P. Macek's research while affiliated with The Czech Academy of Sciences and other places
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Publications (167)
Little is currently known about how climate modulates the relationship between plant diversity and soil organic carbon and the mechanisms involved. Yet, this knowledge is of crucial importance in times of climate change and biodiversity loss. Here, we show that plant diversity is positively correlated with soil carbon content and soil carbon-to-nit...
Climate change is leading to species redistributions. In the tundra biome, shrubs are generally expanding, but not all tundra shrub species will benefit from warming. Winner and loser species, and the characteristics that may determine success or failure, have not yet been fully identified. Here, we investigate whether past abundance changes, curre...
The Arctic is warming four times faster than the global average, and plant communities are responding through shifts in species abundance, composition and distribution. However, the direction and magnitude of local plant diversity changes have not been explored thus far at a pan-Arctic scale. Using a compilation of 42,234 records of 490 vascular pl...
Climate change is leading to a species redistributions. In the tundra biome, many shrub species are expanding into new areas, a process known as shrubification. However, not all tundra shrub species will benefit from warming. Winner and loser species (those projected to expand and contract their ranges, and/or those that have increased or decreased...
Open top chambers (OTCs) were adopted as the recommended warming mechanism by the International Tundra Experiment network in the early 1990s. Since then, OTCs have been deployed across the globe. Hundreds of papers have reported the impacts of OTCs on the abiotic environment and the biota. Here, we review the impacts of the OTC on the physical envi...
While biodiversity is expected to enhance multiple ecosystem functions (EFs), the different roles of multiple biodiversity dimensions remain difficult to disentangle without carefully designed experiments. We sowed plant communities with independent levels of functional (FD) and phylogenetic diversities (PD), combined with different levels of ferti...
Foliar endophytic bacteria and fungi are increasingly being recognized as important drivers of plant host phenotype—affecting a wide range of eco‐physiological processes. However, we are still lacking fundamental ecosystem‐level knowledge about the structure, function and inter‐species interactions in endophytic assemblages associated with plant ho...
Snow is an important driver of ecosystem processes in cold biomes. Snow accumulation determines ground temperature, light conditions and moisture availability during winter. It also affects the growing season’s start and end, and plant access to moisture and nutrients. Here, we review the current knowledge of the snow cover’s role for vegetation, p...
Snow is an important driver of ecosystem processes in cold biomes. Snow accumulation determines ground temperature, light conditions, and moisture availability during winter. It also affects the growing season’s start and end, and plant access to moisture and nutrients. Here, we review the current knowledge of the snow cover’s role for vegetation,...
Background
Herbivores modify the structure and function of tundra ecosystems. Understanding their impacts is necessary to assess the responses of these ecosystems to ongoing environmental changes. However, the effects of herbivores on plants and ecosystem structure and function vary across the Arctic. Strong spatial variation in herbivore effects i...
Arctic soils are an important reservoir of soil organic carbon (SOC) and their role in determining arctic ecosystem functioning in global carbon budgets requires closer attention. We investigated the coupling of soil properties and SOC stabilization mechanisms in high Arctic terrestrial habitats differing in vegetation cover and organic matter inpu...
Understanding and predicting large-scale ecological responses to global environmental change requires comparative studies across geographic scales with coordinated efforts and standardized methodologies. We designed, applied, and assessed standardized protocols to measure tundra herbivory at three spatial scales: plot, site (habitat), and study are...
Ungulate trampling modifies soils and interlinked ecosystem functions across biomes. Until today, most research has focused on temperate ecosystems and mineral soils while trampling effects on cold and organic matter‐rich tundra soils remain largely unknown.
We aimed to develop a general model of trampling effects on soil structure, biota, microcli...
Climate change is more pronounced in high-elevation habitats than elsewhere, potentially causing disruptions in plant community structure and dynamics through changes in plant interactions. We tested the effect of warming and rainfall manipulations on growth and gas exchange of a cushion plant species, Arenaria tetraquetra, in the Sierra Nevada Mou...
