Natalija Novak's research while affiliated with University of Bonn and other places

Publications (393)

Article
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Background Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is both physically and emotionally stressful, and guideline recommendations are often not optimally implemented in clinical practice. The objective of this study was to provide an overview on the patient journey in CSU and to develop a mathematical model based on solid data. Methods The journey of CSU...
Article
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Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD), a chronic inflammatory disorder, is often accompanied by allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (ARC) as a co-morbidity. The use of a monoclonal anti-IL-4Rα antibody has been effective in controlling moderate to severe AD symptoms. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is widely used for the treatment of ARC and asthma. T...
Article
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The current monkeypox disease (MPX) outbreak constitutes a new threat and challenge for our society. With more than 55,000 confirmed cases in 103 countries, World Health Organization declared the ongoing MPX outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on July 23, 2022. The current MPX outbreak is the largest, most widespread...
Article
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Background: Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is an approved treatment for seasonal respiratory allergic diseases. A depigmented polymerized birch pollen extract for subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy (SCIT) has been demonstrated to be efficacious and safe in patients allergic to birch pollen and its homologous group. Objective: To determine whether...
Article
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The excipient polyethylene glycol (PEG) contained in the mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 has been pointed out as one of the possible triggers of the hypersensitivity reactions that have been described since the beginning of the vaccine campaigns for COVID-19 protection.¹ However, PEG is not present in the mRNA vaccines in an isolated form but in conjuga...
Article
Fascinating immunologic mechanisms that are crucial for pregnancy can, however, lead to the development of different skin conditions, of which atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most frequent one. AD in pregnancy may occur de novo or as a recurrence or exacerbation of known chronic AD. The changes in hormone levels that occur during pregnancy influence...
Article
T cells populate the skin to provide an effective immunosurveillance against external insults and to maintain tissue homeostasis. Most cutaneous T cells are αβ T cells, however, γδ T cells also exist although in much lower frequency. Different subsets of αβ T cells can be found in the skin, such as short-lived effector T cells, central memory T cel...
Article
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Peanuts are Leguminosae, commonly known as the legume or pea family, and peanut allergy is among the most common food allergies and the most common cause of fatal food reactions and anaphylaxis. The prevalence of peanut allergy increased 3.5-fold over the past two decades reaching 1.4–2% in Europe and the United States. The reasons for this increas...
Article
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1) Background: Numerous vaccines are under preclinical and clinical development for prevention of severe course and lethal outcome of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In light of high efficacy rates and satisfactory safety profiles, some agents have already reached approval and are now distributed worldwide, with varying availability. Real-worl...
Article
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Background: Vaccinations against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are intended to induce an immune response to protect against infection/disease. Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is thought to induce a (different) immune response, e.g., to induce tolerance to allergens. In this position paper we clarify how to use AIT...
Article
Vaccines for the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) started to be developed since the initiation of the COVID-19 pandemic. Up to now, four vaccines have been authorized by international agencies such as European Medicines Agency (EMA). Two are DNA vaccines (ChAdOx1 nCov-19 and Ad26.COV2.S) and two mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2 and mRNA-127...
Article
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Background The vaccines against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) approved in the European Union represent a decisive step in the fight against the pandemic. The application of these available vaccines to patients with pre-existing immunological conditions leads to a multitude of questions regarding efficacy, side effects and the necessary pa...
Article
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Following the emergency use authorization of the mRNA‐1273 vaccine on the 18th of December 2020, two mRNA vaccines are in current use for the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). For both mRNA vaccines, the phase III pivotal trials excluded individuals with a history of allergy to vaccine components. Immediately after the initiation o...
Article
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The COVID‐19 vaccine developed by Pfizer and BioNTech was approved by the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) in the United Kingdom (UK) on December 2nd 2020.¹ MHRA is therefore the first regulator agency in the world to approve a vaccine to prevent coronavirus disease (COVID‐19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory s...
Article
Purpose of the review: To provide a cutting-edge overview of recent developments in topical and systemic therapeutic approaches for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD). Recent findings: Growing knowledge about key pathways in AD and stratification of patients' subgroups have set the basis for a new era of targeted topical and systemic therap...
