Gerard A. Ateshian's research while affiliated with Columbia University and other places
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Publications (456)
Thermodynamics is a fundamental topic of continuum mechanics and biomechanics, with a wide range of applications to physiological and biological processes. This study addresses two fundamental limitations of current thermodynamic treatments. First, thermodynamics tables distributed online by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology r...
This erratum corrects a mistake in a sub-component of the numerical algorithm proposed in our recent study for modeling anisotropic reactive nonlinear viscoelasticity (doi:10.1115/1.4054983), for the special case where multiple weak bond families may be recruited with loading. This correction overcomes a non-physical response noted under uniaxial c...
The objective of this study was to investigate whether the two most common growth mechanics modeling frameworks, the constrained-mixture growth model and the kinematic growth model, could be reconciled mathematically. The purpose of this effort was to provide practical guidelines for potential users of these modeling frameworks. Results showed that...
Poor outcome following traumatic acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) is associated with the severity of the primary injury and secondary injury including cerebral edema and ischemia. However, the underlying secondary injury mechanism contributing to elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) and high mortality rate remains unclear. Cerebral edema occurs in re...
This study aims to facilitate intracranial simulation of traumatic events by determining the mechanical properties of different anatomical structures of the brain. Our experimental indentation paradigm used fresh, post-operative human tissue, which is highly advantageous in determining mechanical properties without being affected by postmortem time...
Extracellular matrix (ECM) collagen density and fibril anisotropy are thought to affect the development of new vasculatures during pathologic and homeostatic angiogenesis. Computational simulation is emerging as a tool to investigate the role of matrix structural configurations on cell guidance. However, prior computational models have only conside...
Objective:
Wear of articular cartilage is not well understood. We hypothesize that cartilage wears due to fatigue failure in repetitive compression instead of reciprocating friction.
Design:
This study compares reciprocating sliding of immature bovine articular cartilage against glass in two testing configurations: (1) a stationary contact area...
Twenty-nine thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) joints, divided into a control group (normal and minimally degenerated joints) and a degenerated group (moderately and severely degenerated joints), were used to quantify CMC curvature and congruence. The saddle-shaped surface of the degenerated trapezium was found to be more concave and less convex than that...
The typical frictional coefficients reported for articular cartilage are in the range of 0.002–0.15 or greater [1,2,3]. The excellent lubrication and wear characteristics of cartilage have been attributed to various mechanisms which consider the interfacial shear stress that arises at the surfaces of articulating cartilage layers to be the primary...
An accurate mathematical model of a diarthrodial joint can be a powerful tool in investigating the mechanical behavior of a joint and the effects of pathologies and surgical procedures. Recognizing the potential of such a model, many investigators have previously developed mathematical models of a diarthrodial joint (e.g., Wismans et al., 1980; Bla...
Anterior transfer of the tibial tuberosity has been shown in some clinical studies to relieve anterior knee pain. Maquet (1976) used 2-D analysis of the knee to show that a 2 cm advancement of the tuberosity would cause a 50% reduction in patellofemoral contact force. Fulkerson and colleagues (1990) evaluated the effects of anteromedial tibial tube...
The objective of this study was to implement a novel fluid-solutes solver into the open-source finite element software FEBio, that extended available modeling capabilities for biological fluids and fluid-solute mixtures. Using a reactive mixture framework, this solver accommodates diffusion, convection, chemical reactions, electrical charge effects...
This study reviews the progression of our research, from modeling growth theories for cartilage tissue engineering, to the formulation of constrained reactive mixture theories to model inelastic responses in any solid material, such as theories for damage mechanics, viscoelasticity, plasticity, and elasto-plastic damage. In this framework, multiple...
Renal cystogenesis is the pathological hallmark of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, caused by PKD1 and PKD2 mutations. The formation of renal cysts is a common manifestation in ciliopathies, a group of syndromic disorders caused by mutation of proteins involved in the assembly and function of the primary cilium. Cystogenesis is caused...
Vulnerable plaques associated with softer components may rupture, releasing thrombotic emboli to smaller vessels in the brain, thus causing an ischemic stroke. Pulse Wave Imaging (PWI) is an ultrasound-based method that allows for pulse wave visualization while the regional pulse wave velocity (PWV) is mapped along the arterial wall to infer the un...
