James W. Pearce-Higgins's research while affiliated with British Trust for Ornithology and other places
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Publications (193)
Aim
Geographical patterns of migrant species arrival have been little studied, despite their relevance to global change responses. Here, we quantify continent‐wide interspecific variation in spatiotemporal patterns of spring arrival of 30 common migrant bird species and relate these to species characteristics and environmental conditions.
Location...
The study ‘Climate change and migratory species: a review of impacts, conservation actions, indicators and ecosystem services’ was commissioned by the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland through the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) as a major contribution to the work of CMS on climate change and prepared...
Many migratory species are declining due to global environmental change. Yet, their complex annual cycles make unravelling the impacts of potential drivers such as climate and land‐use change on migrations a major challenge. Identifying where, when and how threatening processes impact species' migratory journeys and population dynamics is crucial f...
High mountain habitats are globally important for biodiversity. At least 12% of birds worldwide breed at or above the treeline, many of which are endemic species or species of conservation concern. However, due to the challenges of studying mountain birds in difficult-to-access habitats, little is known about their status and trends. This book prov...
Failure to adapt migration timing to changes in environmental conditions along migration routes and at breeding locations can result in mismatches across trophic levels, as occurs between the brood parasitic common cuckoo Cuculus canorus and its hosts. Using satellite tracking data from 87 male cuckoos across 11 years, we evaluate why the cuckoo ha...
Large-scale declines in terrestrial insects have been reported over much of Europe and across the world, however, population change assessments of other key invertebrate groups, such as soil invertebrates, have been largely neglected through a lack of available monitoring data. This study collates historic data from previously published studies to...
Recent insect abundance declines may have affected populations of insectivorous bird species, but evidence for this is limited. Here, we use spatially overlapping 29‐year time‐series of aerial insect biomass and Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica numbers and breeding success from southern England to model the association between changes in invertebrate p...
Capsule
Through case studies that link changes in invertebrate populations to changes in bird populations, we suggest how climate change may increasingly impact bird populations through variation in their invertebrate prey.
Aims
To assess whether invertebrate and bird population declines could be linked and suggest potentially emerging climate cha...
There have been recent renewed commitments to increase the extent of protected areas to combat the growing biodiversity crisis but the underpinning evidence for their effectiveness is mixed and causal connections are rarely evaluated. We used data gathered by three large-scale citizen science programmes in the UK to provide the most comprehensive a...
The importance of peatlands for conservation and provision of public services has been well evidenced in the last years, especially in relation to their contribution to the net zero carbon emission agenda. However, little is known about the importance of recreation relative to conservation and their trade-offs. In this paper we address this knowled...
We present the results of our 14th horizon scan of issues we expect to influence biological conservation in the future. From an initial set of 102 topics, our global panel of 30 scientists and practitioners identified 15 issues we consider most urgent for societies worldwide to address. Issues are novel within biological conservation or represent a...
The Working Group II contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides a comprehensive assessment of the scientific literature relevant to climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. The report recognizes the interactions of climate, ecosystems and biodiversity, and human societie...
Habitat loss and climate change are key drivers of global biodiversity declines but their relative importance is rarely examined. We attempted to attribute spatially divergent population trends of two Afro‐Palearctic migrant warbler species, Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus and Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita, to changes in breeding g...
There is an urgent need to quantify the potential for conservation interventions to effectively manage the impacts of climate change on species' populations and ecological communities. In this first quantitative global assessment of biodiversity conservation interventions for climate change adaptation, we identified 77 peer-reviewed studies, includ...
Impacts of climate change on natural and human systems will become increasingly severe as the magnitude of climate change increases. Climate change adaptation interventions to address current and projected impacts are thus paramount. Yet, evidence on their effectiveness remains limited, highlighting the need for appropriate ecological indicators to...
Capsule
COVID-19 restrictions significantly biased BTO/JNCC/RSPB Breeding Bird Survey coverage across the UK allowing indicative trends to be produced for approximately one-third of species in England only.
