Ingela Bergman's research while affiliated with Stockholm University and other places
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Publications (37)
Since the early nineteenth century, forest landscapes and socio-economic contexts have significantly changed in northernmost Sweden. These processes include agrarian colonisation, the Christianisation of the indigenous Sámi people, and the transfer of land tenure. We aim to analyse how Sámi religious practice manifested itself in a time of dramatic...
Northern pine-lichen forests are generally regarded as natural ecosystems that, in the past, were repeatedly affected by wild fires. This paper presents and tests a new hypothesis that reindeer herders used recurrent fires to promote and sustain reindeer lichen-dominated ground vegetation, in order to maintain good winter-grazing grounds in Scots p...
During the course of the 14th century the Swedish Crown and the Catholic Church made robust attempts to include the areas beside the Bothnian bay within their central fiscal and clerical organization. Salmon fishing in the productive river rapids became major targets for external commercial interests. Written records inform us about the situation f...
Although the productive fishing grounds had long attracted the Crown and the Church to northern Sweden, it was not until the sixteenth century that the judicial and fiscal powers of the Swedish Crown were exercised in full. Records show that the regular fishing in interior lakes formed a prominent enterprise among coastal farmer communities. This p...
For several decades researchers have debated when cereal cultivation was introduced to northernmost Europe. Most previous studies have concentrated on sites along the coast or close to major rivers; these are areas well-suited to agriculture and represent routes for people and knowledge transfer, but omit other vast areas suitable for cultivation a...
This paper presents a study of the chronological setting of hearths registered in FMIS (digital register containing records of all known ancient monuments in Sweden) in the provinces of Västerbotten and Norrbotten, Northern Sweden. A total of c. 1500 hearths are known in the area, mainly situated north of the river Skellefteälven. Within a study ar...
It is not until the fourteenth century that written records offer a glimpse into the coastal societies of Northern Sweden. Records include references to a social stratum referred to as the birkarlar, who were tradesmen engaged in trading with the Sámi. The origin of the birkarlar, their prominent status and the meaning of the term, is an enigma tha...
This article describes two recently discovered rock painting sites on the northern shore
of lake Gaskávrre, in the mountain area of Arjeplog parish, western Lappland. The sites,
called Gaskávrre 1 and 2, are the most northerly rock art sites in present day Sweden
found so far and are situated at c. 550 m a.s.l. Gaskávrre 1 contains 17 distinguishab...
High in the mountains between Norway and Sweden, archaeological survey has brought to light a trail marked hy standing stones at regular intervals and tall enough to show above the winter snows. In the absence of any cultural material, the erection of the stones was dated hy the diameter of the lichen spreads upon them, and corroborated by a study...
Permanent cultivation is generally believed to have been established in the interior of northernmost Fennoscandia later than elsewhere in northern Europe, during or after the late 17th century. Although subtle evidence from various pollen records suggests cultivation may have occurred much earlier in this region, such indications have generally bee...
It has been generally accepted that cultivation in northernmost Sweden was intrinsically associated with the migration of Nordic farmers into the area and that indigenous Sámi societies followed purely hunter-gatherer or pastoralist subsistence strategies. In this paper, it is argued that the discursive connotations of cultivation have promoted a d...
In 1543 there were about 2300 farms in the coastal areas of Västerbotten and Norr-botten, northern Sweden. Today very few traces remain. One of a few preserved farm sites was partly excavated by Gustaf Hallström in 1921. This paper gives an account of his excavations. The site, at Björsbyn, a village just north of the city of Luleå, had four house...
The archaeological record of northern Sweden verifi es contact between people and societies over vast areas from the Stone Age onwards. By various means of contact and communication, technical innovations and objects of foreign provenance have found their way to the interior areas. This paper explores the structure of contacts between coastal and i...
There is currently limited understanding of the contribution of biological N2 fixation (diazotrophy) to the N budget of large river systems. This natural source of N in boreal river systems may partially explain the sustained productivity of river floodplains in Northern Europe where winter fodder was harvested for centuries without fertilizer amen...
Historical and repeated use of fire is thought to be responsible for poor forest regeneration on Norway spruce (Picea abies L.)-lichen (Cladina spp.) forests of subarctic Sweden; however, the role of nutrient limitation in this process has not been studied. Studies were performed on three paired stands of open spruce-Cladina forests and un-disturbe...
This study focuses on the transitional steps leading from a hunter-gatherer economy to reindeer pastoralism among the Sami of northern Sweden. Changes in land use and settlement patterns are interpreted from an ecological perspective taking into account the ecosystem dynamics of the alpine zone. During the initial phase of pastoralism, land-use str...
Background/Question/Methods
The success of early farming in Sweden relied on natural nutrition processes sustaining annual crops; however, the source of this productivity remains poorly understood. Anthropogenic pollution and river regulations have drastically limited the number of opportunities to study key natural processes in large alluvial sy...
