K E Nestor's research while affiliated with The Ohio State University and other places
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Publications (257)
Today commercial turkeys have an average body weight of nearly 17 kg within 16 wk of age. Approximately 50 yr prior, commercial turkeys reached 5 to 7 kg in the same period of time. Much of the increased growth can be attributed to genetic advances attained through selection for greater body weight, feed efficiency, and meat yield. Recent meat qual...
SUMMARY Genetic selection for fast growth can affect the ability of male turkeys to cope with stressors, resulting in decreased immunity to opportunistic bacterial infection. The purpose of the current study was to compare the effects of ascorbic acid (AA) on the stress response and resistance to Escherichia coli challenge of birds selected for inc...
It was apparent in previous studies at our institution using turkeys that measurements of muscle fibers and extracellular spacing were not adequate to explain what was observed in entire pectoralis major muscle sections. A rating system was developed in which muscle sections were rated from 1 (little extracellular matrix and indistinct muscle fiber...
The effect of an immediate posthatch growth restriction mediated through a 20% growth restriction the first 2 wk posthatch was studied for its effect on pectoralis major muscle morphological structure and the expression of the myogenic transcriptional regulatory factors, MyoD and myogenin, and the heparan sulfate proteoglycans syndecan-4 and glypic...
Glypican-1 is a cell membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan that is composed of a core protein and covalently attached glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains and N-linked glycosylated (N-glycosylated) chains. The glypican-1 GAG chains are required for cell differentiation and responsiveness to fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2). The role of glypican-1 N-glyc...
Three lines of turkeys were compared for response to an Escherichia coli challenge followed by transport stress (transport). The turkey lines were a slow-growing line selected for increased egg production (egg line), a fast-growing line selected for increased 16-wk BW (F line), and a commercial line (Comm line). Birds were challenged at 14 wk of ag...
A line (F) of turkeys was selected over 40 generations for increased 16-wk BW. The base population for the F line was a randombred control population that was maintained without conscious selection and used to remove yearly environmental variation in the F line. Selection was effective in increasing 16-wk BW in the F line. Selection differentials b...
The effectiveness of an injected caprine serum fraction-immunomodulator (CSF-I2) as an immunostimulant in male and female F-line and commercial turkey poults infected with fowl cholera ( Pasteurella multocida ) was examined in separate trials. In the first 2 of 3 controlled trials, the effects of an i.m. injection of CSF-I2 given 24 h prior to a P....
The syndecans are a family of cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans consisting of a core protein with covalently attached glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. Syndecan-4 expression in skeletal muscle is increased in growth-selected animals during proliferation. Previous studies have suggested that cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans like syn...
Turkey experimental lines E (selected 44 yr for increased total egg production) and F (selected 38 yr for increased 16-wk BW) were mated reciprocally with the randombred control lines from which they were derived (RBC1 and RBC2, respectively), and the pureline and reciprocal cross poults were compared for their BW, heart weight, heart rates, myocar...
Pectoralis major muscle morphology was studied in both sexes of a turkey line (E) selected long-term for increased egg production and its randombred control (RBC1) from 25 d of incubation through 20 wk posthatch. Pectoralis major muscle samples from 10 individuals from each line-sex-age subgroup were obtained in a manner to prevent contraction. The...
Inheritance of embryo thyroid function was measured in lines of turkeys. Two lines that had been selected for either increased egg production (E) or increased 16-wk BW (F) and their respective randombred controls (i.e., RBC1 and RBC2) were examined. Reciprocal crosses of dams and sires from each selected line and its randombred control were made to...
The glypicans are a family of cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans consisting of a core protein covalently attached with glycosaminoglycans (GAG). Only glypican-1 is expressed in skeletal muscle and increases in expression during myoblast differentiation. Previous studies have suggested that glypican-1 influences fibroblast growth factor 2 (F...
Three lines of turkeys were tested for response in T-maze and open-field tests during the first 8 d after hatch, and behavior
was observed after catching, moving, and transport. They were also compared for corticosterone (CORT) levels and heterophil:lymphocyte
ratios (H:L) at 15 wk of age in response to an Escherichia coli challenge followed by tra...
