Nikos Makris's research while affiliated with Harvard Medical School and other places
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Publications (377)
Autopsy followed by histopathological examination is foundational in clinical and forensic medicine for discovering and understanding pathological changes in disease, their underlying processes, and cause of death. Imaging technology has become increasingly important for advancing clinical research and practice, given its noninvasive, in vivo and e...
Current views on immunity support the idea that immunity extends beyond defense functions and is tightly intertwined with several other fields of biology such as virology, microbiology, physiology and ecology. It is also critical for our understanding of autoimmunity and cancer, two topics of great biological relevance and for critical public healt...
Behavioral addictions (BA) and substance use disorders (SUDs) share core features, including impaired control and craving, leading to significant personal and societal impacts. Previous research has identified the pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) as a critical node in GD-related neurocircuitry, making it a potential target for interventions a...
The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study® has collected data from over 10,000 children across 21 sites, providing insights into adolescent brain development. However, site-specific scanner variability has made it challenging to use diffusion MRI (dMRI) data from this study. To address this, a dataset of harmonized and processed ABCD...
Objective
Impaired visuospatial memory is a clinical feature in individuals with neuropathologically confirmed chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) post-mortem. Altered white matter microstructure in the cingulum bundle (CB) has previously been associated with impaired visuospatial memory in other neurodegenerative disorders. The aim of this stud...
On average, healthy older adults prefer positive over neutral or negative stimuli. This positivity bias is related to memory and attention processes and is linked to the function and structure of several interconnected brain areas. However, the relationship between the positivity bias and white matter integrity remains elusive. The present study ex...
The retinogeniculate visual pathway (RGVP) is responsible for carrying visual information from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus. Identification and visualization of the RGVP are important in studying the anatomy of the visual system and can inform the treatment of related brain diseases. Diffusion MRI (dMRI) tractography is an advanced...
The temporal pole (TP) is considered one of the major paralimbic cortical regions, and is involved in a variety of functions such as sensory perception, emotion, semantic processing, and social cognition. Based on differences in cytoarchitecture, the TP can be further subdivided into smaller regions (dorsal, ventrolateral and ventromedial), each fo...
A key set of connections necessary for the most complex brain functions are the long association cortico‐cortical fiber tracts. These pathways have been described by the Dejerines and others using post mortem histological or brain dissection techniques. Given methodological limitations, these fiber connections have not been delineated completely in...
Regular participation in sports results in a series of physiological adaptations. However, little is known about the brain adaptations to physical activity. Here we aimed to investigate whether young endurance athletes and non-athletes differ in the gray and white matter of the brain and whether cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is associated with th...
The corticospinal tract (CST) is a critically important white matter fiber tract in the human brain that enables control of voluntary movements of the body. The CST exhibits a somatotopic organization, which means that the motor neurons that control specific body parts are arranged in order within the CST. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)...
Diffusion MRI tractography parcellation classifies streamlines into anatomical fiber tracts to enable quantification and visualization for clinical and scientific applications. Current tractography parcellation methods rely heavily on registration, but registration inaccuracies can affect parcellation and the computational cost of registration is h...
Background
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a potentially fatal psychiatric condition, associated with structural brain changes such as gray matter volume loss. The pathophysiological mechanisms for these changes are not yet fully understood. Iron is a crucial element in the development and function of the brain. Considering the systemic alterations in iro...
Objective
To investigate how the presence/side of hippocampal sclerosis (HS) are related to the white matter structure of cingulum bundle (CB), arcuate fasciculus (AF), and inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF) in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE).
Methods
We acquired diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) from 86 healthy and 71 i...
Gambling disorder (GD) is a condition constituting a public health concern due to its impactful detrimental consequences for affected individuals and its very high social costs. Given the lack of FDA-approved treatments, novel non-pharmacological interventions are warranted. In this double-blind randomized controlled trial, we aimed to investigate...
