Pekka Martikainen's research while affiliated with Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research and other places
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Publications (524)
Background
Associations between violent victimisation and psychiatric disorders are hypothesised to be bidirectional, but the role of violent victimisation in the aetiologies of psychiatric disorders and other adverse outcomes remains unclear. We aimed to estimate associations between violent victimisation and subsequent common psychiatric disorder...
Objectives
Residential long-term care (LTC) use has declined in many countries over the past years. This study quantifies how changing rates of entry, exit, and mortality have contributed to trends in life expectancy in LTC (i.e., average time spent in LTC after age 65) across sociodemographic groups.
Methods
We analyzed population-register data o...
Aims:
Social inequalities in mortality persist or even increase in high-income countries. Most evidence is based on a period approach to measuring mortality - that is, data from individuals born decades apart. A cohort approach, however, provides complementary insights using data from individuals who grow up and age under similar social and instit...
Väkivaltarikoksia, kuten muitakin rikoksia, tehdään nuoruusiässä enemmän kuin myöhemmin elämänkaarella, mutta teot ovat tyypillisesti yksittäisiä ja lieviä. Sen sijaan vakavampi ja toistuvampi väkivaltarikollisuus kasautuu pienelle joukolle ihmisiä, joiden rikosurat tyypillisesti alkavat aikaisin, ovat suhteellisen pitkiä ja sisältävät monenlaisia...
Background
Prior studies suggest that poor physical health, accompanied by functional disability, is associated with increased divorce risk. However, this association may depend on gender, the socioeconomic resources of the couple, as well as the social policy and social (in)equality context in which the illness is experienced. This study focuses o...
Background
Grey divorce and later remarriage have become increasingly common in high-income countries, but previous evidence on their impacts on mental health is scarce. Even less is known about the effects of non-marital separation and re-partnering in later life.
Methods
Using Finnish registry data from 1996 to 2018 on 228 644 individuals aged 5...
The association between having older siblings and decreased risk for atopic symptoms is well-established. This has been interpreted as evidence for the microbiota hypothesis, i.e. that increased early-childhood microbial exposure caused by siblings protects from immune hypersensitivities. However, possible confounders of the association have receiv...
Objectives
Excess winter mortality is a well-established phenomenon across the developed world. However, whether individual-level factors increase vulnerability to the effects of winter remains inadequately examined. Our aim was to assess long-term trends in excess winter mortality in Finland and estimate the modifying effect of sociodemographic an...
Background
Socioeconomic inequalities in mortality originate from different causes of death. Alcohol-related and smoking-related deaths are major drivers of mortality inequalities across Europe. In Finland, the turn from widening to narrowing mortality disparities by income in the early 2010s was largely attributable to these causes of death. Howev...
Background
Higher mean body mass index (BMI) among lower socioeconomic position (SEP) groups is well established in Western societies, but the influence of genetic factors on these differences is not well characterized.
Methods
We analyzed these associations using Finnish health surveys conducted between 1992 and 2017 (N = 33 523; 53% women) with...
Background and aims
This paper assesses the impact of estimation methods for general and education-specific trends in alcohol-attributable mortality (AAM), and develops an alternative method that can be used when the data available for study is limited.
Methods
We calculated yearly adult (30+) age-standardised and age-specific AAM rates by sex for...
Background
Maternal mental illness appears to increase the risk of unintentional childhood injuries, which are a common cause of morbidity and mortality in early childhood. However, little is known about the variations in this association by type of injury and child’s age, and studies on the effects of maternal somatic illness on children’s injury...
Several studies show that exposure to neighbourhood disadvantage predicts poorer educational outcomes among adolescents. Selective sorting into neighbourhoods, other unobserved childhood family characteristics, and failing to account for other relevant social contexts such as schools inhibit strong causal inference from the associations reported in...
Major changes in the educational distribution of the population and in institutions over the past century have affected the societal barriers to educational attainment. These changes can possibly result in stronger genetic associations. Using genetically informed, population-representative Finnish surveys linked to administrative registers, we inve...
