P K Das's research while affiliated with Indian Council of Medical Research and other places

Publications (203)

Article
Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism for the clearance of microfilariae in Wuchereria bancrofti infected individuals. In this study, we have quantified the plasma concentrations of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 6-keto-PGF1α, the end products of arachidonic acid metabolic pathway in microfilaraemics (DEC treated and unt...
Article
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a leading cause of morbidity in the tropical world. It is caused by the filarial parasites Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and Brugia timori and transmitted by vector mosquitoes. Currently a programme for the elimination of LF, Global Lympahtic Filariasis Elimination Programme (GPELF), is underway with the strategy...
Article
Full-text available
In order to achieve the goal of global programme for elimination of lymphatic filariasis (GPELF), chemotherapy programmes are underway to interrupt transmission of the disease. At this point, detection of exposure will be more appropriate to monitor the programme and to certify areas cleared of active transmission as disease-free. A recently availa...
Article
Annual mass drug administration (MDA) is the recommended strategy for lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination. We assessed the effect of six rounds of mass administration of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) and albendazole (ALB) on microfilaria (Mf) prevalence and intensity and vector infection and infectivity rates and circulating filarial antigenaemia (CFA...
Article
Lymphatic filariasis is a major vector-borne parasitic disease. The global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis was launched in 1997 and currently over 570 million people are covered under it in 48 countries. Mass annual single-dose drug administration of diethylcarbamazine (DEC), co-administrated with albendazole for 5-6 years and mass dist...
Article
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There are about five more common, including Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi, and four less common filarial parasites infecting human. Genetic analysis of W. bancrofti populations in India showed that two strains of the species are prevalent in the country. The adult filarial parasites are tissue specific in the human host and their embryonic...
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Albendazole, a commonly used anthelminthic drug that targets the polymerization of alpha- and beta-tubulin dimer is currently co-administered with the antifilarial drug, diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) in the ongoing Global Programme for Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF). The experience in veterinary field has shown that there can be a r...
Article
A diethylcarbamazine (DEC)-fortified salt intervention programme was implemented between 1982 and 1986 in Karaikal district, Union territory of Pondicherry, south India, to control Culex transmitted bancroftian filariasis. The intervention reduced the microfilaria (Mf) rate from 4.49% to 0.08%. To eliminate the residual microfilaraemia, the health...
Article
Monitoring and evaluation of programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (LF) depends on epidemiological assessment using appropriate indicators. Minimum efforts using reliable tests are necessary to guide the programme managers in decision-making. Impact of Mass Drug Administration (MDA) towards filariasis elimination can be assessed by the detect...
Article
Lymphatic filariasis (LF), caused by Wuchereria bancrofti is widely distributed in areas of India with variable geoclimatic factors. These factors, coupled with chemotherapeutic pressure exerted for past half a century may have influenced the genetic structure of the parasite populations. A complex genetic structure of parasite populations will hav...
Article
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Lymphatic filariasis continues to cause severe morbidity and economic loss. The World Health Assembly (WHA) has passed a resolution to eliminate this disease by 2020. The major thrust of the elimination strategy is interrupting transmission by anti-parasitic treatment of entire communities. However, both vector density and community microfilaria lo...
Article
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To evaluate the impact of seven rounds of mass administration of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) and ivermectin on the prevalence of chronic lymphatic filariasis and to compare it with that observed in a placebo arm in a community-level trial. Cross-sectional clinical surveys were carried out before and after seven rounds of mass drug administration (MDA)...
Article
Sub-periodic form of Wuchereria bancrofti occurs in several well-isolated islands of Nicobar group of islands of Andaman Nicobar archipelago, India, presenting an interesting situation to study the genetic variability of its population. Microfilariae collected from 40 microfilaria (mf) carriers residing in eight locations on five islands (five carr...
Article
The potential of repeated mass administration of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) and ivermectin to eliminate lymphatic filariasis has been examined in a study implemented in 10 villages with a population of 18415 in south India. During ten rounds of mass drug administration, 49-84% of the eligible population received treatment in different villages. Ten r...