Diffusion MRI tractography parcellation classifies streamlines into anatomical fiber tracts to enable quantification and visualization for clinical and scientific applications. Current tractography parcellation methods rely heavily on registration, but registration inaccuracies can affect parcellation and the computational cost of registration is h...
We propose a geometric deep-learning-based framework, TractGeoNet, for performing regression using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) tractography and associated pointwise tissue microstructure measurements. By employing a point cloud representation, TractGeoNet can directly utilize pointwise tissue microstructure and positional informatio...
The corticospinal tract (CST) is a critically important white matter fiber tract in the human brain that enables control of voluntary movements of the body. Diffusion MRI tractography is the only method that enables the study of the anatomy and variability of the CST pathway in human health. In this work, we explored the performance of six widely u...
The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study is a groundbreaking effort aimed at providing a comprehensive understanding of adolescent brain development. With data collected from over 10,000 children across 21 sites, this study promises to unlock key insights into the cognitive, behavioral, and neuroimaging data that underpins this criti...
Diffusion MRI tractography is an advanced imaging technique that enables in vivo mapping of the brain's white matter connections. White matter parcellation classifies tractography streamlines into clusters or anatomically meaningful tracts. It enables quantification and visualization of whole-brain tractography. Currently, most parcellation methods...
White matter fiber clustering is an important strategy for white matter parcellation, which enables quantitative analysis of brain connections in health and disease. In combination with expert neuroanatomical labeling, data-driven white matter fiber clustering is a powerful tool for creating atlases that can model white matter anatomy across indivi...
A complete structural definition of the human nervous system must include delineation of its wiring diagram (e.g., [1]). The complete formulation of the human brain circuit diagram (BCD; [2]) has been hampered by an inability to determine connections in their entirety (i.e., not only pathway stems, but also origins and terminations). From a structu...
Neuroimaging measures of the brain's white matter connections can enable the prediction of non-imaging phenotypes, such as demographic and cognitive measures. Existing works have investigated traditional microstructure and connectivity measures from diffusion MRI tractography, without considering the shape of the connections reconstructed by tracto...
The choroid plexus (ChP) is part of the blood‐cerebrospinal fluid barrier, regulating brain homeostasis and the brain's response to peripheral events. Its upregulation and enlargement are considered essential in psychosis. However, the timing of the ChP enlargement has not been established. This study introduces a novel magnetic resonance imaging‐b...
Introduction
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) is not only a therapeutic option but also an investigational tool to explore circuits and subjective dimensions in pathological conditions. Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders (OCRDs) shared similarities with Substance Use Disorder (SUD), suggesting the involvement of the reward sy...
The structure and variability of the brain's connections can be investigated via prediction of non-imaging phenotypes using neural networks. However, known neuroanatomical relationships between input features are generally ignored in network design. We propose TractGraphCNN, a novel, anatomically informed graph CNN framework for machine learning ta...
We present a novel deep learning framework, DeepRGVP, for the retinogeniculate pathway (RGVP) identification from dMRI tractography data. We propose a novel microstructure-supervised contrastive learning method (MicroSCL) that leverages both streamline labels and tissue microstructure (fractional anisotropy) for RGVP and non-RGVP. We propose a simp...
Large datasets often contain multiple distinct feature sets, or views, that offer complementary information that can be exploited by multi-view learning methods to improve results. We investigate anatomical-multi-view data, where each brain anatomical structure is described with multiple feature sets. In particular, we focus on sets of white matter...
As the largest human cerebellar nucleus, the dentate nucleus (DN) functions significantly in the communication between the cerebellum and the rest of the brain. Structural connectivity-based parcellation has the potential to reveal the topography of the DN and enable the study of its subregions. In this paper, we investigate a deep nonnegative matr...
The retinogeniculate pathway (RGVP) is responsible for carrying visual information from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus. Identification and visualization of the RGVP are important in studying the anatomy of the visual system and can inform treatment of related brain diseases. Diffusion MRI (dMRI) tractography is an advanced imaging met...