Objectives
To compare the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes according to infants who are born small for gestational age (SGA; <10th centile) or large for gestational age (LGA; >90th centile), as defined by birthweight centiles that are non-customised (ie, standardised by sex and gestational age only) and customised (by sex, gestational age, matern...
Background
People with lower incomes tend to have poorer health outcomes, but the extent to which this reflects a causal relationship between income and health is unclear. This relationship has policy relevance, but is challenging to ascertain in observational data due to substantial risk of confounding. Mendelian randomisation (MR) exploits natura...
Aims:
To explore the potential of administrative data in assessment of the association between parental socioeconomic position (SEP) and children's violent victimization by biological parents.
Methods:
A longitudinal register-linkage study based on child-mother and child-father data, including all children born in Finland between 1991 and 2017....
Background
Low birth weight (BW) is associated with lower cognitive functioning, but less is known of these associations across the full range of the BW distribution and its components. We analyzed how BW, birth length (BL) and birth ponderal index (BPI, kg/m ³ ) are associated with school performance and how childhood family social position modifi...
La santé des immigrés dépend de facteurs liés à la fois à leur lieu d’origine et de destination. Les immigrés finlandais de sexe masculin vivant en Suède ont des taux de mortalité compris entre ceux des populations finlandaise et suédoise. Les femmes immigrées, en revanche, affichent une mortalité légèrement supérieure à ces deux populations. Cepen...
Background
Although there is robust evidence for several factors which may precipitate self-harm, the contributions of different physical injuries are largely unknown.
Objective
To examine whether specific physical injuries are associated with risks of self-harm in people with psychiatric disorders.
Methods
By using population and secondary ca...
Background and Objectives
Cross-national research on cognitive ageing inequality has largely concentrated on Western countries. It is unclear whether socioeconomic position (SEP) has similar effects on cognitive decline in emerging economies. We compared the association between life course SEP and cognitive function trajectories between China and E...
Migrant health depends on factors both at the origin and at the destination. Health-related behaviors established before migration may change at the destination. We compare the mortality rates from alcohol- and smoking-related causes and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) of Finnish migrants in Sweden to matched controls in both Sweden and Finland with...
Social relationships across and within generations are associated with intergenerational income mobility. Parents affect their children’s future opportunities through socialization and by conveying various resources to the child during upbringing. However, self-acquired social contacts of children, such as friendships in school, might also affect l...
Background
Previous Mendelian randomization (MR) studies using population samples (population MR) have provided evidence for beneficial effects of educational attainment on health outcomes in adulthood. However, estimates from these studies may have been susceptible to bias from population stratification, assortative mating and indirect genetic eff...
Background
Drowning is an important public health problem. Some evidence suggests that the risk of drowning is not distributed evenly across the general population. However, there has been comparatively little research on inequalities in drowning mortality. To address this deficit, this study examined trends and sociodemographic inequalities in mor...
Background:
Population-based longitudinal studies on bereaved children and youth's mental health care use are scarce and few have assessed the role of surviving parents' mental health status.
Methods:
Using register data of individuals born in Sweden in 1992-1999, we performed a matched cohort study (n = 117,518) on the association between paren...
The burden of type 2 diabetes (T2D) differs between socioeconomic groups. The present study combines ongoing and plausible trends in T2D incidence and survival by income to forecast future trends in cases of T2D and life expectancy with and without T2D up to year 2040. Using Finnish total population data for those aged 30 years on T2D medication an...
Background:
Minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) is an effective policy tool in preventing youth drinking and short-term alcohol-attributable harm, but studies concerning long-term associations are scarce.
Methods:
In this register-based, national cohort study, we assessed alcohol-attributable morbidity and mortality of cohorts born in 1944-54 in F...
Background
Across Europe, socioeconomic inequalities in mortality are large and persistent. To better understand the drivers of past trends in socioeconomic mortality inequalities, we identified phases and potential reversals in long-term trends in educational inequalities in remaining life expectancy at age 30 (e30), and assessed the contributions...
