Peter M. Vitousek's research while affiliated with Stanford University and other places
What is this page?
This page lists the scientific contributions of an author, who either does not have a ResearchGate profile, or has not yet added these contributions to their profile.
It was automatically created by ResearchGate to create a record of this author's body of work. We create such pages to advance our goal of creating and maintaining the most comprehensive scientific repository possible. In doing so, we process publicly available (personal) data relating to the author as a member of the scientific community.
If you're a ResearchGate member, you can follow this page to keep up with this author's work.
If you are this author, and you don't want us to display this page anymore, please let us know.
It was automatically created by ResearchGate to create a record of this author's body of work. We create such pages to advance our goal of creating and maintaining the most comprehensive scientific repository possible. In doing so, we process publicly available (personal) data relating to the author as a member of the scientific community.
If you're a ResearchGate member, you can follow this page to keep up with this author's work.
If you are this author, and you don't want us to display this page anymore, please let us know.
Publications (358)
A recent publication (Mason et al. in Science 376:261, 2022a) suggested that nitrogen (N) availability has declined as a consequence of multiple ongoing components of anthropogenic global change. This suggestion is controversial, because human alteration of the global N cycle is substantial and has driven much-increased fixation of N globally. We u...
Plant litter is a well-defined pool of organic matter in which the influence of Mn on decomposition (both decomposition rate, and the mix of compounds ultimately transferred to soil organic matter) has been clearly demonstrated in temperate forests. However, no similar study exists on grasslands, and the effect of foliar Mn versus soil-derived Mn o...
Many degraded ecosystems have altered nutrient dynamics due to invaders’ possessing a suite of traits that allow them to both outcompete native species and alter the environment. In ecosystems where invasive species have increased nutrient turnover rates, it can be difficult to reduce nutrient availability. This study examined whether a functional...
- [...]
Growing population and consumption pose unprecedented demands on food production. However, ammonia emissions mainly from food systems increase oceanic nitrogen deposition contributing to eutrophication. Here, we developed a long-term oceanic nitrogen deposition dataset (1970 to 2018) with updated ammonia emissions from food systems, evaluated the i...
Manganese (Mn) exists as Mn(II), Mn(III), or Mn(IV) in soils, and the Mn oxidation state controls the roles of Mn in numerous environmental processes. However, the variations of Mn oxidation states with climate remain unknown. We determined the Mn oxidation states in highly weathered bulk volcanic soils (primary minerals free) across two rainfall g...
Water balance influences soil development, and consequently plant communities, by driving weathering of soil minerals and leaching of plant nutrients from the soil. Along gradients in water balance, soils exhibit process domains where chemical properties are relatively stable punctuated by pedogenic thresholds where soil chemical properties change...
Nitrogen (N) limitation to net primary production is widespread and influences the responsiveness of ecosystems to many components of global environmental change. Logic and both simple simulation (Vitousek and Fieldin in Biogeochemistry
46: 179–202, 1999) and analytical models (Menge in Ecosystems 14:519–532, 2011) demonstrate that the co-occurrenc...
Significance
Agricultural systems are already major forces of ammonia pollution and environmental degradation. How agricultural ammonia emissions affect the spatio-temporal patterns of nitrogen deposition and where to target future mitigation efforts, remains poorly understood. We develop a substantially complete and coherent agricultural ammonia e...
The environmental factors controlling soil biodiversity along resource gradients remain poorly understood in wet tropical ecosystems. Aboveground biodiversity is expected to be driven by changes in nutrient availability in these ecosystems, however, much less is known about the importance of nutrient availability in driving soil biodiversity. Here,...
Recent studies from the Hawaiian Islands showed that pedogenic thresholds demarcate domains in which rock-derived nutrient dynamics remain similar across wide variations in rainfall. These thresholds appear related to certain aspects of N cycling, but the degree to which they correspond to patterns of biological N fixation (BNF)—the dominant input...
Current understanding of phosphorus (P) dynamics is mostly based on experiments carried out under steady-state conditions. However, drying-rewetting is an inherent feature of soil behavior, and as such also impacts P cycling. While several studies have looked at net changes in P pool sizes with drying-rewetting, few studies have dynamically tracked...
