Stephen Bowden's research while affiliated with University of Aberdeen and other places
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Publications (135)
The silica phases quartz, silanol and moganite are widely prevalent and consequential in industrial applications and natural science. However, methods for differentiating these important phases are few. Using Raman spectra...
The Osaka Bay is situated at a seismically active region north of the Median Tectonic Line and east of Awaji Island in western Japan, known as part of the Kinki Triangle and the Niigata–Kobe Tectonic Zone. Dense distribution of active faults and high geodetic strain rates characterize the region, posing a major seismic hazard potential to the coast...
The hydrogenation of fatty acids involves a series of catalysed reactions in which trans fatty-acids are intermediate products. Given that they are not produced by de novo synthesis, trans n-alkenoic acids can be used as indicators of the performance of abiotic catalytic hydrogenation processes. Trans n-alkenoic acids are found in hydrothermally al...
Sedimentary beds of alternating red and green colour are commonly interpreted to reflect orbitally-forced cyclic climatic, syn-depositional conditions, although colour changes caused by post-depositional fluids are also documented. Results from IODP
Hole U1502A marine sediments in the South China Sea exemplify post-depositional reducing fluid–rock...
Rare earth element (REE) fluorocarbonate mineralization occurs in lacustrine shales in the Lower Devonian Rhynie chert, Aberdeenshire, UK, preserved by hot spring silicification. Min-eralization follows a combination of first-cycle erosion of granite to yield detrital monazite grains, bioweathering of the monazite to liberate REEs, and interaction...
Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is a commonly used method for organic geochemistry for both academic research and applications such as petroleum analysis. Gas chromatography requires a carrier gas, which needs to be both volatile and stable and in most organic geochemical applications helium or hydrogen have been used, with helium pred...
The temperature of maximum pyrolysis yield (known as Tmax) can be used to determine the level of thermal alteration in sedimentary organic matter; higher Tmax values represent higher thermal alteration. Tmax is commonly measured on petroleum source rocks or similar sediments with high organic carbon contents. It
would be desirable to measure the Tm...
The symbiotic partnership of plants and fungi was a critical means of nutrient uptake during colonization of the terrestrial surface. The Lower Devonian Rhynie Chert shows evidence for extensive phosphorus mobilization in plant debris that was pervasively colonized by fungi. Sandy sediment entrapped with fungi-rich phytodebris contains grains of th...
Diagenesis can have a major impact on sedimentary mineralogy. Primary magnetic mineral assemblages can be modified significantly by dissolution or by formation of new magnetic minerals during early or late diagenesis. At International Ocean Discovery Program Site C0023, which was drilled in the protothrust zone of the Nankai Trough during Expeditio...
The Cretaceous basins within the Central Africa Rift sub-system (CAS) share similar tectonic processes, histories, and styles of basin fill, raising the question of the extent to which oil and gas generation is synchronised across the West and Central African Rift System (WCARS). Basin modelling was used to calculate the amount of hydrocarbons gene...
The studied section is located in the core of the Gara Anticline, about 12 km southeast of Amedi Town. The Baluti Formation is generally composed of grey and green shale, calcareous, dolostone with intercalations of thinly bedded dolostones, dolomitic limestones, and silicified limestones which are occasionally brecciated. The petrographic study sh...
Deep, hot, and more alive than we thought
Marine sediments represent a massive microbial ecosystem, but we still do not fully understand what factors shape and limit life underneath the seafloor. Analyzing samples from a subduction zone off the coast of Japan, Heuer et al. found that microbial life, in particular bacterial vegetative cells, decreas...
Over the past 15 years, massive gas hydrate deposits have been studied extensively in Joetsu Basin, Japan Sea, where they are associated primarily with active gas chimney structures. Our research documents the discovery of spheroidal microdolomite aggregates found in association with other impurities inside of these massive gas hydrates. The microd...
The stretching of continental lithosphere results in asthenospheric upwelling, raising of isotherms, melting during decompression and eventually seafloor spreading. The thermal maturity of overlying sedimentary organic matter from these settings would be expected to be distinctly altered by these processes, however this is still poorly constrained...
