Frederick Rhodewalt's research while affiliated with University of Utah and other places
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Publications (57)
(from the chapter) In this chapter, we explore how the nature of the self-concept and personal goal pursuit influence interpersonal and intergroup perceptions, both at the individual and collective levels of self-construal. More specifically, we describe what we call the "fragile" self and discuss its potential characteristics within both personal...
(from the chapter) This chapter discusses the personality construct of narcissism. In this chapter we focus on issues and assumptions involving the conceptualization and assessment of narcissism in nonclinical populations, outline some current theoretical and measurement issues, and propose some important future directions for research on narcissis...
(from the chapter) The connections among the self, self-esteem, and interpersonal behavior have been the focus of an increasing amount of debate and research attention in recent years. There are a host of issues concerning how self-esteem is related to other elements of the self-concept and how it influences and is influenced by interpersonal relat...
The term self-handicapping was introduced by Jones and Berglas (1978) to refer to the creation of barriers to successful performance for the purpose of controlling attributions about the self. In the event of failure, attributions to lack of ability are diminished or discounted because of the handicap and, in the event of success, attributions to a...
Two experiments tested the hypothesis that narcissistic men as defined by the NPI (Narcissistic Personality Inventory; Raskin & Hall, 1979) would self-handicap more than low-NPI individuals because it makes it easy to claim potentially undeserved credit for success. In both experiments, high and low narcissistic men received either response conting...
A self-attribution-reactance model of Type A behavior and medical recovery is introduced. The model proposes that Type As' bias to view themselves as causal for all outcomes makes them sensitive to events (illness, injury, or treatment) that reduce their personal control. Consequently, Type As are more likely than Type Bs to respond to such events...
According to laboratory research, Type A coronary-prone individuals are sensitive to threats to their personal control and react to such threats with active and often stressful coping responses. The present investigation tested the prediction that these features of Type A behavior would interfere with blood glucose regulation in insulin-dependent d...
INTRODUCTION, The construct of narcissism has enjoyed a long but controversial history in clinical psychology (Akhtar & Thompson, 1982; Cooper, 1959; Rhodewalt & Sorrow, 2002). In this literature, narcissism is viewed as a rich and complex personality disorder organized around the core characteristic of pathological self-love. Paradoxically, narcis...
This chapter explains self-handicapping, school academic self-concept, and self-protective behavior. Self-handicaps are impediments to successful performance created or at least claimed by the person prior to performing. Self-handicaps come before the fact rather than after the threatening outcome has occurred, as in rationalization. In the termino...
Memory distortion in response to ego-enhancing or ego-threatening feedback was investigated in 67 men selected for their responses on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) (Raskin & Hall, 1979). Participants underwent a telephone interview with a woman confederate posing as a potential dating partner. Immediately after the interview, partici...
We propose a dynamic self-regulatory processing model of narcissism and review supporting evidence. The model casts narcissism in terms of motivated self-construction, in that the narcissist's self is shaped by the dynamic interaction of cognitive and affective intrapersonal processes and interpersonal self-regulatory strategies that are played out...
The "self-regulatory processing model of narcissism" described in the target article conceptualizes narcissism as a set of intra- and interpersonal processes employed in the service of motivated self-construction. In response to the insightful and constructive commentaries, this article theoretically expands this model to elaborate more fully the p...
Narcissism and hostility are both characterized by dysfunctional social interactions, including tendencies to perceive slights, experience anger, and behave aggressively. The aim of this study was to examine the similarities and differences of narcissism and hostility, using 2 conceptual tools-the interpersonal circumplex and the Five-factor model....
The effects of retrieving self-consistent or inconsistent behavioral and social reputation information on the speed of subsequent trait self-descriptiveness judgments was examined in three experiments. Across the three investigations, priming self-descriptiveness judgments with judgment consistent behavioral or social reputation information facilit...
Narcissists are thought to display extreme affective reactions to positive and negative information about the self. Two experiments were conducted in which high- and low-narcissistic individuals, as defined by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI), completed a series of tasks in which they both succeeded and failed. After each task, particip...
Narcissists are thought to display extreme affective reactions to positive and negative information about the self. Two experiments were conducted in which high- and low-narcissistic individuals, as defined by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI), completed a series of tasks in which they both succeeded and failed. After each task, particip...