Cartilage repair has been studied extensively in the context of injury and disease, but the joint's management of regular sub-injurious damage to cartilage, or 'wear and tear,' which occurs due to normal activity, is poorly understood. We hypothesize that this cartilage maintenance is mediated in part by cells derived from the synovium that migrate...
Articular cartilage injuries are a common source of joint pain and dysfunction. As articular cartilage is avascular, it exhibits a poor intrinsic healing capacity for self-repair. Clinically, osteochondral grafts are used to surgically restore the articular surface following injury. A significant challenge remains with the repair properties at the...
This study examines the theoretical foundations for the damage mechanics of biological tissues in relation to viscoelasticity. Its primary goal is to provide a mechanistic understanding of well-known experimental observations in biomechanics, which show that the ultimate tensile strength of viscoelastic biological tissues typically increases with i...
Recent in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that superficial zone (SZ) chondrocytes within articular layers of diarthrodial joints die under normal physiologic loading conditions. In order to further explore the implications of this observation in future investigations, we first needed to understand the mechanical environment of SZ chondr...
Osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplantation provides a safe and effective treatment option for large cartilage defects, but its use is limited partly due to the difficulty of matching articular surface curvature between donor and recipient. We hypothesize that bendable OCAs may provide better curvature matching for patella transplants in the pate...
![Figure 3.4. Plot of [[s]] /c v0 across a normal shock wave, as a...](publication/362324002/figure/fig2/AS:1183018538545195@1659065007623/Plot-of-s-c-v0-across-a-normal-shock-wave-as-a-function-of-the-upstream-Mach_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 6.2. Plot of experimental data of Badam et al. [4] in the form...](publication/362324002/figure/fig3/AS:1183018538532899@1659065007649/Plot-of-experimental-data-of-Badam-et-al-4-in-the-form-of-64-A-linear-regression_Q320.jpg)
This study uses continuum thermodynamics of pure thermoelastic fluids to examine their phase transformation. To examine phase transformation kinetics, a special emphasis is placed on the jump condition for the axiom of entropy inequality, thereby recovering the conventional result that stable phase equilibrium coincides with continuity of temperatu...
Reactive viscoelasticity is a theoretical framework based on the theory of reactive constrained mixtures that encompasses nonlinear viscoelastic responses. It models a viscoelastic solid as a mixture of strong and weak bonds that maintain the cohesiveness of the molecular constitutents of the solid matter. Strong bonds impart the elastic response w...
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by articular cartilage degradation and inflammation of synovium, the specialized connective tissue that envelops the diarthrodial joint. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is often found in OA patients, with nearly double the incidence of arthritis reported in patients with diabetes (52%)...
The primary aim of this study is to establish the theoretical foundations for a solid–fluid biphasic mixture domain that can accommodate inertial effects and a viscous interstitial fluid, which can interface with a dynamic viscous fluid domain. Most mixture formulations consist of constituents that are either all intrinsically incompressible or com...
Mixture theory models continua consisting of multiple constituents with independent motions. In constrained mixtures all constituents share the same velocity but they may have different reference configurations. The theory of constrained reactive mixtures was formulated to analyze growth and remodeling in living biological tissues. It can also repr...
Background:
Individuals with cam morphology are prone to chondrolabral injuries that may progress to osteoarthritis. The mechanical factors responsible for the initiation and progression of chondrolabral injuries in these individuals are not well understood. Additionally, although labral repair is commonly performed during surgical correction of c...
The frictional response of porous and permeable hydrated biological tissues such as articular cartilage is significantly dependent on interstitial fluid pressurization. To model this response, it is common to represent such tissues as biphasic materials, consisting of a binary mixture of a porous solid matrix and an interstitial fluid. However, no...
Cartilage wear particles are released into the synovial fluid by mechanical and chemical degradation of the articular surfaces during osteoarthritis and attach to the synovial membrane. Accumulation of wear particles could alter key tissue-level mechanical properties of the synovium, hindering its characteristically low-friction interactions with u...