Article
Background: Vaccinations against Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are intended to induce an immune response in the sense of protection against infection/disease. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is also thought to induce a (different) immune response in the sense of tolerance to allergens. There is uncertainty...
Article
Hintergrund: Zur vorbeugenden Behandlung von COVID-19 (Coronaviruserkrankung 2019) wurden in einer beispiellosen weltweiten Forschungsanstrengung Sicherheit und Wirksamkeit neuer Impfstoffplattformen studiert, die noch nie zuvor am Menschen eingesetzt wurden. Weniger als ein Jahr nach der Entdeckung der SARS-CoV-2-Virussequenz (SARS-CoV-2, "severe...
Article
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Background For the preventive treatment of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) an unprecedented global research effort studied the safety and efficacy of new vaccine platforms that have not been previously used in humans. Less than one year after the discovery of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral sequence, t...
Article
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Background: After the beginning and during the worldwide pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), patients with allergic and atopic diseases have felt and still feel insecure. Currently, four vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have been approved by the Paul Ehrlich Institute in Germany, and vaccination cam...
Article
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Adverse allergic reactions due to the administration of the vaccines developed for the protection of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been reported since the initiation of the vaccination campaigns. Current analyses provided by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States ha...
Article
Background: After the beginning and during the worldwide pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), patients with allergic and atopic diseases have felt and still feel insecure. Currently, four vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have been approved by the Paul Ehrlich Institute in Germany, and vaccination camp...
Article
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) can induce in certain individuals with atopic dermatitis (AD) severe cutaneous infections that can spread throughout the entire body, a condition named as AD complicated by eczema herpeticum (ADEH). It has been recently found that ADEH patients can produce specific IgE against HSV‐1 proteins, which may contribute...
Article
Zwei Mitarbeiter des National Health Service (NHS) in England entwickelten nach der Verabreichung des BNT162b2-Impfstoffs von BionNTech gegen COVID-19 schwere allergische Reaktionen. Die britische Fachinformation für den BNT162b2-Impfstoff enthält bereits Hinweise auf eine Kontraindikation zur Anwendung bei Personen, die allergisch auf den Impfstof...
Article
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Two employees of the National Health Service (NHS) in England developed severe allergic reactions following administration of BNT162b2 vaccine against COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019). The British SmPC for the BNT162b2 vaccine already includes reference to a contraindication for use in individuals who have had an allergic reaction to the vaccine...
Preprint
Following the emergency use authorization of the vaccine mRNA-1273 on 18th December 2020 in the US and the vaccine BNT162b2 one week earlier, two mRNA vaccines are in currently used for the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Phase 3 pivotal trials on both vaccines excluded individuals with a history of allergy to vaccine components....
Article
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The population prevalence of insect venom allergy ranges between 3–5%, and it can lead to potentially life-threatening allergic reactions. Patients who have experienced a systemic allergic reaction following an insect sting should be referred to an allergy specialist for diagnosis and treatment. Due to the widespread reduction in outpatient and inp...
Article
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The introduction of personalized medicine (PM) has been a milestone in the history of medical therapy, because it has revolutionized the previous approach of treating the disease with that of treating the patient. It is known today that diseases can occur in different genetic variants, making specific treatments of proven efficacy necessary for a g...
Article
The epitopes of the major allergen of pine nut, Pin p 1, were analyzed using a peptide library and sera from patients with clinical allergy to pine nut in order to deepen into the allergenic characteristics of Pin p 1. Analyses of epitope similarities and epitopes location in a 3D-model were also performed. Results showed that three main regions of...
Article
Viral infections and atopic diseases are closely related and contribute to each other. The physiological deficiencies and immune mechanisms that underlie atopic diseases can result in a suboptimal defense against multiple viruses and promote a suitable environment for their proliferation and dissemination. Viral infections, on the other hand, can i...
Article
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Ara h 2 is a relevant peanut allergen linked to severe allergic reactions. The interaction of Ara h 2 with components of the sensitization phase of food allergy (e.g., dendritic cells) has not been investigated, and could be key to understanding the allergenic potential of this allergen. In this study, we aimed to analyze such interactions and the...
