Leellen F Solter's research while affiliated with University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign and other places
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Publications (111)
The microsporidian genera Nosema and Vairimorpha comprise a clade described from insects. Currently the genus Nosema is defined as having a dimorphic life cycle characterized by diplokaryotic stages and diplosporoblastic sporogony with two functionally and morphologically distinct spore types ("early" and "environmental"). The Vairimorpha life cycl...
We examined 34 lepidopteran species belonging to 12 families to determine presence and prevalence of microsporidian pathogens. The insects were collected from May 2009 to July 2012 from 44 sites in Bulgaria. Nosema species were isolated from Archips xylosteana, Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Orthosia cerasi, and Orthosia cruda. Endoreticula...
Pathogens are microbial agents that cause disease in animal and plant hosts and in other microbes. In the context of invertebrate animal hosts, the pathogens include viruses, entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), bacteria, fungi, microsporidia. Invasion of a potential host is necessary for infection but does not necessarily mean that an infection will...
The discovery of microsporidia was a landmark in early insect pathology studies. Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites that have refined "the art of living together" with their hosts by minimizing damage in order to achieve optimum reproduction and transmission to new hosts. The assumption that the number of described microsporidia spe...
We describe a unique microsporidian species that infects the green stink bug, Chinavia hilaris, the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, the brown stink bug, Euschistus servus, and the dusky stink bug, Euschistus tristigmus. All life stages are unikaryotic, but analysis of the consensus small subunit region of the ribosomal gene places th...
Microsporidia are primary pathogens related to the Fungi and infect animals from all major taxa. This group, a monophyletic phylum of single-cell organisms, is particularly well known from insects; some species play an important role in the natural regulation of insect populations. Investigations of insect microsporidia in Bulgaria began in the ear...
Foreign and domestic exploration for entomopathogens continues to provide candidate species for microbial control with environmental tolerances and host ranges that are appropriate for the systems in which they are used, as well as greater virulence and other beneficial traits. Pathogens that are useful as biological control agents have been discov...
Recent concerns about the potential for pathogens to be transmitted from managed bumble bees and honey bees to local natural populations of bumble bees and other native pollinators have resulted in questions about the role of pathogen introductions in declines of some native Bombus species. It is in the interest of the bumble bee rearing industry,...
Intensification of food production has the potential to drive increased disease prevalence in food plants and animals. Microsporidia are diversely distributed, opportunistic, and density-dependent parasites infecting hosts from almost all known animal taxa. They are frequent in highly managed aquatic and terrestrial hosts, many of which are vulnera...
Intensification of food production has the potential to drive increased disease prevalence in food plants and animals. Microsporidia are diversely distributed, opportunistic, and density-dependent parasites infecting hosts from almost all known animal taxa. They are frequent in highly managed aquatic and terrestrial hosts, many of which are vulnera...
We recently discovered infections by a microsporidium closely related to Nosema fumiferanae in field populations of the light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in the San Francisco region of California. E. postvittana originates from Australia and was first detected in California in 2006; therefore, our aim...
Background:
Bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Bombus) are pollinators of wild and economically important flowering plants. However, at least four bumble bee species have declined significantly in population abundance and geographic range relative to historic estimates, and one species is possibly extinct. While a wealth of historic data is now ava...
Count of specimens of each bumble bee species in the western U.S.A. and Alaska
Count of specimens of each bumble bee species in the eastern U.S.A.
In Brazil, the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (Fabr., 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is controlled with massive releases of the hymenopteran parasitoid Cotesia flavipes Cam. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae); over 3 million hectares of sugarcane are treated annually with 18 billion parasitoids. In order to meet this demand, parasitoids are produced...
Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are infected by two species of microsporidia: Nosema apis and N. ceranae. Epidemiological evidence indicates that N. ceranae may be replacing N. apis globally in A. mellifera populations, suggesting a potential competitive advantage of N. ceranae. Mixed infections of the two species occur, and little is known about the i...