Mixture theory is a general framework that has been used to model mixtures of solid, fluid, and solute constituents, leading to significant advances in modeling the mechanics of biological tissues and cells. Though versatile and applicable to a wide range of problems in biomechanics and biophysics, standard multiphasic mixture frameworks incorporat...
This study presents a framework for plasticity and elastoplastic damage mechanics by treating materials as reactive solids whose internal composition evolves in response to applied loading. Using the framework of constrained reactive mixtures, plastic deformation is accounted for by allowing loaded bonds within the material to break and reform in a...
In biomechanics, solid-fluid mixtures have commonly been used to model the response of hydrated biological tissues. In cartilage mechanics, this type of mixture, where the fluid and solid constituents are both assumed to be intrinsically incompressible, is often called a biphasic material. Various physiological processes involve the interaction of...
Fibrosis of the knee is a common disorder resulting from an aberrant wound healing response and is characterized by extracellular matrix deposition, joint contraction, and scar tissue formation. The principal regulator of the fibrotic cascade is transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), a factor that induces rapid proliferation and differentiatio...
The osmotic pressure in articular cartilage serves an important mechanical function in healthy tissue. Its magnitude is thought to play a role in advancing osteoarthritis. The aims of this study were to: 1) isolate and quantify the magnitude of cartilage swelling pressure in situ; and 2) identify the effect of salt concentration on material paramet...
Joint disorders can be detrimental to quality of life. There is an unmet need for precise functional reconstruction of native-like cartilage and bone tissues in the craniofacial space and particularly for the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Current surgical methods suffer from lack of precision and comorbidities and frequently involve multiple opera...
Pulse wave imaging (PWI) is an ultrasound-based method that allows spatiotemporal mapping of the arterial pulse wave propagation, from which the local pulse wave velocity (PWV) can be derived. Recent reports indicate that PWI can help the assessment of atherosclerotic plaque composition and mechanical properties. However, the effect of the atherosc...
This study investigated wear damage of immature bovine articular cartilage using reciprocal sliding of tibial cartilage strips against glass or cartilage. Experiments were conducted in physiological buffered saline (PBS) or mature bovine synovial fluid (SF). A total of 63 samples were tested, of which 47 exhibited wear damage due to delamination of...
Articular cartilage injuries are a common source of joint pain and dysfunction. We hypothesized that pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) would improve growth and healing of tissue‐engineered cartilage grafts in a direction‐dependent manner. PEMF stimulation of engineered cartilage constructs was first evaluated in vitro using passaged adult canin...
This book gathers selected, extended and revised contributions to the 16th International Symposium on Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, and the 4th Conference on Imaging and Visualization (CMBBE 2019), held on August 14-16, 2019, in New York City, USA. It reports on cutting-edge models and algorithms for studying various...
Articular cartilage defects are a common source of joint pain and dysfunction. We hypothesized that sustained low-dose dexamethasone (DEX) delivery via an acellular osteochondral implant would have a dual pro-anabolic and anti-catabolic effect, both supporting the functional integrity of adjacent graft and host tissue while also attenuating inflamm...
Objectives: Contemporary finite element (FE) models, like that from the Global Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC), have been useful for developing safety systems to reduce the severity of injuries in motor vehicle crashes (MVCs), including traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, not all injury occurs during the MVC. Cerebral edema after TBI contri...
Objective: Fatal brain injuries result from physiological changes in brain tissues, subsequent to primary damage caused by head impact. Although efforts have been made in past studies to estimate the probability of brain injury, none of them involved prediction of such physiological changes. The goal of this study was to evaluate the fatality predi...
The synovium plays a key role in the development of osteoarthritis, as evidenced by pathological changes to the tissue observed in both early and late stages of the disease. One such change is the attachment of cartilage wear particles to the synovial intima. While this phenomenon has been well observed clinically, little is known of the biological...
Many physiological systems involve strong interactions between fluids and solids, posing a signicant challenge when modeling biomechanics. The objective of this study was to implement a fluid-structure interaction (FSI) solver in the free, open-source finite element code FEBio (febio.org), that combined the existing solid mechanics and rigid body d...
The ability to maintain living articular cartilage tissue in long-term culture can serve as a valuable analytical research tool, allowing for direct examination of mechanical or chemical perturbations on tissue behavior. A fundamental challenge for this technique is the recreation of the salient environmental conditions of the synovial joint in cul...