We used a simple “toy” model to aid in the evaluation of the controls of biogeochemical patterns along a climate gradient. The model includes simplified treatments of water balance (precipitation minus Potential Evapotranspiration), leaching, weathering of cation- and P-bearing minerals, N cycling and loss, biomass production, and biological N fixa...
We highlight a mechanism for the coproduction of research with local communities as a means of elevating the social relevance of the geosciences, increasing the potential for broader and more diverse participation. We outline the concept of an “Equitable Exchange” as an ethical framework guiding these interactions. This principled research model em...
Changes in soil properties and processes can influence food and environmental quality, thus, affecting human health and welfare through biogeochemical cascades among soil, food, environment, and human health. However, because many soil properties change much more slowly than do management practices and pollution to soil, the legacy of past influenc...
Significance
Forest soil carbon (C) storage plays a central role in sequestrating atmospheric CO 2 on timescales from centuries to millennia. However, our current understanding of soil C sequestration in response to N deposition mainly focuses on mid-to-high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, where N supply typically constrains forest growth. We...
Ericaceous plants rely on ericoid mycorrhizal fungi for nutrient acquisition. However, the factors that affect the composition and structure of fungal communities associated with the roots of ericaceous plants remain largely unknown. Here, we use a 4.1-myr soil chronosequence in Hawaii to test the hypothesis that changes in nutrient availability wi...
Ericaceous plants rely on ericoid mycorrhizal fungi for nutrient acquisition. However, the factors that affect the composition and structure of these fungal communities remain largely unknown. Here, we use a 4.1-myr soil chronosequence in Hawaii to test the hypothesis that changes in nutrient availability with soil age determine the diversity and s...
Changes in the isotopic composition of oxygen associated with phosphate can provide information on the impact of phosphatase activity on soil P dynamics, whereas the use of radioactive P delivers information on P fluxes within soil systems. Although these two tracers may provide complementary data, they have rarely been used together to study soil...
Pedogenic thresholds describe where soil properties or processes change in an abrupt/nonlinear fashion in response to small changes in environmental forcing. Contrastingly, soil process domains refer to the space between thresholds where soil properties are either unchanged, or change gradually, across a broad range of environmental forcing. Here,...
Belowground organisms play critical roles in maintaining multiple ecosystem processes, including plant productivity, decomposition, and nutrient cycling. Despite their importance, however, we have a limited understanding of how and why belowground biodiversity (bacteria, fungi, protists, and invertebrates) may change as soils develop over centuries...
We evaluated N dynamics on a climate gradient on old (> 4 million year) basaltic substrate on the Island of Kaua’i, Hawai’i, to evaluate the utility of pedogenic thresholds and soil process domains for understanding N cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Studies of nitrogen dynamics on the climate gradient on a younger basaltic substrate (~ 150,000 y...
Before European contact, Native Hawaiian agriculture was highly adapted to place and expressed a myriad of forms. Although the iconic lo‘i systems (flooded irrigated terraces) are often portrayed as traditional Hawaiian agriculture, other forms of agriculture were, in sum, arguably more important. While pockets of traditional agricultural practices...
Invasive plant species can substantially alter the soil fertility of the ecosystems they invade, and in doing so have the potential to reduce the suitability of the soil for native species. Even after removal of the invader these alterations can inhibit the reestablishment of native species. We evaluated the impact of invasion by the leguminous shr...
Current understanding of phosphorus (P) cycling in soils can be enhanced by integrating previously discrete findings concerning P speciation, exchange kinetics, and the underlying biological and geochemical processes. Here, we combine sequential extraction with P K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy and isotopic methods (33 P and 18 O in phosphate)...
Significance
Overuse of agricultural chemicals has resulted in enormous damages to environmental quality and human health in China. Reducing the use of agricultural chemicals to an optimal level is a crucial challenge for the sustainable development of agriculture. We demonstrate that small farm size (in China, typically ∼0.1 ha for each parcel) is...
Significance
Elevated atmospheric N deposition threatens ecosystem health through eutrophication in terrestrial ecosystems, but little is known about consequences of N deposition in N-rich tropical ecosystems. We added several levels of N to an N-rich tropical forest and monitored plant growth dynamics, forest nutrient status, plant water use, and...
How does improved biochemical knowledge of tropical plant lineages inform research on drought-tolerance ?
