J Carlet's research while affiliated with Hôpital Paris Saint Joseph and other places

... Strains of E. coli are known to be able to enter a transient hypermutable state that allows them to acquire new genetic variations at times critical for survival and colonization of new hosts (42). Therefore, one may speculate that this is an adaptation to the cytokine milieu found in some organ systems such as the gut where the concentration of TNF-␣ was higher than that in systemic circulation in patients undergoing abdominal surgery (43,44). ...

... underlying disease, and other risk factors. The prevalence in other studies ranged from 3% to 27% where it is higher in developing countries than developed countries [6], [7], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16]. A Turkish study in 50 PICUs to assess a national point-prevalence survey of PICUs HAIs reported the overall HAI rate as 37% [8]. ...

... 9 Volutrauma occurs due to over distension of alveoli and subsequent damage to alveolar endothelium and epithelium. 10 Various human studies have investigated the potential benefits of choosing one type of mechanical ventilation over another. Results of these studies have been conflicting in terms of which mode produces the most satisfactory arterial oxygenation and PIPs. ...

... [13] An early hemodynamic optimization that targets central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO 2 ) and systemic hemodynamic parameters improves outcomes in severe sepsis and septic shock, reinforcing the idea that tissue perfusion abnormalities are flow dependent at least during the very early stages. [14] A ScvO 2 ≥70% is considered a goal for optimal hemodynamic resuscitation after cardiac surgery according to the S3 guidelines for postoperative intensive care in cardiac surgery patients, and also in the Surviving Sepsis Guidelines. [2] However, normalizing systemic hemodynamic parameters does not guarantee adequate tissue perfusion, and in fact a substantial number of patients still progress to multiorgan dysfunction and death despite meeting ScvO 2 targets. ...

... Table 2 lists scoring systems developed to address clinical problems [40]. The underlying data bases are also documented [41]. As these have been described in various publications, we hereby refrain from describing them in detail [42][43][44]. ...

... The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by life-threatening impairment of pulmonary gas exchange, resulting in hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and respiratory acidosis and requiring acute rescue measures. Oxygen delivery to the tissues is necessary for all aerobic life, and tissue hypoxia will result in various deleterious effects including altered vascular reactivity, inflammation, cell apoptosis, and organ dysfunction or failure [1]. Tissue hypoxia is the result of hypoxemia, and hypoxemia is a consequence of insufficient support of the respiratory system and/or of the oxygen delivery system (cardiac output, hemoglobin level [2]). ...

... While it is not easy to furnish proof of a direct link between efficient control and preven- tion methods and the incidence of infection, there is by now a consensus on the role of hand hygiene and of dis- infection of the human body and of surfaces. But an in- ternational study that would be conducted only a decade later was not able to gain any further insights and could only emphatically advocate that European standards be introduced [5]. However, this study spanning 14 countries and more than 1000 intensive care units cast light on the importance of antiseptics. ...

... Cyclical opening and closing of injured lung units damage them. [10,11] It would be ideal, therefore, to ventilate patients at the top of the volume‑pressure curve, at high lung volumes, but without accompanying phasic changes. In the absence of facilities for oscillatory ventilation, increasing mean airway pressure without increasing peak pressure can only be achieved by prolonged inspiratory time (Ti) in a pressure control mode. ...

... O Omega e o PRN foram aplicados em dois estudos realizados na Turquia, pelo mesmo grupo de pesquisadores, com o objetivo de analisar a relação entre colonização ou infecção por BMR e carga de trabalho de enfermagem (21,26) . A primeira escala foi elaborada no Canadá em 1981 (37) e, a segunda, na França em 1986 (38) . A utilização de instrumentos de medida de carga de trabalho de enfermagem desenvolvidos em um único país podem trazer restrições para aplicação e generalização de resultados, uma vez que refletem as características da população na qual foi criado. ...

... Comme l'illustre le consensus SRLF/SFAR, la prévention de chacune des IAS repose sur un « panier de mesures préventives ». Ces bundles sont de plus en plus omniprésents dans nos pratiques et ont été documentés de façon convaincante pour les infections sur cathéter veineux et les PAVM [34]. La robustesse de ces bundles repose à la fois sur le niveau de preuve de chacune de leurs composantes et sur leur mise en oeuvre globale [35]. ...