Nosema ceranae infection is ubiquitous in western honey bees, Apis mellifera, in the United States and the pathogen has apparently replaced Nosema apis in colonies nationwide. Displacement of N. apis suggests that N. ceranae has competitive advantages but N. ceranae was significantly less infective and less virulent than N. apis in commercially ava...
The historic genus Pleistophora (Plistophora) is a highly polyphyletic clade with invertebrate Microsporidia reassigned to several new genera since the 1980s. Two genera, Endoreticulatus and Cystosporogenes, clearly separate into distinct but closely related clades based on small subunit ribosomal RNA analysis but are included in different families...
This chapter distinguishes microsporidian diseases that are, to our knowledge, restricted to invertebrate species and protists and considers the unique aspects of disease dynamics in invertebrate animals. The sheer number of invertebrate host species in numerous higher taxa and their multitude of associated pathogen species, as well as complex life...
Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) is a widespread RNA virus of honey bees that has been linked with colony losses. Here we describe the transmission, prevalence, and genetic traits of this virus, along with host transcriptional responses to infections. Further, we present RNAi-based strategies for limiting an important mechanism used by IAPV to...
Microsporida are ubiquitous natural pathogens of a wide range of insect pests. This presentation deals with what we know about the interactions of these pathogens and invertebrate natural enemies within the context of integrated pest managment.
The host ranges of the microsporia: Vairimorpha disparis and Endoreticulatus schubergi, and the viruses LdCPV and LdMNPV were characterized. All four pathogens are considered host specific to Lymantria dispar, the gypsy moth, and its close relatives. I used these pathogens to try and infect a non-target host, Manduca sexta. I predicted that E. schu...
Conclusions about the nontarget effects of putatively invasive pathogens should be based on biologically relevant data. We disagree that the research experiments on a microsporidium isolated from Harmonia axyridis conducted by Vilcinskas et al. (Reports, 17 May 2013, p. 862) can explain the decline of native coccinellid species in the absence of su...
Gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, larvae were exposed to soil extracted from 16 sites in Bulgaria where
natural gypsy moth populations occur. Azygospores of E. maimaiga were produced in larvae exposed to
11 of the soil samples. Host mortality caused by the fungus varied between 3.3 and 43.3%. The percentage
of larvae that died from unknown causes range...
Fumagillin is the only antibiotic approved for control of nosema disease in honey bees and has been extensively used in United States apiculture for more than 50 years for control of Nosema apis. It is toxic to mammals and must be applied seasonally and with caution to avoid residues in honey. Fumagillin degrades or is diluted in hives over the for...
The two etiological agents of nosema disease in honey bees, Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia: Nosematidae), reproduce in the midgut tissues of the host. Nosema apis is tissue specific but the development and tissue tropism of Nosema ceranae is not well understood. Our investigations compared development of the two phylogenetically rela...
A new microsporidium was isolated from the endemic, Taiwanese shrimp, Caridina formosae (Decapoda, Atyidae) from northern Taiwan. A conspicuous symptom of infection was presence of opaque white xenomas located in the proximity of the alimentary tract, the surface of the hepatopancreas, and the gills. A fully developed xenoma consisted of a hard, th...
The ‘Protist’ entomopathogens are represented by a broad taxonomic and phylogenetic range of single-cell eukaryotic organisms with very different life histories and interactions with their hosts. The major taxonomic groups of interest include amoebas, ciliates, flagellates, algae, gregarines, coccidia, and microsporidia. The microsporidia are the m...
Microsporidia, pathogenic protists related to the Fungi, are considered primary pathogens of many aquatic and terrestrial insects and have important roles in insect population dynamics, managed insect disease, and biological control of insect pests. Hosts are infected when spores are ingested and/or by transmission via eggs. When ingested, spores g...
Although insects lack the adaptive immune system of vertebrates, they do possess a complex innate defense system. Recognition of foreign microbes leads to a series of defense actions including signal proteins, antimicrobial peptides, as well proteins involved in the phenoloxidase cascade that defend against invading pathogens. Although ecologically...