The detection of asphaltic petroleum by surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is uncomplicated, except in instances where the petroleum has been mixed with other components that also exhibit a strong Raman effect. Such a situation is common where, for example, petroleum is mixed with other naturally occurring materials in sedimentary environment...
Drilling during International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 370 at Site C0023 encountered instances of hydrothermal mineralization from 775 to 1121 m below seafloor. Fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures measured on barite veins within this interval indicate precipitation from fluids with temperatures up to 220 °C, and salinities...
Basin models can simulate geological, geochemical and geophysical processes and potentially also the deep biosphere, starting from a burial curve, assuming a thermal history and utilising other experimentally obtained data. Here we apply basin modelling techniques to model cell abundances within the deep coalbed biosphere off Shimokita Peninsula, J...
X-ray computed tomography (XCT) can be used to identify lithologies and deformation structures within geological core, with the potential for the identification processes to be applied automatically. However, because of drilling disturbance and other artifacts, the use of large XCT-datasets in automated processes requires methods of quality control...
Putative stromatolites and associated carbonate minerals in 1.1 Ga Stoer Group lacustrine sedimentary rocks were analysed to deduce their likely origins. Potential stromatolite examples included finely laminated and sometimes wrinkled carbonate-siliciclastic rocks of the Clachtoll Formation at Clachtoll and Bay of Stoer, and laminated limestone dom...
Much silica precipitation in oil reservoirs occurred in the presence of hydrocarbons, evidenced by the entrapment of oil fluid inclusions in quartz. Also, silica in sedimentary basins is commonly precipitated at oil‐window temperatures. This spatial and temporal relationship between oil and quartz precipitation aids the entry of oil into fractured...
Oil residues occur as solid bitumen in mineralized zones within the Devonian Weardale Granite of the northern Pennines, northern England. Comparable residues are present in the overlying Mississippian rocks and were probably derived from a Carboniferous source, i.e. during later mineralization of the granite. The bitumen was already solidified duri...
The distribution of oil residues in fractured Upper Devonian reservoir sandstones of Caithness help us to understand relationships between oil charge and episodes of fracturing. The sandstones are cut by an extensive set of tightly cemented deformation bands in the vicinity of the Brough Fault, and calcite-mineralized open fractures. The deformatio...
Abstract The study investigates the in-situ strength of sediments across a plate boundary décollement using drilling parameters recorded when a 1180-m-deep borehole was established during International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 370, Temperature-Limit of the Deep Biosphere off Muroto (T-Limit). Information of the in-situ strength of...
Oil residues in Variscan granites in Cornwall, SW England, preserve biomarker data which indicate an origin from marine source rocks. The biomarkers also indicate a thermal maturity that excludes an origin from the Devono-Carboniferous rocks intruded by the granites, but is similar to that of Jurassic-sourced oil to the east in the Wessex Basin. A...
This is a qualitative assessment study to understand origin controlling lateral/geographic and vertical/stratigrahic heterogeneity of Radhuma (Palaeocene) and Tayarat (Maastrichian) Formation heavy oil reservoirs in the Burgan Field in south Kuwait. Data from oil analyses, including physical properties, bulk chemical composition, sulphur content, m...
Life on Earth extends to several kilometres below the land surface and seafloor. This deep biosphere is second only to plants in its total biomass, is metabolically active and diverse, and is likely to have played critical roles over geological time in the evolution of microbial diversity, diagenetic processes and biogeochemical cycles. However, th...
Continental breakup represents the successful process of rifting and thinning of the continental lithosphere, leading to plate
rupture and initiation of oceanic crust formation. Magmatism during breakup seems to follow a path of either excessive, transient
magmatism (magma-rich margins) or of igneous starvation (magma-poor margins). The latter type...