The indigenous Sami people of northernmost Europe have developed unique adaptations that enable them to cope with harsh climate and subsist in low-productivity ecosystems. These adaptations have been shaped by both internal factors, such as demographic and traditional land-use systems, and external factors, such as colonization and national legisla...
Dans les etudes portant sur la dynamique naturelle, la biodiversite et les conditions de reference, l'heritage laisse par l'utilisation preindustrielle des terres par l'homme est souvent neglige. Dans cette etude, nous avons evalue la naturalite d'un paysage forestier protege et examine l'effet sur la structure de la foret qu'on eu dans le passe le...
Le peuple Sami du nord de la Scandinavie et plusieurs Premières Nations de l'Amérique du Nord ont utilisé l'écorce interne du pin (Pinus sp.) comme nourriture, médecine et autres utilisations. Dans cette étude basée sur les pratiques traditionnelles, nous comparons l'écorçage et l'utilisation subséquente de l'écorce interne en Scandinavie et dans l...
The so-called stallo-foundations are the most prominent ancient monuments in the mountain areas of Sweden. On the basis of archaeological, historical and ethnological evidence, this paper discusses the type of construction likely to be associated with stallo-foundations dating to the Viking Age. It is argued, in contrast to most accepted ideas, tha...
Prior to Christianization, initiated by the Swedish Crown and Church during the seventeenth century, the religion of the native Sami people of northern Scandinavia included animistic beliefs centered on animal ceremonialism. The Sami religion evolved in the framework of hunter-gatherer subsistence, and landscapes were laden with religious significa...
The transition from a hunter-gatherer economy to reindeer pastoralism among the Sami of northern Fennoscandia has been the subject of much debate among scholars concerned with Sami history. This paper adds a new angle to the discussion by focusing on the social structure of a Sami society in the high mountain area of northern Sweden around A.D. 100...
Archaeological and palaeoecological studies in the Arjeplog area of northern Sweden have verified the arrival of hunter–gatherers soon after deglaciation. After modelling and subsequently surveying the reconstructed shorelines of tilted watercourses, Early Mesolithic settlements dating to 8600–8000 BP (14C years BP) were discovered. Makrosubfossil-...
The chronology of prehistoric Sami settlement sites has previously been established by conventional radiocarbon dating of bulk charcoal samples associated with hearths from sunken hut floors (stállo-foundations). Here we present results of a comprehensive dating exercise of stállo-foundations in the alpine area of northern Scandinavia using Acceler...
Knowledge of past fire regimes is crucial for understanding the changes in fire frequency that are likely to occur during the coming decades as a result of global warming and land-use change. This is a key issue for the sustainable management of forest biodiversity because fire regimes may be controlled by vegetation, human activities, and/or clima...
The role of the past in prehistoric societies is a frequently occurring topic in recent archaeological literature. It is proposed that prehistoric societies were concerned with the construction of an ancient past, and that relics were actively used as mnemonic devices in recalling the past. This paper comments on the significance of historicity in...
The oldest early Mesolithic settlements found so far (i.e. 8600 b.p.) in the interior of northern Sweden, in the province of Norrbotten, have been discovered through the application of a model
simulating glacio-isostatic land uplift. The objective of this study was to investigate, through pollen and charred particle
analyses, vegetation composition...
We present new data on Early Mesolithic settlements in northern Sweden and discuss the process of pioneer colonization. A new set of radiocarbon dates from archaeological sites push deglaciation of northern Fennoscandia further back in time and demonstrate the rapid arrival of pioneer settlers. Environmental data reveal a highly productive early po...
The authors present a unique long record of inner bark use by the Sami people of northern Scandinavia extending back to 2800 BP Consistent patterns with respect to the direction and size of bark peeling scars shows that common values and standards were early applied. They further conclude that inner bark was important as a regular food and a vitami...
This study combines ethnological, historical, and dendroecological data from areas north of the Arctic Circle to analyze cultural aspects of Sami use of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) inner bark as regular food. Bark was peeled in June when trees were at the peak of sapping, leaving a strip of undamaged cambium so the tree survived. As a result,...
Until recently only a few Mesolithic sites were known from the interior of N. Sweden, although extensive archaeological surveys have been carried out since the 1950s. The lack of archaeological data made every attempt to interpret the process of pioneer colonization quite fruitless. In this paper we present a model of non-uniform glacio-isostatic u...
1 In northern Fennoscandia a rare forest type, characterized by Cladina species and Picea abies, occurs on dry productive sites outside the range of permafrost but close to the Scandes mountains.
2 We determined the history of vegetation development and disturbance of two Picea–Cladina forests to test the hypothesis that this forest type has a natu...
A multidisciplinary study of use by Sami people ofPinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) inner bark was performed in northern Sweden. We combined linguistic, historical and archaeological records with ecological data collected from field studies to investigate important cultural and ecological factors associated with previous use of bark. Our data from b...