The brain's white matter (WM) undergoes developmental and degenerative processes during the human lifespan. To investigate the relationship between WM anatomical regions and age, we study diffusion magnetic resonance imaging tractography that is finely parcellated into fiber clusters in the deep, superficial, and cerebellar WM. We propose a deep-le...
Comparative structural neuroanatomy is a cornerstone for understanding human brain structure and function. A parcellation framework that relates systematically to fundamental principles of histological organization is an essential step in generating structural comparisons between species. In the present investigation, we developed a comparative par...
Neuroimaging-based prediction of neurocognitive measures is valuable for studying how the brain's structure relates to cognitive function. However, the accuracy of prediction using popular linear regression models is relatively low. We propose Supervised Contrastive Regression (SCR), a simple yet effective method that allows full supervision for co...
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a debilitating disorder, which tremendously impacts psychological, social, and financial aspects of patients’ life. Frequently, SZ patients present with poor insight, which can even worse the symptomatology. Antipsychotic medications frequently result in suboptimal outcomes, especially the ones concerning negative and cognitiv...
Brain iron is central to dopaminergic neurotransmission, a key component in schizophrenia pathology. Iron can also generate oxidative stress, which is one proposed mechanism for gray matter volume reduction in schizophrenia. The role of brain iron in schizophrenia and its potential link to oxidative stress has not been previously examined. In this...
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based brain segmentation has recently been revolutionized by deep learning methods. These methods use large numbers of annotated segmentations to train algorithms that have the potential to perform brain segmentations reliably and quickly. However, training data for these algorithms are frequently obtained from auto...
White matter tract microstructure has been shown to influence neuropsychological scores of cognitive performance. However, prediction of these scores from white matter tract data has not been attempted. In this paper, we propose a deep-learning-based framework for neuropsychological score prediction using microstructure measurements estimated from...
Objectives: Disrupted auditory networks play an important role in the pathophysiology of psychosis, with abnormalities already observed in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR). Here, we examine structural and functional connectivity of an auditory network in CHR utilising state-of-the-art electroencephalography and diffusion imagin...
Postmortem studies are currently considered a gold standard for investigating brain structure at the cellular level. To investigate cellular changes in the context of human development, aging, or disease treatment, non-invasive in-vivo imaging methods such as diffusion MRI (dMRI) are needed. However, dMRI measures are only indirect measures and req...
Diffusion MRI tractography is an advanced imaging technique that enables in vivo mapping of the brain's white matter connections. White matter parcellation classifies tractography streamlines into clusters or anatomically meaningful tracts. It enables quantification and visualization of whole-brain tractography. Currently, most parcellation methods...
White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are a typical feature of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD), which contributes to about 50% of dementias worldwide. Microstructural alterations in deep white matter (DWM) have been widely examined in CSVD. However, little is known about abnormalities in superficial white matter (SWM) and their relevance for pro...
White matter tract microstructure has been shown to influence neuropsychological scores of cognitive performance. However, prediction of these scores from white matter tract data has not been attempted. In this paper, we propose a deep-learning-based framework for neuropsychological score prediction using microstructure measurements estimated from...
Gambling Disorder (GD) is a condition constituting a public health concern, with a burden of harm which is much greater than that of drug addiction. Patients with GD are generally reluctant to pharmacologic treatment and seem to prefer nonpharmacological interventions. Therefore, this proof-of-concept study aimed to investigate the feasibility of c...
Previous investigations of human cerebellar structure and function frequently reveal relationships between the cerebellum and executive functioning. Additionally, axon tracing investigations in primates demonstrate cerebellar connections with the prefrontal cortex, a region most classically associated with executive processes, via the thalamus. How...
White matter fiber clustering (WMFC) parcellates tractography data into anatomically meaningful fiber bundles, usually in an unsupervised manner without the need of labeled ground truth data. While widely used WMFC approaches have shown good performance using classical machine learning techniques, recent advances in deep learning reveal a promising...
We propose a novel unsupervised deep learning framework for white matter êber clustering. Self-supervised learning is adopted to enable joint deep embedding and cluster
assignment. Anatomical information is incorporated into the neural network to improve anatomical coherence. In addition, outlier removal is performed to further improve
cluster qual...