Impact statement:
The synovium envelops the diarthrodial joint and plays a key regulatory role in defining the composition of the synovial fluid through filtration and biosynthesis of critical boundary lubricants. Synovium changes often precede cartilage damage in osteoarthritis. We describe a novel in vitro tissue engineered model, validated agai...
The FEBio software suite is a set of software tools for nonlinear finite element analysis in biomechanics and biophysics. FEBio employs mixture theory to account for the multiconstituent nature of biological materials, integrating the field equations for irreversible thermodynamics, solid mechanics, fluid mechanics, mass transport with reactive spe...
With the recent implementation of multiphasic materials in the open-source finite element (FE) software FEBio (febio.org), 3D models of cells embedded within the tissue may now be analyzed, accounting for porous solid matrix deformation, transport of interstitial fluid and solutes, membrane potential, and reactions. The cell membrane is a critical...
This study formulates a finite element algorithm for frictional contact of solid materials, accommodating finite deformation and sliding. The algorithm uses a penalty method regularized with an augmented Lagrangian scheme to enforce contact constraints in a nonmortar surface-to-surface approach. Use of a novel kinematical approach to contact detect...
Osteoarthritis of the hip can result from mechanical factors, which can be studied using finite element (FE) analysis. FE studies of the hip often assume there is no significant loss of fluid pressurization in the articular cartilage during simulated activities and approximate the material as incompressible and elastic. This study examined the cond...
The role of computational modeling for biomechanics will be increasingly prominent. In computational biomechanics, model sharing can facilitate assessment of reproducibility, and can provide an opportunity for repurposing and reuse, and a venue for medical training. The community's desire to investigate biological and biomechanical phenomena crossi...
The mechanics of biological fluids is an important topic in biomechanics, often requiring the use computational tools to analyze problems with realistic geometries and material properties. This study describes the formulation and implementation of a finite element framework for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in FEBio, a free software designed t...
![Prescribed uniaxial stress history σ(t)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}...](publication/314167204/figure/fig2/AS:961442140418058@1606237077061/Prescribed-uniaxial-stress-history-stdocumentclass12ptminimal-usepackageamsmath_Q320.jpg)
This article illustrates our approach for modeling the solid matrix of biological tissues using reactive constrained mixtures. Several examples are presented to highlight the potential benefits of this approach, showing that seemingly disparate fields of mechanics and chemical kinetics are actually closely interrelated and may be elegantly expresse...
Mixture theory
has been
used for modeling hydrated biological tissues
for several decades. This chapter reviews the basic foundation of mixture theory as applied to biphasic mixtures
consisting of a porous-permeable deformable solid matrix
and an interstitial
fluid. Canonical problems of
permeation, confined compression,
and unconfined compression...
The principal goal of the FEBio project is to provide an advanced finite element tool for the biomechanics and biophysics communities that allows researchers to model mechanics, transport, and electrokinetic phenomena for biological systems accurately and efficiently. In addition, because FEBio is geared toward the research community, the code is d...
Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) reside in the synovial membrane of diarthrodial joints and are exposed to a dynamic fluid environment that presents both physical and chemical stimuli. The ability of FLS to sense and respond to these stimuli plays a key role in their normal function, and is implicated in the alterations to function that occur in...
Objective:
Arthroscopy with lavage and synovectomy can remove tissue debris from the joint space and the synovial lining to provide pain relief to patients with osteoarthritis (OA). Here, we developed an in vitro model to study the interaction of cartilage wear particles with fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) to better understand the interplay of...
When cultured with sufficient nutrient supply, engineered cartilage synthesizes proteoglycans rapidly, producing an osmotic swelling pressure that destabilizes immature collagen and prevents the development of a robust collagen framework, a hallmark of native cartilage. We hypothesized that mechanically constraining the proteoglycan-induced tissue...
Agarose is thermo reversible and can be modified to melt and gel at a variety of temperatures. This allows the gel to be used in myriad applications across fields as diverse as the food industry, molecular biology, cell biology, and tissue engineering. This chapter provides evidence for the use of agarose in applications ranging from molecular biol...