Aims
To investigate the effect that COVID-19 restrictions had on participation in and coverage of the Breeding Bird Survey (BBS), and to quant...
There have been recent renewed commitments to increase the extent of protected areas to combat the growing biodiversity crisis, but yet the underpinning evidence for their effectiveness is mixed with causal connections rarely evaluated. We use data gathered by four large-scale citizen science programmes in the UK to provide the most comprehensive a...
Protected area (PA) networks have in the past been constructed to include all major habitats, but have often been developed through consideration of only a few indicator taxa or across restricted areas, and rarely account for global climate change. Systematic conservation planning (SCP) aims to improve the efficiency of biodiversity conservation, p...
There is in an ongoing expansion of powerlines as a result of an increasing global demand for energy. Powerlines have the potential to negatively impact wild bird populations through collisions and/or electrocution, and reducing bird powerline collision and electrocution risk is a priority for companies running high-voltage pow-erlines (known as Tr...
Mountain ecosystems have special significance for biodiversity and are vulnerable to climate and other environmental changes. However, few assessments of drivers of change have been conducted in these areas in comparison to other more accessible biomes. In this study, we developed an objective and broad definition of a mountain bird, and systematic...
Despite their importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, wetlands are among the most threatened ecosystems globally. The conservation of many migratory waterbirds depends on the conservation of a network of key sites along their flyways. However, the suitability of these sites is changing under climate change, and it is important that mana...
Climate change presents a particularly complex challenge in the context of flyway scale conservation of migratory bird species as it requires coordinated action by multiple countries along these species’ migratory routes. Coordinating conservation responses requires understanding the vulnerability of species and their habitats to climate change at...
Climate warming has caused the seasonal timing of many components of ecological food chains to advance. In the context of trophic interactions, the match–mismatch hypothesis postulates that differential shifts can lead to phenological asynchrony with negative impacts for consumers. However, at present there has been no consistent analysis of the li...
1.Climate warming is causing many spring biological events to advance in timing and where the phenology of resource and consumer advance at different rates this can result in trophic asynchrony. While the temperate study system of deciduous tree – caterpillar – insectivorous passerine has been widely studied, little work has examined whether phenol...
There is considerable debate over the most appropriate method for surveying dragonflies and damselflies (odonates). Using data from 62 survey locations nested within 26 waterbodies at 15 sites (discrete parcels of common ownership) in West Suffolk, UK, we show that short (20 m line transects or 3 min duration point counts), monthly counts of adults...
ContextClimate change is a severe threat to biodiversity. Areas with a high variety of microclimates may provide opportunities for species to persist in a changing climate.Objectives
Test the extent to which microclimate is an important determinant of the distribution of a widespread upland passerine, the meadow pipit Anthus pratensis, and whether...
Aim
Global declines in the populations of migratory species have been attributed largely to climate change and anthropogenic habitat change. However, the relative contribution of these factors on species’ breeding and non‐breeding ranges is unclear. Here, we present the first large‐scale assessment of the relative importance of climatic conditions...
Recently detected invertebrate population declines are likely to have far-reaching impacts for ecosystem function. However, very little large-scale monitoring of invertebrates, especially soil invertebrates, has taken place. To address this gap, we established a school-based citizen science project to collect data on soil invertebrate abundance and...
The intensity of pastoral management in areas of High Nature Value farming is declining in some regions of Europe but increasing in others. This affects open habitats of conservation concern, such as the British uplands, where bird species that benefit from low‐intensity grazing may be most sensitive to such polarization. While experimental manipul...
Climate warming has caused the seasonal timing of many components of ecological food chains to advance (Thackeray et al. 2010, 2016). In the context of trophic interactions the match-mismatch hypothesis (MMH) postulates that differential shifts can lead to phenological asynchrony with negative impacts for consumers (Cushing 1990). However, it is st...