Soil respiration accounts for ca. three quarters of total ecosystem respiration and is sensitive to temperature and moisture. Plants can influence soil CO 2 emissions through specific effects on soil humidity, soil temperature and soil microbial communities. These plant-soil effects mostly come via litter production and root exudates, enhancing soi...
We suggest a new technique for estimating the relative drawdown of CO 2 concentration (c) in the intercellular air space (IAS) across hypostomatous leaves (expressed as the ratio c d /c b , where the indexes d and b denote the adaxial and abaxial edges, respectively, of IAS), based on the carbon isotope composition (δ ¹³ C) of leaf cuticular membra...
Motivation: The Tundra Trait Team (TTT) database includes field‐based measurements
of key traits related to plant form and function at multiple sites across the tundra biome. This dataset can be used to address theoretical questions about plant strategy and trade‐offs, trait–environment relationships and environmental filtering, and trait variation...
Aerial dispersal in the colonization of bare ground by lichens in the polar regions remains poorly understood. Potential colonists may arrive continually, although extreme abiotic conditions limit their viability. We investigated the vegetative dispersal of Antarctic macrolichens along a successional gradient (from 8.6–7.0 ka BP up to present) afte...
The impact of plant–plant interactions on species diversity patterns has been broadly addressed in stressful environments, such as alpine ecosystems, where foundation species promote species richness by creating habitat for other species. However, foundation species with contrasting phenotypes might modify the microhabitat differently, which would...
Questions
The exceptional occurrence of tall rain forest patches on foggy coastal mountaintops, surrounded by extensive xerophytic shrublands, suggests an important role of plant–plant interactions in the origin and persistence of these patches in semi‐arid Chile. We asked whether facilitation by shrubs can explain the growth and survival of rain f...
Question
In plant communities, the presence of a species has consequences for other species, with some being competitively excluded while others benefit from the close vicinity of neighbours. Even though such specificity in plant interactions is common and known, there is no empirical assessment of the mechanisms that would help us understand its i...
Meadow plant communities are commonly driven by strong competition, and the colonization of gaps plays an important role in the maintenance of their species diversity. Despite this, species‐specific information about the dynamics of vegetative and generative propagation, and on the role of seed bank and seed rain, is rather scarce.
In a 3‐year mani...
Microclimatic conditions in dead wood influence fungal growth and hence also species composition, but it remains unclear how they influence species richness in nature. We analysed fungal species richness based on the occurrence of fruit bodies on 2 m long segments of both standing and lying trunks of Norway spruce (Picea abies). The number of non-r...
Microclimatic conditions influence fungal growth, yet accurate descriptions of the relationships between the occurrence of fungi and microclimate (especially temperature) are lacking for dead wood in natural conditions. Here, we studied the occurrence of fungal fruit bodies on 2 m long segments of both standing and lying trunks of Norway spruce (Pi...
Shrubs have positive (facilitation) and negative (competition) effects on understory plants, the net interaction effect being modulated by abiotic conditions. Overall shrubs influence to great extent the structure of plant communities where they have significant presence. Interactions in a plant community are quite diverse but little is known about...
Shrubs have positive (facilitation) and negative (competition) effects on understory plants, the net interaction effect being modulated by abiotic conditions. Overall shrubs influence to great extent the structure of plant communities where they have significant presence. Interactions in a plant community are quite diverse but little is known about...
Determining which drivers lead to a specific species assemblage is a central issue in community ecology. Although many processes are involved, plant–plant interactions are among the most important. The phylogenetic limiting similarity hypothesis states that closely related species tend to compete stronger than distantly related species, although ev...
Although the distribution ranges and abundance of many plant species have declined dramatically in recent decades, detailed analysis of these changes and their cause have only become possible following the publication of second- and third-generation national distribution atlases. Decline can now be compared both between species and in different par...
We monitored the climate in high-elevation páramo of Antisana (Ecuador) to analyze its diurnal and annual variation. We established two climatic stations on the western (leeward) side of the mountain at 4280 m and 4600 m, and two stations on the north-eastern (windward) side at 4120 m and 4430 m. We recorded air temperature at 100 cm above ground,...