Turkey experimental lines E (selected 44 yr for increased egg production) and F (selected 38 yr for increased 16-wk BW) were mated reciprocally with the randombred control lines from which they were derived (RBC1 and RBC2, respectively), and the pure line and reciprocal cross poults were compared according to their hatch, 3- and 7-d BW, jejunum wei...
Body weight, livability, and feed conversion of a randombred control turkey line (RBC2) started in 1966 at The Ohio State University was compared with that of modern commercial turkeys hatched in 2003 when fed representative 1966- and 2003-type diets from hatch (March 5, 2003) through 196 d of age. Each pen of modern turkeys consisted of 5 birds ea...
The immunological performance of modern turkeys (one-third each of the Nicholas Turkey, British United Turkeys of America, and Hybrid Turkey strains) hatched in 2003 (2003 strain) was compared with that of a randombred control turkey strain (RBC2) established in calendar year 1966, when fed representative 1966 and 2003 type diets. The 2003 strain h...
Breast muscle morphology was studied at 16 wk of age in a line (E) selected over 45 generations for increased egg production, its randombred control line (RBC1), and reciprocal crosses between the E and RBC1 lines. A sample of 10 birds per genetic group-sex subgroup was killed with restraint to prevent flapping of the wings. The skin was removed fr...
The turkey industry's view of the relative economic importance of growth and egg production has changed rapidly, and genetic changes by selection within lines may not be rapid enough to meet the changing needs. The objective of the present study was to determine the feasibility of rapidly increasing the BW of dam lines by repeated backcrossing of a...
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) are key components of the cell membrane and extracellular matrix of skeletal muscle cells. Two major groups of membrane-associated HSPG found in skeletal muscle are syndecans (SYN) and glypicans (GPC), both of which can regulate growth factor activities and, thus, modulate cell proliferation and differentiation....
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Two stress models were used to induce colibacillosis and turkey osteomyelitis complex (TOC): Escherichia coli challenge following dexamethasone injection (Dex) and E. coli challenge preceding transport stress (Transport). A total of 160 birds from 3 lines of turkeys: a slow-growing line selected for egg production (Egg), a line selected for 16-wk B...
An experimental line (F) of turkeys selected long-term for increased 16-wk BW was reciprocally crossed with a primary breeding sire line (C) from a major international turkey breeder to study the inheritance of carcass traits and body shape. The birds were weighed and killed at 16 wk of age, and various measurements of muscling, leg bones, and body...
An experimental line (F) selected over 34 generations for increased 16-wk BW was reciprocally crossed with a primary breeding sire line (C) from a large international turkey breeder to study the inheritance of growth-related traits measured on live birds. All genetic groups were grown intermingled in confinement with sexes reared in different house...
Breast muscle morphology was studied at 8 and 16 wk of age in a line (E) selected over 44 generations for increased egg production and its randombred control line (RBC1). A sample of 20 birds per sex-line-age subgroup was killed with restraint to prevent flapping of the wings. The skin was removed from the breast region, and a sample of breast musc...
All birds studied thus far are able to store spermatozoa within their oviducts for periods that can vary from several days to weeks, depending upon the species. Turkeys have a relatively long storage period compared with chickens, an observation that leads to the suggestion that sperm residing within the oviduct may interact with sperm entering the...
Three genetic lines of turkeys were compared for their responses to Escherichia coli challenge following dexamethasone injection (Dex) or E. coli challenge preceding transport stress (TS). The turkey lines were a slow growing line selected for increased egg production (Egg line), a fast growing line selected for increased 16-wk BW (F line), and a c...
Skeletal muscle development and growth results from a complex series of highly organized processes. To address how myogenesis was influenced by selection for increased BW and by sex, both sexes from a turkey line (F) selected only for increased 16-wk BW and its genetic control line (RBC2) were used. Pectoralis major muscle was isolated and weighed...
A line (E) of turkeys selected long term (40 generations) for increased egg production was reciprocally crossed with a commercial dam line (BD). The BD line was larger and had better conformation than the E line, but the E line laid more eggs than the BD line. Heterosis was negative and significant for BW at 8, 16, and 20 wk of age (both sexes) and...