Background
Despite an increased focus on cold-related mortality in recent years, there has been comparatively little research specifically on hypothermia mortality and its associated factors.
Methods
Educational inequalities in hypothermia mortality among individuals aged 30–74 in the Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) and Finland in 20...
Background
Studies of period changes in educational inequalities in mortality have shown important changes over time. It is unknown whether a birth cohort perspective paints the same picture. We compared changes in inequalities in mortality between a period and cohort perspective and explored mortality trends among low-educated and high-educated bi...
Background:
Stroke incidence has continued to increase recently in most countries. The roles of individual-level income on the incidence of overall stroke and its subtypes are still unknown, especially in low- and middle-income countries and the cross-national evidence is also limited. We explored the association between individual-level income an...
Oxford Mental Illness and Suicide tool (OxMIS) is a standardised, scalable, and transparent instrument for suicide risk assessment in people with severe mental illness (SMI) based on 17 sociodemographic, criminal history, familial, and clinical risk factors. However, alongside most prediction models in psychiatry, external validations are currently...
This study uses registry data to compare birth outcomes, including birth weight, gestational age, low birth weight, and preterm delivery, in assisted reproductive technology (ART) pregnancies among same-sex lesbian couples vs natural conceptions and ART pregnancies among heterosexual couples.
Background
The associations between height, socioeconomic position (SEP) and coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence are well established, but the contribution of genetic factors to these associations is still poorly understood. We used a polygenic score (PGS) for height to shed light on these associations.
Methods
Finnish population-based health s...
Background:
Parental psychiatric disorders are known risk factors for adolescent self-harm. Although this association is likely to have a bidirectional element, evidence on changes in parental psychiatric treatment following offspring self-harm is scarce.
Methods:
Finnish children born in 1987-1996 with a hospital-treated episode of self-harm be...
Background
It remains unclear how pre-existing depression, anxiety, and diabetes of different durations are associated with the risk of pancreatic cancer, its clinical characteristics, treatment modalities, and subsequent survival.
Methods
From a register-based random sample of Finns residing in Finland at the end of the period 1987–2007, 6492 pat...
Background and aims:
Alcohol use during pregnancy remains an important risk factor for adverse birth outcomes, but little is known regarding how alcohol prices affect pregnancy outcomes on the population level. We assess the associations between decreased alcohol prices with birth outcomes and abortions.
Design:
Using national registers, we used...
Aims:
Harmful alcohol consumption is influenced by both genetic susceptibility and the price of alcohol. Many previous studies have observed that genetic susceptibility to consumption of alcohol is more predictive in less restrictive drinking conditions. We assess whether such a pattern applies when the prices of alcoholic beverages are decreased....
Background:
The possible mediating role of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the relationship between alcohol use disorders (AUD) and the risk of early- (<age 65) and late-onset (≥age 65) dementia lacks formal investigation.
Methods:
Using linked Finnish national register data, a population-based cohort study of 262,703 dementia-free Finnish men a...
Background
High-income countries yield mixed evidence concerning the long-term trends of neighbourhood inequalities in health outcomes. The reasons why these inequalities persist and the factors driving any changes over time remain unclear. We analysed trends in general neighbourhood differences in mortality and hospitalisation, compared specific a...
The effects of marriage on criminal behavior have been studied extensively. As marriages today are typically preceded by cohabiting relationships, there is a growing need to clarify how different relationship types are associated with criminality, and how these effects may be modified by relationship duration, partner’s criminality, and crime type....
Background
Socioeconomic differences in mortality among the working-age population have increased in several high-income countries. The aim of this study was to assess whether changes in the living arrangement composition of income groups have contributed to changing income differences in life expectancy during the past 30 years.
Methods
We used F...
Background
Advanced maternal age at birth is considered a risk factor for adverse birth outcomes. A recent study applying a sibling design has shown, however, that the association might be confounded by unobserved maternal characteristics.