A major issue for mass rearing of insects concerns sanitary conditions and disease. Microsporidian infection (Nosema sp.) in laboratory colonies of Diatraea saccharalis (Fabr.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), used in producing the parasitoid, Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), is representative of the problems faced by growers and indust...
We designed fluorescence in situ hybridization probes for two distinct microsporidian clades and demonstrated their application in detecting, respectively,
Nosema/Vairimorpha and Dictyoceola species. We used them to study the vertical transmission of two microsporidia infecting the amphipod Gammarus duebeni.
Nosema ceranae, a microsporidian entomopathogen, was first reported from honey bees, Apis mellifera, in 2005 in Taiwan (Huang et al., 2007) and has become a major concern in apiculture worldwide. In Taiwan, we found one infection peak for N. ceranae during the winter months, compared to two peaks in spring and fall reported in 1980 for Nosema apis....
Microsporidia of the genus Encephalitozoon are widespread pathogens of animals that harbor the smallest known nuclear genomes. Complete sequences from Encephalitozoon intestinalis (2.3 Mbp) and Encephalitozoon cuniculi (2.9 Mbp) revealed massive gene losses and reduction of intergenic regions as factors leading to their drastically reduced genome s...
Interactions between the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), pathogenic fungus Entomophaga maimaiga, and the tachinid parasitoid (Diptera: Tachinidae) complex in gypsy moth larvae were investigated in Bulgaria, where E. maimaiga was recently released as a biological control agent. Gypsy moth larvae were collected in oak stands...
Several bumble bee (Bombus) species in North America have undergone range reductions and rapid declines in relative abundance. Pathogens have been suggested as causal factors, however, baseline data on pathogen distributions in a large number of bumble bee species have not been available to test this hypothesis. In a nationwide survey of the US, ne...
Parasites have adapted to their specialised way of life by a number of means, including the acquisition of genes by horizontal gene transfer. These newly acquired genes seem to come from a variety of sources, but seldom from the host, even in the most intimate associations between obligate intracellular parasite and host [1]. Microsporidian intrace...
Pathogens have been implicated as potential factors in the recent decline of some North American bumble bee (Bombus) species, but little information has been reported about the natural enemy complex of bumble bees in the United States. We targeted bumble bee populations in a state-wide survey in Illinois and several sites in California and Oregon w...
Bumble bees (Bombus) are vitally important pollinators of wild plants and agricultural crops worldwide. Fragmentary observations, however, have suggested population declines in several North American species. Despite rising concern over these observations in the United States, highlighted in a recent National Academy of Sciences report, a national...
Several species of microsporidia are important chronic pathogens of Lymantria dispar in Europe but have never been recovered from North American gypsy moth populations. The major issue for their introduction into North American L. dispar populations is concern about their safety to native non-target insects. In this study, we evaluated the suscepti...
A new lepidopteran cell line, NTU-YB, was derived from pupal tissue of Eurema hecabe (Linnaeus) (Pieridae: Lepidoptera). The doubling time of YB cells in TNM-FH medium supplemented with 8% FBS at 28 degrees C was 26.87h. The chromosome numbers of YB cells varied widely from 21 to 196 with a mean of 86. Compared to other insect cell lines, the YB ce...
Female Glyptapanteles liparidis (Hym., Braconidae) were irradiated in a caesium-137 irradiator; these wasps oviposit nonviable eggs along with polydnavirus and venom into the host (=pseudoparasitization). When Lymantria dispar larvae were infected with microsporidian species for which they are permissive or semi-permissive hosts, spore production w...
We describe a new microsporidian species, Encephalitozoon romaleae n. sp., isolated from an invertebrate host, the grasshopper Romalea microptera, collected near Weeks Island, Louisiana, and Jacksonville, Florida. This microsporidian is characterized by specificity to the gastric caecae and midgut tissues of the host and a life cycle that is nearly...