Surface mineral crusts on Earth are highly diverse and usually, contain microbial life. Crusts constitute an attractive target to search for life: they require water for their formation, they efficiently entrap organic matter and are relatively easy to sample and process. They hold a record of life in the form of microbial remains, biomolecules and...
Full volume available at http://publications.iodp.org/proceedings/370/370title.html
Oral presentation USING FLUID INCLUSION STUDIES TO INVESTIGATE THE SOURCE OF HYDROCARBON FLUIDS IN THE MIOCENE SNOQUALMIE GRANITE, NORTH CASCADES, WA, USA
Fluid inclusion and organic biomarker data show that there was formerly a hydrocarbon system in the Cambro-Ordovician Laurentian margin rocks of NW Scotland. Oil fluid inclusions occur in stylolitized Eriboll Formation sandstone, in K-feldspar cements with an ⁴⁰ Ar/ ³⁹ Ar age of 415 ± 5.5/5.8 Ma (2σ, analytical precision/full external precision). O...
The Green Ridge Breccia cuts the composite Miocene Snoqualmie Batholith in King County, WA, USA. The granite was emplaced at ~5 km depth between ~17 and 20 Ma and the crosscutting NW trending breccia contains large angular blocks of the host granite (<1 m in longest dimension). The brecciated granite blocks are cemented by quartz-amethyst euhedra (...
Bitumen veins were formerly mined as ‘coal’ from Moinian metamorphic basement at Castle Leod, Strathpeffer, Ross-shire. The abundance and spatial concentration of hydrocarbons implies generation of a large volume of oil that exerted a fluid pressure great enough to open veins to 1+ m width. Biomarker characteristics, including β-carotane and a high...
Black sediment veins up to 2 cm width penetrate the Caledonian Helmsdale Granite in the vicinity of the Helmsdale Fault, onshore Moray Firth. The black colour and geochemistry of the veins reflect a high content of organic carbon. Both Devonian and Jurassic shales are conceivable available sources, but sterane compositions relate the organic matter...
Intrusive and extrusive volcanism is a common feature associated with many sedimentary basins formed along rifted margins. As a result, igneous intrusions are often found in potential hydrocarbon-producing source rock horizons. Although direct thermal effects on source rocks have been studied in detail, few studies have dealt with understanding the...
Hydrocarbon bearing fluids trapped in vuggy quartz euhedra from the Miocene Snoqualmie Granite hosted Green Ridge Breccia, King County, WA, USA.
Alessandra Costanzo1*, Martin Feely1, Franzisca Linder1, Joe George2, John Parnell3, Stephen. A. Bowden3 and Peter Owens4,
1Geofluids Research Group, Earth and Ocean Sciences, School of Natural Sciences...
Subsurface biodegradation of crude oil in current oil reservoirs is well established, but there are few examples of ancient subsurface degradation. Biomarker compositions of viscous and solid oil residues (‘bitumen’) in fractured Precambrian and other basement rocks below the Carboniferous cover in Shropshire, UK, show that they are variably biodeg...
Here, we report that a lithostratigraphic unit that outcrops at Sararu village, 6 km northeast of Qumri village that had previously been assigned to the Baluti Formation is not Triassic in age and therefore can not be a correlative equivalent of the Baluti Formation. The outcropping unit at Sararu comprises intercalation of calcareous mudstones and...
A very large database of formation water geochemistry has been acquired for the Kuwait petroleum system. This database makes it possible to explore the geological history of Kuwait’s formation and ground waters in a way that is not possible by other means. Working at this regional scale spatial and formational variation in groundwater chemistry in...
Fluid inclusion (FI) data provide insights into the origin of hot fluids in Cretaceous and Jurassic reservoirs in south Kuwait. FI data for Cretaceous reservoirs show anomalously high temperatures exceeding 200 °C compared to samples from the Jurassic. In addition, formation water chemical geothermometry data also show anomalous water-rock equilibr...
International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 370 aimed to explore the limits of life in the deep subseafloor biosphere at a location where temperature increases with depth at an intermediate rate and exceeds the known temperature maximum of microbial life (~120°C) at the sediment/basement interface ~1.2 km below the seafloor. Drilling Si...