In two studies, participants preselected on their extreme scores on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory were assessed for self complexity and evaluative integration. Then, for 5 (Study 1) or 6 (Study 2) consecutive days, they recorded their moods, self-esteem, and daily experiences. Narcissists displayed greater positive mood variability, mood i...
A field study was conducted to test the hypothesis that discounted and augmented ability self-attributions mediate the interactive effects of claimed self-handicaps and academic success and failure on self-esteem. College students were assessed for individual differences in self-handicapping and self-esteem at the beginning of the term and then com...
Male subjects evaluated the performance of targets who, prior to and during the performance, offered no excuse, claimed intended low effort, claimed anxiety, or claimed drug impairment. Cross-cutting the excuse manipulation was the publicity of the feedback; half the subjects believed their evaluations were private, and half believed they would hav...
The hypothesis that self-handicapping is in the service of self-esteem protection was examined in a naturalistic setting. College students were assessed for individual differences in self-handicapping and attributional style at the beginning of the term. Prior to the first exam they had an opportunity to claim handicaps that might hamper their perf...
The relation between the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI, Raskin & Hall, 1979) and conceptually relevant self and interpersonal variables was examined in three investigations. Based on clinical theory and description, it was proposed that the NPI would be correlated with self-images which were positive but low in complexity and vulnerable t...
ABSTRACT This study tested the hypothesis that individual differences in the tendency to engage in self-handicapping were related to beliefs about the mutability of ability attributes and the pursuit of different achievement goals. Correlational data indicated that high self-handicappers as defined by the Self-handicapping Scale (Jones & Rhodewalt,...
Two studies were conducted to examine the hypothesis that individuals who claim lack of effort as a handicap in anticipation of an unsuccessful performance will perform poorly to be consistent with the claim. Subjects who scored high or low on the Self-Handicapping Scale (Jones & Rhodewalt, 1982) were led to believe that they were about to take a t...
Two studies examined the effects of self-handicapping on ability attributions and self-esteem. Study 1 revealed that high-self-esteem (HSE) and low-self-esteem (LSE) high self-handicapping (HSH) Ss discounted ability attributions in response to failure feedback. After success feedback, only HSE-HSH Ss augmented ability attributions. When the handic...
Although laboratory studies have demonstrated that situational factors which are particularly threatening to Type A individuals induce both Type A behaviors and cardiovascular reactivity, field studies have failed to demonstrate consistent differences between Types A and B in response to stress. Rhodewalt, Hays, Chemers, and Wysocki (1984) argued t...
The Cook and Medley Hostility (Ho) Scale is an increasingly important measure in studies examining health consequences of hostility. The two studies discussed herein provide further evidence of the construct validity of this measure. In Study 1, high Ho scores were associated with a greater level of aroused anger and disparaging appraisals of subje...
In 1984, at a point that many felt was the twilight of his golf career, Lee Trevino found himself leading the PGA Championship after the first round. Trevino had not won a tournament since 1981. At the age of 44, he was leading one of the premier events in his sport, a tournament that he would win three days later. When asked to explain his resurge...
Reviews the Type A/Reactance model of medical noncompliance and summarizes supporting evidence (e.g., F. Rhodewalt and M. Marcroft; see record
1988-33227-001). The model specifies that self-evaluative processes associated with Type A behavior lead Type As to be more likely to perceive threats to behavioral freedom and respond with exaggerated atte...
Found in two studies that the Life Orientation Test (LOT) had limited discriminant validity relative to measures of neuroticism. Furthermore, although previous correlations of the LOT with measures of symptom reports and coping behaviors were replicated, these correlations were eliminated when neuroticism was controlled. In contrast, the correlatio...
A survey study of adult women was conducted to examine whether psychological hardiness buffers people against stressful life change through the appraisal and interpretation of life experiences. Hardy and nonhardy participants reported life events for the previous year, physical illness for the previous 6 months, and current levels of depression and...
A survey study of adult women was conducted to examine whether psychological hardiness buffers people against stressful life change through the appraisal and interpretation of life experiences. Hardy and nonhardy participants reported life events for the previous year, physical illness for the previous 6 months, and current levels of depression and...