Encephalitozoon species are the most common microsporidian pathogens of humans and domesticated animals. We recently discovered a new microsporidium, Encephalitozoon romaleae, infecting the eastern lubber grasshopper Romalea microptera. To understand its evolutionary relationships, we compared partial gene sequences of α- and β-tubulin and methioni...
Gypsy moth is an outbreak species that was introduced to North America from Europe in 1869, with disastrous consequences.
This species is a devastating defoliator in northeastern hardwood forests and continues to spread to the west and south. Four
different types of pathogens are of interest for gypsy moth control, making this the invasive arthropo...
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Grant/Contract No: #101816M577, #101816M577 INHS Technical Report Prepared for U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
A new microsporidium was isolated from Ocinara lida Moore (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), a pest of Ficus microcarpa L. f. in Taiwan. The microsporidium produces systemic infections in O. lida larvae; the midgut epithelium, Malpighian tubules, and midgut muscle tissues were the target tissues for this isolate, and atrophied fat body tissues were found i...
A microsporidium possessing molecular and morphological characteristics of the genus Nosema was isolated from larvae of the thee-spot grass yellow butterfly, Eurema blanda arsakia. The complete rRNA gene sequences of the E. blanda isolate contained 4,428 base pairs (GenBank Accession No. EU338534). The organization of the rRNA genes is LSU rRNA-ITS...
A newly discovered microsporidium infecting the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), provisionally placed in the genus Canningia, was studied to determine its impact on O. sulcatus. O. sulcatus populations from several locations were sampled and evaluated for microsporidiosis. A very low prevalence of the disea...
Nosema lymantriae is a microsporidian pathogen of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar that has been documented to be at least partially responsible for the collapse of L. dispar outbreak populations in Europe. To quantify horizontal transmission of this pathogen under field conditions we performed caged-tree experiments that varied (1) the density of...
New and efficient methods to screen antibiotics are needed to counter increased antibiotic resistance in pathogens and the emergence of new diseases. Here we report a new insect model for screening antibiotics in vivo using the grasshopper Romalea microptera. The system is inexpensive, efficient, and flexible, avoids animal-welfare problems, and ca...
The quality of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) is critical to their success as biological control agents, but it is difficult to evaluate quality because standard procedures are not available. Generally, the quality of biological control agents is determined by field performance because end users may have minimal knowledge pertaining to the condit...
The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae), a serious defoliator of deciduous trees, is an economically important pest when population densities are high. Outbreaking populations are, however, subject to some moderating influences in the form of entomopathogens, including several species of microsporidia. In this study, we cond...
Thirty-one species of microsporidia, isolated from insects and stored in liquid nitrogen for up to 25 yr, were infectious when removed from liquid nitrogen. The natural hosts of all of these microsporidia were terrestrial insects, representing six different insect orders: Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and Orthoptera. All...
Microsporidia are single-celled eukaryotes that are unique among the entomopathogenic fungi with which they share a genetic
relationship but few morphological characteristics. The systematics of many microsporidian groups, as well as the recent taxonomic
placement of the microsporidia in the Kingdom Fungi, are incompletely resolved; however, Vossbr...
The interactions in multiple species infections and effects on the horizontal transmission of three microsporidian species, Vairimorpha disparis, Nosema lymantriae and Endoreticulatus schubergi, infecting Lymantria dispar were evaluated in the laboratory. Simultaneous and sequential inoculations of host larvae were performed and the resulting infec...
Consideration of vertical transmission is particularly important for understanding the life cycles of entomopathogens that are naturally occurring in invertebrate populations, are a problem in beneficial insect colonies, or are under consideration as classical biological control agents. Empirical studies generally corroborate the evolutionary hypot...
Investigation of pathogens of populations of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) in Central and Eastern Europe revealed the existence of a microsporidium (Fungi: Microsporidia) of the genus Vairimorpha. The parasite produced three spore morphotypes. Internally infective spores are formed in the gut and adjacent muscle and connective tissue; singl...