Article
The interaction of sperm with the oocyte is pivotal during the process of mammalian fertilization. The limited numbers of sperm that reach the fallopian tube as well as anatomic restrictions indicate that human sperm-oocyte encounter is not a matter of chance but a directed process. Chemotaxis is the proposed mechanism for re-orientating sperm towa...
Chapter
Food allergy is a large and growing public health problem in many areas of the world. The prevalence of food allergy has increased in the last decades in a very significant way in many world regions, particularly in developed countries. In that respect, the research field of food allergy has experienced an extensive growth and very relevant progres...
Article
Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common inflammatory skin diseases, with an increasing incidence in clinical practice. AD models have demonstrated that TGF-β signaling is compromised in regulatory T cells (Tregs). Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the TGF-β-dependent in vitro conversion of CD4+CD25- T cells derived...
Article
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Male subfertility has been associated with bacterial infections and chronic inflammation. In this context, several studies investigated cytokine levels in seminal plasma, whereas interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) appears to be crucial. However, little is known about its receptor, the IL‐6R expression on human spermatozoa. Thus, the aim of the present study was...
Article
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Background: Eczema herpeticum (EH) is a disseminated viral infection of eczematous skin disease with the herpes simplex virus. Knowledge on clinical characteristics, risk factors and recurrent disease is limited. Our aim was to better define clinical characteristics and risk factors for EH and especially for recurrent EH. Methods: A retrospectiv...
Article
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Background: 15% of atopic dermatitis liability-scale heritability could be attributed to 31 susceptibility loci identified by genome-wide association studies, with only three of them (IL13, IL6R, and FLG) resolved to protein-coding variants. Objective: We examined whether a significant portion of unexplained atopic dermatitis heritability is fur...
Article
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with a genetic and autoimmune background. The involvement of sex hormones as a trigger factor for psoriasis has been suspected. Recently, low serum testosterone has been associated with autoimmune diseases in males, and the role of testosterone in psoriasis is unknown. To investigate serum testostero...
Article
Zusammenfassung Wenige Erkrankungen wurden in den letzten Jahren so intensiv und vielfältig auf verschiedenen Ebenen erforscht wie die atopische Dermatitis (AD). Das liegt zum einen daran, dass es sich um die häufigste chronisch‐entzündliche Hauterkrankung handelt, die bis zu 30 % der Kinder und 1–10 % der Erwachsenen betrifft. Zum anderen konnten...
Article
Only few diseases have been studied as extensively and on as many different levels in recent years as atopic dermatitis (AD). One of the reasons why AD is the focus of interest is that it is one of the most common chronic inflammatory skin diseases, affecting up to 30 % of children and 1–10 % of adults. Numerous complex alterations both on the gene...
Article
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Background N-linked glycans present in venoms, pollen and mites are recognized by IgE antibodies from >20% of allergic patients but have low or no allergenic activity. Objectives To engineer recombinant glycoproteins resembling carbohydrate-specific IgE epitopes from venoms, pollen and mites which can discriminate carbohydrate-specific IgE from al...
Article
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Allergic rhinitis is one of the most common chronic inflammatory conditions, affecting up to 30% of people in Europe. Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is the only treatment for allergic rhinitis and asthma that has a disease-modifying effect, and it is recommended in European guidelines for use in conjunction with patient education, specific allergen a...
Data
Correlation of marker allergen-specific sIgE levels to (A) rApi m 1 and (B) rVes v 5 determined by quantitative ImmunoCAP (y-axes: kUA/l) and ISAC allergen-chip measurements (x-axes: ISU) as scatter plots. Pearson`s correlation coefficients for rApi m 1: R = 0.686, p<0.0001and for rVes v 5: R = 0.986, p<0.0001. (EPS)
Data
Association between the IgE/IgG4 ratios of Ves v 5 and the severity of the sting reactions. Ratios of Ves v 5 specific IgE/IgG4 (y-axis) were plotted against the severities of sting reactions (x-axes) for Slovenian and German patients with identified culprit insect. (EPS)
Article
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Background Allergy to bee and wasp venom can lead to life-threatening systemic reactions. The identification of the culprit species is important for allergen-specific immunotherapy. Objectives To determine a panel of recombinant bee and wasp allergens which is suitable for the identification of bee or wasp as culprit allergen sources and to search...