Article
In India, Mass Drug Administration is on going towards elimination of lymphatic filariasis in many areas, which might lead to intense selection pressure on the parasite populations and their genetic restructuring. This calls for molecular finger printing of Wuchereria bancrofti parasite populations at national level and monitoring genetic changes i...
Article
Mass drug administration (MDA) is the principal strategy of the programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (LF). Evaluation of MDA in highly endemic 'sentinel' communities is necessary to understand its impact on LF infection. This study examined the changes in Wuchereria bancrofti infection following 10 rounds of annual mass administration of die...
Article
Nematode polyprotein allergens (NPA) are lipid binding/transport molecules that elicit elevated levels of IgE response in the infected host, leading to Th2 type of immune response. They also transport arachidonic acid and its metabolites that are known to be involved in the action of antifilarial drug, Diethylcarbamazine and hence are of great sign...
Article
Nematode polyprotein allergens (NPA) are lipid-binding/transport molecules that elicit elevated levels of IgE response in the infected host, leading to Th2 type of immune response. They also transport arachidonic acid and metabolites that is known to be the action of antifilarial drug, diethylcarbamazine, and hence are of great significance to the...
Article
Full-text available
The recommended strategy for elimination of Lymphatic filariasis is single-dose, once-yearly mass treatment with anti-filarial drugs and the program is in operation on a national level in India. Rate of coverage and consumption is the most crucial factor in the success of Mass Drug Administration (MDA) program. In spite of massive efforts, the prog...
Article
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An outbreak of fever with viraemic syndrome occurred in Sulurpet, Andhra Pradesh during mid-September 2000 and lasted up to the fourth week of November 2000. Out of 262 fever cases reported, 60 (22.9%) conformed to the clinical definition of dengue. Representative samples of paired sera (16 cases) were subjected to antibody detection by MAC-ELISA t...
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During October 2003 - February 2004, a suspected outbreak of dengue fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever occurred in Pondicherry and the present investigation was carried out to confirm the dengue epidemic through clinical, serological and molecular studies. Analysis of clinical symptoms showed that the younger age group of 1-15 years was the most a...
Article
Information on change in genetic diversity of Wuchereria bancrofti is important in view of the launching of the Global Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Programme, as it may have important consequences on the control operations and on the potential resurgence after their withdrawal. Since attention was not paid to generate such information when the...
Article
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Lot quality assurance sampling (LQAS) with two-stage sampling plan was applied for rapid monitoring of coverage after every round of mass drug administration (MDA). A Primary Health Centre (PHC) consisting of 29 villages in Thiruvannamalai district, Tamil Nadu was selected as the study area. Two threshold levels of coverage were used: threshold A (...
Article
In the mass drug administrations (MDA) that form the principal strategy of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis, treatment coverages of at least 65%-80% will be needed if the programme is to be successful. In the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, where treatment coverages were typically <65%, a comprehensive strategy of advocacy and com...
Article
Population interactions among mosquitoes in the Culex vishnui subgroup, which are vectors of Japanese Encephalitis, and their natural enemies were studied in Pondicherry, India. We tested the hypothesis that the breakdown of interactions between the larvae and their natural enemies due to drought followed by rain was responsible for the sudden incr...
Article
Wuchereria bancrofti, a nematode parasite causing human lymphatic filariasis is widely distributed in India. The phylogeography of this parasite was studied by constructing RAPD profiles of parasite populations collected from 71 microfilaria carriers residing in different geoclimatic regions of India. The analysis showed that the phylogeography of...
Article
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Food utilization by the larvae of Toxorhynchites splendens (Wiedemann) was studied in the laboratory by offering larvae of Aedes aegypti Linnaeus, Anopheles stephensi (Liston), and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say). Quantitative analyses of data indicated that immature development was significantly faster with increase in food availability. The regressi...
Article
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Ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine (DEC) are used in mass treatment programs for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis because of their strong effects on microfilaremia. However, the effects of treatment on adult worms and the degree of individual variation in efficacy are unclear. We analyzed series of microfilaria (Mf) counts from individuals tr...
