G. Gruber's research while affiliated with Deutsche Gesellschaft für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie e.V. and other places

... Femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAI) is a common pathology in the clinical setting of orthopedics [1][2][3]. Femoroacetabular impingement refers to the abnormal morphology of the hip joint characterized by pathological contact between the anterior upper femoral neck and the acetabulum [4]. It can be classified into two types: cam impingement, where there is a pathological transition of the femoral head and neck, and pincer impingement, where the femoral head is excessively covered by the acetabulum. ...

... In summary, ultrasound examination demonstrates great potential as a valuable tool for successful and sufficient arthrocentesis of the glenohumeral joint due to its cost effectiveness, avoidance of ionizing radiation, and capability for dynamic imaging [19,20]. However, further research and validation studies are needed to establish ultrasound-assisted puncture of the shoulder as a safe and practicable method, especially for inexperienced physicians. ...

... An established method for the treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is the use of an abduction splint [1,2], even in walking children [3]. To achieve a favourable outcome in treating DDH, the abduction splint [4] has to position the leg in such a degree of abduction, which would allow concentric distribution of pressure [5] of the femoral head [6] inside the dysplastic acetabulum [7] and induce acetabular remodeling [8,9] of the acetabulum [10] until it reaches normal levels. One drawback of the abduction splint in children is the long duration that it must be worn, usually more than a year. ...

... The characterization of the applied sound fields is often incomplete, and the used parameters are restricted to the technical settings of the applicators [17,19]. This is particularly problematic as the requirements for approval of medical shockwave devices by regulatory agencies are based on dated standards derived from ultrasound devices and applications [20]. There, one of the main safety aspects for patients is the time-averaged energy deposition within the tissue. ...

... Suitable FSW devices are commercially available and thus no complicated HIPU devices are needed for CNS applications. Similar to HIPU, FSW is well known to produce cavitation (Bachmann et al., 2001), which is believed to be the major mechanism responsible for BBB opening caused by negative pressureinduced cavitation (Wu, 2016;Hsu et al., 2018). However, BBB opening requires high FSW pressure levels required, and its safety has yet to be clarified. ...

... Epin calcanei is an intramembranous ossification which occurs predominantly in the plantar fascia [1]. Continuous and extreme loading of small foot muscles [2] infectious diseases and trauma [3], age, and weight [4] are factors that increase the generation of epin calcanei. Previous studies found that the epin calcanei line is vertical [5] and that epin calcanei acts as a stressor because it is located deep within the ligament. ...

... After providing consent to participate in the study, participants completed a digital evaluation form (E1) at station 1; subsequently they watched a total of two teaching videos, each lasting approximately four minutes, describing the palpatory and sonographic marking of soft spots/access points for knee and shoulder arthroscopy -each video was watched twice (see ▶Fig. 2). Certified ultrasound experts and experienced shoulder and knee surgeons demonstrated the method in the videos according to the current literature [4,[17][18][19][20][21]. ...

... More and higher intensity shockwave treatment induced more and larger areas of bubbles in the phantoms, implying more cavitation activity leading to larger areas of BBB opening and tissue injury (i.e., red blood cells extravasation, apoptosis and glia cell infiltration). The extensive red blood cell extravasation produced by the addition of UCA is probably due to the high peak negative pressure of the shockwaves and strong cavitation effect in the rat brains (see Table 1 for detailed parameters) [24][25][26] . ...

... MHz, Maximum Field of View: 153 mm, Maximum Display Depth: 160 mm), placed in a longitudinal direction over the medial aspect of the knee. Subjects were positioned supine with extended leg in 0° with and without reproducible applied valgus stress (loaded condition) through a fixation device (TELOS, Wölfersheim-Berstadt, Germany) with 15 dekanewton (daN), and in a second step with a 30° bended knee with and without valgus stress [11,20]. For standardized measurements, the medial epicondyle was palpated and the transducer was placed in the longitudinal direction. ...

... Both nonoperative and operative treatments of proximal humerus fractures (PHF) and humeral shaft fractures can result in torsional side differences. Several anatomical, radiological, and sonographic measurement methods are known to determine torsional malalignment [1][2][3][4][5]. While the determination of humeral torsion with the aid of conventional X-ray diagnostics or computed tomography would entail additional radiation exposure for the patient, and while magnetic resonance imaging might be associated with higher costs and is not suitable in cases of surgically treated fractures due to metal-induced artifacts, the sonographic measurement of humeral torsion represents a readily available and quickly performable measurement method without radiation exposure. ...