Methods
Using total population register data on all live singleton births during the period 1999–2012 in Denm...
Background
This study analysed the association between childhood socio-economic circumstances and the risk of dementia, and investigated the mediating role of potentially modifiable risk factors including adulthood socio-economic position and cardiovascular health.
Methods
We used a 10% sample of the 1950 Finnish population census linked with subs...
Background
Medically assisted reproduction (MAR) can negatively impact women’s mental health, particularly when the treatments do not result in a live birth. While the number of women relying on MAR to conceive has grown rapidly, our knowledge about the mental health effects before, during, and after treatment is limited.
Objective
To understand t...
Migrants often have better health than the native-born population (‘healthy immigrant effect’), although the effect tends to attenuate over time since migration. However, following the weathering hypothesis, migrants may have worse health due to a combination of discrimination and poorer financial conditions faced by many of them. Yet, little is kn...
Background
Reducing socioeconomic inequalities in cancer is a priority for the public health agenda. A systematic assessment and benchmarking of socioeconomic inequalities in cancer across many countries and over time in Europe is not yet available.
Methods
Census-linked, whole-of-population cancer-specific mortality data by socioeconomic position...
Single motherhood is known to be distressing, and to be associated with poor mental health. However, less is known about the pathways into and out of single motherhood, or about the mental health trajectories of single mothers. We used total population registry data on Finnish women who experienced the life events of separation (616,762), widowhood...
Aims
Married individuals have a lower coronary heart disease (CHD) risk than non-married, but the mechanisms behind this are not fully understood. We analyzed whether genetic liability to CHD may affect these associations.
Methods
Marital status, a polygenic score of CHD (PGS-CHD), and other risk factors for CHD were measured from 35,444 participa...
Among the many social characteristics that run in the family, education is one of the most strongly persistent. The long-term changes in educational reproduction within families and across generations and the gender-specific drivers of these changes remain partially unclear. Using population data for all Finnish siblings and their parents, we asses...
Oxford Mental Illness and Suicide tool (OxMIS) is a standardised, scalable, and transparent instrument for suicide risk assessment in people with severe mental illness (SMI) based on 17 sociodemographic, criminal history, familial, and clinical risk factors. However, alongside most prediction models in psychiatry, external validations are currently...
Objective:
This study analyzes the victimization trajectories of partner violence against women surrounding divorce, depending on whether the couple has children together.
Background:
Prior studies have found that partner violence is associated with an increased risk of divorce. No study has assessed the victimization trajectories surrounding di...
Background
Although intrahousehold transmission is a key source of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections, studies to date have not analysed socioeconomic risk factors on the household level or household clustering of severe COVID-19. We quantify household income differences and household clustering of COVID-19 incidence and severity.
Meth...
Background
A recent study has suggested that labor epidural analgesia may be associated with increased rates of offspring autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Subsequent replication attempts have lacked sufficient power to confidently exclude the possibility of a small effect and the causal nature of this association remains unknown.
Objective
To inves...
Young adulthood is a dynamic and demographically dense stage in the life course. This poses a challenge for research on the socioeconomic consequences of parenthood timing, which most often focuses on women. We chart the dynamics of delayed parenthood and its implications for educational and labor market trajectories for young adult women and men u...
Medically assisted reproduction (MAR) plays an increasingly important role in the realization of fertility intentions in advanced societies, yet the evidence regarding MAR-conceived children’s longer-term well-being remains inconclusive. Using register data on all Finnish children born in 1995–2000, we compared a range of social and mental health o...
Although both childhood and adult economic conditions have been found to be associated with mortality, independently or in combination with each other, less is known about the role of intermediate factors between these two life stages. This study explores the pathways between childhood economic conditions and adult mortality by taking personal attr...
Background
Alcohol-related deaths may be among the most important reasons for the shorter life expectancy of people with depression, yet no study has quantified their contribution. We quantify the contribution of alcohol-related deaths to the life-expectancy gap in depression in four European countries with differing levels of alcohol-related morta...