Clonal propagation becomes more abundant with increasing altitudes as environmental conditions worsen. To date, little attention has been paid to the way in which clonal propagation affects genetic diversity and the fine-scale spatial genetic structure (FSGS) of clonal alpine trees. An AFLP study was undertaken to quantify the clonal and genetic di...
Alpine areas of the tropical Andes constitute the largest of all tropical alpine regions
worldwide. They experience a particularly harsh climate, and they are fragmented into
tropical alpine islands at various spatial scales. These factors generate unique patterns of
continental insularity, whose impacts on biodiversity remain to be examined precis...
Questions
What is the spatio‐temporal dynamics of recruit (seedlings and vegetative sprouts) establishment in meadow gaps? What processes prevail during recruit establishment? At what spatio‐temporal scales do they operate?
Location
A wet meadow in S outh B ohemia, a region of the C zech R epublic.
Methods
We studied spatio‐temporal dynamics in p...
The flora of the South American páramo comprises plants of tropical and temperate origin, which either avoid or tolerate freezing. We tested the hypothesis that the frost-resistance mechanism in páramo plants is determined by their geographic origin, i.e. that plants of tropical origin avoid freezing by supercooling, whereas temperate plants tolera...
Low temperature is considered the main limiting factor for plant growth and nutrient supply at high elevations. It has been repeatedly reported that an increase in foliar nutrient contents occurs with elevation which is interpreted as the plants' inability to use the absorbed resources for growth. However, although large data sets from various moun...
Clonality resulting from the growth of specialized organs is common among plants in wetland habitats. We hypothesize that different wetland habitats select for different attributes of clonal traits. This hypothesis is based on studies of individual species but has not been previously tested at the level of habitat. We compared the functional divers...
Abstract Neotropical ecosystems between treeline and snowline, called páramos, stretch along Andean ranges from Costa Rica to northern Peru. The páramo climate is characterized by regular night frosts occurring throughout the year. Páramo plants use two strategies to deal with freezing temperatures. They either avoid ice formation in the tissues or...
Recent agricultural intensification in tropical countries has led to increased nutrient input and eutrophication of wetland
ecosystems. Higher nutrient levels often lead to changes of vegetation structure and, eventually, shift in species dominance
and loss of ecosystem services. We studied the dynamics of species shift in a manipulative nutrient e...
Unlabelled:
Premise of the study:
Natural hybridization represents an important force driving plant evolution and affecting community structure and functioning. Hybridization may be overlooked, however, among morphologically highly uniform congeners. An excellent example of such a group is Eleocharis subgenus Limnochloa, which has no reliably pr...
Plant cuticles form the interface between epidermal plant cells and the atmosphere. The cuticle creates an effective barrier against water loss, bacterial and fungal infection and also protects plant tissue from UV radiation. It is composed of the cutin matrix and embedded soluble lipids also called waxes. Chemical composition of cuticular waxes an...
Citations
... Several investigations have shown that fluctuations in SOC content are mostly caused by environmental factors such as precipitation and temperature [49,62,68]. This study's redundancy analysis revealed that precipitation was the primary cause of the fluctuation in SOC content. ...
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... However, unlike the results of our study, shifts in plant phenology and links to reproductive fitness in alpine tundra systems might be more sensitive to other (non-temperature) parameters, such as snowmelt timing and, possibly, photoperiod (Rixen et al., 2022). Furthermore, although the 'borealization' of Arctic ecosystems is predicted under climate change, recent global syntheses argue that this pattern has not occurred in any consistent way (García Criado et al., 2023), potentially diminishing the ability to extend these generalities to non-tundra ecosystems. Further research is needed to determine how these changes in fitness as a result of advancing phenology will or will not scale up to changes in the abundance of tundra species worldwide. ...
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... To do this, we used open-top chambers (OTCs) to impose the warming treatments in the field (Figure 1). OTCs are commonly used to passively increase temperature in a range of different ecosystems because they are relatively inexpensive and easy to construct, they do not require a power source (i.e., they rely on passive heating), and they increase both air and soil temperature compared with other warming structures that often do only one or the other (Hollister et al., 2022). While OTCs have been used across a range of ecosystems, there have been only a handful of studies that have evaluated OTCs in agroecosystems. ...