Studies in the leeward Kohala field system on Hawai‘i Island have considered the processes and timing of agricultural development associated with sociopolitical transformations and the production of agricultural surpluses. Using extensive soil sampling, we explore the use of relatively mobile and immobile soil parameters within the agricultural lan...
The incongruity between the small and apparently impoverished Rapa Nui population that early European travelers encountered and the magnificence of its numerous and massive stone statues has fed a deep fascination with the island. Ethnographic and archaeological evidence suggest that the indigenous population was previously greater than the estimat...
2017. Restoring people and productivity to Puanui: challenges and opportunities in the restoration of an intensive rain-fed Hawaiian field system. Ecology and Society 22(2):23. https://doi. ABSTRACT. Prior to European contact, Hawaiian cultivators developed and sustained large rain-fed field systems based on sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and other...
Changes in species richness along climatological gradients have been instrumental in developing theories about the general drivers of biodiversity. Previous studies on microbial communities along climate gradients on mountainsides have revealed positive, negative and neutral richness trends. We examined changes in richness and composition of Fungi,...
and Keywords Agriculture in Hawaiʻi was developed in response to the high spatial heterogeneity of climate and landscape of the archipelago, resulting in a broad range of agricultural strategies. Over time, highly intensive irrigated and rainfed systems emerged, supplemented by extensive use of more marginal lands that supported considerable popula...
The supply of nitrogen (N) constrains primary productivity in many ecosystems, raising the question “what controls the availability and cycling of N”? As a step towards answering this question, we evaluated N cycling processes and aspects of their regulation on a climate gradient on Kohala Volcano, Hawaii. The gradient extends from sites receiving...
Observations of sugarcane in traditional Hawaiian agriculture indicate that sugarcane may have played an essential role in maintaining productivity and increasing resilience, particularly in the large, rainfed agricultural systems that existed on the younger islands. We present observations and preliminary data that support our hypothesis, illustra...
Pedogenic thresholds, where multiple soil properties vary substantially and coherently in a narrow portion of a broad environmental gradient, are well-described on basaltic soils in Hawaii. One such threshold occurs along climate gradients where primary minerals virtually disappear, base saturation decreases sharply, and aluminum is mobilized withi...
Chemical weathering in soils dissolves and alters minerals, mobilizes metals, liberates nutrients to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and may modulate Earth's climate over geologic timescales. Climate-weathering relationships are often considered fundamental controls on the evolution of Earth's surface and biogeochemical cycles. However, surpris...
Human impacts on biogeochemical cycles are evident around the world, from changes to forest structure and function due to atmospheric deposition, to eutrophication of surface waters from agricultural effluent, and increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. The National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) will contribute...
Significance
China is the world’s largest producer of reactive nitrogen (Nr), and Nr in the form of synthetic fertilizer has contributed substantially to increased food production there. However, Nr losses from overuse and misuse of fertilizer, combined with industrial emissions, represent a serious and growing cause of air and water pollution. Thi...
Understanding trends in food supply and demand are of great importance to the maintenance of China’s food security. We identified natural disasters (floods, drought, hail and frost), resource constraints, input constraints and growth of food demand as sources of risk, which could cause food insecurity. We therefore conducted an integrated three-ste...
Inefficient P use in agriculture results in soil P accumulation and losses to surrounding
ecosystems, highlighting the need to use P inputs more efficiently.
Composts reduce the need for mineral fertilizers by recycling P from wastes at
the regional scale, whereas cover crops reduce soil P losses and have the potential
to increase internal soil P r...
Ecosystem restoration efforts are carried out by a variety of individuals and organizations with an equally varied set of goals, priorities, resources and time-scales. Once restoration of a degraded landscape or community is recognized as necessary, choosing which species to include in a restoration program can be a difficult and value-laden proces...
Significance
Our paper evaluates a long-standing debate and examines whether the prehistoric population of Rapa Nui experienced a significant demographic collapse prior to European contact in AD 1722. We have used dates from hydrated obsidian artifacts recovered from habitation sites as a proxy for land use over time. The analysis suggests region-s...
Understanding the risk factors which could cause provincial food insecurity is of great importance for maintaining China’s food security. In this research, fault-tree analysis has been used to identify risk sources and corresponding risk factors, and both the ratio and growth rate analysis method and the risk coefficient method have been used to ev...