The study of the mortality differences between groups has traditionally focused on metrics that describe average levels of mortality, for example life expectancy and standardized mortality rates. Additional insights can be gained by using statistical distance metrics to examine differences in lifespan distributions between groups. Here, we use a di...
Estimates from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of unrelated individuals capture effects of inherited variation (direct effects), demography (population stratification, assortative mating) and relatives (indirect genetic effects). Family-based GWAS designs can control for demographic and indirect genetic effects, but large-scale family datase...
Poor mental health among the unemployed – the long-term unemployed in particular – is established, but these associations may be driven by confounding from unobserved, time-invariant characteristics such as past experiences and personality. Using longitudinal register data on 2,720,431 residents aged 30–60, we assess how current unemployment and un...
Background
Successful transitions from unemployment to employment are an important concern, yet little is known about health-related selection into employment. We assessed the association of various physical and psychiatric conditions with finding employment, and employment stability.
Methods
Using total population register data, we followed Finni...
Little is known about socioeconomic differences in epilepsy mortality. This study examined educational inequalities in epilepsy mortality in the general population in the Baltic countries and Finland in 2000–2015. Education-specific mortality estimates for individuals aged 30–74 in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were obtained from census-linked mort...
Married men and women have better health than non-married, but little is known about how cohabitation and marital history are associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence and how these associations have changed over time. We analyzed these associations by fitting Cox regression models to register data covering the whole Finnish population...
In our recent paper,¹ we examined associations between family income during childhood and adolescence on subsequent risks of developing psychiatric disorders, having substance misuse problems and being arrested for a violent crime. We used nationwide population data on 650 680 individuals born in Finland between 1986 and 1996 and their siblings. Ou...
Indicators based a fixed “old” age threshold have been widely used for assessing socioeconomic disparities in mortality at older ages. Interpretation of long-term trends and determinants of these indicators is challenging because mortality above a fixed age that in the past would have reflected old age deaths is today mixing premature and old-age m...
Background
Depression is associated with an increased dementia risk, but the nature of the association in the long-term remains unresolved, and the role of sociodemographic factors mainly unexplored.
Aims
To assess whether a history of clinical depression is associated with dementia in later life, controlling for observed sociodemographic factors...
Previous Mendelian randomization (MR) studies using population samples (population-MR) have provided evidence for beneficial effects of educational attainment on health outcomes in adulthood. However, estimates from these studies may have been susceptible to bias from population stratification, assortative mating and indirect genetic effects due to...
Background
Individuals in higher socioeconomic positions tend to utilise more mental health care, especially specialist services, than those in lower positions. Whether these disparities in treatment exist among adolescents and young adults who self-harm is currently unknown.
Methods
The study is based on Finnish administrative register data on al...
Objective
To assess the association between area level density of heavy metal bands and cause specific hospital admissions and mortality.
Design
Longitudinal register based cohort study.
Setting
311 municipalities in Finland.
Participants
3 644 944 people aged 15 to 70 residing in Finland at the end of 2001.
Main outcome measures
Hospital admis...
Introduction
The aim was to analyse whether age at first drug offense predicts premature mortality and morbidity due to substance use and violence among adolescents and young adults.
Methods
A prospective longitudinal register-linkage study based on a total population sample from Finland including individuals born between 1987 and 1992 and aged 15...
Importance Children who are placed in out-of-home care may have poorer outcomes in adulthood, on average, compared with their peers, but the direction and magnitude of these associations need clarification.
Objective To estimate associations between being placed in out-of-home care in childhood and adolescence and subsequent risks of experiencing...
Aims: Changes in mental health at the time of widowhood may depend on the expectedness of spousal death, but scant evidence is available for spousal deaths attributable to stroke. Methods: Using register-linkage data for Finland, we assessed changes in antidepressant use before and after spousal death for those whose spouses died suddenly of stroke...
Income is a strong predictor of adult mortality. Measuring income is not as simple as it may sound. It can be conceptualized at the individual or the household level, with the former better reflecting an individual's earning ability, and the latter better capturing living standards. Furthermore, respondents are often grouped into income categories...