Data
Classification of bee and/or wasp venom allergic patients from Germany and Slovenia according to Mueller. (DOCX)
Data
Bee and wasp sensitization according to allergen-extract-based serology, skin testing and molecular diagnosis. Pie charts showing the percentages of patients with bee and wasp double sensitization (blue), sensitization to bee (yellow), wasp (red) and without positive skin prick test result (grey) according to allergen extract-based serology (left),...
Data
IgE-reactivity to marker allergens for carbohydrate sensitization and to the major timothy grass pollen allergens in mono-sensitized Slovenian population. (DOCX)
Data
IgE-reactivity to bee and wasp venom allergen extracts and to the major allergens Api m 1 and Ves v 5 in a control population of atopic subjects without history of hyperreactivity to insect stings. (DOCX)
Data
Association between specific IgE levels to marker allergens and skin test sensitivity. Specific IgE levels to Api m 1 or Ves v 5 measured by (A), (C) ImmunoCAP (kUA/L) or (B), (D) allergen chip (ISU) (y-axes) were plotted against the lowest concentration of venom giving a positive reaction in intradermal skin testing (x-axes). (EPS)
Data
IgE–reactivity to marker allergens for carbohydrate sensitization and to the major timothy grass pollen allergens in the German population. (DOCX)
Article
Roasting has been implicated in the increase of peanut allergenicity due to the chemical reactions that occur during the process. However, this increase is not fully understood, and little information is available regarding the role of roasted peanut allergens in the initial phase of allergy, where dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role. We sought t...
Article
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Type I interferon (IFN) production of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) triggered by toll-like receptor (TLR)-signaling is an essential part of antiviral responses and autoimmune reactions. Although it was well-documented that members of the cytokine signaling (SOCS) family regulate TLR-signaling, the mechanism how SOCS proteins regulate TLR7-med...
Article
Thermal processing can modify the structure and function of food proteins and may alter their allergenicity. This work aimed to elucidate the influence of moist thermal treatments on the IgE-reactivity of cashew and pistachio. IgE-western blot and IgE-ELISA were complemented by Skin Prick Testing (SPT) and mediator release assay to determine the Ig...
Chapter
Knowledge of the homeostatic mechanisms that exist in the oral mucosa is increasing in their complexity and it is becoming clear that mechanisms that exist in the gastrointestinal tract differ considerably from those in the mouth. Regional variation plays a part in the subdivision of the mechanisms at work and this chapter compares and contrasts th...
Article
Background: Soybean is one of the 8 foods that causes the most significant rate of food allergies in the USA and Europe. Thermal processing may impact on the allergenic potential of certain foods. We aimed to investigate modifications of the IgE-binding properties of soybean proteins due to processing methods that have been previously found to imp...
Article
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Background: BM32 is a grass pollen allergy vaccine based on recombinant fusion proteins consisting of nonallergenic peptides from the IgE-binding sites of the 4 major grass pollen allergens and the hepatitis B preS protein. Objective: We sought to study the safety and clinical efficacy of immunotherapy (allergen immunotherapy) with BM32 in patie...
Article
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Asthma, hay fever (or allergic rhinitis) and eczema (or atopic dermatitis) often coexist in the same individuals, partly because of a shared genetic origin. To identify shared risk variants, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS; n = 360,838) of a broad allergic disease phenotype that considers the presence of any one of these three di...
Article
Peanut and soybean are members of the Leguminosae family. They are two of the eight foods that account for the most significant food allergies in the US and Europe. Allergic reactions to other legume species can be of importance in other regions of the world. The major allergens from peanut and soybean have been extensively analyzed and members of...
Article
Daily food processing has the potential to alter the allergenicity of foods due to modification of the physico-chemical properties of proteins. The degree of such modifications depends on factors such as processing conditions, type of food considered, allergenic content, etc. The impact of daily food processing like boiling, roasting, frying or bak...
Article
Purpose of review: To describe recent developments in therapies which target the molecular mechanisms in atopic dermatitis. Recent findings: Current advances in the understanding of the molecular basis of atopic dermatitis are leading to the stratification of different atopic dermatitis phenotypes. New therapies offer the option to target-specif...
