April 2024
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14 Reads
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April 2024
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14 Reads
January 2024
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1,682 Reads
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9 Citations
Nature
Trees structure the Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations1–6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories⁷, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world’s most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees.
October 2023
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1,839 Reads
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7 Citations
Science
Indigenous societies are known to have occupied the Amazon basin for more than 12,000 years, but the scale of their influence on Amazonian forests remains uncertain. We report the discovery, using LIDAR (light detection and ranging) information from across the basin, of 24 previously undetected pre-Columbian earthworks beneath the forest canopy. Modeled distribution and abundance of large-scale archaeological sites across Amazonia suggest that between 10,272 and 23,648 sites remain to be discovered and that most will be found in the southwest. We also identified 53 domesticated tree species significantly associated with earthwork occurrence probability, likely suggesting past management practices. Closed-canopy forests across Amazonia are likely to contain thousands of undiscovered archaeological sites around which pre-Columbian societies actively modified forests, a discovery that opens opportunities for better understanding the magnitude of ancient human influence on Amazonia and its current state
June 2023
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969 Reads
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7 Citations
Nature Plants
The benefits of masting (volatile, quasi-synchronous seed production at lagged intervals) include satiation of seed predators, but these benefits come with a cost to mutualist pollen and seed dispersers. If the evolution of masting represents a balance between these benefits and costs, we expect mast avoidance in species that are heavily reliant on mutualist dispersers. These effects play out in the context of variable climate and site fertility among species that vary widely in nutrient demand. Meta-analyses of published data have focused on variation at the population scale, thus omitting periodicity within trees and synchronicity between trees. From raw data on 12 million tree-years worldwide, we quantified three components of masting that have not previously been analysed together: (i) volatility, defined as the frequency-weighted year-to-year variation; (ii) periodicity, representing the lag between high-seed years; and (iii) synchronicity, indicating the tree-to-tree correlation. Results show that mast avoidance (low volatility and low synchronicity) by species dependent on mutualist dispersers explains more variation than any other effect. Nutrient-demanding species have low volatility, and species that are most common on nutrient-rich and warm/wet sites exhibit short periods. The prevalence of masting in cold/dry sites coincides with climatic conditions where dependence on vertebrate dispersers is less common than in the wet tropics. Mutualist dispersers neutralize the benefits of masting for predator satiation, further balancing the effects of climate, site fertility and nutrient demands.
February 2023
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1,029 Reads
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3 Citations
Scientific Reports
In a time of rapid global change, the question of what determines patterns in species abundance distribution remains a priority for understanding the complex dynamics of ecosystems. The constrained maximization of information entropy provides a framework for the understanding of such complex systems dynamics by a quantitative analysis of important constraints via predictions using least biased probability distributions. We apply it to over two thousand hectares of Amazonian tree inventories across seven forest types and thirteen functional traits, representing major global axes of plant strategies. Results show that constraints formed by regional relative abundances of genera explain eight times more of local relative abundances than constraints based on directional selection for specific functional traits, although the latter does show clear signals of environmental dependency. These results provide a quantitative insight by inference from large-scale data using cross-disciplinary methods, furthering our understanding of ecological dynamics.
October 2022
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233 Reads
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5 Citations
Biodiversity and Conservation
The payload size and commercial availability of thermal infrared cameras mounted on drones has initiated a new wave in the potential for conservationists and researchers to survey , count and detect wildlife, even the most complex of habitats such as forest canopies. However, several fundamental design and methodological questions remain to be tested before standardized monitoring approaches can be broadly adopted. We test the impact of both the speed of drone flights and diel flight period on tropical rainforest canopy wildlife detections. Detection and identification rates differ between both flight speeds and diel time. Overall ~ 36% more detections were made during slower flight speeds, along with a greater ability to categorize taxonomic groups. Flights conducted at 3am resulted in ~ 67% more detections compared to flights conducted at 7am (the diel period with the lowest detection rate). However, 112% more detections could be identified to taxonomic group in 7am flights compared with 3am flights-due to the types of wildlife being identified and the assistance of the RGB camera. Although, this technology holds great promise for carrying out surveys in structurally complex and poorly known ecosystems like forest canopies, there is more to do in further methodological testing, and building automated post-processing systems. Our results suggest that drone studies in the same habitat types, with the same animal densities, could be off by multiples if flown during different times and/or at different speeds. The difference could be an alarming 5-6x variation in animal detections or identification depending on changes in these two factors alone.
October 2022
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1,100 Reads
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11 Citations
Global Ecology and Biogeography
Aim To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser‐availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource‐availability hypothesis). Time period Tree‐inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree‐inventory plots across terra‐firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance‐weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra‐firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions The disperser‐availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types.
