Felix J Frey's research while affiliated with Inselspital, Universitätsspital Bern and other places
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Publications (328)
Goal:
We present the development of a boneanchored port for the painless long-term hemodialytic treatment of patients with renal failure. This port is implanted behind the ear.
Methods:
The port was developed based on knowledge obtained from long-term experience with implantable hearing devices, which are firmly anchored to the bone behind the e...
Zusammenfassung. Für Patienten an der Hämodialyse ist nach Versagen der klassischen arterio-venösen Fisteln oder Shunts ein direkter Gefässzugang mittels Katheter lebensnotwendig. Permanente zentralvenöse Katheter penetrieren die Hals- und Thoraxweichteile und die Haut ohne rigide Befestigung. Die Infektionsrate ist hoch und führt oft zur Explantat...
A transcutaneous implantable access port for removal and/or return of fluids of a patient comprises a fixation unit adapted to be fixed to a bone of the patient; a valve unit comprising a sealing membrane at its distal end and one or more chambers; an internal conduit fluidly connectable to vascular structure of the patient and releasably connectab...
Background:
Detecting prostate cancer before spreading or predicting a favorable therapy are challenging issues for impacting patient's survival. Presently, 2-[(18) F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ((18) F-FDG) and/or (18) F-fluorocholine ((18) F-FCH) are the generally used PET-tracers in oncology yet do not emphasize the T877A androgen receptor (AR) m...
Implantable access device for removal and/or return of fluids to a patient, comprising a casing attached to an internal conduit to be connected with a lumen of the patient; a connector attached at the casing and connected to an external conduit, and arranged for attachment of an extracorporeal lumen to the device; and an actuator unit within the ca...
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11beta-HSD) modulate mineralocorticoid receptor transactivation by glucocorticoids and regulate access to the glucocorticoid receptor. The isozyme 11beta-HSD2 is selectively expressed in mineralocorticoid target tissues and its activity is reduced in various disease states with abnormal sodium retention and hypert...
The enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2) is selectively expressed in aldosterone target tissues, conferring aldosterone selectivity for the mineralocorticoid receptor. A diminished activity causes salt-sensitive hypertension. The mechanism of the variable and distinct 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 gene (HSD11B2) expre...
In humans, sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) deficiency leads to cholesterol deposition in tendons and vasculature. Thus, in addition to its role in bile acid synthesis, where it converts cholesterol to 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC), CYP27A1 may also be atheroprotective. Cyp27A1-deficient (Cyp27A1(-/-)) mice were crossed with apolipoprotein E (apoE)...
A successful pregnancy requires an accommodating environment. Salt and water availability are critical for plasma volume expansion. Any changes in sodium intake would alter aldosterone, a hormone previously described beneficial in pregnancy. To date, it remains ambiguous whether high aldosterone or high salt intake is preferable. We hypothesized th...
Purpose:
To determine whether diffusion-weighted (DW) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in living renal allograft donation allows monitoring of potential changes in the nontransplanted remaining kidney of the donor because of unilateral nephrectomy and changes in the transplanted kidney before and after transplantation in donor and recipient, respec...
The intracellular availability of glucocorticoids is regulated by the enzymes 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (HSD11B1) and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (HSD11B2). The activity of HSD11B1 is measured in the urine based on the (tetrahydrocortisol+5α-tetrahydrocortisol)/tetrahydrocortisone ((THF+5α-THF)/THE) ratio in humans and the (tetrahyd...
Recently, evidence was presented that uninephrectomy induces salt-sensitive hypertension in rats. The increase in blood pressure was abrogated by a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist but not by an aldosterone synthase inhibitor. Here, we hypothesize that mineralocorticoid receptor activation occurred by an 11beta-hydroxy-glucocorticosteroid, as...
Early diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) and accurate prognostic stratification is a prerequisite for optimal medical management. To identify novel prognostic markers of AKI, urine was collected on the first day of AKI in critically ill patients. Twelve patients with early recovery and 12 matching patients with late/non-recovery were selected a...
