Gene E. Likens's research while affiliated with Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies and other places

... This cycle is dictating the chemical composition of the crust and the oceans. Recently, it has been advocated that humans are beginning to also dominate this cycle on a global scale (Kaushal et al., 2023). Furthermore, the salinity of vapors and supercritical fluids significantly influences the solubility of other solutes in this cycle, directly affecting the formation and localization of valuable ore deposits (Seward et al., 2014;Williams-Jones and Heinrich, 2005;Pokrovski et al., 2013). ...

... Additionally, persistent or older habitats usually present a more complex vegetation structure and a more diverse collection of habitat niches that take time to develop in the ecological succession, such as tree cavities or wood decay, creating favorable conditions for a higher diversity of organisms, particularly specialist species (Janssen et al., 2017;Nordén et al., 2014). Species life-history traits determine their different responses to land cover change and persistence, namely their habitat specificity of different life stages, longevity, and dispersal capability (Lindenmayer et al., 2023;Lira et al., 2019). Species that are habitat specialists at any life stage, long-lived, and with restricted dispersal, tend to show a more delayed response (e.g. ...

... from this near-60 year journey which may contribute a wider reflection on the future goals and value of the increasing number of longterm studies in environmental science (e.g. Holmes & Likens, 2016;Rosi et al., 2023;Tetzlaff et al., 2017) that are perpetually threatened by reduced funding and constrained resources Rosi et al., 2023). We do this from the perspective that we are in unchartered waters with regards to the declining status of Atlantic salmon, associated climate change and the biodiversity crises (Scottish Government, Marine Scotland, 2023). ...

... These sites reflect the diversity of the world's natural and cultural heritage and are considered to be of 'outstanding universal value' [3]. WHs have both natural and cultural attributes, which means we can combine spatial technology with archaeological excavation surveys to build comprehensive database [4,5]. The inclusion of spatial technology provides a new window for the conservation and development of WHs, especially for SDG11. ...

... While it is well established that allochthonous DOM is an important input of energy to rivers (Vannote et al., 1980) and could promote metabolic pathways for N within the Lamprey River (Herreid et al., 2021), this system is not carbon limited to the extent that DOM deposition would have such a measurable impact on denitrification. Nonetheless, the role of wet deposition DON and DOC to terrestrial and surface water chemistry remains relatively unexplored due to the lack of monitoring for wet deposition organic matter (Cornell, 2011;Liptzin et al., 2022). ...

... Global freshwater resources, which provide water for human and livestock consumption and industrial processes, are under increasing threat of salinization-the increase in salt concentrations in soils and aquatic bodies (Cunillera-Montcusí et al., 2022;Jackson et al., 2001;Kaushal et al., 2019;Kaushal et al., 2023). Historically, salinization is attributed to catchment geology, with the rate of weathering and local hydrologic processes determining salt composition and concentration. ...

... Ecosystem integrity refers to the completeness and balance of ecological systems, where ecosystems are able to maintain their characteristic levels of bio-and geodiversity, structures and functions over time. It encompasses the health and functionality of ecosystems, including the interactions and processes within them that allow for the maintenance of bio-and geodiversity, resilience to disturbances and the provision of ecosystem services that support life, including human life [12]. Key aspects of ecosystem integrity include continuous monitoring of bio-and geodiversity, ecosystem structures, functions and processes and their interactions and changes, and resilience. ...

... The interaction of science and policy is a fruitful area of research and many papers have been published on this subject. In many cases, communication for both, policy makers and scientists, is equally challenging (13)(14)(15) . One major challenge is that environmental issues often involve scientific concepts that can be difficult to understand by non-specialists. ...

... Similar levels of spatial dependence were found in the 2019-2020 fires in Victoria . In this way, extensive areas of fire-prone disturbed forest may contribute to the formation of a 'landscape trap'a hypothesised condition in which the rarity of lessflammable older forest in the landscape means that the remaining more widespread and more flammable young forest is at increased risk of repeatedly re-burning at high severity (Furlaud et al., 2021;Lindenmayer, Taylor & Bowd, 2022d). Landscape traps can preclude young forest from growing to an older, less-flammable state. ...

... Knowledge organization is difficult, subjective, and temporal. Disciplinary knowledge is relational to its institutional or organizational features, and this distinguishes from similar organizational terms such as field, domain, or topic [119,124]. The evolution of disciplines rapidly continues [120,121] as disciplinary diversification and specialization is required to address contemporary concerns. ...