Symptomatic osteoarthritic lesions span large regions of joint surfaces and the ability to engineer cartilage constructs at clinically relevant sizes would be highly desirable. We previously demonstrated that nutrient transport limitations can be mitigated by the introduction of channels in 10 mm diameter cartilage constructs. In this study we scal...
Due to the degradation of osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage in post-traumatic OA (PTOA), these tissues are challenging to study and manipulate in vitro. In this study, chondrocytes isolated from either PTOA (meniscal-release (MR) model) or normal (contralateral limb) cartilage of canine knee joints were used to form micropellets to assess the maintenan...
Animal cells have served as highly controllable model systems for furthering cartilage tissue engineering practices in pursuit of treating osteoarthritis. Although successful strategies for animal cells must ultimately be adapted to human cells to be clinically relevant, human chondrocytes are rarely employed in such studies. In this study, we eval...
Cartilage tissue engineering is a promising approach to treat osteoarthritis. However, current techniques produce tissues too small for clinical relevance. Increasingly close-packed channels have helped overcome nutrient transport limitations in centimeter-sized chondrocyte-agarose constructs, yet optimal channel spacings to recapitulate native car...
While significant progress has been made toward engineering functional cartilage constructs with mechanical properties suitable for in vivo loading, the impact on these grafts of inflammatory cytokines, chemical factors that are elevated with trauma or osteoarthritis, is poorly understood. Previous work has shown dexamethasone to be a critical comp...
The onset of osteoarthritis (OA)in articular cartilage is characterized by degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM). Specifically, breakage of cross-links between collagen fibrils in the articular cartilage leads to loss of structural integrity of the bulk tissue. Since there are no broadly accepted, non-invasive, label-free tools for diagnosing O...
This study presents a damage mechanics framework that employs observable state variables to describe damage in isotropic or anisotropic fibrous tissues. In this mixture theory framework, damage is tracked by the mass fraction of bonds that have broken. Anisotropic damage is subsumed in the assumption that multiple bond species may coexist in a mate...
Engineering of large articular cartilage tissue constructs remains a challenge as tissue growth is limited by nutrient diffusion. Here, a novel strategy is investigated, generating large constructs through the assembly of individually cultured, interlocking, smaller puzzle-shaped subunits. These constructs can be engineered consistently with more d...
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) has become one of the most widely utilized mediators of engineered cartilage growth. It is typically exogenously supplemented in the culture medium in its active form, with the expectation that it will readily transport into tissue constructs through passive diffusion and influence cellular biosynthesis unifo...
Background:
During osteoarthritis and following surgical procedures, the environment of the knee is rich in proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1. Introduction of tissue-engineered cartilage constructs to a chemically harsh milieu may limit the functionality of the implanted tissue over long periods. A chemical preconditioning scheme (application...
The objective of this study was to examine the state of stress within the solid matrix of articular cartilage in the patellofemoral joint, using anatomically faithful biphasic models of the articular layers, with the joint subjected to physiologic muscle force magnitudes. Finite element models of five joints were created from human cadaver knees. B...
This article promotes the use of High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) as a tool for affecting the local properties of tissue engineered constructs in vitro. HIFU is a low cost, non-invasive technique used for eliciting focal thermal elevations at variable depths within tissues. HIFU can be used to denature proteins within constructs, leading to...
The frictional response of whole human joints over durations spanning activities of daily living has not been reported previously. This study measured the friction of human glenohumeral joints during 24h of reciprocal loading in a pendulum testing device, at moderate (0.2mm/s, 4320 cycles) and low (0.02mm/s, 432 cycles) sliding speeds, under a 200N...
Tissue engineering of osteochondral grafts may offer a cell-based alternative to native allografts, which are in short supply. Previous studies promote the fabrication of grafts consisting of a viable cell-seeded hydrogel integrated atop a porous, bone-like metal. Advantages of the manufacturing process have led to the evaluation of porous titanium...
With limited availability of osteochondral allografts, tissue engineered cartilage grafts may provide an alternative treatment for large cartilage defects. An effective storage protocol will be critical for translating this technology to clinical use. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the Missouri Osteochondral Allograft Pre...