Agriculture faces great challenges to ensure global food security by increasing yields while reducing environmental costs1, 2. Here we address this challenge by conducting a total of 153 site-year field experiments covering the main agro-ecological areas for rice, wheat and maize production in China. A set of integrated soil–crop system management...
China is the world's largest consumer of synthetic nitrogen (N), where very low rates of fertilizer N recovery in crops have been reported, raising discussion around whether fertilizer N use can be significantly reduced without yield penalties. However, using recovery rates as indicator ignores a possible residual effect of fertilizer N—a factor of...
Background/Question/Methods
Tropical forests play an important role in the global nitrogen (N) cycle because their vegetation cycle involves vast amounts of N by growth and litterfall processes; mineralization-nitrification rates are relatively high in tropical forest soils, contributing to high rates of N2O losses, and exporting substantial amou...
Background/Question/Methods
Pedogenic thresholds occur where soil properties change abruptly along a continuous gradient in environmental forcing. Several thresholds have been identified along rainfall gradients on basaltic soils in Hawaii. Here, we asked if rainfall variation (as well as average rainfall) could play an important role in the deve...
Background/Question/Methods
Water inputs from precipitation have the potential to drive nonlinear and irreversible changes in soil biogeochemistry. We asked what patterns in soil properties can precipitation drive when the rainfall regime has been enforced on timescales of 20kyr, and how these patterns fit into the greater context of soil developm...
Question
How do canopy disturbance and soil properties structure vascular plant community species composition and resilience to encroachment by exotic species in a tropical montane wet forest?
Location
Hawai'i Experimental Tropical Forest ( HETF ), a tropical montane wet forest, on Mauna Kea, Hawai'i Island, Hawai'i, USA .
Methods
Previous studie...
The distribution, mode, and intensity of agriculture both influence and are influenced by the natural environment. Soil fertility indicators that correlate with the intensification of dryland agriculture in pre-contact Hawai‘i have been mapped across the Hawaiian archipelago. We investigated these soil fertility indicators and agricultural developm...
We discuss traditional values, knowledge, and practices of the first people of the Hawaiian Islands – as those values are understood and implemented in relation to global society. Prior to European contact, Hawaiian society was dynamic, innovative, and socially, spiritually, and culturally complex; Hawaiians supported large populations in hierarchi...
Pedogenic thresholds occur where soil properties change abruptly and/or nonlinearly with a small increment in environmental forcing; soil process domains are the regions between thresholds where soils change much more gradually across a large range of environmental forcing. We evaluated thresholds and domains in basalt-derived soils on two rainfall...
The possible effects of soil microbial community structure on organic matter decomposition rates have been widely acknowledged, but are poorly understood. Understanding these relationships is complicated by the fact that microbial community structure and function are likely to both affect and be affected by organic matter quality and chemistry, thu...
Background/Question/Methods
Phosphorus (P) is a major limiting nutrient in agriculture, where external P applications are often used to replace soil P removed by harvest and maintain soil fertility. However, economically viable reserves of mineral P are finite and a high fraction of P applied is unavailable to most crops, thus alternative approac...
Background/Question/Methods
Understanding the distribution of microbial organisms across diverse environments represents an exciting frontier in biogeography research. We sought to build on a previous study showing that elevation and rainfall are important factors influencing the distribution of communities of foliar fungal endophytes in leaves o...
Background/Question/Methods
Soil properties often display discrete changes at particular points on continuous rainfall gradients (“pedogenic thresholds”); these thresholds bound larger regions in which soil properties change relatively little across substantial variation in rainfall (“soil process domains”). We asked how the position of these thr...
New techniques have identified a wide range of organisms with the capacity to carry out biological nitrogen fixation (BNF)-greatly expanding our appreciation of the diversity and ubiquity of N fixers-but our understanding of the rates and controls of BNF at ecosystem and global scales has not advanced at the same pace. Nevertheless, determining rat...
Global nitrogen fixation contributes 413 Tg of reactive nitrogen (Nr) to terrestrial and marine ecosystems annually of which anthropogenic activities are responsible for half, 210 Tg N. The majority of the transformations of anthropogenic Nr are on land (240 Tg N yr(-1)) within soils and vegetation where reduced Nr contributes most of the input thr...