The overall long-term aim of project BD5104 'Restoration of blanket bog vegetation for biodiversity, carbon sequestration and water regulation' was to deliver robust and credible (long-term) experimental evidence to underpin the development and refinement of possible management techniques, to reduce the dominance of ling heather (henceforth referre...
In this horizon scan, we highlight 15 emerging issues of potential relevance to global conservation in 2020. Seven relate to potentially extensive changes in vegetation or ecological systems. These changes are either relatively new, for example, conversion of kelp forests to simpler macroalgal systems, or may occur in the future, for example, as a...
Measuring mitigation and adaptation
As more and more carbon dioxide is emitted into the atmosphere, humans and the natural world are beset by the damaging consequences of a rapidly changing climate. Natural and seminatural ecosystems are likely to be the best starting place for immediate adaptation and mitigation solutions. First, though, many natu...
The State of Nature report 2019 presents an overview of how wildlife is faring in the UK and its Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies. Additionally, it assesses the pressures that are acting on nature, and the responses being made, collectively, to counter these pressures.
Capsule: Population growth rates of one-third of 68 breeding bird species in England were significantly affected by climatic variables, leading to notable (>10%) population increases in 13 species, and declines in three.
Aims: To model the impact of climate change on the abundance of breeding bird species in England.
Methods: Annual variation in po...
Capsule: Tick infestation increased with temperature and vegetation height, and was negatively correlated with Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria chick survival, but not growth rates.
Aims: To examine the factors associated with tick loads on Golden Plover chicks and whether tick loads correlated with the growth rate or short-term survival probabili...
Working together with the British Trust for Ornithology (BTO) and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) and funded by the European Union LIFE program, this collaborative report works towards the centralisation and understanding of the quality and scope of Transmission System Operator-collected data on bird collisions and electrocutio...
Land sparing has been proposed as a strategy to reconcile biodiversity conservation with agricultural production, with empirical studies on five continents indicating that most species would benefit if food demand was met through high‐yield farming combined with the protection or restoration of natural habitat.
Most such studies come from landscape...
Climate change is an increasing threat to global biodiversity. Whilst there is growing evidence about the potential effectiveness of some aspects of climate change adaptation, the role for site-based management to increase the resilience of vulnerable populations to climate change has been little studied. Here, we test whether such management may r...
Global warming has advanced the timing of biological events, potentially leading to disruption across trophic levels. The potential importance of phenological change as a driver of population trends has been suggested. To fully understand possible impacts, there is a need to quantify the scale of these changes spatially and according to habitat typ...
We present the results of our tenth annual horizon scan. We identified 15 emerging priority topics that may have major positive or negative effects on the future conservation of global biodiversity, but currently have low awareness within the conservation community. We hope to increase research and policy attention on these areas, improving the cap...
Assessing species' vulnerability to climate change is a prerequisite for developing effective strategies to conserve them. The last three decades have seen exponential growth in the number of studies evaluating how, how much, why, when, and where species will be impacted by climate change. We provide an overview of the rapidly developing field of c...
Farmland birds are among the most threatened bird species in Europe, largely as a result of agricultural intensification which has driven widespread biodiversity losses. Breeding waders associated with grassland and arable habitats are particularly vulnerable and a frequent focus of agri‐environment schemes (AES) designed to halt and reverse popula...
Increasing temperatures associated with climate change may generate phenological mismatches that disrupt previously synchronous trophic interactions. Most work on mismatch has focused on temporal trends, whereas spatial variation in the degree of trophic synchrony has largely been neglected, even though the degree to which mismatch varies in space...
Public data archiving ( PDA ) is widely advocated as a means of achieving open data standards, leading to improved data preservation, increased scientific reproducibility, and transparency, as well as additional data use.
Public data archiving was primarily conceived to archive data from short‐term, single‐purpose scientific studies. It is now more...