Fibrous biological tissues may be modeled using a continuous fiber distribution (CFD) to capture tension-compression nonlinearity, anisotropic fiber distributions, and load-induced anisotropy. The CFD framework requires spherical integration of weighted individual fiber responses, with fibers contributing to the stress response only when they are i...
The objective of this study was to measure the wear response of immature bovine articular cartilage tested against glass or alloys used in hemiarthroplasties. Two cobalt chromium alloys and a stainless steel alloy were selected for these investigations. The surface roughness of one of the cobalt chromium alloys was also varied within the range cons...
Osteochondral allograft implantation is an effective cartilage restoration technique for large defects (>10 cm(2)), though the demand far exceeds the supply of available quality donor tissue. Large bilayered engineered cartilage tissue constructs with accurate anatomical features (i.e. contours, thickness, architecture) could be beneficial in repla...
This study presents a framework for viscoelasticity where the free energy density depends on the stored energy of intact strong and weak bonds, where weak bonds break and reform in response to loading. The stress is evaluated by differentiating the free energy density with respect to the deformation gradient, similar to the conventional approach fo...
Tissue-engineering techniques have been successful in developing cartilage-like tissues in vitro using cells from animal sources. The successful translation of these strategies to the clinic will likely require cell expansion to achieve sufficient cell numbers. Using a two-dimensional (2D) cell migration assay to first identify the passage at which...
Cartilage tissue engineering is a promising approach to resurfacing osteoarthritic joints. Existing techniques successfully engineer small-sized constructs with native levels of extracellular matrix (glycosaminoglycans (GAG) or collagen). However, a remaining challenge is the growth of large-sized constructs with properties similar to those of smal...
The mechanics of contacting cartilage layers is fundamentally important to understanding the development, homeostasis and pathology of diarthrodial joints. Because of the highly nonlinear nature of both the materials and the contact problem itself, numerical methods such as the finite element method are typically incorporated to obtain solutions. O...
A significant challenge in cartilage tissue engineering is to successfully culture functional tissues that are sufficiently large to treat osteoarthritic joints. Transport limitations due to nutrient consumption by peripheral cells produce heterogeneous constructs with matrix-deficient centers. Incorporation of nutrient channels into large construc...
![Fig. 6. Biochemical content [(a) GAG/dry wt and (b) COL/dry wt] of SDSC...](profile/Elena-Alegre-Aguaron/publication/267100441/figure/fig4/AS:1006670868144132@1617020446968/Biochemical-content-a-GAG-dry-wt-and-b-COL-dry-wt-of-SDSC-pellets-from-cells-at_Q320.jpg)
Objective
Galvanotaxis, the migratory response of cells in response to electrical stimulation, has been implicated in development and wound healing. The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from the synovium (synovium-derived stem cells, SDSCs) has been investigated for repair strategies. Expansion of SDSCs is necessary to achieve clinically releva...
Significance
The ability to regenerate functional cartilage from adult human mesenchymal stem cells would have tremendous clinical impact. Despite significant efforts, mechanically functional human cartilage has not been grown in vitro. We report engineering of functional human cartilage from mesenchymal stem cells, by mimicking the physiologic dev...
Tissue engineering techniques have been effective in developing cartilage-like tissues in vitro. However, many scaffold-based approaches to cultivating engineered cartilage have been limited by low collagen production, an impediment for attaining native functional load-bearing tensile mechanical properties. Enzymatic digestion of glycosaminoglycans...
Mechanobiological processes are rooted in mechanics and chemistry, and such processes may be modeled in a framework that couples their governing equations starting from fundamental principles. In many biological applications, the reactants and products of chemical reactions may be electrically charged, and these charge effects may produce driving f...
To make progress in cartilage repair it is essential to optimize protocols for two-dimensional cell expansion. Chondrocytes and SDSCs are promising cell sources for cartilage repair. We previously observed that priming with a specific growth factor cocktail (1 ng/mL transforming growth factor-β1, 5 ng/mL basic fibroblast growth factor, and 10 ng/mL...