We assess microstructural alterations in superficial white matter (SWM) in cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) and evaluate their contributions to the decline in processing speed, which is the main dysfunction in CSVD. We identify that the significant decline in processing speed may relate to the involvement of WMH in the SWM under high burden of...
We propose a deep-learning-based framework, Superficial White Matter Analysis (SupWMA), which performs an efficient and consistent parcellation of 198 SWM clusters from whole-brain tractography. A point-cloud-based network is developed for our SWM parcellation task, and supervised contrastive learning enables more discriminative representations bet...
Using dMRI and behavioral data from 809 participants in the Human Connectome Project, we examined how the microstructure of the white matter (WM) association tracts influences performance on assessments of semantic memory and emotion perception. WM tracts were extracted and measured using an automated WM tract atlas. We found the microstructure of...
The cerebellum is ontogenetically one of the first structures to develop in the central nervous system; nevertheless, it has been only recently reconsidered for its significant neurobiological, functional, and clinical relevance in humans. Thus, it has been a relatively under-studied compared to the cerebrum. Currently, non-invasive imaging modalit...
The human brain's white matter (WM) structure is of immense interest to the scientific community. Diffusion MRI gives a powerful tool to describe the brain WM structure noninvasively. To potentially enable monitoring of age-related changes and investigation of sex-related brain structure differences on the mapping between the brain connectome and h...
White matter parcellation classifies tractography streamlines into clusters or anatomically meaningful tracts to enable quantification and visualization. Most parcellation methods focus on the deep white matter (DWM), while fewer methods address the superficial white matter (SWM) due to its complexity. We propose a deep-learning-based framework, Su...
White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are a typical feature of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). This condition contributes to about 50% of dementias worldwide, a massive health burden in aging. Microstructural alterations in the deep white matter (DWM) have been widely examined in CSVD. However, little is known about abnormalities in the superfi...
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has established therapeutic efficacy for major depressive disorder (MDD). While translational research has focused primarily on understanding the mechanism of action of TMS on functional activation and connectivity, the effects on structural connectivity remain largely unknown especially when rTMS...
Background:
Repetitive head impacts (RHI) from contact sports have been associated with cognitive and neuropsychiatric disorders. However, not all individuals exposed to RHI develop such disorders. This may be explained by the reserve hypothesis. It remains unclear if the reserve hypothesis accounts for the heterogenous symptom presentation in RHI...
White matter bundle segmentation using diffusion MRI fiber tractography has become the method of choice to identify white matter fiber pathways in vivo in human brains. However, like other analyses of complex data, there is considerable variability in segmentation protocols and techniques. This can result in different reconstructions of the same in...
White matter bundle segmentation using diffusion MRI fiber tractography has become the method of choice to identify white matter fiber pathways in vivo in human brains. However, like other analyses of complex data, there is considerable variability in segmentation protocols and techniques. This can result in different reconstructions of the same in...
Language and theory of mind (ToM) are the cognitive capacities that allow for the successful interpretation and expression of meaning. While functional MRI investigations are able to consistently localize language and ToM to specific cortical regions, diffusion MRI investigations point to an inconsistent and sometimes overlapping set of white matte...
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-Frontotemporal Dementia (ALS-FTD) may present typical behavioral variant FTD symptoms. This study aims to determine whether profile and severity of cognitive-behavioral symptoms in ALS/ALS-FTD are predicted by regional cortical atrophy. The hypothesis is that executive dysfunction can be predicted by dorsolateral prefr...
White matter fiber clustering (WMFC) enables parcellation of white matter tractography for applications such as disease classification and anatomical tract segmentation. However, the lack of ground truth and the ambiguity of fiber data (the points along a fiber can equivalently be represented in forward or reverse order) pose challenges to this tas...
White matter fiber clustering (WMFC) enables parcellation of white matter tractography for applications such as disease classification and anatomical tract segmentation. However, the lack of ground truth and the ambiguity of fiber data (the points along a fiber can equivalently be represented in forward or reverse order) pose challenges to this tas...