Citizen science is increasingly recognised as one of the most cost-effective means of achieving large-scale and long-term biodiversity monitoring. Here we assess the potential for citizen scientists to contribute to the long-term monitoring of land cover, land use and habitat change through ongoing field data collection.
Land cover monitoring is mo...
Soil invertebrates play important roles in nutrient cycling, the development of soil structure, food webs and even climate regulation. It is likely that climate change will have far-reaching impacts on soil invertebrates but a lack of information about how soil invertebrate populations vary with soil characteristics and climate make projections dif...
This is our ninth annual horizon scan to identify emerging issues that we believe could affect global biological diversity, natural capital and ecosystem services, and conservation efforts. Our diverse and international team, with expertise in horizon scanning, science communication, as well as conservation science, practice, and policy, reviewed 1...
This is our ninth annual horizon scan to identify emerging issues that we believe could affect global biological diversity, natural capital and ecosystem services, and conservation efforts. Our diverse and international team, with expertise in horizon scanning, science communication, as well as conservation science, practice, and policy, reviewed 1...
Migratory waterbirds highly depend on a network of key wetlands across their flyways to complete their annual migration. These wetlands are not only threatened by changes in local climate but also by the long-distance hydrological effects of climate change. We use high resolution inundation models and Species Distribution Models (SDMs) to assess th...
Table S3.
R
2 and AIC of individual models for each species.
Fig. S1. Relationship between species abundance and woody linear features length for (a) birds and (b) butterflies.
Table S1. Environmental characteristics in 1‐km radius buffers around UK butterfly monitoring scheme (UKBMS) and breeding bird survey (BBS) transects.
Table S2. Species investigated in this study, and importance of woody linear features at explaining and predicting their abundance.
Table S4. Effect of linear features variable type on abundance models for each species.
Field studies of grazing management have frequently concluded that the magnitude and direction of vegetation response is dependent on initial vegetation condition. On upland heath, this dependence reflects the importance of small-scale ecological processes (e.g. plant competition), and local neighbourhood effects (e.g. spatial distribution of plant...
A consequence of climate change has been an advance in the timing of seasonal events. Differences in the rate of advance between trophic levels may result in predators becoming mismatched with prey availability, reducing fitness and potentially driving population declines. Such “trophic asynchrony” is hypothesized to have contributed to recent popu...
Projections of species’ distributions in future climates can aid adaptive conservation strategies. Although presence-absence or presence-only data have been extensively used for this purpose, modelling changes in spatial patterns of abundance provides a more sensitive tool for estimating species’ vulnerabilities to climate impacts. We used abundanc...
Although the number of studies discerning the impact of climate change on ecological systems continues to increase, there has been relatively little sharing of the lessons learnt when accumulating this evidence. At a recent workshop entitled ‘Using climate data in ecological research’ held at the UK Met Office, ecologists and climate scientists cam...
Aim
Time‐lagged population synchrony, where spatially separated populations show similar fluctuations in abundance lagged over time, is thought to be driven by dispersal among populations. When dispersal is proportional to population density or positively density dependent, and individuals move readily from population A to population B, then as pop...
Mitigation of anthropogenic climate change involves deployments of renewable energy worldwide, including wind farms, which can pose a significant collision risk to volant animals. Most studies into the collision risk between species and wind turbines, however, have taken place in industrialized countries. Potential effects for many locations and sp...
Mitigation of anthropogenic climate change involves deployments of renewable energy worldwide, including wind farms, which can pose a significant collision risk to volant animals. Most studies into the collision risk between species and wind turbines, however, have taken place in industrialized countries. Potential effects for many locations and sp...
It is important for conservationists to be able to assess the risks that climate change poses to species, in order to inform decision making. Using standardised and repeatable methods, we present a national-scale assessment of the risks of range loss and opportunities for range expansion that climate change could pose for over 3000 plants and anima...
Capsule: Across Britain, breeding Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata are less numerous and have shown greater population declines in areas with more arable farming, woodland cover and higher generalist predator abundance.
