June 2024
·
17 Reads
Water
Ball milling, as a cost-effective and eco-friendly approach, has been popular in materials synthesis to solve problems involving toxic reagents, high temperatures, or high pressure, which has the potential for large-scale production. However, there are few reviews specifically concentrating on the latest progress in materials characteristics before and after ball milling as well as the adsorptive application for aqueous pollutants. Hence, this paper summarized the principle and classification of ball milling and reviewed the advances of mechanochemical materials in categories as well as their adsorption performance of organic and inorganic pollutants. Ball milling has the capacity to change materials’ crystal structure, specific surface areas, pore volumes, and particle sizes and even promote grafting reactions to obtain functional groups to surfaces. This improved the adsorption amount, changed the equilibrium time, and strengthened the adsorption force for contaminants. Most studies showed that the Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order model fitted experimental data well. The regeneration methods include ball milling and thermal and solvent methods. The potential future developments in this field were also proposed. This work tries to review the latest advances in ball-milled materials and their application for pollutant adsorption and provides a comprehensive understanding of the physicochemical properties of materials before and after ball milling, as well as their effects on pollutants’ adsorption behavior. This is conducive to laying a foundation for further research on water decontamination by ball-milled materials.
![Figure 4. (a) Phenol degradation efficiencies and (b) pseudo-first-order kinetic curves in differ systems. Experimental conditions: [phenol] = 20 mg L −1 , [PMS] = 0.3 g L −1 , [FeCo2O4/CNT] = 0.3 g pH = 6.2, T = 25 °C. To evaluate the optimal reaction conditions of phenol removal, a series of PMS a vation experiments by the as-synthesized FeCo2O4/CNT catalyst under various exp mental parameters were performed. The correlation between phenol degradation and amount of FeCo2O4/CNT used are shown in Figure 5a. The dosage of the catalyst play a significant role in catalytic processes for organic pollutant degradation because a m active site could be created with an increased catalyst dosage. It was shown that after min of reaction, 0.5 g L −1 of FeCo2O4/CNT showed a greater phenol removal efficien (~100%) and k value (0.58 min −1 ) than 0.1 g L −1 of FeCo2O4/CNT concentration (η = 85% = 0.20 min −1 ), demonstrating that the increased catalyst facilitated the degradation of p nol during PMS activation. As a main reactant for phenol removal, the effect of PMS c centration on catalytic performance was also investigated. As can be observed from Fig 5b, the removal of phenol also shows positive changes at PMS concentrations varying tween 0.1 to 0.3 g L −1 . Phenol removal at a PMS concentration of 0.1 g L −1 (η = 51%, k = 0 min −1 ) was much lower than that of 0.3 g L −1 (η = 96%, k = 0.30 min −1 ), which was due the fact that the increased substrate could lead to more of the reactant converting i active species for phenol removal. However, with an additional increment in the P concentration to 0.4 g L −1 , both the phenol removal efficiency and k value experience reduction, resulting in values of 86% and 0.17 min −1 , respectively. Given the fact that P (HSO5 − ) can react with SO4 •− and generate SO5 •− with a low redox potential (ESO 5 •− /SO 5 2− = 0 Figure 4. (a) Phenol degradation efficiencies and (b) pseudo-first-order kinetic curves in different systems. Experimental conditions: [phenol] = 20 mg L −1 , [PMS] = 0.3 g L −1 , [FeCo 2 O 4 /CNT] = 0.3 g L −1 , pH = 6.2, T = 25 • C. To evaluate the optimal reaction conditions of phenol removal, a series of PMS activation experiments by the as-synthesized FeCo 2 O 4 /CNT catalyst under various experimental parameters were performed. The correlation between phenol degradation and the amount of FeCo 2 O 4 /CNT used are shown in Figure 5a. The dosage of the catalyst played a significant role in catalytic processes for organic pollutant degradation because a more active site could be created with an increased catalyst dosage. It was shown that after 10 min of reaction, 0.5 g L −1 of FeCo 2 O 4 /CNT showed a greater phenol removal efficiency (~100%) and k value (0.58 min −1 ) than 0.1 g L −1 of FeCo 2 O 4 /CNT concentration (η = 85%, k = 0.20 min −1 ), demonstrating that the increased catalyst facilitated the degradation of phenol during PMS activation. As a main reactant for phenol removal, the effect of PMS concentration on catalytic performance was also investigated. As can be observed from Figure 5b, the removal of phenol also shows positive changes at PMS concentrations varying between 0.1 to 0.3 g L −1 . Phenol removal at a PMS concentration of 0.1 g L −1 (η = 51%, k = 0.06 min −1 ) was much lower than that of 0.3 g L −1 (η = 96%, k = 0.30 min −1 ), which was due to the fact that the increased substrate could lead to more of the reactant converting into active species for phenol removal. However, with an additional increment in the PMS concentration to 0.4 g L −1 , both the phenol removal efficiency and k value experienced a reduction, resulting in values of 86% and 0.17 min −1 , respectively. Given the fact that PMS (HSO 5 − ) can react with SO 4 •− and generate SO 5 •− with a low redox](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373008881/figure/fig1/AS:11431281180432830@1691591259263/a-Phenol-degradation-efficiencies-and-b-pseudo-first-order-kinetic-curves-in-differ_Q320.jpg)