Throughout the Pacific, "subsistence" fishing feeds not only individual fishers and their families but a much broader network of people through the noncommercial distribution, or sharing, of fish. This study evaluated the current importance of this sharing, through tracking subsistence fish catch and distributions (mahele) in one small Hawai'i fish...
Interactions between distant places are increasingly widespread and influential, often leading to unexpected outcomes with profound implications for sustainability. Numerous sustainability studies have been conducted within a particular place with little attention to the impacts of distant interactions on sustainability in multiple places. Although...
China's scientists are using a variety of approaches to boost crop
yields and limit environmental damage, say Fusuo Zhang, Xinping Chen and
Peter Vitousek.
China is experiencing intense air pollution caused in large part by anthropogenic emissions of reactive nitrogen. These emissions result in the deposition of atmospheric nitrogen (N) in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, with implications for human and ecosystem health, greenhouse gas balances and biological diversity. However, information on the...
A more efficient use of nitrogen and phosphorus has environmental, socioeconomic, and national security benefits, which includes reducing some of the risks of a warming climate. Studies have found that continued release of excess nitrogen to the environment will probably accelerate climate change with time and will also lead to the formation of mor...
Link to the Virtual Special Issue
Background/Question/Methods
Fungal endophytes, the fungi that inhabit the asymptomatic leaves of all plants surveyed to date, represent a large and unknown component of global fungal diversity. Previous studies have shown them to exhibit a diverse range of functional roles in ecosystems, including protecting their plant host from herbivory or path...
Background/Question/Methods
Many discussions of traditional ecological knowledge focus on small groups of people, in villages or rural landscapes. Traditional knowledge in these systems is important, and its interaction with science presents significant practical and ethical challenges. However, our experience in Hawaii – where Hawaiians develope...
Background/Question/Methods
As novel assemblages of native and non-native species become increasingly common globally, many conservation and restoration efforts have concentrated on the removal of exotic (and often invasive) species. However, in some cases, removing non-native species is no longer economically or ecologically feasible. Furthermor...
Soils retain large quantities of carbon, thereby slowing its return to the atmosphere. The mechanisms governing organic carbon sequestration in soil remain poorly understood, yet are integral to understanding soil‐climate feedbacks. We evaluated the biochemistry of dissolved and solid organic carbon in potential source and sink horizons across a ch...
We surveyed endophytic fungal communities in leaves of a single tree species (Metrosideros polymorpha) across wide environmental gradients (500-5,500 mm of rain/y; 10-22 °C mean annual temperature) spanning short geographic distances on Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawai'i. Using barcoded amplicon pyrosequencing at 13 sites (10 trees/site; 10 leaves/tree), w...
Black carbon (BC) has long been considered a chemically resistant
component of soil organic carbon (SOC). However, there is substantial
evidence that the chemistry of most C compounds is less important for
long-term storage than is physical protection (e.g., mineral sorption).
We explored BC retention in grasslands that lie along a climate gradient...
IntroductionBody SizeTemperatureWaterNutrientsConclusion
Within a single site in the Kohala Forest Reserve,Hawaìi, we examined the composition and diversity of soil microbial communities under four introduced (Cryptomeria japonica, Casuarina equisetifolia, Araucaria columnaris, and Eucalyptus sp.) and one native (Metrosideros polymorpha) canopy tree species, as well as pasture. Terminal restriction fragm...
Intensive rain-fed agricultural systems represented the foundation of the agricultural economies of the island of Hawai‘i and parts of Maui in the centuries before European contact. These systems largely were abandoned in the nineteenth century, and our understanding of how they functioned as productive
systems is sparse. We established three exper...
Intensive agriculture has the potential to reduce soil carbon stocks in the years following initial cultivation, although the magnitude and direction of the effect can vary with ecosystem and management factors. Agriculture can also shift the carbon chemistry of soils via changes in crop plant chemistry, decomposition, and/or soil amendments [e.g....
Photosynthesis by plants provides the carbon and energy that drive most biological processes in ecosystems. This chapter describes the controls over carbon input to ecosystems.
The magnitude of biotic and human impacts on ecosystem processes becomes clear when summed at the global scale. This chapter describes changes in the biogeochemical cycles of the Earth System that have occurred during the Anthropocene.