The inheritance of morphology of the pectoralis major muscle in turkeys at 16 wk of age was studied in a randombred control line (RBC2), a subline (F) of RBC2 selected long term for increased 16 wk BW only, and F1 and F2 crosses of the F and RBC2 lines. Samples of pectoralis major muscle were obtained from 10 males and 10 females of each genetic gr...
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans, syndecan-1 and glypican, are low-affinity receptors for fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2). Since FGF2 stimulates skeletal muscle cell proliferation but inhibits differentiation, differences in syndecan-1 and glypican expression might affect muscle development and growth by changing the intensity of FGF2 signaling. In...
During the study of inheritance of breast muscle morphology of turkeys during embryonic development and posthatch in two experiments, interesting results were obtained at 16 wk of age. In experiment 1, an experimental line (F) selected long term for increased 16-wk BW was crossed reciprocally with a commercial sire line (B). Samples of pectoralis m...
The inheritance of, and effect of selection for increased BW on, measurements of muscle fibers and extracellular space in turkeys were studied using a randombred control line (RBC2), a subline (F) of RBC2 selected long-term only for increased 16 wk BW, a commercial sire line (B), and reciprocal crosses of the F and B lines. Measures of additive gen...
The temporal and spatial localization of the heavy chain fast form of myosin was studied during turkey pectoralis major muscle development in a randombred control line (RBC2), a subline (F) of RBC2 selected only for increased 16-wk BW, a commercial sire line (B), and reciprocal crosses of the F and B lines. Pectoralis major muscle samples were obta...
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is a key regulator of muscle cell proliferation and differentiation. To address how FGF2 and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) gene expression influences skeletal muscle development and growth, pectoralis major muscle was isolated at embryonic days (ED) 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, and 24, and at 1-, 8-, 12-, and...
Damage to the turkey pectoralis major muscle was studied in a randombred control line (RBC2), a subline (F) from the RBC2
line selected long-term for increased 16-wk BW only, and a commercial sire line (B) at 25 d of incubation and at 1, 4, 8,
16, and 20 wk posthatch. Pectoralis major muscle samples were obtained from three females and three males...
An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of selection for growth (BW) on the onset of reproduction (first egg) in Japanese quail hens from growth-selected (HW) and randombred (R1) lines. The HW line had undergone over 40 generations of selection for increased 4-wk BW and was originally developed from the R1 line. Data were collected over...
Several transcription factors are involved in regulating lipid metabolism in various animal tissues. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma and PPARalpha regulate lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation. Gene fragments for PPARgamma, PPARalpha, and acyl-coenzyme A oxidase (ACO) have been cloned in turkeys, and the sequences of these g...
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) are a group of extracellular matrix molecules that link skeletal muscle cells to their extrinsic environment. To investigate if HSPG expression is affected by muscle growth and gender, a turkey line (F) selected for increased 16-wk BW and its unselected random-bred control line, RBC2, were used in the present st...
Muscle development at 20 and 25 d of incubation was studied in a randombred control line (RBC2), a subline (F) of RBC2 selected only for increased 16-wk BW, a commercial sire line (B), and reciprocal crosses of the F and B lines. Muscle samples from three males and three females of each genetic group were collected in such a manner to avoid contrac...
Thyroid hormone responses in embryonic avian species are of two types, developmental and metabolic. Many studies have characterized the developmental function of the turkey embryonic thyroid, but few have characterized the metabolic function. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to describe the response of turkey embryonic thyroid hormones to t...
A line (E) of turkeys selected long-term (37 generations) for increased egg production was reciprocally crossed with its randombred control population (RBC1) that served as the base population of the E line to study the influence of long-term selection on the development of nonadditive genetic variation for egg production and body weight traits. He...
Developmental stability of several Japanese quail lines was measured by bilateral asymmetry. Lines included in the study were as follows: a randombred control (R1), sublines of R1 selected for increased (HW line) and decreased (LW line) 4-wk BW, and sublines of R1 selected for increased (HP line) or decreased (LP line) total plasma phosphorus (TPP;...