Objective: Sexual dimorphism has been investigated in schizophrenia, although sex-specific differences among individuals who are at clinical high-risk (CHR) for developing psychosis have been inconclusive. This study aims to characterize sexual dimorphism of language areas in the brain by investigating the asymmetry of four white matter tracts rele...
Investigations of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) brain have shed light on the function and organization of the primate brain at a scale and resolution not yet possible in humans. A cornerstone of the linkage between non-human primate and human studies of the brain is magnetic resonance imaging, which allows for an association to be made between...
The retinogeniculate visual pathway (RGVP) conveys visual information from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus. The RGVP has four subdivisions, including two decussating and two nondecussating pathways that cannot be identified on conventional structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Diffusion MRI tractography has the potential to trac...
Compared to healthy controls (HCs), individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit more symptoms of sensory processing disorder (SPD), which is associated with difficulties in educational and social activities. Most studies examining comorbid SPD-ADHD have been conducted with children and have not explored relations to bra...
Neural tissue engineering, nanotechnology and neuroregeneration are diverse biomedical disciplines that have been working together in recent decades to solve the complex problems linked to central nervous system (CNS) repair. It is known that the CNS demonstrates a very limited regenerative capacity because of a microenvironment that impedes effect...
Matrix metalloproteinases 9 (MMP9) are enzymes involved in regulating neuroplasticity in the hippocampus. This, combined with evidence for disrupted hippocampal structure and function in schizophrenia, has prompted our current investigation into the relationship between MMP9 and hippocampal volumes in schizophrenia. 34 healthy individuals (mean age...
White matter bundle segmentation using diffusion MRI fiber tractography has become the method of choice to identify white matter fiber pathways in vivo in human brains. However, like other analyses of complex data, there is considerable variability in segmentation protocols and techniques. This can result in different reconstructions of the same in...
Background
Studies on animal models suggest that pathologic tau propagates along axons in a prion like manner, however there's limited evidence for this transneuronal spread in patients. In the current study we tested this hypothesis in a group of patients with heterogeneous clinical presentations of early Alzheimer's disease (AD) by examining the...
Background
Abnormalities in fronto-striatal-thalamic (FST) sub-circuits are present in schizophrenia and are associated with cognitive impairments. However, it remains unknown whether abnormalities in FST sub-circuits are present before psychosis onset. This may be elucidated by investigating 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a genetic syndrome...
White matter bundle segmentation using diffusion MRI fiber tractography has become the method of choice to identify white matter fiber pathways in vivo in human brains. However, like other analyses of complex data, there is considerable variability in segmentation protocols and techniques. This can result in different reconstructions of the same in...
The retinogeniculate visual pathway (RGVP) conveys visual information from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus. Anatomically, the RGVP can be separated into four subdivisions, including two decussating and two non-decussating fiber pathways, which cannot be identified by conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Diffusion MRI tractogr...
The brainstem, a structure of vital importance in mammals, is currently becoming a principal focus in cognitive, affective, and clinical neuroscience. Midbrain, pontine and medullary structures serve as the conduit for signals between the forebrain and spinal cord, are the epicenter of cranial nerve-circuits and systems, and subserve such integrati...
Hand gestures are an integral part of social interactions and communication. Several imaging studies in healthy subjects and lesion studies in patients with apraxia suggest the praxis network for gesture production, involving mainly left inferior frontal, posterior parietal and temporal regions. However, little is known about the structural connect...
Synopsis We propose to study whole-brain white matter connectivity differences between females and males using diffusion MRI (dMRI) tractography. We leverage a well-established data-driven fiber clustering pipeline and a novel suprathreshold fiber cluster statistical method. We study a large cohort of 707 healthy adult subjects from the Human Conne...
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a disaster due to not only its psychosocial impact but it also to its direct effects on the brain. The latest evidence suggests it has neuroinvasive mechanisms, in addition to neurological manifestations, and as seen in past pandemics, long-term sequelae are expected. Specific and well-s...
