Frederic M. Richards's research while affiliated with Yale University and other places
What is this page?
This page lists the scientific contributions of an author, who either does not have a ResearchGate profile, or has not yet added these contributions to their profile.
It was automatically created by ResearchGate to create a record of this author's body of work. We create such pages to advance our goal of creating and maintaining the most comprehensive scientific repository possible. In doing so, we process publicly available (personal) data relating to the author as a member of the scientific community.
If you're a ResearchGate member, you can follow this page to keep up with this author's work.
If you are this author, and you don't want us to display this page anymore, please let us know.
It was automatically created by ResearchGate to create a record of this author's body of work. We create such pages to advance our goal of creating and maintaining the most comprehensive scientific repository possible. In doing so, we process publicly available (personal) data relating to the author as a member of the scientific community.
If you're a ResearchGate member, you can follow this page to keep up with this author's work.
If you are this author, and you don't want us to display this page anymore, please let us know.
Publications (17)
A brief review is given of the use of molecular surface area in estimations of hydrophobic forces and of their influence on
protein structure. Molecular area can be used as an estimate of the free energy of transfer of a solute between solvents of
differing polarity. Area changes that occur on forming secondary and tertiary structural units are exa...
Proteolyses of colicin E3 by both trypsin and subtilisin yield fragments of various molecular weights. On the basis of sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, tryptic cleavage yields peptides of molecular weight about 42 000 and 18 000, while the comparable pieces in a subtilisin digest have apparent weights of about 36 000 and 24 000. The dige...
Colicins E1, E2, and E3 were covalently attached to Sephadex G-25 beads by cyanogen bromide activation. These immobilized colicins were still active in binding to specific receptors on sensitive and tolerant cells but not to resistant cells which lack such receptors. Bound colicin E3 also retained its ability to inhibit protein synthesis in vitro....
N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)-2-aminoethyl sulfonate (NAP-taurine), a photolabile nitrene precursor, has been shown to permeate the human erythrocyte membrane at 37degrees but not at 0 degrees. Utilizing this differential permeability, we have loaded intact erythrocytes with NAP-[35S]taurine in the dark at 37degrees, cooled them to 0 degrees, washed th...
Dimethyl-3,3'-dithiobispropionimidate penetrates intact human erythrocytes and cross-links many of the membrane proteins to hemoglobin as well as to each other. The cross-linked complexes so produced have been analyzed by both one- and two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, making use of the easy cleavability of...
The position of the protein components of biological membranes both perpendicular to and in the plane of the permeability barrier has been the subject of much recent interest. The “sidedness” of the identifiable peptide chains has been examined with low-molecular-weight reagents similar to those used in modification studies on soluble proteins, and...
In experiments on isolated human erythrocyte membranes, cross-links between protein components have been produced both by
the catalyzed oxidation of intrinsic sulfhydryl groups with the o-phenanthroline cupric ion complex and by reaction with dimethyl dithiobispropionimidate, a bisalkylimidate containing a disulfide
linkage between the two reactive...
In experiments on isolated human erythrocyte membranes, cross-links between protein components have been produced both by the catalyzed oxidation of intrinsic sulfhydryl groups with the o-phenanthroline cupric ion complex and by reaction with dimethyl dithiobispropionimidate, a bisalkylimidate containing a disulfide linkage between the two reactive...
To expand the electron microscopist's options in localization and visualization, a new and general staining technique has been tested. The avidin-biotin complex serves as a coupling between the electron-dense marker, ferritin, and points of interest in biological samples. When specific cellular components are tagged with biotin, those components ma...
The membrane impermeable, nitrene precursor reagent, N (4 azido 2 nitrophenyl) 2 aminoethyl sulfonate (NAP taurine), was employed to study the comparative topology of resealed ghosts and their parent erythrocytes. Significant differences were found in the labeling pattern obtained from resealed ghosts as compared with that obtained from intact eryt...
The membrane-impermeable, nitrene precursor reagent, N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)-2-aminoethyl sulfonate (NAP-taurine), has been employed to study the comparative topology of resealed ghosts and their parent erythrocytes. We have found significant differences in the labeling pattern obtained from resealed ghosts as compared with that obtained from int...
The reagent N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)-2-aminoethylsulfonate (NAP-taurine) has been synthesized and employed in a study of the human erythrocyte cell surface. Photolysis of NAP-taurine produces a highly reactive nitrene which acts as a general covalent labeling reagent. In leaky ghost preparations all detectable protein components are labeled as has...