Aims: We present the first national-scale analysis of the potential drivers of Curlew population change in Britain, which is neede...
Weather has often been associated with fluctuations in population sizes of species; however, it can be difficult to estimate the effects satisfactorily because population size is naturally measured by annual abundance indices whilst weather varies on much shorter timescales. We describe a novel method for estimating the effects of a temporal sequen...
Climate change vulnerability assessments are commonly used to identify species at risk from global climate change, but the wide range of methodologies available makes it difficult for end users, such as conservation practitioners or policymakers, to decide which method to use as a basis for decision-making. In this study, we evaluate whether differ...
Modelling spatio‐temporal changes in species abundance and attributing those changes to potential drivers such as climate, is an important but difficult problem. The standard approach for incorporating climatic variables into such models is to include each weather variable as a single covariate, whose effect is expressed through a low‐order polynom...
Extreme climatic events could be major drivers of biodiversity change, but it is unclear whether extreme biological changes are (i) individualistic (species- or group-specific), (ii) commonly associated with unusual climatic events and/or (iii) important determinants of long-term population trends. Using population time series for 238 widespread sp...
UK moorlands are semi-natural habitats managed for a mix of livestock, game shooting and forestry, among other activities. An assessment of the importance of characteristics that correlate with moorland bird populations of high conservation importance can inform appropriate management at appropriate locations.We use hierarchical partitioning to ass...
Modelling species distribution and abundance is important for many conservation applications, but it is typically performed using relatively coarse‐scale environmental variables such as the area of broad land‐cover types. Fine‐scale environmental data capturing the most biologically relevant variables have the potential to improve these models. For...
Anthropogenic climate change is already impacting ecological systems. Understanding how organisms respond to weather (short-term) and climate (long-term) variability, and the population and ecosystem-wide consequences of climate change, is a research priority. The appropriate use of information on past and potential future weather and climate condi...
Climate change is increasingly altering the composition of ecological communities, in combination with other environmental pressures such as high-intensity land use. Pressures are expected to interact in their effects, but the extent to which intensive human land use constrains community responses to climate change is currently unclear. A generic i...
Many factors may affect daily nest survival. We present a novel multi-state, multi-stage model to estimate daily survival for each nest stage, daily hatching probability and probability that a failed nest died during a specific stage when stage of failure is unknown. The model does not require that hatching date be known. We used data from a large...
We present the results of our eighth annual horizon scan of emerging issues likely to affect global biological diversity, the environment, and conservation efforts in the future. The potential effects of these novel issues might not yet be fully recognized or understood by the global conservation community, and the issues can be regarded as both op...
Predicting climate change impacts on biodiversity is a major scientific challenge, but doing so is important for assessing extinction risk, developing conservation action plans, providing guidance for laws and regulations, and identifying the mechanisms and patterns of impact to inform climate change adaptation. In the few decades since the threat...
Climate change has had well-documented impacts on the distribution and phenology of species across many taxa, but impacts on species' abundance, which relates closely to extinction risk and ecosystem function, have not been assessed across taxa. In the most comprehensive multi-taxa comparison to date, we modelled variation in national population in...
Supplementary Figure 1 and Supplementary Tables 1-6
Migratory species are in rapid decline globally. Although most mortality in long-distance migrant birds is thought to occur during migration, evidence of conditions on migration affecting breeding population sizes has been completely lacking. We addressed this by tracking 42 male Common Cuckoos from the rapidly declining UK population during 56 aut...
Climate change vulnerability assessments are commonly used to identify species at risk from global climate change, but the wide range of methodologies available makes it difficult for end users, such as conservation practitioners or policy makers, to decide which method to use as a basis for decision-making. Here, we compare the outputs of 12 such...
Differences in phenological responses to climate change among species can desynchronise ecological interactions and thereby threaten ecosystem function. To assess these threats, we must quantify the relative impact of climate change on species at different trophic levels. Here, we apply a Climate Sensitivity Profile approach to 10,003 terrestrial a...