Article
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Current programmes to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (LF) are largely based on annual mass administrations of single doses of antifilarial drugs. The level and pattern of compliance by the target population are important determinants of the success of such mass drug administrations (MDA). Community compliance was therefore investigated during a stu...
Article
The main strategy now adopted for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) is based on mass drug administrations (MDA). Annual administration of antifilarial drugs to 65%-80% of the population at risk of the disease is believed to be necessary if LF is to be eliminated, at least as a public-health problem, within a reasonable time-frame. To fac...
Article
This study from two districts of Orissa State which are endemic for Plasmodium falciparum transmitted by Anopheles fluviatilis and A. culicifacies investigated the impact of dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) indoor residual spraying, in view of the ongoing discussion on phasing out DDT in India. Based on their high annual parasite incidence an...
Article
The role of acquired immunity in lymphatic filariasis is uncertain. Assuming that immunity against new infections develops gradually with accumulated experience of infection, models predict a decline in prevalence after teenage or early adulthood. A strong indication for acquired immunity was found in longitudinal data from Pondicherry, India, wher...
Article
This paper investigates a cohort of 2187 laboratory reared Culex quinquefasciatus fed on 69 human volunteers, including 59 persons with different levels of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae and 10 without microfilaria. Mosquitoes were followed until death. Mosquito survival was analysed in relation to the level of microfilaria in the human and lar...
Article
This paper presents a model-based analysis of longitudinal data describing the impact of integrated vector management on the intensity of Wuchereria bancrofti infection in Pondicherry, India. The aims of this analysis were (1) to gain insight into the dynamics of infection, with emphasis on the possible role of immunity, and (2) to develop a model...
Article
Understanding density dependence in the transmission of lymphatic filariasis is essential for assessing the prospects of elimination. This study seeks to quantify the relationship between microfilaria (Mf) density in human blood and the number of third stage (L3) larvae developing in the mosquito vectors Aedes polynesiensis Marks and Culex quinquef...
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In view of the recent discovery of rickettsial endosymbionts, Wolbachia in lymphatic filarial parasites, Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi and subsequently of their vital role in the survival and development of the latter, antibiotics such as tetracycline are being suggested for the treatment of lymphatic filariasis, by way of eliminating the...
Article
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is targeted for global elimination. Transmission interruption through repeated annual single-dose mass administration of anti-filarial drugs is the mainstay of the LF elimination strategy. This study examined the ability of six rounds of mass administration of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) or ivermectin (IVM) to interrupt trans...
Article
Full-text available
LYMFASIM, a microsimulation model for transmission and control of lymphatic filariasis, was used to simulate the effects of mass treatment, in order to estimate the number of treatment rounds necessary to achieve elimination. Simulations were performed for a community that represented Pondicherry, India, and that had an average precontrol microfila...
Article
The ICT filariasis card test was used to determine the prevalences of Wuchereria bancrofti antigenaemia among villagers in India. Prior to the tests, those living in the 15 study villages had been treated six times, in six rounds of mass treatment (with 54%-75% coverage) spread over 6 years, with single doses of diethylcarbamazine (five villages),...
Article
Personal protection measures have become an important tool against mosquito nuisance. The severity of mosquito nuisance and the type and costs of personal protection measures in the Pondicherry region in South India have been investigated, using a structured questionnaire. The number of respondents sampled was 300 in the urban area and 100 in rural...
Article
Albendazole, anthelmintic benzimidazole (BZ) is being co-administered with an antifilarial drug, diethylcarbamazine (DEC), in lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination programmes. But this drug is known to result in the faster development of drug resistance and hence it is necessary to monitor drug sensitivity among populations of Wuchereria bancrofti....
Article
The resistance in vectors to conventional insecticides warrants development of newer insecticides for mosquito control besides use of other counter-measures. The present study was undertaken to test the efficacy of a new and toxicologically safe organophosphorus compound, Reldan (chlorpyrifos-methyl) and compare its efficacy with Dursban (chlorphyr...
Article
Together, the interruption of transmission, through annual mass treatments with antifilarial drugs, and the alleviation of suffering in chronic cases form the principal strategy of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF). Entomological monitoring of the annual mass drug administrations is necessary to assess transmission leve...