The 7th century ship-burial at Sutton Hoo is famous for the spectacular treasure discovered when it was first excavated in 1939. The finds include gold and garnet jewellery, silverware, coins and ceremonial armour of broad geographical provenance which make a vital contribution to understanding the political landscape of early medieval Northern Eur...
To date, the visualisation of flow through porous media assembled in microfluidic chips was confined to mineralogically homogenous systems. Here we present a key evolution in the method that permits the investigation of mineralogically realistic rock analogues.
Impact craters and associated hydrothermal systems are regarded as sites within which life could originate on Earth, and on Mars. The Haughton impact crater, one of the most well preserved craters on Earth, is abundant in Ca-sulphates. Selenite, a transparent form of gypsum, has been colonized by viable cyanobacteria. Basement rocks, which have bee...
Oxygenation of the Proterozoic atmosphere caused the progressive build-up of dissolved sulphate on the continents and in marine environments. However, oxygen levels in the Pro-terozoic were low enough to allow the early burial of biological material into low redox potential environments where permineralization and the authigenic replacement of orga...
The degree of structural order in the organic carbon preserved in grey–black shales of the Neoproterozoic Torridon Group was characterized using Raman spectroscopy. All the samples contained kerogen rather than graphite, which is consistent with a low level of metamorphism. Samples of shale from the Diabaig Formation from six widely separated local...
The thermal history of the Melut rift Basin was studied in a number of wells and along a northeast-southwest cross sectionacross the basin using 1-D and 2-D basin models. Modelling was conducted using PetroMod software to test subsidence, thermal history and their implications for hydrocarbon generation, migration and accumulations. Geotherms were...
The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition
337 was the first expedition dedicated to subseafloor microbiology that used
riser-drilling technology with the drilling vessel Chikyu. The drilling Site C0020
is located in a forearc basin formed by the subduction of the Pacific Plate
off the Shimokita Peninsula, Japan, at a water depth of 11...
Much of the world’s heavy oil is found in Cretaceous reservoir rocks due to a combination of tectonic, climatic, geological, and biological factors. Here we study Cretaceous oil sands from the Neuquen Basin (Argentina), Sergipe-Alagoas Basin (Brazil), Alberta (Canada), Dahomey Basin (Nigeria), Uinta Basin (USA), Western Moray Firth Basin (United Ki...
The interaction of microbes and metals is widely assumed to have occurred in surface or very shallow subsurface environments. However new evidence suggests that much microbial activity occurs in the deep subsurface. Fluvial, lacustrine and aeolian 'red beds' contain widespread centimetre-scale reduction spheroids in which a pale reduced spheroid in...
The Carboniferous Bowland Shale in England, and its correlatives in Ireland, contain anomalously high concentrations of trace elements, including selenium (Se), molybdenum (Mo) and arsenic (As). High levels of these elements reflect high sulphur contents as these elements occur as trace constituents of pyrite. Anomalous Se in particular may have a...
Oxidation on Mars is primarily caused by the high influx of cosmic and solar radiation which interacts with the Martian surface. The evidence of this can be seen in the ubiquitous red colouration of the Martian sediment. This radiation will destroy most signals of life in the top few metres of the Martian surface. If organic carbon (one of the buil...
There is extensive evidence for the microbial colonization of seafloor basalts in the modern ocean and in the geological record. The sulfur isotope composition of pyrite in the basalts commonly indicates marked isotopic fractionation due to microbial sulfate reduction. Sections through the Nemagraptus gracilis zone (Ordovician) in Great Britain and...
Microbial life inhabits deeply buried marine sediments, but the extent of this vast ecosystem remains poorly constrained. Here we provide evidence for the existence of microbial communities in ~40° to 60°C sediment associated with lignite coal beds at ~1.5 to 2.5 km below the seafloor in the Pacific Ocean off Japan. Microbial methanogenesis was ind...