Citations
... At least four mechanisms underlie angiogenesis, namely, sprouting angiogenesis (SA), splitting angiogenesis, also known as intussusceptive angiogenesis (IA), vessel co-option (VC) and vascular mimicry (VM) [57]. SA depends on angiogenic factors, such as growth factors, chemokines, angiopoietins, endostatin, interferons, and NO [58]. Angiogenic factors and the absence of blood flow mediate blood vessel destabilization to create conditions for a new sprout. ...
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... Formerly, TBM remodelling of cyst epithelia has been considered a secondary "passive" mechanism 35 . Other reports have concluded that ECM stiffening results in cell proliferation via mechanosensitive YAP/TAZ activation, thus promoting cyst growth 29,36 , and replicating mechanisms of cell growth in cancer 37 . ...
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... Phantom experiments were carried out in two vessel phantoms of different stiffness values, similarly as in (Vittorio et al 2021, Mobadersany et al 2023, to assess the performance of the proposed deep learning-based displacement estimator (figure 1). A polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) mixture was formed by mixing distilled water, PVA powder (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), glycerol and graphite acoustic scatterers (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) at concentrations of 78%, 10%, 10% and 3%, respectively. ...
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... The cross-tissue interaction in subchondral bone and cartilage and a network-based molecular regulation by the synovium are responsible for healthy environments in joints [24,108]. In Table 1, we collected and represented data focusing on a given healthy condition-molecular activity in each resident or non-resident cell type. ...
... In order to keep balance, people may rely too much on the knees and ankles when running, which will increase the joint load and lead to joint fatigue and injury. In the long run, this situation may lead to diseases such as arthritis and affect the quality of life of runners [23]. In addition, the unstable center of gravity will also affect the running posture and movements, making the running effect worse. ...
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... Most importantly, their application may conceivably help to reduce the attendant disability often found to increase progressively in those diagnosed as having osteoarthritis and where cartilage matrix degradation often increases over time [25][26][27]. Moreover, as opposed to multiple areas of osteoarthritis intervention where the mechanism of action is poorly understood, these aforementioned observations do appear with a high consistency and are found to yield considerable biological support for why osteoarthritis beneficial impacts may arise post stimulation, even if disputed by some or ignored by groups seeking osteoarthritis solutions [28,29]. ...
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... The continuum damage mechanics framework does not suffer from this shortcoming, and indeed has been applied to capture both the continuous and discontinuous softening in various soft tissues; e.g., in [12][13][14][15][16][17] inter alia and a recent development to incorporate the viscoelastic effects [18]. Within this framework, a thermodynamically consistent model for strain induced degradation has also been proposed by Rajagopal and co-workers [19], and has been successfully ustilised in soft tissue biomechanics applications on maximising the rate of dissipation [20,21]. ...
... For example, mechanical measurements at the cellular level have revealed that the pericellular matrix (PCM) surrounding chondrocytes has an elastic modulus in the tens of kilopascals, while the extracellular matrix (ECM) of cartilage can reach several hundred kilopascals [7,8]. When exposed to external loads, the PCM undergoes significant strain that varies with the depth of the area which it occupies [9,10]. The substantial significance of PCM in controlling the mechanical environment of chondrocytes is revealed by the complicated and non-uniform mechanical environment within articular cartilage cells. ...
... Insulin receptors are expressed by the chondrocytes which make these cells sensitive to insulin. Insulin has also been identified to induce anabolic effects in a variety of musculoskeletal tissues including cartilage, bone, and tendon promoting cell differentiation, proliferation, and extracellular matrix production [155]. Regardless of the fact that insulin negatively regulates synovial inflammation and catabolism, obese subjects with T2DM develop synovial IR which abates the ability of higher insulin levels to curtail the production of OA-promoting inflammatory and catabolic mediators [138,156]. ...
... This inequality must hold for arbitrary processes, which implies arbitrary changes in the observable variables of stateṪ , D, g, andġ, under our self-imposed constraint that a, s, σ and q cannot depend onṪ , D orġ. 3 For example, looking at the first term, which is the only one that involvesṪ , we expect that this term must be positive regardless of the algebraic sign ofṪ ; however, since the coefficient multiplyingṪ is independent of it, this inequality can be satisfied if and only if the coefficient is zero. Applying the same reasoning to the terms involving D andġ, we conclude that ...