Aldosterone levels are markedly elevated during normal pregnancy but fall even though volume contracts when preeclampsia occurs. The level of aldosterone in either condition cannot be explained solely by the activity of the renin-angiotensin II system. In normal gestation, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is thought to maintain vascular he...
Adrenal aldosterone production depends upon capillary integrity. Inadequately explained by increased renin secretion, aldosterone is high in pregnancy, a proangiogenic state. In preeclampsia, low aldosterone levels coincide with disturbed endothelial integrity due to disrupted VEGF signaling.Objectives
We hypothesized that the stimulation of adrena...
Renal allograft donors are at risk of developing hypertension. Here, we hypothesized that this risk is at least in part explained by an enhanced intracellular availability of 11β-hydroxyglucocorticoids due to an increased 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 enzyme (11β-HSD1), an intracellular prereceptor activator of biologically inactive 11-ke...
Besides the kidneys, the gastrointestinal tract is the principal organ responsible for sodium homeostasis. For sodium transport across the cell membranes the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is of pivotal relevance. The ENaC is mainly regulated by mineralocorticoid receptor mediated actions. The MR activation by endogenous 11β-hydroxy-glucocorticoi...
Procainamide, a type I antiarrhythmic agent, is used to treat a variety of atrial and ventricular dysrhythmias. It was reported that long-term therapy with procainamide may cause lupus erythematosus in 25-30% of patients. Interestingly, procainamide does not induce lupus erythematosus in mouse models. To explore the differences in this side-effect...
A major myonecrotic zinc containing metalloprotease 'malabarin' with thrombin like activity was purified by the combination of gel permeation and anion exchange chromatography from T. malabaricus snake venom. MALDI-TOF analysis of malabarin indicated a molecular mass of 45.76 kDa and its N-terminal sequence was found to be Ile-Ile-Leu- Pro(Leu)-Ile...
The contributions of donor- and recipient-related factors to renal allograft hemodynamics are difficult to dissect due to methodological reasons. We analyzed 28 pairs of kidneys (each pair from the same donor) transplanted to 56 different recipients in order to define the contributions of the donor and the recipient to allograft hemodynamics.
Two d...
Current therapies to treat prostate cancer are often limited. Since it has been shown that very low concentrations of diphtheria toxin A (DT-A) result in abrogation of protein synthesis and apoptosis of cells, DT-A might serve as an efficient killer in cancer gene therapy. For this purpose we investigated in a quantitative manner using a stereologi...
Vascular calcification is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in dialysis patients. Human and animal studies indicate that sodium thiosulfate (STS) may prevent the progression of vascular calcifications. The pharmacokinetics of STS in hemodialysis patients has not been investigated yet.
STS was given intravenously to 10 hemodialysis patients o...
Somatic angiotensin-converting enzyme (sACE) is crucial in cardiovascular homeostasis and displays a tissue-specific profile. Epigenetic patterns modulate genes expression and their alterations were implied in pathologies including hypertension. However, the influence of DNA methylation and chromatin condensation state on the expression of sACE is...
Hyperoxaluria is a major risk factor for kidney stone formation. Although urinary oxalate measurement is part of all basic stone risk assessment, there is no standardized method for this measurement.
Urine samples from 24-h urine collection covering a broad range of oxalate concentrations were aliquoted and sent, in duplicates, to six blinded inter...
During pregnancy, trophoblasts grow to adapt the feto-maternal unit to fetal requirements. Aldosterone and cortisol levels increase, the latter being inactivated by a healthy placenta. By contrast, preeclamptic placental growth is reduced while aldosterone levels are low and placental cortisol tissue levels are high due to improper deactivation. Al...
During pregnancy, trophoblasts grow to adapt the feto-maternal unit to fetal requirements. Aldosterone and cortisol levels increase, the latter being inactivated by a healthy placenta. By contrast, preeclamptic placental growth is reduced while aldosterone levels are low and placental cortisol tissue levels are high due to improper deactivation. Al...
Kidney International aims to inform the renal researcher and practicing nephrologists on all aspects of renal research. Clinical and basic renal research, commentaries, The Renal Consult, Nephrology sans Frontieres, minireviews, reviews, Nephrology Images, Journal Club. Published weekly online and twice a month in print.