Article
Allergen-specific immunotherapy is accompanied by multiple changes on the cellular and humoral level. A shift of Th2 immune responses towards immune responses of the Th1 type, which goes along with an increase of regulatory T cells and B cells, IL-10 as well as reduction of effector cells and eosinophils in the tissue, combined with lower IgE produ...
Article
FcεRII is a multifunctional low-affinity IgER that is involved in the pathogenesis of allergic, inflammatory, and neoplastic diseases. Although discrepancies in FcεRII-mediated functions are being increasingly recognized, the consequences of FcεRII activation are not completely understood. In this study, we evaluated the expression of FcεRII on hum...
Article
Hintergrund: Versorgungsregister dienen der Erfassung des Einsatzes und der Wirksamkeit von Therapien unter realen Versorgungsbedingungen und sind als Basis einer evidenzbasierten Gesundheitsversorgung unverzichtbar. Methodik: Das deutsche Neurodermitis-Register TREATgermany wurde als weltweit erstes Register für Patienten mit schwerer Neuroderm...
Article
Hintergrund: Versorgungsregister dienen der Erfassung des Einsatzes und der Wirksamkeit von Therapien unter realen Versorgungsbedingungen und sind als Basis einer evidenzbasierten Gesundheitsversorgung unverzichtbar. Methodik: Das deutsche Neurodermitis-Register TREATgermany wurde als weltweit erstes Register für Patienten mit schwerer Neuroderm...
Article
Filaggrin has a key structural and functional role in the epidermis with important impact on the homeostasis of the skin. Inherited or acquired filaggrin deficiency has been described to essentially contribute to the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD), one of the most frequent chronic eczematous skin diseases in child-hood and adult-hood. Incre...
Article
BACKGROUND Preoperative disinfection with povidone-iodine results in a significant reduction of the risk for postoperative endophthalmitis and secondary irreversible vision loss in intraocular surgeries and intravitreal injections. Nevertheless, this important measure is often omitted if so-called "iodine allergy" is suspected. We analyze the physi...
Article
The impact of oral pathogens onto the generation and variability of oral tumors has only recently been investigated. To get further insights, oral cancer cells were treated with pathogens and additionally, as a result of this bacterial cellular infection, with human defensins, which are as anti-microbial peptide members of the innate immune system....
Article
Gene-mapping studies have consistently identified a susceptibility locus for atopic dermatitis and other inflammatory diseases on chromosome band 11q13.5, with the strongest association observed for a common variant located in an intergenic region between the two annotated genes C11orf30 and LRRC32. Using a targeted resequencing approach we identif...
Article
The objective of this study was to analyze cellular localization and expression levels of oncologic relevant members of the S100 family in common oral lesions.Biopsies of various oral lesions were analyzed. S100A4 showed a higher expression rate in leukoplakias and oral squamous cell carcinomas. Transcript levels of S100A8 and S100A9 were significa...
Article
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In our study, ghrelin was investigated with respect to its capacity on proliferative effects and molecular correlations on oral tumor cells. The presence of all molecular components of the ghrelin system, i.e., ghrelin and its receptors, was analyzed and could be detected using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. To examine cellular effects cau...
Article
A semen allergy is a type I reaction. Reliable figures about incidence/prevalence are not available. Symptoms can be characterized as local and systemic. After exposure to ejaculate, the patient may experience itching and swelling at points of contact, while systemically it may also lead to generalized urticaria with angioedema or higher grade anap...
Article
Full-text available
Genetic association studies have identified 21 loci associated with atopic dermatitis risk predominantly in populations of European ancestry. To identify further susceptibility loci for this common, complex skin disease, we performed a meta-analysis of >15 million genetic variants in 21,399 cases and 95,464 controls from populations of European, Af...

Citations

... This review examines the methods employed in diagnosing monkeypox and associated challenges. The initial diagnosis of Mpox is often based on clinical evaluation by healthcare professionals [73]. This involves assessing the patient's medical history, symptoms, and physical examination, particularly the presence of characteristic skin lesions at different stages (macules, papules, vesicles, and pustules) and the distribution pattern. ...
