Terttu Nevalainen's research while affiliated with University of Helsinki and other places

... The spelling was standardised in two stages: first semi-automatically by the Variant Detector software (vard 2; Baron, 2011aBaron, , 2011b and then manually by a team of people paying special attention to remaining variation recognised as problematic for the tagging, such as obsolete abbreviations and non-modern punctuation marks (Saario & Säily, 2020). The standardised-spelling ceece was then converted into xml and part-of-speech tagged by claws (Saario et al., 2021). ...

... We would argue that this phenomenon is not limited to the English Civil War but can be seen as part of what Dixon [6] calls "punctuated equilibria", which is the notion that language history is characterized by periods of relative stability punctuated by external events that cause sudden changes in the linguistic situation and hence accelerate the rate of linguistic change. Nevalainen et al. [26] have shown that in Middle English, such punctuating events included the Norman Conquest and the Black Death; at the lexical level, the legacy of the conquest shows up in the many French loanwords in English. ...

... Creating linked data manually is costly but automatic methods may not be available and automation lowers data quality. Using structured semantic data and making the knowledge structures explicit to the end user in the UI calls for new kind of digital data literacy and source criticism 68 from the end user [51,60]. What the underlying data actually means is not always clear and issues of Big Data quality, such as completeness, veracity, skewness, uncertainty, fuzziness, and errors of data arise. ...

... In addition to the grammar component, the LCD includes detailed information about the composition of various corpora, which can be used, for instance, when searching for research on specific genres (e.g. according to the detailed genre classification of the Helsinki Corpus of English Texts). Once published, the LCD will be accompanied by a tool designed to streamline the workflow related to meta-analysis, which further reduces the need for manual data processing (LADA; see Kesäniemi et al. 2018). The LADA tool can access the corpus information included in the LCD, which makes it useful for a variety of purposes in the meta-analytical process, such as the normalization of raw frequencies according to specific time periods or genres. ...

... Yet, the prevalence of counterexamples, coupled with the fundamental indeterminacy of grammatical structure (Cornips & Corrigan, 2005;Labov, 1978), means that the assertion that grammatical variables are less subject to evaluation and hence less socially stratified than phonetic/lexical variables is not entirely uncontroversial. Such counterexamples include work on historical changes in English (Nevalainen, 2006;Raumolin-Brunberg, 2005;Raumolin-Brunberg & Nevalainen, 1994), Meyerhoff's (1997) analysis of phonetically null versus overt pronominal subjects in Bislama, and research on morphosyntactic variation in French, particularly negation (Ashby, 1981;Coveney, 1996), subject doubling (Coveney, 2005;Nadasdi, 1995), and future time reference (Roberts, 2014). In fact, a study that compared variability on different levels of the grammar in English (Cheshire, Kerswill, & Williams, 2005) found no evidence that there is less social variation in morphosyntax and syntax than in phonology. ...

... Diachronically, Krielke et al. (2019) have shown a remarkable decrease in pronominal adverbs in scientific English between 1650 and 1850. This paradigm reduction of pronominal adverbs over time can partly be explained by the typological drift from synthetic to analytic (Nevalainen and Raumolin-Brunberg, 2012), e.g., whereby becoming by which. ...

... By doing a cross-corpus validation (see, e.g., (Lijffijt & Nevalainen, 2017), we have also shown that the research findings can be similar across corpora, which is, to some extent, can be explained by the fact that "both written and spoken genres are constituted by bundles of co-occurring features" (Bamford & Bondi, 2005, p. XY). ...

... Though these data need to be treated with care, as it concerns a study of letters from edited volumes (cf. Sairio et al. 2018), this seems to suggest that Norwich participated with the other non-northern cities in the adoption of -s, but that text type was indeed a constraining factor. ...

... Its variance 2 is less important than that corresponding to the first direction. Therefore, the diagonal elements of are arranged in descending order [46][47][48][49]: 1 ≥ ⋯ ≥ . Considering the matrix , the data vector x(k) can be transformed without any loss of information into a vector of principal components (PC) [36,37,39]: ...

... Desde otro punto de vista, las cartas proporcionan también detalles contextuales sumamente relevantes para el análisis sociolingüístico, como las relaciones de poder y solidaridad entre los participantes, su condición social y dialectal, etc. (Nevalainen y Raumolin-Brunberg, 2017[2003). En nuestro caso, a todo ello hay que sumar la excepcional circunstancia histórica que supusieron las migraciones de españoles a América, lo que generó un caudal inmenso de cartas a uno y otro lado del Atlántico, en las que se trasladaban al papel historias personales colmadas de afectividad. ...