September 2022
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986 Reads
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16 Citations
Tree diversity and composition in Amazonia are known to be strongly determined by the water supplied by precipitation. Nevertheless, within the same climatic regime, water availability is modulated by local topography and soil characteristics (hereafter referred to as local hydrological conditions), varying from saturated and poorly drained to well‐drained and potentially dry areas. While these conditions may be expected to influence species distribution, the impacts of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity and composition remain poorly understood at the whole Amazon basin scale. Using a dataset of 443 1‐ha non‐flooded forest plots distributed across the basin, we investigate how local hydrological conditions influence 1) tree alpha diversity, 2) the community‐weighted wood density mean (CWM‐wd) – a proxy for hydraulic resistance and 3) tree species composition. We find that the effect of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity depends on climate, being more evident in wetter forests, where diversity increases towards locations with well‐drained soils. CWM‐wd increased towards better drained soils in Southern and Western Amazonia. Tree species composition changed along local soil hydrological gradients in Central‐Eastern, Western and Southern Amazonia, and those changes were correlated with changes in the mean wood density of plots. Our results suggest that local hydrological gradients filter species, influencing the diversity and composition of Amazonian forests. Overall, this study shows that the effect of local hydrological conditions is pervasive, extending over wide Amazonian regions, and reinforces the importance of accounting for local topography and hydrology to better understand the likely response and resilience of forests to increased frequency of extreme climate events and rising temperatures.
June 2022
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332 Reads
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4 Citations
Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays a critical role in major ecosystem processes, agriculture, and climate mitigation. Accurate SOC predictions are challenging due to natural variation, as well as variation in data sources, sampling design, and modeling approaches. The goal of this study was to (i) understand SOC stock distribution due to land use (restored prairie grass—PG; lawn grass—LG; and forest—F), and local topography, and (ii) assess the scalability of SOC stock predictions from the study site in North Carolina (Lat: 36°7′ N; Longitude: 80°16′ W) to the geographic extension of the Fairview soil series based on the US Soil Survey Geographic (gSSURGO) database. Overall, LG had the highest SOC stock (82 Mg ha−1) followed by PG (79 Mg ha−1) and forest (73.1 Mg ha−1). SOC stock decreased with the depth for LG and PG, which had about 60% concentrated on the surface horizon (0–23 cm), while forest had only 40%. The differences between measured SOC stocks and those estimated by gSSURGO and modeled based on land use for the Fairview series extent were comparable. However, subtracting maps of the uncertainty predictions based on the 90% confidence interval (CI) derived from the measured values and estimated gSSURGO upper and lower values (an estimated CI) resulted in a range from −17 to 41 Mg ha−1 which, when valued monetarily, varied from USD 33 million to USD 824 million for the Fairview soil series extent. In addition, the spatial differences found by subtracting the gSSURGO estimations from measured uncertainties aligned with the county administrative boundaries. The distribution of SOC stock was found to be related to land use, topography, and soil depth, while accuracy predictions were also influenced by data source.
February 2022
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623 Reads
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16 Citations
Understanding long-term trends in marine ecosystems requires accurate and repeatable counts of fishes and other aquatic organisms on spatial and temporal scales that are difficult or impossible to achieve with diver-based surveys. Long-term, spatially distributed cameras, like those used in terrestrial camera trapping, have not been successfully applied in marine systems due to limitations of the aquatic environment. Here, we develop methodology for a system of low-cost, long-term camera traps (Dispersed Environment Aquatic Cameras), deployable over large spatial scales in remote marine environments. We use machine learning to classify the large volume of images collected by the cameras. We present a case study of these combined techniques' use by addressing fish movement and feeding behavior related to halos, a well-documented benthic pattern in shallow tropical reefscapes. Cameras proved able to function continuously underwater at deployed depths (up to 7 m, with later versions deployed to 40 m) with no maintenance or monitoring for over five months and collected a total of over 100,000 images in time-lapse mode (by 15 minutes) during daylight hours. Our ResNet-50-based deep learning model achieved 92.5% overall accuracy in sorting images with and without fishes, and diver surveys revealed that the camera images accurately represented local fish communities. The cameras and machine learning classification represent the first successful method for broad-scale underwater camera trap deployment, and our case study demonstrates the cameras' potential for addressing questions of marine animal behavior, distributions, and large-scale spatial patterns.