Article
Full-text available
Wuchereria bancrofti transmitted by Culex quinquefasciatus accounts for >90% of the global burden of lymphatic filariasis (LF). Recent advances in diagnostic and control tools and a better epidemiological understanding of the disease have led to hope that LF is eradicable. The World Health Organization has helped a number of member countries to lau...
Article
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Gaining a better understanding of the spatial population structure of infectious agents is increasingly recognized as being key to their more effective mapping and to improving knowledge of their overall population dynamics and control. Here, we investigate the spatial structure of bancroftian filariasis distribution using geostatistical methods in...
Article
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Background The tolerability and efficacy of single dose albendazole (400 mg), diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) (6 mg/kg bodyweight) or co-administration of albendazole (400 mg) + DEC (6 mg/kg bodyweight) was studied in 54 asymptomatic Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaraemic volunteers in a double blind hospital-based clinical study. Results There was...
Article
Annual mass treatment with single-dose diethylcarbamazine (DEC) or ivermectin (IVM) in combination with albendazole (ALB) for 4-6 years is the principal tool of lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination strategy. This placebo-controlled study examined the potential of six rounds of mass treatment with DEC or IVM to eliminate Wuchereria bancrofti infect...
Article
The genetic variability of the lymphatic filarial parasite Wuchereria bancrofti, from three localities (one urban and two rural areas) in southern India, endemic for filariasis was studied using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The RAPD profiles were generated for 21 parasite populations (7 populations from each area), using a 10-me...
Article
Full-text available
A major debate in infectious disease epidemiology concerns the relative importance of exposure and host factors, such as sex and acquired immunity, in determining observed age patterns of parasitic infection in endemic communities. Nonhomogeneous contact between hosts and vectors is also expected to increase the reproductive rate, and hence transmi...
Article
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is targeted for global elimination. Repeated annual single-dose mass treatment with antifilarials has been recommended as the principal strategy to achieve LF elimination. This requires an effective and sustainable strategy to deliver the drug, diethylcarbamazine (DEC), to communities. In this study, a new drug delivery st...
Article
Review of literature indicates that none of the chemicals so far studied for oviposition attractancy was found to be promising for operational use. Efforts are being made to find an effective substance to corner a large number of ovipositing females to selective breeding sites for ease of control operation. This will reduce insecticidal consumption...
Article
Full-text available
A double-blind placebo-controlled trial was carried out in 1994-98 to compare the effects of 4 cycles of single-dose diethylcarbamazine (DEC) or ivermectin on prevalence and geometric mean intensity (GMI) of microfilaraemia in the human population, infection rates in the vector population, and transmission intensity of Culex-transmitted Wuchereria...
Article
This paper reports on DEC distribution and compliance with treatment in a large-scale annual single-dose mass treatment programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis in the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu. 76.9% of households (82.5% in rural areas and 58.0% in urban areas) were aware of drug distribution for control of filariasis. DEC was given to 7...
Article
In a double blind design the tolerability and efficacy of single-dose DEC (6 mg/kg/body weight) or ivermectin (400 microg/kg/body weight) was studied in 30 asymptomatic W. bancrofti parasite carriers each. Although both drugs were tolerated well, the adverse reaction score (DEC 0.5; ivermectin 1.5) and overall incidence (DEC 65.0%; ivermectin 93.3%...
Article
Full-text available
The derivation of detailed epidemiological maps, at the relevant spatial resolution, is being increasingly recognized as vital to the effective design and implementation of successful programmes for the control of parasites and their vectors. Geographical information systems (GIS) and a recently complied database on the distribution of lymphatic fi...
Article
Full-text available
The derivation of detailed epidemiological maps, at the relevant spatial resolution, is being increasingly recognized as vital to the effective design and implementation of successful programmes for the control of parasites and their vectors. Geographical information systems (GIS) and a recently compiled database on the distribution of lymphatic fi...