Entomopathogenic nematodes were screened for efficacy against the cottonwood borer, Plectrodera scalator (Fabricius). Steinernema feltiae SN and S. carpocapsae All killed 58 and 50% of larvae, respectively, in filter paper bioassays but less than 10% in diet cup bioassays. S. glaseri NJ, S. riobrave TX, and H. indica MG-13 killed less than 10% of l...
A new microsporidian parasite Nosema chrysorrhoeae n. sp., isolated in Bulgaria from the browntail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea L.), is described. Its life cycle includes two sequential developmental cycles that are similar to the general developmental cycles of the Nosema-like microsporidia and are indistinguishable from those of two Nosema spp. f...
We investigated vertical and horizontal transmission as means by which entomopathogenic microsporidia may be isolated in their hosts. Ostrinia nubilalis larvae were challenged with microsporidia isolated from other stalk-boring and row crop Lepidoptera and were susceptible to seven species. Two species were horizontally transmitted. A Nosema sp. fr...
A microsporidium from the Ficus pest, Ocinara lida, in Taiwan is characterized. The taxonomic position of this species was preliminarily determined by sequencing small subunit rRNA gene (SSUrRNA). Analysis of the SSUrRNA sequence indicated that this isolate from O. lida is a member of the genus Endoreticulatus and belongs to the genetic grouping co...
Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) larvae can be infected in the laboratory with a variety of entomopathogenic microsporidia. In many cases, however, L. dispar is only a semi-permissive host for such infections. In this study, we analyzed changes in the melanization of hemolymph and hemocyte numbers in L. dispar larvae after inoculat...
We investigated host-parasite interactions of two Nosema-type microsporidian isolates recovered from populations of Lymantria dispar L. in northwestern Bulgaria, one near Veslec and one near Levishte. Bioassay studies produced information on development, stage specific mortality, pupation, and adult eclosion of infected individuals. Horizontal tran...
Bioassay studies were conducted to investigate the influence of Dimilin (diflubenzuron), a chitinsynthetase inhibitor used for insecticidal control of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, on the development and viability of a microsporidian pathogen of L. dispar. Before or after an infection with a Nosema species, L. dispar larvae were fed Dimilin in...
Isolates of Steinernema feltiae SN from France, Steinernema glaseri NJ from New Jersey, Steinernema riobrave TX from Texas, Steinernema carpocapsae Sal from Indiana, S. carpocapsae All from Georgia, and Heterorhabditis marelata IN from Indiana were screened for efficacy against laboratory colonies of Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora, glabripenn...
Three genera of microsporidia infect European gypsy moth larval populations and have been documented to
reduce the intensity and duration of outbreaks. In order to introduce isolates of these pathogens into North
American gypsy moth populations as classical biological control agents, the taxonomy and biology of the
pathogens must be elucidated. Tax...
The distribution of microsporidian infections of browntail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea L.) populations in Bulgaria was studied. Of the 72 browntail moth populations in the regions of Balkan, Sredna Gora, Sakar Mountains, and Rodope Mountains, 21 were infected by Microsporidia. The Microsporidia belong to two genera –Nosema (Dihaplophasea, Nosemati...
Microsporidia are obligately parasitic single-celled spore-formers of uncertain taxonomic affinity. Considered protozoans until several recent genetic analyses showed them to be aligned with the fungi (Keeling & Doolittle 1996; Germot et al. 1997; Hirt et al. 1999; Keeling et al. 2000; Bouzat et al. 2000), they are nevertheless a unique group of or...
The outcome of mixed infection by three species of microsporidia in the genera Endoreticulatus, Nosema, and Vairimorpha, isolated from different populations of Lymantria dispar in Bulgaria, was evaluated in the laboratory. All possible combinations of two species were administered either simultaneously or sequentially to larvae, and mortality, dura...