... Rivers et al. (2023) suggest that 'a third of the world's tree species are currently threatened with extinction, which represents a major ecological crisis', resulting in 'abrupt declines in biodiversity, ecosystem functions and services and ultimately ecosystem collapse'. Cooper et al. (2024) offer a different view, noting that 'most common (tree) species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology', and by inference their conservation and management. They also caveat that this should not take away from a focus on rare tree species -yet their conclusion is clearly at variance with Rivers et al. (2023). ...
January 2024
Nature
... Earthwork formations, including the geoglyphs in south and southwestern Amazonia and the Guiana Shield, and urban centers in northwestern Amazonia (Figure 2), also increased in extent and frequency over the last 2500 years Heckenberger & Neves, 2009;Peripato et al., 2023;Prümers et al., 2022;Roosevelt, 1991;Rostain, 2008;Rostain et al., 2024;Schaan et al., 2012;Watling et al., 2017;Whitney et al., 2013), and it is estimated that more than 10 thousand earthwork formations are still hidden in the forest. In these regions, the probability of occurrence and abundance of useful and domesticated tree species increased, whereas for other species it decreased (Peripato et al., 2023). ...
October 2023
Science
... Moreover, in some species tree and leaf growth is reduced in years of high seed production, creating large-scale fluctuations in carbon sequestration [14][15][16] . The spatial scale of synchrony is a key aspect that amplifies the ecological importance of year-to-year variation in seed production [17][18][19] . However, several key questions on how plants synchronize masting over such extensive spatial scales remain unanswered. ...
June 2023
Nature Plants
... The use of the term 'information entropy' is frequent in contemporary ecology (e.g., Harte, 2011;Singh et al., 2019;Mattos et al., 2022;Zhang et al., 2023;Pos et al., 2023;Xu, 2023). The equation of Josiah Willard Gibbs for entropy in statistical mechanics (Tolman, 1938, p. 539, Eq. (122.10)) ...
February 2023
Scientific Reports
... Changes in forest composition that occurred in the absence of major fire or forest opening events may be a part of natural forest dynamics or an indirect effect of hunting activities (Antunes et al., 2016;Peres et al., 2016;Peres & Lake, 2003;Peres & Nascimento, 2006;Shepard Jr et al., 2012). Many hardwood trees rely on game animals for seed dispersal (Aldana et al., 2017;Bello et al., 2015;Correa et al., 2023), and hunting causes a decline in various animal species that play a vital role in long-distance seed dispersal (Ouboter et al., 2021;Van Kuijk et al., 2022). It is also possible that post-colonial logging activities have depleted species in forests near archaeological sites (Levis et al., 2017;Odonne et al., 2019). ...
October 2022
Global Ecology and Biogeography
... Object detection and tracking of cars and persons are already integrated into several unmanned aerial systems, such as the DJI Matrice 300RTK [23], but customization of these systems is limited. The YOLO framework and YBUT show potential for active community development [6,24]. Examples of this are architectures based on YOLOv5 that improve the model's ability to detect minutely small objects in drone imagery [12,25], improved infrared image object detection network, YOLO-FIRI [26], and improved YOLOv5 framework to detect wildlife in dense spatial distribution [17]. ...
October 2022
Biodiversity and Conservation
... Microclimate directly influences the recruitment and persistence of woody plant species, and the presence of the forest overstory can further buffer understory conditions, contributing to a cooler, moister, less exposed microclimate (Davis et al., 2019;De Frenne et al., 2019;Villegas et al., 2010). Topographic variation can also drive shifts in forest structure, diversity, and composition along local gradients Marca-Zevallos et al., 2022;Russo et al., 2005). ...
September 2022
... Due to its special geographical location and climatic conditions, SOC is transformed into SIC [6] through the micro-carbon cycle system of "SOC → CO 2 → SIC", which is an important way to transform soil carbon stock in arid and semi-arid regions. The variations of land use mode caused by oases is an important factor affecting the storage and turnover dynamics of soil carbon stock [7]. The expansion of oasis agriculture has led to significant declines in SOC [8]. ...
June 2022
... In a static dataset, setting a high threshold to keep only the detections that are accurately predicted may suffice to highlight representative trends 65 . In extensive in situ recordings however, trackers may inevitably capture noisy fish tracks due to uncontrollable environmental conditions and fish movements 66 . Tracks can still show general trends when accumulated together 60 , and our study supports that "imperfect predictions" of fish www.nature.com/scientificreports/ ...
February 2022
... The effectiveness of urban green for climate mitigation has been discussed and confirmed (IPCC, 2018). Carbon sequestration (CS) through vegetation is currently the most efficient way to achieve urban decarbonization, while there is a great deal of exaggeration and uncertainty about the amount of carbon sequestration obtained by current urban landscape projects today (Lefebvre et al., 2021). ...
October 2021
Scientific Reports