... Possible reasons for early discontinuation could be (1) displeasure with local adverse reactions; (2) inconvenience of taking a daily treatment; (3) lack of perception of adequate clinical benefit; (4) need for better education and understanding of potential adverse events; (5) less frequent education, understanding of potential adverse effects, and follow-up than in clinical trials; and (6) cost of the medication. 13 However, the study's strength lies in the comprehensive administrative data programming that captured all coded relevant adverse diagnostic events, hospitalizations, emergency department care, urgent care visits, and dispensed epinephrine. Use of the HDM SLIT-tablet was unrestricted, and our results are potentially more generalizable than those in clinical trials, which were encumbered by specific exclusions. ...
... [13][14][15] In particular, depigmented polymerized (DPP) allergen extracts can be prepared by treatment with mild acid (to remove low molecular weight compounds: depigmentation) and protein crosslinking with glutaraldehyde (polymerization); these extracts have been extensively characterized and approved for safe, effective SCIT and/or SCIT in allergic respiratory diseases induced by birch pollen, grass pollen, and house dust mite aeroallergens. 10,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] Prior to the study, the DPP birch pollen extract for SCIT investigated here had been marketed in Germany at doses of up to and including 1000 DPP/mL (corresponding to~60 μg Bet v 1/mL prior to depigmentation). 10,[22][23][24] The Phase II study described here was part of the clinical development of a DPP birch pollen formulation under the German Therapy Allergen Ordinance. ...
... AD is the most frequent skin disease during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. The onset or the recurrence of AD during gestation is called ''atopic eruption of pregnancy'' and should be distinguished from other pruritic eruptions (174). JAKis, including UPA, BAR e ABR, are contraindicated in pregnancy and breastfeeding based on animal studies that showed teratogenic effects (51)(52)(53). ...
... This suggests that commercially formulated mRNA vaccines caused severe side effects in mice while SA-modified mRNA vaccine significantly reduced these side effects. The reduction in side effects may be attributed to using cleavable mPEG 2000 CHS since it has been reported that PEG 2000 -lipid conjugate could contribute to allergic reactions associated with SARS-Cov-2 mRNA vaccines rather than native PEG [33]. The reported cases of hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination have been associated with amplification of TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 [34]. ...
... Because the immune system triggers inflammation as an innate response to foreign particles, there is an overlap between the consequences of irregularity in the immune system and the inflammatory response. For instance, T cell populations on the skin, even rare ones like γδ T cells, have a specific role in allergic skin inflammation and in maintaining tissue homeostasis [75,76]. Effector T cells and memory T cells are accompanied by natural killer cells and T cells expressing MHCR on the skin. ...
... Consequently, our murine model not only provides a partial understanding of the pathomechanisms underlying allergic asthma in humans, but also a starting point for development of a peanut-allergen-associated mouse model. Given the lack of curative treatment options, the increasing prevalence, and a high socioeconomic burden associated with frequent emergency admissions, novel therapy options are urgently needed (54). Recently, oral immunotherapy (OIT) has been recommended as a potential treatment option for peanut allergy (55,56). ...
... АСИТ возобновляется при подкожном введении не ранее, чем через 3 нед. после вакцинации [114], а при сублингвальном -в течение 1-3 дней после вакцинации инактивированными вакцинами и не ранее, чем через 10-14 дней после вакцинации живыми вакцинами [106,[111][112][113][114]. ...
... The application of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines can cause localized delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions (DTHRs) at the injection site (also referred to as "COVID arm"), as well as generalized rashes [5,6]. The most common ADRs reported after an mRNA vaccine are DTHRs at the site of injection as local reactions and disseminated reactions such as urticaria or morbilliform rashes, among several others [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. ...
... Administering vaccines is highly correlated with decreasing SARS-COV-2 death rates. 13 Although the COVID-19 vaccine has proven to be effective, it has been associated with adverse side effects such as thrombocytopenia, thrombosis, and haemorrhage. These outcomes have caused some individuals to be hesitant to receive the COVID-19 vaccine during the COVID-19 outbreak. ...