Candidate male and female breeders from nine genetic lines of turkeys that were reared intermingled, with the sexes housed in different buildings on the same farm, were vaccinated with a live Newcastle disease virus vaccine (B1 type, LaSota) just prior to the commencement of egg production. In 1999, an average mortality for all lines of 5.8% occurr...
The abnormal muscle condition termed low score normal (LSN) was first detected in an outcross of chickens with hereditary muscular dystrophy (MD) to a commercial White Leghorn stock. At 2 to 3 mo of age, normal birds can right themselves between 15 and 20 times (exhaustion score) when placed on their back on a flat surface, whereas birds with MD ca...
An experimental line of turkeys selected for increased BW (F) was reciprocally crossed with sire lines (designated A and B) from each of two major commercial breeders in order to study the inheritance of growth traits. All genetic groups were grown intermingled in confinement with the sexes reared in different houses. Traits measured included BW at...
An experimental line (F) of turkeys was reciprocally crossed with sire lines (designated A and B) from each of two commercial breeders in order to study the inheritance of carcass traits and body shape. The birds were weighed and killed at 17 wk of age, and various measurements of muscling, leg bones, and body shape were made. Additive genetic vari...
Beltsville Small White (BSW) turkeys have been utilized as an experimental model in the study of bacterial, parasitic, and fungal diseases. Given the critical role of MHC antigens in the initial steps of the immune response to specific pathogens, the MHC Class II of BSW turkeys was characterized. Southern blot analysis of PvuII-digested turkey DNA...
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that incubator temperature may affect circulating insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II). In prior studies, growth of turkey embryos was altered by increasing incubator temperatures. Interestingly, the embryonic growth of a growth-selected line (F) was reduced, whereas embryos from an egg-p...
The influence of selection was studied for increased 16-wk BW in turkeys on in vivo phagocytic activity, antibody responses to vaccines, and weight of the spleen and bursa of Fabricius. A line (F) of turkeys selected long term for increased 16-wk BW and its corresponding randombred control (RBC2) were compared. Phagocytic activity was evaluated by...
Whether the interval between preovulatory surges of LH was different between lines of turkey hens with either poor (RBC3 line, peak at 55%) or excellent rate of egg production (Egg line, peak at 85%) was examined. Laying hens were cannulated and bled hourly for 10 days at peak of production. A constant light photoschedule was used to avoid diurnal...
New multiparameter biomechanics models were developed in this work for the characterization of bone strength, as functions of the major physical and biochemical parameters, which can contribute to mechanical properties of bone strength. Theoretical and experimental methods had been developed to model bone strength as functions of (a) the physical p...
New multiparameter biomechanics models were developed in this work for the characterization of bone strength, as functions of the major physical and biochemical parameters, which can contribute to mechanical properties of bone strength. Theoretical and experimental methods had been developed to model bone strength as functions of (a) the physical p...
New multiparameter biomechanics models are developed in this work for the characterization of bone strengths in broiler chickens and turkeys, as functions of the major physical and biochemical parameters, which can contribute to mechanical properties of bone strengths in these birds, under good management practices. Theoretical and experimental met...
New multiparameter biomechanics models for the Characterization of leg bone strength in broiler chickens and turkeys were developed in this work. The effects of major physical and biochemical parameters (including the species of birds) that can contribute to mechanical properties of leg bone strength in these birds were also considered. Theoretical...
Bilateral asymmetry was measured at 20 wk of age for shank length, shank width (width laterally at the dew claw), shank depth (width perpendicular to the dew claw), and face length (between auditory canal opening and the posterior junction of the upper and lower mandible) in three randombred control lines and three selected lines of turkeys. The da...
Turkeys from a randombred control line (RBC2) and its subline (F) selected for increased 16-wk BW were tested for primary and secondary antibody responses to SRBC antigen and Brucella abortus antigen (BA). Previous studies have shown that the F line was more susceptible to Pasteurella multocida and Newcastle disease virus than was the RBC2 line. In...