Most studies of evolutionary responses to climate change have focused on phenological responses to warming, and provide only weak evidence for evolutionary adaptation. This could be because phenological changes are more weakly linked to fitness than more direct mechanisms of climate change impacts, such as selective mortality during extreme weather...
Projecting the fates of populations under climate change is one of global change biology's foremost challenges. Here, we seek to identify the contributions that temperature-mediated local adaptation and plasticity make to spatial variation in nesting phenology, a phenotypic trait showing strong responses to warming. We apply a mixed modeling framew...
The impacts of climate change on species and ecosystems are increasingly evident. While these tend to be clearest with respect to changes in phenology and distribution ranges, there are also important consequences for population sizes and community structure. There is an urgent need to develop ecological indicators that can be used to detect climat...
The timing of migration is one of the key life-history parameters of migratory birds. It is expected to be under strong selection, to be sensitive to changing environmental conditions and to have implications for population dynamics. However, most phenological studies do not describe arrival and departure phenologies for a species in a way that is...
Previous studies have shown negative associations between wind energy development and breeding birds, including species of conservation concern. However, the magnitude and causes of such associations remain uncertain, pending detailed ‘before-after-control-intervention’ (BACI) studies. We conducted one of the most detailed such studies to date, ass...
Generalist species are becoming increasingly dominant in European bird communities. This has been taken as evidence of biotic homogenization, whereby generalist ‘winners’ systematically replace specialist ‘losers’. We test this pattern by relating changes in the average specialisation of UK bird communities to changes in the density of species with...
Capsule Black Grouse declines across Scotland were greatest on less heterogeneous moorland, at low to intermediate altitudes and, more weakly, around post-thicket woodland.Aims To examine correlates of change in abundance of Black Grouse across Scotland.Methods Changes in abundance within 5-km squares between national surveys in 1995/96 and 2005 we...
This paper presents the results of our seventh annual horizon scan, in which we aimed to identify issues that could have substantial effects on global biological diversity in the future, but are not currently widely well known or understood within the conservation community. Fifteen issues were identified by a team that included researchers, practi...
Multi-species indicators are often used to assess biodiversity trends. By combining population trends across several species they summarise trends across a community. Composite indicators such as these are useful for examining general temporal patterns and may suggest important drivers of biodiversity change. However, they may also mask substantial...
Despite increasing concerns about the vulnerability of species’ populations to climate change, there has been little overall synthesis of how individual population responses to variation in climate differ between taxa, with trophic level or geographically. To address this, we extracted data from 132 long-term (greater than or equal to 20 years) stu...
Capsule Abundance monitoring data suggest that the short-term response of breeding birds to recent warming in Great Britain has been range expansion, caused by poleward shifts of leading range margins and no significant shifts of trailing range margins.
Aims To quantify latitudinal and elevational shifts of breeding bird populations in Great Britai...
The Eurasian Curlew is globally near-threatened and is one of the most rapidly declining species in the UK, showing a 45% decline between 1995-2012 across the UK and declines greater than 50% in Scotland and Wales. Declines are most pronounced in upland areas, while the recent UK Atlas shows gains in lowland areas. A significant proportion of the E...
Citations
... With more detailed and fine-scaled information on species and environments, this model framework can be adapted to also tackle important questions on habitat choice and regional changes in migration patterns. By running scenarios of change and/or planned habitat alterations, such models may also assist in identifying efficient conservation and management measures and where and when in the flyway they would be most beneficial (50). ...
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... Previous studies suggest that small-bodied migrants may arrive later at higher latitudes, as colder temperatures present higher metabolic challenges (Buckley et al., 2018), though the relationship between body size, starvation risk and predation risk is complex and varies with latitude, an animal's physiology and environment as well as temperature (McNamara et al., 2016). Migrants wintering further south may arrive later due to the longer travel distance (Usui et al., 2017) or because of seasonal food constraints in Africa (Davies et al., 2023). We expect that migrants with a primary food source that has a short seasonal peak may have more constrained local arrival windows (Both et al., 2010). ...