Within a given climatic regime, soil properties are the major factor governing ecosystem processes. This chapter provides background on the factors regulating those soil and sediment properties that most strongly influence ecosystems as well as the transport of materials from land to rivers, lakes, and the ocean.
Climate is the state factor that most strongly governs the global distribution of terrestrial biomes. This chapter provides a general background on the functioning of the climate system and its interactions with atmospheric chemistry, ocean, and land.
Landscape heterogeneity determines the regional consequences of processes occurring in individual ecosystems. In this chapter, we describe the major causes and consequences of landscape heterogeneity.
Citations
... The estimations regarding these two emission sources carry considerable uncertainty, making it challenging to distinctly differentiate between them (IPCC, 2022). Second, NH 3 volatilization from fertilizer application can have serious consequences for human health, acidification, and eutrophication of ecosystems (Liu et al., 2023;Paerl et al., 2014), and is also a source of indirect production of N 2 O. Third, the global increase in N and P fertilizer use has led to the eutrophication of water (Paerl et al., 2014;Peñuelas and Sardans, 2022). Fourth, N fertilizers have resulted in global soil acidification that can undermine soil carbon (C) sequestration and climate mitigation efforts (Raza et al., 2021). ...
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/813546178879489-1570975932746_Q64/Wen-Xu-31.jpg)
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/11431281214602575-1703668916254_Q64/Pu-Liu-22.jpg)
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/279749747331078-1443708945465_Q64/Xuejun-Liu-3.jpg)
... Mn(III), mainly generated through comproportionation reaction between Mn(IV) and Mn(II), 10 can locate on surfaces or in the bulk of MnO 2−x and occur as Mn(III) oxyhydroxides and Mn 3 O 4 or a substituent in other minerals. 11 Mn(III) can also be complexed by various ligands to form soluble Mn(III)-ligand complexes that have been found in various natural (seawater, estuarine, soil, and sediments) and engineered (water treatment works) systems, with concentrations up to several hundred μM. 12−18 Being capable of accepting and/or donating electrons, MnO 2−x and dissolved Mn(III) complexes can significantly influence the surrounding redox chemistry and have high reactivity toward various redoxsensitive metals and organic pollutants. ...
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/1123612820029441-1644901580547_Q64/Ke-Wen-4.jpg)
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/273662452432909-1442257621931_Q64/Oliver-Chadwick.jpg)
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/340341698908167-1458155192978_Q64/Mengqiang-Zhu.jpg)
... Terrestrial water storage is composed of five parts: soil water, surface water, ice and snow water, groundwater, and canopy water. Soil water content directly affects the weathering of soil minerals and the leaching of vegetation nutrients from soil [20] and indirectly affects the change in canopy water storage of vegetation communities [21]. Seasonal ice and snow water have made an important contribution to alleviating regional water shortages and restoring ecosystems [22]. ...
... A decline in N availability would be particularly important if it induced or exacerbated N limitation to primary productivity, which would likely be the case because once N supply equilibrated with N demand by plants, any increase in plant production (and so plant demand for N) or any loss of N or any decrease in the rate of N cycling would both decrease N availability and induce N limitation (Vitousek 2004), assuming that the change was rapid enough that it was not offset by continued N inputs. A recent model-based analysis by Vitousek et al. (2022), following earlier publications by Vitousek and Field (1999) and Menge et al. (2008) demonstrated that at equilibrium, N limitation to primary production that is more than marginal and/ or ephemeral requires both losses of N that cannot be prevented by N-limited biota and constraints that keep BNF from responding to N deficiency. The Vitousek et al. (2022) publication focused on uncontrollable losses of N, and demonstrated that losses of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) (which are not a component of anthropogenic global change), asynchronies in the supply and demand for N caused by variation in precipitation (which is increasing and likely will continue to increase as the climate changes (Kharin et al. 2007;Pendergrass et al. 2017)), and widespread changes in land use like harvest and fire all represent losses of N that cannot be controlled by N-limited biota. ...