Ultrastructure and development of a microsporidium isolated from a natural Euproctis chrysorrhoea larval population in Western Bulgaria were studied. Mature environmentally resistant spores of this microsporidium possess typical diplokarya, 9-10 polar filament coils, smooth polaroplasts and wavy exospores; we consider it to be a Nosema species. Nos...
Larval susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis was determined for Nosema pyrausta-infected and uninfected European corn borers, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), in bioassays using a commercial formulation of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, Dipel ES, incorporated into diet. LC50 values for N. pyrausta-infected larvae were significantly lower (P<0.000...
Four species of entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae , Heterorhabditis bacteriophora , H. indica and H. marelatus , were tested for their ability to kill and reproduce in larvae of the Asian longhorn beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motchulsky). The larvae were permissive to all four species but mortality was higher and production o...
The trichopteran Glossosoma nigrior, the dominant benthic invertebrate grazer in Michigan trout streams, hosts a microsporidian (Protozoa) pathogen, Cougourdella so., which strongly regulates the population density of larvae in the stream. In order to better understand the interactions between these two species, two possible modes of pathogen trans...
We employed a phylogenomic approach to study the evolution of alpha subunits of the proteasome gene family from early diverging eukaryotes. BLAST similarity searches of the Giardia lamblia genome identified all seven alpha proteasome genes characteristic of eukaryotes from the crown group. In addition, a PCR strategy for the amplification of multip...
The host specificity of microsporidian pathogens of Lepidoptera was studied in Bulgaria where native populations of Lymantria dispar and their endemic microsporidia occur. L. dispar and sympatric lepidopteran larvae were collected from four sites in central and western Bulgaria. Three species of microsporidia, Vairimorpha sp., Nosema sp., and Endor...
Infection of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, with the microsporidium Vairimorpha sp. strongly influences the development of the host in ways typical of many species of terrestrial entomopathogenic Microsporidia; growth is reduced while development time is extended in infected insects. The appearance of the different stages of the parasite in the...
The background theory and practical protocols for bioassays of biological control agents against agricultural and medical insect pests are provided. Chapters are presented on the bioassays of Bacillus thuringiensis , bacteria against soil-dwelling insect pests, entomopathogenic viruses, entomogenous fungi, microsporidia [Microspora] and entomopatho...
A microsporidiumNosema portugaln. sp. was isolated from gypsy moths,Lymantria disparL, collected near Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. The life cycle includes two sequential developmental cycles, a primary and a secondary cycle. The primary cycle occurs in midgut epithelial cells, where primary spores are produced within 48 h. The primary spores immediat...
An early sporulation event in the host midgut tissues has been reported for several species of microsporidia infecting Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera. The role of these primary spores, formed between 35 and 96 h postinfection per os, has been suggested to be the cell to cell spread of infection within the host, but the sequence of events dur...
For most groups of biological control agents the relationship between laboratory (physiological) host range and the host range in the field (ecological host range) has not been explored empirically. The objective of our study was to investigate this relationship using the North America gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, as a model nontarget host for mic...
Citations
... The only study yet investigating the impact of a pathogen on protein complexation is a preliminary investigation into effects of Vairimorpha spp. (formerly Nosema) [61] infection on protein-protein interaction profiles within the honey bee midgut [62]. With this demon-stration, we hope that more studies will begin to map the honey bee interactome and how it is perturbed in disease states. ...
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... Microsporidia may have complicated life cycles including several host species and different transmission modes. Transmission can be horizontal from one host individual to another by ingestion of food contaminated with spores, or vertical from parent to offspring (Hoch and Solter, 2017;Yaman, 2020). We assume the possibility of a vertical transmission of Vairimorpha gastrophysae in addition to horizontal transmission since spores were discovered on the outer wall of the host's eggs under TEM microscopy. ...
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... Spe cifically, vertical transmission has been proposed to be a key factor for maintaining covert viruses in nature (12), although few studies have provided direct experimental evidence. Vertical transmission can occur via sperm (paternal) or via the egg (mater nal), and maternal transmission is subdivided into transovarial transmission, in which the pathogen is transmitted within the egg, or transovum transmission, in which the pathogen remains on the surface of the egg and infects the offspring after hatching (13). ...