Following the general procedure of Bernal & Finney (1967) using Voronoi polyhedra, volumes occupied by all the atoms, or groups of atoms, in lysozyme and ribonuclease S have been estimated from the atomic co-ordinates provided by crystal structure studies. The average packing density for the interior of both proteins is close to 0.75, which is in t...
4,4′-Bisphenyldiazonium disulfide fluoroborate and dimethyl-3,3′-dithiobispropionimidate dihydrochloride were synthesized and tested as reversible cross-linking reagents. Rabbit muscle aldolase, human hemoglobin and human erythrocyte membrane proteins can be successfully crosslinked by these reagents. The crosslinked products can be cleaved into th...
Citations
... A synthetic peptide composed of amino 5. Nondenaturing gels. Nondenaturing gels were performed as previously described (17). Calmodulin in 50 mM MOPS (pH 7.4), 1 mM EGTA with or without 1. ...
... The particles were concentrated by immersion of the dialysis tube in dry Sephadex G-200 (Pharmacia Fine Chemicals, Piscataway, N J) to the desired concentration. The cleavable cross-linking reagent 3,3'-dimethyl dithiobispropionimidate dihydrochloride (DTBP, Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, IL) was made just before use in a 0.1 M stock cross-linking solution and titrated with 1.0 M NaOH to pH 8.0 (27,28). DTBP was added to a final concentration range of 2.5-10 mM. ...
... Investigation of the surface atoms of a protein presents an insight into the estimation of hydrophobic forces and their subsequent effect on protein structure [56,57]. We have extracted the percentage composition of nitrogen (c N ), carbon (c C ), oxygen (c O ) and sulfur (c S ) atoms present on the first convex hull layer of the experimentally verified effectors and non-effectors. ...
... The process preserves the local neighborhood of surface points between the manifold and embedding. The neighborhood is defined by pairwise geodesic distances among surface points of the manifold (e.g., Hirshfeld surface 44 or solvent-exclusion surface 45 ). The local electronic attributes on a molecular surface are then mapped to the manifold embedding and further featurized as numerical matrices to encode the quantum information. ...
... Therefore, the colicin channel must span the cytoplasmic membrane an even number of times. The cytotoxicity of colicin El linked to Sepharose beads (Lau & Richards, 1976) is also consistent with a trans-envelope arrangement of the colicin molecule. ...
... In the presence of 'complete' protease inhibitor complex (Roch), the spontaneous fragmentation over similar periods of storage was eliminated. Historically, some nuclease colicin molecules have been observed to undergo auto-fragmentation on storage, for instance, in the cases of colicin E3 and cloacin DF13 complex ( Lau and Richards, 1976;de Graaf et al, 1978). More recently, the proteolytic auto-fragmentation of botulinum A neurotoxin LC was reported and shown to be stimulated by Zn 2 þ ( Ahmed et al, 2001). ...
... It took six or seven washes to remove all traces of hemoglobin from the optical spectra of the supernatant. This is in contrast to previous reports in the literature [6,[19][20][21][22] that suggest using fewer washes to make hemoglobin-free ghosts. However, we found peaks from hemoglobin in the spectra even when the ghosts appeared white to the eye, thus requiring more washes to be sure of removing all unbound hemoglobin. ...
... Irradiation for various times (as indicated in Results) was performed using the experimental setup described by Knauf et al. (1978 a). The temperature during this part of the procedure was 0~ to minimize the penetration of NAP-taurine (Staros et al., 1975;Cabantchik et al., 1976). Immediately after the exposure to the light, the vesicles were diluted with 9 ml of ice cold PBS containing 0.5% wt/vol albumin and centrifuged for 10 min at 48,000 g to remove unreacted and photolysed probe. ...
... The archetypal galactose oxidase from the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum (FgrGalOx) and its engineered variants have found widespread biotechnological applications, including in glycoprotein labeling, biosensor development, polysaccharide functionalization, and other applications involving the oxidation of carbohydrates or other alcohols [42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54]. Of particular note, a highly evolved variant of FgrGalOx was utilized recently in the biocatalytic synthesis of the HIV drug islatravir [55]. ...
![[object Object]](https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/272797997989910-1442051519433_Q64/Hal-Heitzmann.jpg)
... Western Blot analysis was performed by the electrophoretic transfer of polypeptides to PVDF membranes [50]. Diagonal gel electrophoresis was performed to investigate whether both ALM29 and ALM22 polypeptides are joined by disulfide bridge(s) following the method of Wang and Richards [51]. For twodimensional PAGE, Bio-Rad pre-cast immobilized pH (3-10) gradient strips (7cm) were used for isoelectric focusing (IEF) in a Bio-Rad Protean IEF cell following the manufacturer's instructions. ...