Trace metal data for Proterozoic marine euxinic sediments imply that the expansion of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria and diversification of eukaryotes were delayed while the availability of bioessential metals such as molybdenum in the ocean was limited. However, there is increasing recognition that the Mesoproterozoic evolution of nitrogen fixation...
The direct detection of trace quantities of asphaltene (the solid component of petroleum) is complicated because these compounds are non-fluorescing, involatile, poorly soluble and chemically unreactive. Despite this asphaltene is important, and the ability to detect trace quantities sought after. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) can achi...
Geochemical analysis of crude oils from Bangestan and Khami reservoirs, and potential source and
reservoirs rocks from the Marun Field in the Dezful Embayment, Zagros Fold Belt Iran show that the
Kazhdumi Formation (Fm.) is likely to be thermally mature (at least in the oil window) across the
entirety of the Marun field, and that it has excellent ge...
Analysis of oil samples from the Niger Delta (Nigeria) revealed a range of structurally related hopanes, including 25-norhopanes, and hopanoic and 25-norhopanoic acids. 25-Norhopanes were detected in all medium and heavily biodegraded oils and were most abundant in the heavily degraded oils. Hopanoic acids (C30-C33) and 25-norhopanoic acids (C30-C3...
Much of the world’s heavy oil is found in Cretaceous reservoir rocks due to a combination of tectonic, climatic, geological, and biological factors. Here we study Cretaceous oil sands from the Neuquén Basin (Argentina), Sergipe-Alagoas Basin (Brazil), Alberta (Canada), Dahomey Basin (Nigeria), Uinta Basin (USA), Western Moray Firth Basin (United Ki...
Lamina by lamina measurement of biomarkers at a sub-millimetre resolution within the Achanarras Limestone Member has helped to resolve the changing environmental conditions associated with a fish mass mortality horizon. An anomalous proportion of C30 sterane (24-n-propylcholestane) marks the beginning of the horizon and likely corresponds to an inf...
Characterising the asphaltene and carboxylic acid (naphthenic acid) content of crude oil is important for petroleum production, transport, storage and environmental science. This is because, the proportion of asphaltene and the concentration of acidic compounds in petroleum can be used to characterise viscosity (e.g. producibility), refining potent...
Abstract The survival of organic molecules in shock impact events has been investigated in the laboratory. A frozen mixture of anthracene and stearic acid, solvated in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), was fired in a two-stage light gas gun at speeds of ∼2 and ∼4 km s(-1) at targets that included water ice, water, and sand. This involved shock pressures in...
Cadmium sulfide mineralization occurs in grey-black shales of the late Mesoproterozoic Stoer Group, Torridonian Supergroup, northwest Scotland. Cadmium is strongly redox-controlled, and normally concentrated in anoxic marine sediments or epigenetic mineralization involving organic matter. However the Stoer Group was deposited in a terrestrial envir...
Biogeochemical and genomic studies have suggested that the availability of trace metals has been essential to the progressive evolution of life on Earth. In particular, the evolution of eukaryotes to diverse complex multicellular life has been related to the availability of trace metals. The radiation of eukaryotes, and the evolution of sex, is tim...
Small samples of Murchison meteorite were flash pyrolysed at a range of temperatures (250–1000 degrees centigrade) for short durations (10–80 s). Raman spectroscopic analysis of the feedstock-pyrolysate revealed that with increased level of thermal alteration the R1 parameter (also known as the ID/IG and D/O ratio) increased in value. This appears...
Integrated ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 337 was the first expedition dedicated to subseafloor microbiology that used riser drilling technology. IODP drill Site C0020 is located in a forearc basin formed by the subduction of the Pacific plate off the Shimokita Peninsula at a water depth of 1180 m. Seismic profiles strongly suggested the...
The exposure of a carbonaceous siltstone sample to atmospheric entry, as part of the STONE 6 artificial meteorite experiment, has allowed a controlled investigation of the effect of heat shock during atmospheric entry on organic matter in carbonaceous meteorites and, potentially, sedimentary martian meteorites containing carbonaceous biomolecules....