Citations
... ka BP. The findings in the Ipmatis valley imply that the area was most likely used for foraging for specific resources during the summer period, with no sign of longer dwellings (Bergman & Zackrisson 2007). The area is considered to have been used by hunter-gatherers in this context until at least 2.0 cal. ...
... Animal feeding practices in domestication processes and in animal husbandry practices have been studied archaeologically through stable isotope analyses indicative of trophic level and other changes in the animals' diets (e.g., Gillis et al. 2013;Pickard et al. 2017). Human influence in the diets and foraging behavior of domesticated animals is not restricted to the addition of specific foodstuffs to animals' diets but can also be understood in the broader, landscape-level context of human influence over animal foraging patterns in pastoral systems, for example (Hörnberg et al. 2018;Miller and Makarewicz 2019). ...
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... This way, the burial chamber of the famous "princely" barrow of Högom in Norrland, constructed ca 500 AD, contained the remains of the skins of a bear, beaver, marten, sable, polecat, reindeer, and seal 50 . According to Swedish researchers, it emphasizes the role of fur as a status symbol in the hierarchy of the Scandinavian barbarians 51 . ...
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... However, not all species were available in all fishing waters, and some lakes offered no fish at all. 22 Moreover, fishing was generally described as very poor in the mountains, with catches predominantly consisting of 18 Bergman and Ramqvist (2017), Ehrenmalm (1743, p. 127), Graan (1899, p. 36), Norstedt et al. (2014, Rheen (1897, p. 53), andTornaeus (1900, p. 61). 19 Norstedt el al. (2014). ...
Reference: Fishing
... Two foundations of timber-framed houses with two fireplaces and the remains of a cellar were excavated. Archaeological evidence suggests that the houses were inhabited in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries (Liedgren and Bergman 2015). ...
... On the Swedish side of the Bothnian Bay, there is some evidence to suggest that the spread of agriculture was earlier with some small traces appearing from the middle Iron Age (c. 500-800 AD) onwards [13,14]. However it should be noted that this evidence is fairly local. ...
... These give precise spatial information about where people have lived and by 14 C-analysis of charcoal from hearths the age of the use of the hearth can be determined (Liedgren et al., 2007). Furthermore, the burnt soil underneath the hearth can give information on the season it was used and the duration of use (Liedgren et al., 2016;Liedgren et al., 2017). Place names connected to land use can remain known long after the land use has ceased and reveal earlier conditions (Cogos et al., 2019). ...
... [w]hat in older literature was seen as an unpopulated, isolated enclave between Norway and Russia has in modern research been shown to be an area with an extensive cultural exchange and lively trade … before the Treaty of Nöteborg in 1323 [between Sweden and Novgorod], in other words, an autonomous area without political borders (Tegengren 2015: 156-164, my translation, cf. Bergman andEdlund 2016) Rather than being seen as a frontier -something that we can see was related to specific historical developments under different preconditions -northern Fennoscandia was thereby formed under fundamentally different conditions. Land was also conceived of differently, and the role of the individual could be seen as broadly, and over different time periods, conceived of within this system, through representation in political-economic bargaining systems either directly or through representation (cf. ...
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... As the reader will probably suspect, I am referring to the red ochre paintings, which -in the region of northern Sweden -are distributed over approximately 40 distinctive localities, to be compared to eight petroglyph sites. Albeit not rigorously ignored by researchers, there is still a widespread custom of using the paintings as an 'example bank' for ascribing geographical extensity to the suggested cosmological trope outlined from studies of monumental petroglyph sites (see however Viklund 2002Viklund , 2004aViklund , 2004bLindgren 2004;Hansson 2006;Holmblad 2005;Söderlind 2011Söderlind , 2017Larsson & Broström 2013;Olofsson 2012;Sjöstrand 2015, 2017or Ramqvist et al. 2016 for studies particularly focused on North Swedish rock paint ings) Indirectly, this treatment is nourishes an unspoken suggestion of large localities possessing some overall explanatory validity, meaning that circumpolar huntergatherer imagery is portrayed as one uniform pictorial programme, oblivious to both local alterations and oscillations in significance tied to temporality. As this pursuit of comprehensiveness makes all rock art localities appear as a token of the same social phe nomenon, it also leads to an ignorance of perhaps the most puzzling as pect of this imagery. ...
... I røynda eigde samiske familiar jordområda dei nytta til jakt og fiske og reindrift (Kuokkanen, 2020b, s. 299). Før skandinaviske jordbrukarar fann vegen mot nord, fanst døme på korndyrking i samiske område (Bergman & Hörnberg, 2015). Eit verk om samisk historie frå 2021 drøftar ikkje om privateigedom høyrer til i samisk rett (Andresen mfl., 2021). ...
Reference: debate Debatt NORDISK BUREISARKOLONIALISME