Background
Depression is a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD), but less is known whether genetic susceptibility to CHD or regional-level social indicators modify this association.
Methods
Risk factors of CHD including a Polygenic Risk Score (PRS) were measured for 19 999 individuals residing in Finland in 1997, 2002, 2007 and 2012 (respo...
Although the children of first-generation immigrants tend to have better health than the native population, the health advantage of the children of immigrant families deteriorates over generations. It is, however, poorly understood where on the generational health assimilation spectrum children with one immigrant and one native parent (i.e., exogam...
Aims
It is becoming increasingly possible to obtain additional information about health survey participants, though not usually non-participants, via record linkage. We aimed to assess the validity of an assumption underpinning a method developed to mitigate non-participation bias. We use a survey in Finland where it is possible to link both partic...
Background
The reasons for the shorter life expectancy of people with depression may vary by age. We quantified the contributions of specific causes of death by age to the life-expectancy gap in four European countries.
Methods
Using register-based cohort data, we calculated annual mortality rates in 1993–2007 for psychiatric inpatients with depre...
Leaving the parental home is a key step in successful transitions to adulthood. Early home-leaving (HL) is associated with lower educational attainment, but the role of early versus later home-leaving in the intergenerational transmission of education has not been assessed in previous research. We used a longitudinal register-based total sample of...
Background
Indicators based a fixed ``old’’ age threshold have been widely used for assessing socioeconomic disparities in mortality at older ages. Interpretation of long-term trends and determinants of these indicators is challenging because mortality above a fixed age that in the past would have reflected old age deaths is today mixing premature...
Existing evidence suggests that within-country area variation in mortality has increased in several high-income countries. Little is known about the role of changes in the population composition of areas in these trends. In this study, we look at mortality variation across Finnish municipalities over five decades. We examine trends by sex, age cate...
Objectives
Levels, trends or changes in socioeconomic mortality differentials are typically described in terms of means, for example, life expectancies, but studies have suggested that there also are systematic social disparities in the dispersion around those means, in other words there are inequalities in lifespan variation. This study investigat...
Background
Childhood family income has been shown to be associated with later psychiatric disorders, substance misuse and violent crime, but the consistency, strength and causal nature of these associations remain unclear.
Methods
We conducted a nationwide cohort and co-sibling study of 650 680 individuals (426 886 siblings) born in Finland betwee...
The association between neighborhood disadvantage and crime has been extensively studied, but most studies have relied on cross-sectional data and have been unable to separate potential effects of the neighborhood from selection effects. We examined how neighborhood disadvantage and offender concentration are associated with criminal behavior while...
Aim
To estimate whether large macroeconomic fluctuations in the 2000s affected inequalities in alcohol-related mortality in the Baltic countries and Finland.
Design
Longitudinal register-based follow-up study.
Setting
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Finland.
Participants
General population in the 35–74 age group.
Measurements
Socioeconomic statu...
Estimates from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) represent a combination of the effect of inherited genetic variation (direct effects), demography (population stratification, assortative mating) and genetic nurture from relatives (indirect genetic effects). GWAS using family-based designs can control for demography and indirect genetic effects...
The study of the mortality differences between groups has traditionally focused on metrics such as life expectancy and standardized mortality rates, which give insights into how group characteristics are linked with average levels of mortality. Additional insights can be gained by examining differences in lifespan distributions between groups. Here...
Citations
... Although some contradictory results, mainly concerning unsafe alcohol consumption, also exist (Rebholz et al. 2012;French et al. 2018), accumulated risky health behaviour is more common among groups with inadequate income (Kino et al. 2017) or low education level (Noble et al. 2015). Moreover, alcohol consumption and smoking have accounted for a substantial proportion of the income differences in life expectancy in Nordic Countries (Östergren et al. 2019), within the last decade accompanied by other causes explaining the increased disparities in Finland (Tarkiainen et al. 2024). Few studies examining health behaviour clusters have taken sleep into account, even though both too short and long sleep duration is known to predict coronary heart disease and stroke (Cappuccio et al. 2011), and sleep disturbances increase the risk of sick leaves (Amiri and Behnezhad 2020). ...