A line (F) of turkeys was selected over 30 generations for increased 16-wk BW. The base population for the F line was a randombred control population (RBC2) that was maintained without conscious selection and used to remove yearly environmental variation in the F line. Selection was effective in increasing 16-wk BW in the F line. Selection differen...
The effects of growth- and gender-related differences on satellite cell proliferation and differentiation were investigated using satellite cells isolated from the pectoralis major muscle of a turkey line selected for increased 16-week body weight (F-line) and its unselected randombred control (RBC2-line). Proliferation rates within the F- and RBC2...
To investigate the effect of BW selection on immune cell populations of turkeys, T lymphocyte subpopulation analyses were conducted using peripheral blood from lines selected for increased BW and a randombred control population. The lines used included an experimental line (F) selected long-term for increased 16 wk BW, a randombred control line (RB...
Serum IgG and IgM concentrations in a randombred control line (RBC2) of turkeys and its subline (F), selected long term for increased 16-wk BW were compared. Six-week-old poults were challenged with virulent Pasteurella multocida (1.2 x 10(7) bacteria per bird of serogroup A and serotype 3,4). Sera were collected prior to challenge, and concentrati...
The hypothesis was tested that increased oxygen tensions during the plateau stage of oxygen consumption (25 and 26 d of incubation) would cause different metabolic responses from embryos selected for increased egg production or growth. Embryos were exposed to 171 or 152 mm Hg partial pressure of oxygen from 25 to 28 d of incubation, a time when the...
To delineate the role of proteoglycans in turkey skeletal muscle development, proteoglycan expression was examined in pectoral muscle from 14-, 20-, and 25-d-old embryos. Proteoglycans were separated by DEAE (diethylaminoethyl cellulose) anion exchange and molecular sieve chromatography. Glycosaminoglycan composition was measured by enzyme digestio...
Recent advances in our understanding of insulin-like growth factors (IGF) have improved our knowledge of the physiological roles of these peptide hormones during avian embryogenesis. However, little is known about changes in plasma IGF in response to changes in environmental factors. The objective of the studies reported herein was to examine the r...
To measure turkey CD4 and CD8 T cell levels, the cross-reactivity of mouse anti-chicken CD4 and CD8 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) with turkey leucocytes was tested by flow cytometric analysis of blood obtained from individuals in five turkey lines. The turkey lines used included a randombred control population (RBC2), a subline (F) of RBC2 selected f...
Smooth muscle tumor and ovarian follicular development were studied in lines of Japanese quail selected for increased 4-wk BW (HW, P, and T) and their randombred controls (C and R1). The lines studied were from long-term selection studies at The Ohio State University (HW and R1) and The University of Georgia (P, T, and C). To study the genetic rela...
Previous research has shown that a line (F) of turkeys selected long-term for increased 16-wk body weight was more susceptible to challenge with washed Pasteurella multocida than a randombred control line (RBC2), the base population of F. A previous study also indicated that the mortality of the F line following challenge with P. multocida was simi...
Mitogenic responses were examined for purified peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and whole blood from individuals in a line (F) of turkeys selected for increased 16-wk BW and its corresponding randombred control (RBC2). The PBMC were isolated by centrifugation over Histopaque-1077 density gradient and tested for mitogenic responses to conca...
Japanese quail lines were divergently selected over 32 generations for laying hen plasma yolk precursor, as measured by total plasma phosphorus (TPP). The high (HP) and low (LP) lines were developed from a randombred control population (R1) that was maintained without conscious selection. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the com...
Previous research has shown that a line (F) of turkeys selected long-term for increased 16-wk BW was more susceptible to challenge with washed Pasteurella multocida (PM) than a randombred control line (RBC2), the base population of the F line. Published research indicated that the mortality of the F line following challenge with PM was similar to t...
The daily effects of feed withdrawal or a bacterial disease (Pasteurella multocida; PM) challenge was studied in a slow-growing line of turkeys. The following groups (n = 6 birds/group) were sampled for up to 13 d: untreated control (CON), 4-d feed withdrawal followed by refeeding (FAST), a group that succumbed within the first 2 to 3 d after PM ch...
