Jun-De Li's research while affiliated with Victoria University Melbourne and other places

... Membrane distillation, as a seawater desalination technology [34], is an attractive membrane-based separation process because of producing pure water and high-concentrated solution, utilizing low-grade heat resource, and compact volume [35]. From the perspective of permeate treatment, membrane distillation has four major configurations, including air gap membrane distillation, sweep gas membrane distillation, vacuum membrane distillation and direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) [35][36][37]. Due to simple configuration, low operating pressure, no requiring other external condenser [38] and high rejection rates [39], DCMD has received a large amount of attentions [40]. In addition, DCMD with low operating temperature characteristic enable to integrate with other low-grade heat sources [41]. ...

... As opposed to membrane technology, membrane distillation uses hydrophobic membranes to keep non-volatile solutes out of the membrane pores [122,123]. Because the regulated PFAS in the leachate are not volatile, theoretically, membrane distillation could eliminate them from the leachate with a rejection close to 100% [102]. ...

... The CFD model is validated using the experimental data obtained by Gao et al. [14,28]. It is worth mentioning that the entire experiments were performed on a straight HF-WGMD module that consists of eight High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) cooling tubes inside a PE pipe used as the module shell. ...

... The recovery by VMD of ammonia from human urine (NH 3 -N = 647 mg/L) and the effect of fouling and scaling on the hydrophobic membranes were also investigated by Zhao et al. [42] and Wang et al. [43]. Yang et al. [44] developed a numerical model for predicting permeate flux and ammonia concentration factor along the (dimensionless, x/L) fiber length of a hollow fiber module, where vacuum was applied at lumen side. Employing experimentally determined membrane gas-permeation properties, this model was considered useful for further process development. ...

... Direct contact MD being the simplest in design is the most studied scheme (Khayet and Matsuura 2011;Eykens et al. 2016), while air gap membrane distillation is usually preferred with most of the studies considering usage of renewable energy resources (Dehesa-Carrasco et al. 2013;. It has been found that vacuum membrane distillation is highly energy efficient while pilot plant operating based on sweeping gap membrane distillation are also found in literature with higher gained output ratios (Swaminathan et al. 2013).Apart from these, number of evolutions in design of MD systems like material gap MD (Francis et al. 2013), permeate gap MD (Gao et al. 2019;Baek-Gyu et al. 2018;A. E. Khalifa and Alawad 2018), conductive gap MD (Swaminathan et al. 2016, Geng et al. 2015 etc. have also been explored in order to identify best system performance to result in higher permeate flux as well as energy efficiency (Swaminathan et al. 2018). ...

... The two main and most commonly used desalination technologies are thermal-and membrane-based processes, as the reverse osmosis process can produce high-quality desalinated water. However, they are expensive technologies and consume much energy (Subramani and Jacangelo 2015;Gao et al. 2017). ...

... Therefore, lower noise at high frequencies is required to measure these high turbulence fluctuations at higher turbulence intensities. Hot-wire anemometers are characterized by high temporal resolution and low noise [18][19][20]. One of the high frequency noise components of hot-wire anemometers is electrical noise from an A/D converter. ...

... Condensation in the form of liquid-gas phase change is a complicated and interesting physical heat transfer process, which can be found in many natural phenomena [1,2], industrial applications, and manufacturing processes [2][3][4][5][6]. Over the past decades, a lot of researches have been conducted on the mechanism and enhancement of vapor condensation through experimental study and numerical simulation [7][8][9], in order to improve the heat transfer efficiency [5]. However, because of the nature of numerical simulation, more detailed condensation process can be revealed by controlling various parameters. ...

... Under these conditions, the Knudsen diffusion mechanism dominates mass transfer through the membrane. This has been recognised and proven in previous studies [43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]. ...

... However, by a different degree, they also contain empirical parts or coefficients. In addition the deterministic-analytical transport functions, there are the probabilistic approaches (e.g., Einstein [1], Cheng [2], Li, Sun and Lin [3]). A very new method is the development of sediment transport functions based on results of numerical modeling of a cloud of individual particles (e.g., Pähtz and Duran [4]). ...