... One of possible reasons for the high microsporidian infection level is contamination of the host plant by spores and subsequent infection during the rearing of the experimental insects in the laboratory. Microsporidian infections in L. dispar populations have been reported previously [33][34][35]. These articles indicate that microsporidia are largely detectable in European L. dispar populations. ...
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... may be one approach to reduce H. halys populations across the landscape, although confirmation of usage of Lonicera and Elaeagnus spp by H. halys should be confirmed, and because H. halys is a border-driven pest (Joseph et al. 2014, Bergh et al 2021, this could also reduce H. halys pest pressure along the edges of vulnerable crops. Certainly, biological control agents, such as the egg parasitoid, Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead) (Talamas et al. 2015) or the microsporidian, Nosema maddoxi (Hajek et al. 2018, 2023, Preston et al. 2020, also offer such an opportunity because they could presumably reduce H. halys populations in unmanaged areas such as woodlots that border crop fields as well as in cropped locations (Kaser et al. 2018). However, unless biological control agents reduce H. halys populations to below economically damaging levels, orchard management programs should focus most heavily on reducing late-season populations, as they likely pose the greatest threat to cultivated crops such as apple. ...
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... Within this framework, the exploration of potential environmentally friendly entomopathogenic endophytic microorganisms such as entomopathogenic ascomycetes (EA) has the potential for establishing a stable and pest-free ecosystem, ultimately fostering higher and more sustainable crop productivity (Solter et al. 2017;Parewa et al. 2018;Quesada-Moraga et al. 2020;. These fungi are recognized as excellent biocontrol tools to be used in IPM programs since they can infect a wide range of arthropod pests with a unique mode of action by contact through the integument, playing a key role in crop pest control (Quesada- . ...
... Microsporidia are single-celled eukaryotic intracellular parasites with species infecting almost all animal lineages 13 . They have the potential to cause debilitating disease in immunocompromised humans and severe deleterious impacts on food production 14 . Microsporidia begin their life cycle as dormant spores that need to enter and exploit the energy metabolism of a host cell in order to proliferate 13 . ...
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... The SYBR PowerUp™ SYBR™ Green Master Mix (ThermoFisher, Waltham, MA, USA) and the Power SYBR™ Green Cells-to-CT™ Kit (ThermoFisher Scientific) were used for the DNA and RNA, respectively. The qPCRs were carried out using a QuantStudio™ 3 Real-Time PCR System (ThermoFisher Scientific), according to the protocols for each gene sequence 34,[58][59][60][61][62][63] . DNA and RNA previously extracted from positive honey bees were employed as positive controls for each pathogen investigated; while, as a negative control, sterile water was used. ...
... The impacts of microsporidia are often mediated through virulence, that is, the damage that microsporidia cause to their hosts (9,10). Microsporidian infections are frequently subclinical due to relatively low virulence, and the impact of microsporidia on their hosts can be context dependent (5,11,12). Whether the net outcome of a symbiotic interaction is positive (mutualism), neutral (commensalism), or negative (parasitism) is determined by the sum of the costs and benefits carried by the host (13). The costs of hosting a symbiont often stem from the necessity to share resources, but the magnitude of the cost is variable. ...
... Practical interest in studying these parasites is due to their ability to actively multiply and cause a disease (microsporidiosis). There are many examples demonstrating the role of microsporidia in regulation of abundance of mass lepidopteran species (Issi, 1986;Frolov et al., 2008;Kermani et al., 2013;Simoes et al., 2015;Hopper et al., 2016). Particularly, the species of the genus Nosema might be devastating for insect populations, like the type species, Nosema bombycis Nägeli 1857, a natural parasite of Bombyx mori Linnaeus, 1758 (Bombycoidea: Bombycidae) that has been a threat to silk industry since ancient times (Bhat et al., 2009). ...
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