Embryonic growth of a turkey lines selected for 16-wk BW (F) or 180-d egg production (E) was measured and compared to randombred controls (RBC2 or RBC1). Egg weight at setting relative to poult weight at hatching indicated increased growth in F as well as E embryos compared to randombred controls. Eggs from F weighed 10 g more than those of RBC2 (P...
In prior studies it was shown that the growth of turkey embryos was dependent upon maternal dietary iodide as well as genetic selection. The current study posed the question of which organ systems respond to these variables. Embryos from lines selected for 16-wk BW grew at the same rate as unselected embryos from the randombred population serving a...
1. The hypothesis tested was that accelerating the rate at which a turkey embryo passes through the Plateau and Pipping stages (incubation days 25 to 28) affects growth and embryonic mortality. 2. Eggs from 4 genetic lines were incubated similarly until 24 d of incubation. The eggs were divided at random, half incubated at 36.8 degrees C (CON) and...
A large number of poults from a line (E) selected long-term for increased egg production were observed, in recent generations, to flip over during the week immediately after hatching. This condition, termed early poult flip-overs (EPF), is characterized by the poults falling on their back and being unable to right themselves without assistance. Pou...
The restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) of the Japanese quail MHC were assayed in seven lines using PvuII-digested DNA and a chicken Class II probe. The lines of Japanese quail surveyed included a randombred control population (R1) and sublines of R1 divergently selected for 4-wk body weight (HW and LW lines) or plasma yolk precursor a...
The objective of the present experiment was to study genetic variation within and among well-defined Japanese quail lines by DNA fingerprinting. The Japanese quail lines included a randombred control line (R1) and lines developed from R1 by divergent selection over 30 generations for 4-wk BW (HW, LW) and total plasma phosphorus (TPP) (HP, LP), a me...
Published research indicated that a line (FL) of turkeys selected for increased shank width and exhibiting good walking ability (WA) and improved leg structure was useful in improving WA of a cross with an unimproved commercial sire line while remaining competitive in BW and body conformation. The purpose of the present study was to determine wheth...
The genetic diversity of primary breeding sire and dam lines from the three largest turkey breeders was estimated by band sharing of DNA fingerprints and by genetic distance estimated from band sharing. For comparison, experimental lines selected for increased egg production (E line) or increased 16-wk body weight (F line) were also included in the...
A selection experiment utilizing Japanese quail was initiated to study the genetic relationship of growth and reproduction traits. In this study, lines were selected for increased (HP line) and decreased (LP line) total plasma phosphorus at the beginning of lay. The HP and LP lines were derived from a randombred control population (R1 line) that wa...
Six sigmoidal growth curves and two growth curves derived from a two-phase relative growth rate model were evaluated, using an experimental body-weight data from male and female turkeys of two genetic lines; a fast-growing (F) line and a randombred control (RBC) line from which the F line was developed. When their root mean square error was compare...
The activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), an enzyme associated with cellular growth and protein synthesis, was examined in breast muscle, liver, and intestinal tissues of turkeys during a short-term period of feed withdrawal (FW) and following refeeding. Turkeys from a randombred control line were reared under standard management practices to...
The hypothesis was tested that increased partial pressure of oxygen during the plateau (25 to 26 d of incubation for turkeys) and paranatal (27 to 28 d of incubation) stages of incubation may increase survival rates of turkeys from selected genetic lines. Partial pressure of oxygen inside the incubator cabinet was increased to 171 + 3 mm Hg of the...
The present study was initiated to determine whether walking ability (WA) could be markedly improved without seriously compromising growth rate and body conformation by crossing a relatively unimproved commercial sire line (UC) with a line (FL) selected for increased shank width and backcrossing F1 females to UC line males. Body weights at 8, 16, a...
An experiment was conducted to study the effects of arc beak trimming on feed consumption, weight gain, and feed wastage in males and females from two large-bodied strains and one medium-bodied strain of turkeys. Birds were placed in wire-floored battery cages from 3 to 8 wk of age and feed intake, weight gains, and feed spilled into dropping pans...