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... Vähitellen rikostietoja sisältäviä rekisteriaineistoja alettiin muodostaa myös Tilastokeskuksen ulkopuolella. Sektoritutkimuslaitoksissa, joilla oli itsellään hallussa valmiiksi eräitä rekisteriaineistoja, yhdistettiin muun muassa Oikeuspoliittisen tutkimuslaitoksen Suomalaisen rikoskäyttäytymisen riskitekijät -aineisto (Aaltonen, 2013) sekä Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitoksen 1987-syntymäkohorttiaineisto (Paananen ym., 2012). Näistä erityisesti 1987-syntymäkohorttiaineisto (sekä sitä seurannut 1997-kohorttiaineisto) perustuu hyvin monipuoliseen aineistolinkkaukseen, ja mahdollistaa edelleen monipuolisen tutkimuksen. ...
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... Examples of attributes that may be of particular importance here are cognitive ability and social skills. These attributes are part of the individual's potential of acquiring a later-life social position and the income that comes with it [15][16][17][18]. At the same time, cognitive ability and social skills are influenced by childhood socioeconomic conditions [19] and may be intermediate factors in the association between childhood conditions and adult socioeconomic achievement and mortality. ...
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... 25 A positive relationship between education and health has been reported by numerous studies. [26][27][28] This association is explained through several mechanisms. Ross and Wu proposed three potential mechanisms, which are frequently mentioned as major mediators: work and economic conditions, healthy lifestyle and social-psychological resources. ...
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... Most countries have limits on sales ranging from ages 16-21 (World Health Organization, 2018) with the United States having one of the highest MLDAs, at age 21. The MLDA appears to be meaningfully related to drinking patterns developing in late adolescence and carrying over into later adulthood (Luukkonen et al., 2023). Legal access to alcohol is associated with the frequency and intensity of drinking, and these effects appear to be stronger in boys and those from lower social classes (Ahammer et al., 2022). ...
... Several international studies have reported increased mortality among people with lower socioeconomic position. This association has been demonstrated throughout Europe (eg, for northern 14,15 and southern 14 European countries), including Germany. 16 However, options for analysing socioeconomic inequalities in mortality and life expectancy are much more limited in Germany than in many other high-income countries because the German official mortality statistics do not allow for disaggregation by socio economic position. ...
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... Sweden has seen growing socioeconomic inequalities in terms of life expectancy, as these gains have mainly been among those with higher socioeconomic position (Fors et al., 2021). There are even indicators that mortality rates have increased among lower-educated women (Long et al., 2023). There is likely a similar trend where gains in labour market participation may have disproportionately affected those in higher socioeconomic positions. ...
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... Third, to the best of our knowledge there has been an absence of research on socioeconomic inequalities in drowning mortality in the Baltic countries and little research on this phenomenon in other European countries more generally. As earlier research linked low education to an elevated drowning mortality risk in Canada [21], while recent studies have reported educational inequalities in several causes of death in the Baltic countries and Finland [22][23][24][25][26], it is possible that socioeconomic differences might also play a role in drowning mortality in this setting. Finally, little evidence on changes in inequalities in drowning mortality exists. ...
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... Stroke, increasingly prevalent in aged populations, is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide [1,2]. In particular, ischemic stroke, the most common subtype, poses significant public health challenges, especially in regions such as China, where its incidence exceeds that of heart disease [3,4]. ...
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... In an external validation sample with schizophrenia spectrum and BD, the OxMIS tool predicted suicide deaths at one year with an AUC of 0.70 (95 % CI 0.69-0.71) (Sariaslan et al., 2023), compared to the AUC of 0.78 in the current study for suicide attempts and deaths. The Durham Risk Score consists of a 23-item checklist. ...
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