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... Owing to their role as ecosystem engineers [3], in recent years earthworms have become the representative taxon for tackling questions on global soil invertebrate diversity and distribution assessment [4]. Given broad variations in sampling approaches and global distribution patterns, there is an urgent need for high-quality and systematic national long-term and large-scale datasets to determine soil invertebrate, and thus soil sustainability, responses to anthropogenic environmental changes [5,6]. Despite a rich heritage of earthworm research [7], national distribution maps using earthworm species occurrence records were not produced for the UK & Ireland until 2012, and this was only for four species [8]. ...
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... Because they arrived in Europe later, there was a stronger pressure to rapidly progress through Europe to ensure arrival in time for peak food supply. Given the relatively constant availability of aerial insects beyond the start of spring, Aerial Insectivores are likely to be relatively insensitive to mismatch (Martay et al., 2023). ...
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... Insects play important roles in ecosystems, performing various ecosystem functions, including supporting, as key food sources, the functions of higher trophic levels (Noriega et al., 2018;Prather & Laws, 2018;Schowalter, 2013). Recent concern over insect declines (Hallmann et al., 2017;Powney et al., 2019;Van Klink et al., 2020;Wagner et al., 2021) has focussed attention on how insect abundance may be impacting birds (Pearce-Higgins & Morris, 2023;Tallamy & Shriver, 2021) with several lines of evidence suggesting that declines in insectivorous birds may be driven, in part, by reductions in insect prey (Bowler et al., 2019;Hallmann et al., 2014;Narango et al., 2018;Nebel et al., 2010;Tallamy & Shriver, 2021). For example, declines in insect prey populations have been implicated in causing reductions in breeding success in birds (Martay et al., 2023;Naef-Daenzer & Keller, 1999;Peach et al., 2015;Seress et al., 2018) and local-scale studies have found correlations between insect and bird population dynamics (Benton et al., 2002;Hart et al., 2006). ...
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... PAs effectively preserve species richness and abundance (Barnes et al., 2023;Swaisgood et al., 2018), and PAs can reduce illegal logging and hunting (Watson et al., 2014). We found that PAs mitigated habitat loss for primates. ...
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... The surveys were distributed mainly via e-mail (personal emails and distribution lists) and social networks (Whatsapp, Telegram and Twitter groups). This mode of access to the population under study has been used for other analyzes in biodiversity conservation [110]. In addition, the Chambers of Commerce of the provincial capitals of Spain and national agricultural and livestock associations were contacted as a group directly involved in the conservation of biodiversity in their professional activity. ...
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... Landscape approaches. These approaches can act as enablers to support sustainable and culturally aligned future peatland transformation (Martino et al., 2022;Termansen et al., 2022). ...
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... Anthropogenic Climate Change (ACC) is widely predicted to exert major impacts on many different aspects of biological pattern and process [1]. Of the various critical ecological processes expected to be negatively influenced by combinations of elevated atmospheric CO 2 , warming, and shifts in precipitation, decomposition and nutrient cycling are perhaps the most vital to biological resilience and maintenance of continued ecosystem service provision [1][2][3]. ...
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... Climatic trends account for approximately 50% of observed moth population declines (Martay et al. 2017), whilst there is also some evidence that temperature-mediated changes in the timing of caterpillar emergence and growth may affect their asynchrony with bud burst (Burgess et al. 2018 Whilst work is required to test whether spatial variation in the abundance, trends, or productivity of woodland birds is linked to spatial variation in foliar invertebrates, a particular candidate for this is the Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus. Population declines in southeast England are linked to low productivity (Morrison et al. 2016), potentially mediated through warmer temperatures known to be associated with spatial variation in productivity (Eglington et al. 2015), and which are negatively correlated with spatial variation in Willow Warbler population trends (Martay et al. 2023). ...
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