This study investigated the hypothesis that mood moderates the illusion of control among Type As and Bs. A facial positioning procedure was used to induce either positive, negative, or neutral moods in Type As and Bs during a control judgment task where no objective control was possible. Type Bs induced to experience a positive mood perceived great...
A study was conducted to test the proposition that reported pain perception varies depending on the utility that perception has in promoting self-serving attributions. Subjects were told they would be taking two tests of verbal intelligence under different types of distraction. On the first test, where the distraction was loud noise, subjects were...
A variety of laboratory and survey studies indicate that Jenkins Activity Survey-defined Type A individuals differ from their Type B counterparts in the self-attributions they make for negative events and outcomes in their lives. However, these differences are inconsistent. Some studies find Type As taking credit for negative outcomes whereas other...
A field study was conducted to investigate the hypothesis that the high self-monitor's (Snyder, 1979) ability to self-present or adapt behavior across situations would also moderate the impact of unfavorable or demanding situations on measures of stress and illness. Secondary and elementary school administrators were classified as high and low self...
Self-handicapping (Jones & Berglas, 1978) involves the choice of an impediment to successful performance that permits one to externalize feedback which might otherwise disconfirm a desired self-conception. The present investigation (a) demonstrated the appeal of external handicaps (i.e., choosing nondiagnostic performance settings), o) explored the...
Exaggerated cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses to environmental stressors are believed to contribute to coronary heart disease (CHD). Further, such heightened physiological reactivity may link Type A behavior to CHD. The present review critiques the individual difference assumptions underlying current models of Type A behavior, reactivity,...
Field dependence and hypervigilance are two modes of sensory information processing that have been related to cardiovascular functioning. Two studies examined the relationship between these variables and Type A behavior. In both studies, Jenkins Activity Survey-defined Type A and B subjects were assessed for field dependence by the Embedded Figures...
In the Woody Allen film Zelig, the central character is the quintessential self-presenter, “a human chameleon,” who took on the characteristics, mannerisms, and even the appearance of those with whom he interacted. Although Leonard Zelig’s self-presentational strategy was a device designed to protect his true “self” from rejection, the viewer gradu...
Examined the effects of strategic self-enhancement (SE) or self-deprecation (SD) on private self-appraisal. Previous work by E. E. Jones et al (see record
1982-07768-001) indicated that self-perception variables (whether Ss self-referenced) best account for elevations in self-esteem after SE behavior, whereas cognitive dissonance variables (whethe...
The contingency model of leadership was applied in a field study of job stress. Fifty-one university administrators completed a series of questionnaires that assessed their leadership style, degree of situational control within their work setting, perceived job stress, physical health, and psychological well-being. Multivariate analyses of variance...
The contingency model of leadership was applied in a field study of job stress. Fifty-one university administrators completed a series of questionnaires that assessed their leadership style, degree of situational control within their work setting, perceived job stress, physical health, and psychological well-being. Multivariate analyses of variance...
Various conceptualizations of Type A (coronary prone) behavior have at their core the idea that Type A's and Type B's differ in the ways in which they evaluate themselves. The present study examined the relationship between self-references in speech indicative of self-involvement and self-attributional biases among 40 22–62 yr old health care profe...
Jones and Berglas (1978) have described self-handicapping as a set of behavioral strategies enacted before a performance that permits the individual to externalize failure and internalize success. Two field studies that investigated individual differences in self-handicapping among competitive athletes are reported. Several potential self-handicapp...
A correlational study examined the relationship between perceptions of life events and psychological distress with regard to the moderating effects of personality. Subjects assessed for both hardiness (S. C. Kobasa, 1979, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1–11) and Type A behavior (M. Friedman & R. Rosenman, 1974, Type A Behavior an...
Fifty-one university administrators (categorized as Type A or Type B by the Jenkins Activity Survey) completed a series of questionnaires that assessed their degree of perceived job stress, extent of recent life changes, physical health, and psychological well-being. Multivariate analyses of variance showed that work stress and life change interact...