Early neuroimaging work in twin studies focused on studying genetic and environmental influence on gray matter macrostructure. However, it is also important to understand how gray matter microstructure is influenced by genes and environment to facilitate future investigations of their influence in mental disorders. Advanced diffusion MRI (dMRI) mea...
The corticospinal tract (CST) is one of the most well studied tracts in human neuroanatomy. Its clinical significance can be demonstrated in many notable traumatic conditions and diseases such as stroke, spinal cord injury (SCI) or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). With the advent of diffusion MRI and tractography the computational representatio...
Diffusion MRI (dMRI) tractography has been successfully used to study the trigeminal nerves (TGNs) in many clinical and research applications. Currently, identification of the TGN in tractography data requires expert nerve selection using manually drawn regions of interest (ROIs), which is prone to inter-observer variability, time-consuming and car...
Neural tissue engineering, nanotechnology and neuroregeneration are diverse biomedical disciplines that have been working together in recent decades to solve the complex problems linked to central nervous system (CNS) repair. It is known that the CNS demonstrates a very limited regenerative capacity because of a microenvironment that impedes effect...
Background
Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) have been explained in the context of the forward model, giving the cerebellum a prominent role. However, research utilizing multiple neuroimaging modalities has rendered results on the specificity of cerebellar contribution to AVH unclear.
Methods
To examine the reliability and regional specificity...
Background
Cognitive decline is considered a fundamental component in schizophrenia. Abnormalities in fronto-striatal-thalamic (FST) sub-circuits are present in schizophrenia and are associated with cognitive impairments. However, it remains unknown whether abnormalities in FST sub-circuits are present before psychosis onset. This may be elucidated...
Background
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a severe and chronic brain disorder that affects about 1% of the world population. It is among the most burdensome illnesses with a serious impact on patients, their families and society.
To this day, a lot remains unknown about the neuropathological cause and etiology of SCZ.
The prominent two-hit theory postulate...
Introduction
Disruptions in homeostatic and hedonic food motivation are proposed to underlie anorexia nervosa (AN) and atypical AN, restrictive eating disorders which commonly onset in puberty. Ghrelin, a neuroprotective hormone that drives hedonic eating is increased in AN and is expressed in the hippocampus. White matter (WM) undergoes significan...
The structure of the human brain has been studied extensively. Despite all the knowledge accrued, direct information about connections, from origin to termination, in the human brain is extremely limited. Yet there is a widespread misperception that human connectional neuroanatomy is well-established and validated. In this article, we consider what...
The central nervous system is known to have limited regenerative capacity. Not only does this halt the human body's reparative processes after central nervous system lesions, but it also impedes the establishment of effective and safe therapeutic options for such patients. Despite the high prevalence of stroke and spinal cord injury in the general...
Citations
... MRI scanner types typically vary across study sites, and even within one site, scanners are often upgraded or replaced over time. Different strategies that have been proposed for reducing this unwanted geographical and temporal variation, include harmonization techniques like ComBat [38][39][40], deep learning [41], or hierarchical Bayesian regression [42]. However, removing the geographical and temporal variation from neuroimaging assessments can be challenging in developmental research: consider participants scanned repeatedly at different ages (e.g., as newborns and later in development) at various locations or with different scanners. ...
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... In this work, we propose a novel point-cloud-based strategy that leverages neighboring and whole-brain streamline information to learn local-global streamline representations. Point clouds have been shown to be efficient and effective representations for streamlines [1,4,15,39,6,18] in applications such as tractography filtering [1], clustering [7], and parcellation [38,15,39,18]. One benefit of using point clouds is that streamlines with equivalent forward and reverse point orders (e.g., from cortex to brainstem or vice versa) can be represented equally. ...
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... The structural connectivity between the precuneus and TP has been demonstrated by the MdLF Sasaki et al., 2023). The MdLF is a fiber tract interconnecting the precuneus with areas TA, and TG of the TP . ...
