (rice, wheat, soybean, lupin, azuki bean, sugar beet, tomato, cabbage and radish.) were grown in phosphorus-sufficient and phosphorus-deficient nutrient solutions. Then, the activities of acid phosphatase secreted by the roots for 24 h and of that eluted by 100 mM NaCl were investigated. Both activities of acid phosphatase increas...
Citations
... Solos neutros a levemente alcalinos são favoráveis a S. scabies, de modo que a calagem deve ser feita cuidadosamente, para não ultrapassar o pH 5,5 (16,27). A severidade da doença é menor quando se empregam adubações nitrogenadas na forma de sulfato de amônio e uréia, visando reduzir o pH do solo (4, 17,21). Em contraste, S. acidiscabies não é afetada em solos ácidos, tolerando pH de 3,8 in vitro (11). ...
... Rice root and shoot traits are closely associated with increased yield and enhanced nitrogen-use efficiency in rice (Davies and Zhang, 1991;Gu et al., 2018;Galindo-Castañeda et al., 2018). A previous research has reported that deep roots, increased root activity, and enhanced photosynthetic nitrogenuse efficiency are associated with N efficiency (Osaki et al., 1997;Samejima et al., 2004;Pang et al., 2014;Yang, 2015). Other studies have shown that postanthesis shoot accumulation and N uptake in barley are positively correlated with nitrogenuse efficiency (Bingham et al., 2012;Yang, 2015;Wang et al., 2016). ...
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... As carbon is assimilated by leaves and nitrogen is absorbed from roots, it is hypothesized that root-shoot interactions are essential to plant growth and high yields (Osaki et al. 1995e, 1996a(Osaki et al. 1995e, , b, 1997. In superhigh yield trials, it was found that high root activity, especially at the ripening stage after flowering, is crucial in achieving superhigh yields of several field crops (Osaki et al. 1991a(Osaki et al. , b, 1993aOsaki 1995a, b;Samejima et al. 2004Samejima et al. , 2005He et al. 2005). To maintain high root activity, the carbohydrates (sucrose or organic acids) assimilated in leaves must be supplied to the roots. ...
... The biochemical and physiological plant strategies for supplying organic acid exudates to roots under low P conditions are as follows: Tadano et al. (1993), Wasaki et al. (1997Wasaki et al. ( , 1999aWasaki et al. ( , b, 2000Wasaki et al. ( , 2003a, Yamagishi et al. (2011), Shinano et al. (2013) 1. PEPC activation in leaves: TCA activation (organic acids) for K + malate transportation to roots 2. Rhizosphere activation: Malate exudation, VAM ...
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... The rate of exudation, however, changes with the age of a plant (Haller and Stolp, 1985), and can also be affected by the availability of mineral nutrients (Rovira et al., 1983) and presence of certain contaminants in soil. Thus, P deficiency is known to induce exudation of organic acids and certain enzymes, such as acid phosphatases (Wasaki et al., 2001). Similarly, iron or zinc deficiency in soil may induce the production of certain phytosiderophores (plant-exuded chelators of metal ions), whilst K deficiency has been reported to increase the exudation of organic acids and free amino acids in the rhizospheres of wheat and mung bean (Tu et al., 1996). ...
... Pengadaan produksi pangan nasional ke depan mengalami kesulitan jika hanya mengandalkan dari lahan sawah. Hal ini berkaitan dengan alih fungsi lahan sawah 96.512 ha/tahun untuk keperluan nonpertanian (Mulyani et al. 2016) dan sebagian lahan sawah produktif sudah mengalami pelandaian produktivitas (Nursyamsi et al. 2002). Oleh karena itu, pemanfaatan suboptimal yang tersedia cukup luas, seperti lahan kering masam, merupakan alternatif dalam pengadaan produksi pangan. ...
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... This trait is an indicator of good plant health, slower aging rate (Figure 1), and drought tolerance after flowering [14]. The "stay-green" trait shows a positive correlation with plant yielding [15,16]. However, the cause-and-effect relationship between these traits and grain yield is limited by the duration of the growing season and genetic basis of the cultivar under study [17,18]. ...
... The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most important legumes for human consumption because of its high nutritional value and protein content (Shinano et al., 1993;Fageria, 2002). In many areas, common bean is the second most important source of calories after maize. ...
... When compared with commercially available fertilizers and sludge from biological treatment, the level of plant availability of phosphorus (PAP) in coagulated sludge is disputed. Although early research (Watanabe et al., 2000;Bramryd, 2002;Gestring and Jarrell, 1982;Mengel and Kirkby, 1982;Coker and Carlton-Smith, 1986) have not found any significant difference among these sludge types, some recent research has shown that it may be as low as from 10% -24% (Krogstad, et al 2010). Furthermore, behaviour of coagulated sludge and PAP are strongly dependent on the nature of the OH/Al ratio, phosphate concentration of wastewater, physico-chemical properties and plant species (Hylander and Simán, 2001). ...
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... It has been observed that some varieties of given plant species are proton tolerant but Al sensitive or vice versa (Gunsé et al. 1997). On the other hand it has been also demonstrated that some plants adapted to low soil pH are mostly tolerant to Al (Watanabe et al. 1997). In acidic solutions (pH < 5.0), Al exist as the octahedral hexahydrate, Al(H 2 O) 3+ 6 , which by convention is usually called Al 3+ (Kochian 1995). ...
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