The results of a set of laboratory impact experiments (speeds in the range 1–5kms−1) are reviewed. They are discussed in the context of terrestrial impact ejecta impacting the Moon and hence lunar astrobiology
through using the Moon to learn about the history of life on Earth. A review of recent results indicates that survival of
quite complex orga...
Abstract– A Devonian siltstone from Orkney, Scotland, shows survival of biomarkers in high-velocity impact experiments. The biomarkers were detected in ejecta fragments from experiments involving normal incidence of steel projectiles at 5–6 km s−1, and in projectile fragments from impact experiments into sand and water at 2–5 km s−1. The associated...
Geochemical data from ancient sedimentary successions provide evidence for the progressive evolution of Earth's atmosphere and oceans. Key stages in increasing oxygenation are postulated for the Palaeoproterozoic era (∼2.3 billion years ago, Gyr ago) and the late Proterozoic eon (about 0.8 Gyr ago), with the latter implicated in the subsequent meta...
Reduction spots are common within continental red beds in the geological record. The method of formation of reduction spots is a subject of debate, but they are thought to be the result of the reducing nature of microbial life present in the sediment during burial, which caused localized reduction in sediment that was otherwise oxidized during diag...
Raman spectroscopy is a versatile analytical technique capable of characterizing the composition of both inorganic and organic materials. Consequently, it is frequently suggested as a payload on many planetary landers. Only approximately 1 in every 10(6) photons are Raman scattered; therefore, the detection of trace quantities of an analyte dispers...
Synopsis
Limestone samples from the Cambro-Ordovician Durness Group were crushed, acid-digested and searched for evidence of micrometeorites. Eleven melted micrometeorites were extracted from the magnetic fraction of samples from the Balnakeil and Croisaphuill formations near the top of the group. Other formations in the Durness Group did not yield...
A microscaled bead-pack is capable of simulating two-phase fractional flow within porous media and can be applied to simulating interactions between fluids and geological materials under dynamic conditions within the laboratory.
In the 23-km-diameter Haughton impact structure, Canadian High Arctic, in sulfate-rich bedrock, widespread hydrothermal sulfide mineralization occurred in breccias formed during the impact. The sulfides exhibit extreme sulfur isotopic fractionation relative to the original sulfate, requiring microbial sulfate reduction by thermophiles throughout th...
We demonstrate the enhanced analytical sensitivity of both surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) responses, resulting from the in situ synthesis of silver colloid in a microfluidic flow structure, where both mixing and optical interrogation were integrated on-chip. The chip-based sensor was...
Citations
... The occurrence of monazite indicates a source of both rare earth elements (REEs) and phosphate, most probably from a very proximal source, given the local abundance required. The occurrence of REE-bearing fluorocarbonate mineralization in the shales (Parnell et al., 2023) also indicates REE mobility. The most likely source would be pre-existing monazite. ...
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... Additionally, under anaerobic conditions, sulphate-reducing bacteria may form consortia with fungal mycelia on decomposing organic matter, and precipitate pyrite (Borkow and Babcock, 2003), as at Rhynie. Higher degrees of pyritization (DOP values) are recorded in the plant beds compared to the phytodebris beds (Parnell et al., 2022). ...
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... Natural carbon occurs commonly in sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, and rarely in igneous rocks. However, interest has grown rapidly in recent years to better understand carbonaceous material associated with igneous rocks because of the potential to form graphite deposits (Luque et al., 2014;Rumble, 2014) and, in some instances, hydrocarbon reservoirs (Schito et al., 2022;Schutter, 2003), as well as remobilization and deposition of metal ores (Kribek et al., 2015;Pedersen and Larsen, 2006;Ryabov and Lapkovsky, 2010). In magmatic rocks, carbon occurs mainly as crystal (diamond, graphite) or amorphous carbon, carbonates, organic compounds (e.g. ...