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... Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) consists of diffusion EPI acquisition with mathematical tensor analysis. It provides an approach for tracking white matter connection patterns in 3D using white matter tractography, including multi-fiber or single fiber models [10]. These models follow coherent spatial patterns in the major eigenvectors of the diffusion tensor field [11][12][13] and can be used to complement resting state functional MRI [14]. ...
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... Although no symptom scale ratings were obtained to measure anxiety symptoms, insomnia, and mood, the patient's wife who is his primary caregiver attested to significant improvement in these facets with IVIG infusions. Given the improvement in his behavioral symptoms and sleep with IVIG infusions, it is possible that these symptoms share neuroinflammatory pathophysiology with the cognitive symptoms, in the context of COVID-19 [18]. Neuroinflammation in the aftermath of COVID-19 is associated with neurological, and behavioral symptoms in addition to cognitive deficits [3,19]. ...
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... In this work, we propose a novel point-cloud-based strategy that leverages neighboring and whole-brain streamline information to learn local-global streamline representations. Point clouds have been shown to be efficient and effective representations for streamlines [1,4,15,39,6,18] in applications such as tractography filtering [1], clustering [7], and parcellation [38,15,39,18]. One benefit of using point clouds is that streamlines with equivalent forward and reverse point orders (e.g., from cortex to brainstem or vice versa) can be represented equally. ...
... The application of TBS to addiction treatment represents a novel and innovative approach, with the potential to mitigate the devastating impact of both behavioral addictions like GD and SUDs, as it has been shown in major depressive disorder (MDD) and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) (Blumberger et al., 2018;Williams et al., 2021;Cole et al., 2022). In a randomized-controlled trial, Pallanti et al. (2023) have investigated the efficacy of continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) in gambling disorder when targeting the pre-SMA, showing a significant reduction of craving and gambling severity only in the active stimulation group. These findings provide a model for exploring its utility across different addiction types. ...
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... Cetin- Karayumak et al., 2019Karayumak et al., , 2020. Details on the specifics of the harmonization used in the current study are reported by Cetin- Karayumak et al. (2023b). We note that diffusion data acquired on MRI scanners manufactured by Philips did not pass quality control criteria during harmonization (Cetin- Karayumak et al., 2023b), which led to the exclusion of n = 38 children with mTBI, n = 75 TDC and n = 80 OI controls from imaging analyses. ...
... In addition, these datasets can contain several million fibers for probabilistic tractography, yielding additional computational requirements, especially when performing multi-subject analysis. This is why there are numerous tractography data analysis algorithms that seek to cluster (O'Donnell et al., 2006;Garyfallidis et al., 2012;Siless et al., 2018;Vázquez et al., 2020;Chen et al., 2023), identify patterns (Guevara et al., 2012Kumar and Desrosiers, 2016;Román et al., 2017), segment (Donnell and Westin, 2007;Wassermann et al., 2016;Labra et al., 2017;Garyfallidis et al., 2018;Wasserthal et al., 2018;Zhang et al., 2020a;Vindas et al., 2023), filter (Garyfallidis et al., 2014;Mendoza et al., 2021), visualize (Wang et al., 2007;Riviére et al., 2011;Garyfallidis et al., 2014;Chamberland et al., 2015;Norton et al., 2017;Tournier et al., 2019;Zhang et al., 2020b;Franke et al., 2021), and calculate measures on these data (Yeh et al., 2013;Garyfallidis et al., 2014). Due to the complexity of tractography data, the algorithms are usually difficult to use and require a deep understanding of the file formats, input parameters, and results. ...
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... It is crucial to underscore the significance of the pre-SMA structural connectome's anatomy, particularly its direct anatomical link with the subthalamic nucleus (STN) through the hyperdirect pathway projection. Additionally, its association connectivity via shortrange, middle-range, and long fiber tracks plays a critical role (refer to, e.g., Makris et al., 2023). The hyperdirect pathway acts as a direct mechanism for modulating corticostriatal circuitry through transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) stimulation of the pre-SMA. ...
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