Turkey pectoral muscles were examined at 15 through 25 d of embryonic age in order to delineate the developmental pattern
of proteoglycan expression during skeletal muscle development. Glycosaminoglycan concentration, decorin, and muscle chondroitin
sulfate proteoglycan (M-CSPG) levels were measured at each developmental age. Glycosaminoglycan leve...
A selection experiment was started using Japanese quail to study the genetics of BW and plasma yolk precursor (measured by total plasma phosphorus; TPP). Lines were divergently selected for 4-wk BW (HW and LW) or plasma TPP (HP and LP). Sublines of HW were developed by continuing to select the males for increased 4-wk BW while selecting the females...
Selection of poultry for fast growth rate is often accompanied by a reduction in specific immune responses or increased disease susceptibility. In this study, 17-wk-old male turkeys from each of four closed genetic lines, a randombred control (RBC) line and its subline (F) selected for increased 16-wk BW, and another RBC and its subline (E) selecte...
Developmental patterns in turkeys of tissue ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and nucleic acid concentrations were studied in a randombred control (RBC2), in a subline of RBC2 selected for increased 16-wk BW (F), and in a commercial sire line (C). Lines F and C were similar in BW, but Line C had greater breast weight than Line F. Lines F and C...
The objective of the present study was to determine the feasibility of rapidly increasing the BW of dam lines by repeated backcrossing of a dam line to a sire line. A line (E) selected long-term for increased egg production was backcrossed to a line (F) selected long-term for increased 16-wk BW (BC1) and to a commercial sire line (BC2). The BW of t...
The influence of beak trimming of two strains of commercial male turkeys (Strains A and B) on behavior during the growing period was investigated. Poults were either left with beaks intact or arc beak trimmed at hatching. Strain by beak treatment interactions were generally lacking, indicating that these two strains responded similarly. Beak trimmi...
Two trials were conducted in which male turkeys from commercial Strains A and B were fed diets calculated to contain 80, 100, or 120% of recommended levels of protein from 1 to 8 wk of age and recommended levels of protein at other ages. Feeding reduced protein diets decreased 8-wk BW of both strains. No difference in BW, however, was evident at 17...
Japanese quail have been utilized as a research animal to establish genetic relationships that may be present in other poultry
species. In this presentation, short-term selection experiments were reviewed. Selection intensity appeared to be the most
effective in improving BW when selection experiments were compared on a response per generation basi...
Lines of turkeys were selected long-term for increased egg production (E line; 34 generations) or increased 16-wk BW (F line; 28 generations). The E and F lines were started from randombred control populations (RBC1 and RBC2, respectively) that were also maintained to remove environmental variation among generations. Realized heritabilities (h²) ±...
Four lines of turkeys, a randombred control (RBC2) started in 1966 and three sire lines (F, A, and B), were challenged with
a field isolate of Pasteurella multocida (capsular serogroup A, somatic serotype 3, 4) at 6 wk of age. Line F, a subline of the RBC2 line, was selected for 28 generations
for increased 16-wk BW and Lines A and B were primary b...
The purpose of the present study was to estimate frequencies and diversity of MHC haplotypes in primary breeding lines of
commercial turkeys. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was used to assay MHC Class II haplotypes of blood samples
from 11 primary breeding lines (comprised of both sire and dam lines) contributed by three major tu...
An experiment was designed to determine the influence of changing feed and water location and of increased activity on growth,
performance, and behavior of turkey hens from commercial strains. The three treatment regimens consisted of locating feed
and water at opposite ends of the pen with additional exercise (birds were walked around the pen appr...
An experiment was designed to compare BW and mortality of turkeys when three methods of beak trimming were utilized. Turkeys from six genetic lines were assigned to three beak trimming methods: arc beak trimming at hatching, hot-blade block trimming at 13 d, or hot-blade top-beak-only trimming at 13 d. Beak trimming method influenced 8-wk BW of thr...
A study involving the use of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was conducted to evaluate genetic polymorphism and relatedness
within and among four chicken breeds: Araucona, Rhode Island Red, White Leghorn, and White Plymouth Rock, and two turkey populations,
a long-term randombred and a commercial strain. A total of 60 random primers were us...