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... These formations have relatively recent diagenetic ages and certain special properties, such as weak cementation, easy weathering, and ease of becoming muddy and sandy when in contact with water. Consequently, mining operations in these formations face significant challenges (Liu et al., 2020;Liu et al., 2021;Liu et al., 2022;Asif et al., 2022;Liu et al., 2022;Li et al., 2022;Liu et al., 2023). This difficulty necessitates indepth research on utilizing the geological characteristics of western China to implement targeted measures for preserving the weakroof rock layer and regulating the working face weighting (Xu et al., 2018;Wang et al., 2023a;Wang et al., 2023b;Wang et al., 2023c). ...
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... The porewater sulfate and methane profiles display a reverse SMTZ sulfides (Figure 2a, Figure S4 in Supporting Information S1; Heuer et al., 2020;Kars et al., 2021;Köster et al., 2021), where iron oxides are typically transformed into Fe sulfides (e.g., Riedinger et al., 2005Riedinger et al., , 2017. During this alteration, previously adsorbed Mo is released into porewater ( Figure 4). ...
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... Fault activity is an important mechanism of hydrocarbon migration in fault-bound traps (Karlsen and Skeie, 2006;Hao et al., 2015;Omosanya et al., 2015;Xia et al., 2020;Grant, 2021) because faults can act as conduits for fluid migration when faulting is active but seal when faulting is inactive (Losh et al., 1999;Eichhubl and Boles, 2000;Boles et al., 2004;Jin et al., 2008;Naruk et al., 2019). Furthermore, continuous faulting can gradually weaken or completely destroy the continuity of the caprock (Ingram and Urai, 1999;Faerseth, 2006;Egholm et al., 2008;Fu et al., 2019;Cong et al., 2020;Morakinyo et al., 2021). Mudstones and shales are common caprocks in petroliferous basins worldwide because of their low permeability, narrow pore throats, and high capillary entry pressures (Nygård et al., 2006;Zhang et al., 2010;Pei et al., 2015;Fu et al., 2013;Song et al., 2020). ...
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... Here the bioclasts and some of the ooids have been micritized especially on the rim of grains. This microfacies corresponds to SMF (17) according to Wilson [13], and indicating deposition in shoal environment [14]. Dunham [8] defined the term "bound" to describe carbonate rocks that reveals indications of being bounded through deposition, such as reef limestones and stromatolites. ...
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... The difference in prokaryotic constituents between the upper and deeper DZ may result from changes in chemical conditions, as discussed below. These major environmental changes resulted in the observed distribution of prokaryotes in DZ, which was different from that reported previously wherein a linear decrease in the density of prokaryotes was solely governed by an increase in temperature until more than 45 °C (e.g., Heuer et al. 2020;Dai et al. 2021) or a sharp decrease in the density occurred due to high salinity (Nisson et al. 2023). The age of the groundwater in DZ ranges from 80 ka to 1.3 Ma (Ikawa et al. 2014); thus, the mixing of meteoric and paleo-seawater restricted the distribution and density of prokaryotes over a long geological timeframe. ...
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... Although the formation and dissociation of gas hydrates are known in the Japan Sea (e.g., Hiruta et al., 2009;Tomaru et al., 2012), evidence of massive-gas hydrates such as microdolomite mineralization (Snyder et al., 2020) is unknown in the Horonobe area. The total organic carbon content in the Koetoi and Wakkanai Formations decreases with increasing maximum burial depth down to approximately 200 m below the formation boundary, with roughly constant values of about 1 wt% below that depth (Miyakawa et al., 2017). ...
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... During the Late Cretaceous to Palaeocene, the area underwent lithospheric stretching, continental breakup between Greenland and Canada, and onset of sea floor spreading (Roest & Srivastava, 1989). These processes are frequently related to enhanced heat flow in the adjacent areas (e.g., Nirrengarten et al., 2020;Seiler et al., 2009). Hence, the modeled Late Cretaceous to early Cenozoic heating period may represent a combined effect of enhanced heat flow and deposition of the Eureka Sound Formation, or even two separate heating episodes not resolved by thermal history modeling. ...
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