An experiment is reported that explored the role of self-attributional differences as mediators of reactions to threats to control in Type A and Type B individuals. Both Type A and Type B subjects were placed in a choice elimination reactance paradigm. In addition to the standard control and choice elimination conditions, subjects were induced to a...
40 Type A and 40 Type B college students (Jenkins Activity Survey) were placed in a choice elimination reactance paradigm. In addition to the standard control and choice elimination conditions, Ss were induced to attribute having a choice among evaluated items either to themselves or to the situation prior to experiencing the elimination of choice....
A choice elimination reactance paradigm (Brehm, Stires, Sensenig, & Shaban, 1966) was used to examine the relationship between control expectancies and the coronary-prone behavior pattern. It was hypothesized that because of concerns for control, coronary-prone individuals (Type As) in a reactance situation would be more motivated to resassert cont...
Three experiments (88 male and 36 female undergraduates) explored the effects of self-enhancement or self-deprecation on the actor's self-esteem as measured in a separate context. In Exp I, Ss were influenced, by observing others in a screening interview, to emulate their self-enhancing or self-deprecating behavior when they themselves were intervi...
A study is reported that investigated the effects of receiving social comparison information which implied individual's behavior was inconsistent with his/her self-ascribed trait. The effects of this information on subsequent self-labeling and behavior involving a similar task were found to be mediated by the attributional style of the subject. The...
Research indicates that style of cue utilization is an important factor in self-attribution processes. The present report examined the effects of cue utilization style upon the use of self-produced emotional cues in an induced-compliance attitude change paradigm. It was found that only individuals who utilize internal cues were influenced by the em...
The present study investigated the impact of the perception of emotion on attitude change in active participation situations. Subjects wrote counterattitudinal statements while their emotional experiences were independently manipulated by altering their facial expressions. Subjects who were led to experience additional negative affect changed their...
This paper examines whether arousal is a necessary component of the motivation to reduce dissonance. Alternative responses to attitude-behavior inconsistency include attitude change, explaining the behavior by a consonant cognition (i.e., low choice), and attributing the dissonance-induced state to an alternative source, such as the purported side...
33 undergraduates were committed to performing a counterattitudinal behavior under conditions of high or low choice. Thereafter, the order of presentation of two potential sources of arousal was manipulated. Some Ss first watched and rated a cartoon and then completed a posttreatment attitude measure. Other Ss first completed the attitude measure a...
Citations
... Such expectations can lead to repeated failures, which in turn demotivate members and derail the group's objectives ( [Campbell, Goodie, & Foster, 2004] Resistance to Feedback: Effective teamwork and group evolution often require constructive feedback. However, narcissistic traits include a pronounced sensitivity to criticism, leading to resistance against feedback and subsequently a lack of adaptive behaviors necessary for group improvement ( [Rhodewalt & Morf, 1998] Group Improvement and Persistent Challenges Despite these challenges, the focused group discussions and training sessions led to significant improvements in the psychological outcomes for the participants. The structured environment and guided interactions helped individuals recognize and reflect on the counterproductive nature of their narcissistic behaviors, leading to improved group dynamics. ...
... We argue that interest directs attention to the positive aspects of EBB (e.g., enjoyment associated with exploration, learning, and self-development) (Silvia, 2017). Interested entrepreneurs filter out information that is potentially damaging (Florian et al., 1995;Rhodewalt & Zone, 1989). Through cognitive activation, they transcend their habitual repertoire of thoughts and actions to discern problems and discover solutions by drawing on distant ideas, out-of-the-box thinking, and new discoveries and insights (Silvia, 2017). ...
... A number of contingency model studies showing that in-match leaders felt more confident and in control (Chemers, Ayman, Sorod, & Akimoto, 1991;Chemers, Hays, Rhodewalt, & Wysocki, 1985) led me and my associates to conduct a series of studies designed to assess the role of leadership confidence or efficacy in performance. Chemers, Watson, and May (in press) reported concurrent, predictive, and discriminant validity for a measure of leadership efficacy in a longitudinal study of Reserve Officer Training Corps cadets. ...
... A second possibility is that Type As are more self-focused than Type Bs (e.g., Rhodewalt, 1984;Scherwitz, Berton, & Leventhal, 1978) We previously noted that much research on Type As and Bs has been focused on responses to self-relevant information and that a full understanding of such processes would benefit from consideration of self-schemata. One influence of self-schemata is the rejection of counterschematic information (Markus, 1977). ...