Citations

... The collected data clearly indicate that the risk of filarial infection in Indonesia does not remain constant throughout the country, but rather is province-dependent. This aligns with findings from previous studies in India [20]. Factors such as the environment, landscape and climate, e.g., temperature, annual rainfall, altitude and humidity, had a significant impact to the transmission of filariasis [21]. ...
... It may be noted that Kushta Qalai drug is orally administered in human subjects at a dose level of 125mg/kg body weight per day for a period of 30 days. (Das, et al., 2002;Fauci, et al., 2008;Park, 2009). The disease is endemic in many countries in Africa, South Asia, the Pacific Islands and Americas. ...
... Previous studies have addressed the topic of lost productivity years, number of life-lost years and overall lost production using only retrospective approaches for tsunami (Krishnamoorthy et al. 2005) and earthquakes (Wang et al. 2008 Noy (2014; and applied at global level based also in disaster databases. ...
... 62 For rapid killing of microlariae by DEC (1), inducible nitric oxide was found to be an essential factor. 63 However, combination therapy of DEC (1) with albendazole (4) revealed effective killing of W. bancroi microlariae, but this treatment was followed by the development of hydroceles and worsening of the pre-existing hydroceles. 64 In light of its pharmacokinetic studies, DEC (1) is almost completely absorbed aer oral administration and is widely distributed in non-fatty tissues. ...
... One thousand two hundred and twenty individuals (Abaji: 687; Bwari: 533) were interviewed in the household survey while eighteen (18) key informant interviews (KIIs) and sixteen (16) focus group discussions (FGDs) were used to gain insight on community engagement, participation, utilization of MDA and perception of the NTD programmes. ...
... Literature reveals that the first dengue outbreak was reported in Puducherry in the year 2003. [12] Since then, outbreaks are occurring regularly in Puducherry with the number of cases increasing every year. In 2017, 4568 dengue cases were reported of which seven proved fatal. ...
... It is documented that DEC acts through the enzymes of the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway and clears the mf through the innate immune-mediated mechanism (Maizels and Denham 1992;Mackenzie and Kron 1985). The study on DEC action revealed the involvement of cyclooxygenase pathway enzymes, viz., prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin I2, and their inhibition as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNos) in platelets for the clearance of microfilariae (Chen and Mehta 1996;McGarry et al. 2005;Sankari et al. 2013). Wider individual variation observed in the study (Fig. 5(a) and (b)) may be attributed to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes coding for enzymes of the arachidonic acid pathway in humans. ...
... Wolbachia plays an important role in the biology of the host and in the immunopathology of filariasis (Brattig et al. 2000;Taylor 2002;Keiser et al. 2002). The phylogenetic analysis of Wolbachia endosymbiont of the lymphatic filarial parasite showed that their phylogeny agrees with the phylogenetic structure of their host-parasite such as B. malayi, W. bancrofti, O. volvulus, etc., which indicates that they have evolutionary significance on parasite-endosymbiont association (Taylor et al. 1999;Casiraghi et al. 2004Casiraghi et al. , 2005Foster et al. 2005;Ferri et al. 2011;Sharma et al. 2013). Many genes of Wolbachia of human lymphatic filarial parasite have been characterized to focus on Wolbachia-based control strategies of filariasis (Brattig et al. 2000;Hoerauf et al. 2000;Taylor 2000;Dhamodharan et al. 2011;Sharma et al. 2013;Slatko et al. 2014;Shahab et al. 2014). ...
... Filarial nematodes are parasites transmitted by mosquitoes such as Aedes and Culex 22 . Lymphatic lariasis, a human infection of public health importance that is caused by Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi, is a neglected tropical disease similar to dengue fever 23 . ...
... Published Online: Dec 31, 2023 tion of shortages, providing breeding sites for mosquitoes. The most common clinical symptoms reported were fever (99.1% to 100%), myalgia (65-70%), headache (55.5%), nausea (39.1 %), skin rash (53.6%), mucocutaneous hemorrhagic manifestations (58.2%), and ocular pain (20%) in some other studies, similar to the finding of the present study (25)(26)(27)(28). However, studies from other parts of India had clinical presentations that were different (19,29). ...