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/324163300986881-1454297961578_Q64/Kathleen-Treseder.jpg)
... The site-average dry, bulk and total N deposition short-term long-term long-term in China were estimated at 20.2 ± 1.60, 19.0 ± 0.82 and 39.2 ± 2.42 kg N ha −1 yr −1 during the 10 years, respectively. Given the spatial heterogeneity of monitoring sites, the geographic annual mean fluxes were 14.8 ± 1.71, 12.8 ± 0.82 and 27.7 ± 2.42 kg N ha −1 yr −1 for dry, bulk, and total N deposition, which are in good agreement with satellite observations and model simulations 17,18 . Annual N deposition was estimated to continuously decline in China by about 19%, 26%, and 23% for dry, bulk, and total deposition from 2012 to 2020, respectively ( Fig. 2c-e, p < 0.01). ...
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/273860587159554-1442304860532_Q64/Xiankai-Lu-2.jpg)
... Microbial community composition was determined on an Illumina MiSeq platform using the Nextera XT DNA Library Preparation kit (Illumina Inc., CA, USA). Primers 515F and 806R targeting the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene were used to characterize the bacterial community, and primers 1391F/EukBR were selected to target the eukaryotic community (Cui et al., 2022;Delgado-Baquerizo et al., 2021). Metabarcoding of the 18S rRNA gene failed for two samples (replicate number one of the sterile non-fertilized treatment, and replicate number four of the 11-μm fertilized treatment). ...
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/797218130903041-1567083022411_Q64/Haiying-Cui.jpg)
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/272502991618054-1441981184203_Q64/Sasha-Reed-2.jpg)
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/273734556712977-1442274812696_Q64/Manuel-Delgado-Baquerizo.jpg)
... BNF results in N stable isotope values (δ 15 N) that are more similar to the atmosphere (~0‰) relative to N assimilated from soil N pools (Craine et al., 2015). Soil δ 15 N values represent an integration of N inputs and outputs in an ecosystem, and are influenced by processes that lead to isotope fractionation (i.e., nitrification, denitrification, ammonia volatilization), atmospheric deposition, leaching, as well as the pedogenic and environmental factors that shape these processes (Natelhoffer & Fry, 1988;Austin & Vitousek, 1998;Martinelli et al., 1999;Burnett et al., 2022). Variability in soil δ 15 N can complicate the interpretation of leaf δ 15 N values, especially for non-N 2 -fixing plants (Robinson, 2001). ...
... All these studies concluded that the isotope equilibrium values in environmental phosphates can essentially be assigned to the activity of intracellular pyrophosphatases. However, there are frequently found deviations from oxygen isotope equilibrium, particularly in the soils (Bauke et al., 2022;Helfenstein et al., 2021;Rodionov et al., 2020;Wang et al., 2021). The δ 18 O p values below the isotopic equilibrium could be attributed to the contribution of other endmembers or processes in the soil-plant system, for example, the hydrolysis of organic phosphate by extracellular phosphatases, geogenic sources of phosphates (Smith et al., 2021) or fertilizers (Granger et al., 2017;Tamburini et al., 2014). ...
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/407607283077120-1474192557110_Q64/Julian-Helfenstein.jpg)
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/279568058470403-1443665627601_Q64/Emmanuel-Frossard-2.jpg)
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/272475619590170-1441974658518_Q64/Federica-Tamburini.jpg)
... As presented, SOM is key to assure the ability of soils to sustain (i) plant growth and development, (ii) the biogeochemical cycles of water, as well as C, oxygen, N, etc., and (iii) the habitat structure of the soil biological community. The durable running of these ecological functions makes soils able to indefinitely keep the productivity and healthfostering properties of biological systems due to the quality preservation of agricultural produce, as well as of water and air, thus ultimately promoting the animal and human welfare [121,122]. ...
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/1166397493264386-1655102241830_Q64/Baojing-Gu.jpg)
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/272185826738232-1441905566832_Q64/Deli-Chen-2.jpg)
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/11431281182079152-1692301022672_Q64/Yi-Yang-211.jpg)
... We identify problem-based learning as any opportunity that motivates learners to solve authentic, real-world, and unstructured problems by working together (Barrows, 1996;Hung, 2011;Smith et al., 2022). When stakeholders understand and value geoscience research in the context of where they live and the problems they face, science-based solutions are more likely to be implemented (Harris et al., 2021). Community-level interventions have also been shown to broaden participation by connecting the geosciences to cultures and careers at the K-12 level, through out-of-school experiences and teacher professional development, and by creating pathway partnerships between two-year colleges, minority-serving institutions, and other four-year colleges (Karsten, 2019). ...