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... These six key drivers explained most of the variability in Po transformation (Fig. 8). Our findings are also consistent with Valencia et al. (2022) who also revealed that changes in abiotic soil properties affected biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships through changes in certain soil biological variables. In addition, N 2 -fixing tree species reportedly enhance the photosynthetic rate of some plants, possibly allowing greater production in AMF through C allocation (Jia et al. 2004). ...
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... Here, one might expect a decoupling between abundance and ecosystem effect. Despite the extensive literature on herbivory in the Arctic [12], there has been no comprehensive attempt to synthesize the impacts of herbivore diversity on tundra ecosystems. ...
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... The darkened snow and ice could change the near-surface heat transfers in the Arctic, consequently influencing the Arctic climate. Despite its importance, the deposition of BC on Arctic snow and ice and its consequent impact on climate change, especially its impact on near surface energy exchange processes remain poorly understood and needs further investigation (Pistone et al., 2014;Rixen et al., 2022;Xiao et al., 2017;Willeit and Ganopolski, 2018). ...
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... These findings have clear implications for predicting the impacts of climate change on Arctic ecosystems, while also providing potential insight for other temperature-limited systems with overlapping plant taxa, such as alpine tundra and boreal forests. However, unlike the results of our study, shifts in plant phenology and links to reproductive fitness in alpine tundra systems might be more sensitive to other (non-temperature) parameters, such as snowmelt timing and, possibly, photoperiod (Rixen et al., 2022). Furthermore, although the 'borealization' of Arctic ecosystems is predicted under climate change, recent global syntheses argue that this pattern has not occurred in any consistent way (García Criado et al., 2023), potentially diminishing the ability to extend these generalities to non-tundra ecosystems. ...
... Another interesting aspect for further exploration of biological complexity is relatedness of endophytic microbiomes of parasitic plants and their hosts. For example, it has been argued that parasitic plants are likely to be able to decrease the extent of colonization by fungal endophytes with further consequences for host plant physiology [103]. Considering the generally limited understanding of the role of endophytes in the functioning of different ecosystems, research on the relationship between hemiparasites, host plants and their endophytes could be of critical importance. ...
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... Wild ungulates are important drivers of the dynamics of many terrestrial ecosystems and impact biodiversity at different system levels. Studies on ungulate species and their ecological interactions with forestry, agriculture, and other land-use activities in different landscapes may particularly relate to the following topics: ungulates and their habitats-ecological dependencies, interactions in different ecosystems, e.g., [1][2][3][4][5][6]; effects of ungulates on forest composition and structure in different forest communities, e.g., [1,[7][8][9][10][11]; wildlife ungulates as pests in forestry and agriculture, as well as in disease transmission, e.g., [3,10,12]; methods for studying the ecological effects of ungulates, e.g., [13][14][15]; ungulates and their predators-interactions and predator-ungulate-plant cascades, e.g., [16,17]; management of ungulates-sustainability, biodiversity, and human-wildlife conflict, e.g., [3,4,[18][19][20]; the conservation of ungulates and habitats, and their genetic diversity, e.g., [2,13,18,21]. ...
... The high spatial overlap of reindeer and geese occurred in areas that support grass and forb-rich communities, embedded in often thick moss cover, potentially impacting the tundra vegetation state (Ravolainen et al., 2020). The congregation of large herbivore numbers in specific vegetation types (Jilkova et al., 2021), occurring in small parts of the landscape, can be either formed or maintained by the herbivores themselves (Jakubas et al., 2008;Ravolainen et al., 2020;Van der Wal et al., 2004;Van der Wal, 2006;Vanderpuye et al., 2002). Depending on the abundance levels of herbivores and subsequent grazing and other activities (e.g., grubbing, trampling), as well as fertilisation from sea birds or the herbivores, moss tundra habitats can develop in different directions, such as towards more herbaceous dominance or more moss dominance (Ravolainen et al., 2020). ...
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