Citations
... Over the past several years, intensive housing and selective breeding have made it possible to produce heavier poultry in a shorter period of time (Rémigon, 2004;Clark et al., 2019). However, this rapid rate in growth sometimes comes at the cost of losing the ability to perform natural behaviors and may have led to various muscle abnormalities (Zampiga et al., 2019(Zampiga et al., , 2020. ...
... Correspondingly, removing the mediator of intestinal inflammation results in bone density recovery (Harris et al., 2009). In avian models, the link between enteric inflammation and bone health has not been directly examined, but several reports indicate an association ( Huff et al., 2006; Tellez et al., 2014;Wideman, 2016;Bielke et al., 2017). For example, broiler chickens fed a rye diet display mucosal damage, increased intestinal viscosity and permeability, and lowered bone strength and mineralization ( Tellez et al., 2014). ...
... From a welfare point of view, transport is one of the most stressful events in poultry husbandry (Huff et al., 2008;Vosmerova et al., 2010;Schwartzkopf-Genswein et al., 2012;Marchewka et al., 2013). In spite of the extensive knowledge on the impact of transport on stress and animal welfare, little is known on the impact of transport on the physiology of turkey pullets, their welfare and health, and even less on the process of homeostatic recovery in the new environment. ...
... To gain insight into its biology for effective treatments and prevention, we sequenced strain H1998, a serotype O2 APEC isolate (7). Although it was used extensively in infection studies, the genetic makeup remained undisclosed (8)(9)(10)(11)(12). We analyzed the complete genome to identify genes, virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) associated markers. ...
... In this section, we explore the use of multivariate regression models in the prediction of the effects of ΔK and pH on the fatigue crack growth rate. Similar concepts have been used to model the effects of multiple variables on pit size evolution (Kolawole et al., 2015) and also strength (Soboyejo & Nestor, 2000). As in earlier studies, the crack growth rate may be expressed as a function of multiple variables, such as exposure time, t and pH (Kolawole et al., 2018). ...
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... Останні результати зарубіжних досліджень показують ефективність застосування ітераційного моделювання біологічних параметрів для збільшення розміру вибірки [11,12]. Проте, в представлених дослідженнях розрахунки проводяться з допущенням про нормальність закону розподілу експериментальних даних, що не завжди є коректним при роботі з біологічними об'єктами. ...
... The Ohio Agriculture Research and Development Center maintained several genetic lines of turkey hens; two of these lines of hens differ in growth rate, egg production and fertility [29][30][31]. Hepatic mRNA expression for ZPB1 was greater in the genetic E-line, which has improved fertility [20]. The mRNA expression of ZPC for the four largest follicles was greater in the genetic line with lower fertility, the F-line, and significantly increased in the NGD granulosa cells, as compared with the GD granulosa cells, in both genetic lines of turkey [20]. ...
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... In particular, environmen-tal stimuli such as temperature can have a positive or negative effect on satellite cell activity. The proliferation and differentiation of muscle satellite cells in chickens are known to be highly responsive to temperature variation ( Halevy et al., 2000 ;Harding et al., 2016 ;Velleman et al., 2010 ). Similarly, Piestun et al. (2013) reported that a transitory 24 h heat stress within the first week after hatching positively affected muscle growth by increasing satellite cell proliferation. ...
... Proteoglycans are highly expressing proteins on the extracellular matrix, as well as the cell membrane, connecting to the cytoplasmic membrane via an exocytoplasmic domain, anchoring by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol Glypicans via extracellular growth signals, modulating several biological processes, including morphogen gradient, organ development, and human overgrowth. (6,7) They are participating in the regulation of growth factors, adhesions, cellular proliferation, differentiation, as well as morphogenesis development. (8,9,10,11,12) Glypicans may modulate the angiogenesis branching via the enhancement of endothelial cell proliferation and controlling the expression of the angiogenic molecule. ...
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... MCV was higher (175.00) in chickens fed control diet and lower (100.00) in T4. A decrease in the MCH level in birds is an indication that the birds were exposed and poorly dealing with stress (Huff et al., 2008). The lymphocyte had highest (62.50) value in T3 (0.5g/kg GTS) and lowest (56.00) value was recorded in T2. ...