... Reactance is a potential cause of non-compliance with social distancing exhortations (Sibony, 2020). Given that people express psychological reactance against regulations that they perceive constrain behavioral freedom (Laurin et al., 2012;Rhodewalt and Davison, 1983), social scholars and marketers should explore the cause of reactance and utilize strategies to minimize it in the COVID-19 pandemic (Akhtar et al., 2020). Perceived freedom threats are one possible cause of reactance. ...
... Besides this, the number of multi-referential concepts related to the self has also increased because often several theorists have conceptualized the same phenomenon in different ways, and such a condition usually provides one concept with diverse definitions belonging to multiple references. For example, Kantʹs (1929) and Husserlʹs (1931) notion of transcendental self, Kantʹs (1929), Husserlʹs (1970) and Jamesʹ (1890) notion of empirical self, Metzinger's (2003), Dainton's (2008), Himmaʹs (2005), and Rhodewalt's (1986) notion of phenomenal self, are samples of a multi-referential concept, and also Neisserʹs (1988) extended self, Dennettʹs (1992) narrative self, Damasioʹs (1999) autobiographical self, andMcAdamsʹ (1985) narrative identity are all samples of the notions which are conceptually similar to each other, yet have a delicate differences. ...
... One of the costs that narcissistic individuals face for holding such potentially inflated self-views is that they may experience extreme reactions to events that challenge these views. This sort of narcissistic reactivity has been observed for individuals with high levels of normal narcissism who confronted threatening achievement events or social events that occurred within the confines of the laboratory (e.g., Barry, Chaplin, & Grafeman, 2006; Besser & Priel, in press a; Besser & Priel, 2009; Bushman & Baumeister, 1998; Kernis & Sun, 1994; Rhodewalt & Morf, 1998; Twenge & Campbell, 2003) or that took place in everyday life (e.g., Bogart, Benotsch, & Pavlovic, 2004; Rhodewalt, 2005; Rhodewalt, Madrian, & Cheney, 1998; Zeigler-Hill, Myers, & Clark, 2010). The observed reactions of individuals with high levels of normal narcissism to these sorts of experiences have included anger (Besser & Priel, 2009; Besser & Priel, in press a), aggressive behavior (Bushman & Baumeister, 1998), decreased self-esteem ( Zeigler-Hill et al., 2010), and negative emotions (Besser & Priel, 2009; Besser & Priel, in press a; Rhodewalt & Morf, 1998). ...
... Drawing on self-regulation theory, we posit that employees collaborating with robots may experience a depletion of their self-regulatory resources. This depletion can amplify the discrepancy between their current states and desired end states, influencing their evaluations of self-worth and well-being (Hofer et al., 2011;Rhodewalt & Tragakis, 2003). Thus, self-regulation theory provides a relevant and useful lens for understanding how employee collaboration with robots might lead to their perceived self-esteem threat and burnout. ...
... The next reason for suggesting transformational leadership is associated with less self-handicapping is pertinent to individuals' less need for maintaining a sense of control over the situation due to the empowering aspects of transformational leaders (Bass & Riggio, 2006;Snyder, 1990). People who present self-handicapping behavior are motivated to believe that if they had not engaged in self-handicapping, they would be effective in the task-a line of thought that helps them to preserve their feeling of self-efficacy and control (Rhodewalt, 1990). Considering that empowerment and giving autonomy are among the most significant aspects of transformational leaders (Bass & Riggio, 2006), this autonomy sends certain cues that enhance the sense of control over a situation and help employees to protect their feeling of self-efficacy, yielding successful management (i.e., without handicapping) of the task at hand by precluding the need for the expression of selfhandicapping. ...
... Alongside attributional dynamics, non-contingent (or inconsistent) feedback and reward have been identified as other factors that play a role in self-handicapping (Rhodewalt & Tragakis, 2002;Thompson & Richardson, 2001). Non-contingent feedback (actual, or perceived) refers to feedback or rewards that are inconsistent or that students cannot obviously link to their efforts. ...