Kidney International aims to inform the renal researcher and practicing nephrologists on all aspects of renal research. Clinical and basic renal research, commentaries, The Renal Consult, Nephrology sans Frontieres, minireviews, reviews, Nephrology Images, Journal Club. Published weekly online and twice a month in print.
Acute kidney injury is a well-known complication with high morbidity and mortality after cardiopulmonary bypass. Cardiopulmonary bypass-associated acute kidney injury is still poorly understood.
Thirty-six patients undergoing elective cardiopulmonary bypass were enrolled. Spot urine samples before and after cardiopulmonary bypass were collected. Ac...
Nocturnal nondipping is a feature of salt-sensitive, hypertensive individuals. In normotensive children and adults, the impact of salt intake on circadian blood pressure (BP) rhythm is not well defined.
To test whether a high-salt diet abolishes nocturnal dipping in salt-sensitive, normotensive individuals.
In normotensive, healthy individuals dich...
http://www.nature.com/mt/journal/v17/n1s/pdf/mt2009106a.pdf
To determine the inter-patient variability of apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) and concurrent micro-circulation contributions from diffusion-weighted MR imaging (DW-MRI) in renal allografts early after transplantation, and to obtain initial information on whether these measures are altered in histologically proven acute allograft rejection (AR...
Patients with neurosurgical disorders often present with hyponatraemia. Two mechanisms account for hyponatraemia in these patients: the Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) and Cerebral Salt Wasting Syndrome (CSWS). The two entities differ in their volume status. In SIADH, volume is expanded due to ADH-mediated renal...
Pergularain e I, a cysteine protease with thrombin-like activity, was purified by ion exchange chromatography from the latex of Pergularia extensa. Its homogeneity was characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), native PAGE and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The molecular m...
In the kidney, progesterone is inactivated to 20alpha-dihydro-progesterone (20alpha-DH-progesterone) to protect the mineralocorticoid receptor from progesterone excess. In an attempt to clone the enzyme with 20alpha-hydroxysteroid activity using expression cloning in CHOP cells and a human kidney expression library, serendipitously cDNA encoding CY...
Hyperkalemia is a common life-threatening problem in hemodialysis patients. Because glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) inhibits the enzyme 11beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase II and thereby increases cortisol availability to the colonic mineralocorticoid receptor, it has the potential to lower serum potassium concentrations. To test this, 10 patients in a 6...
Renal resistance index, a predictor of kidney allograft function and patient survival, seems to depend on renal and peripheral vascular compliance and resistance. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase and therefore influences vascular resistance.
We investigated the relationship between renal resista...
Intermittent and continuous renal replacement therapies (RRTs) are available for the treatment of acute renal failure (ARF) in the intensive care unit (ICU). Although at present there are no adequately powered survival studies, available data suggest that both methods are equal with respect to patient outcome. Therefore, cost comparison between tec...
Increased aldosterone concentrations and volume expansion of normal pregnancies are hallmarks of normal pregnancies and blunted in pre-eclampsia. Accordingly, we hypothesized an active mineralocorticoid system to protect from pre-eclampsia.
In pregnant women (normotensive n = 44; pre-eclamptic n = 48), blood pressure, urinary tetrahydro-aldosterone...
End stage renal disease is a major complication after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Vasoconstriction of renal arterial vessels because of calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) treatment plays a pivotal role in the development of renal insufficiency following OLT. Renal resistance can be measured non-invasively by determining the resistance index (R...
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) for high-risk and inoperable patients with severe aortic stenosis is an emerging procedure in cardiovascular medicine. Little is known of the impact of TAVI on renal function.
We analysed retrospectively renal baseline characteristics and outcome in 58 patients including 2 patients on chronic haemodial...
The enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) catalyzes the conversion of inactive to active glucocorticoids. 11beta-HSD1 plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of obesity and controls glucocorticoid actions in inflammation. Several studies have demonstrated that TNF-alpha increases 11beta-HSD1 mRNA and activity in various c...
Donor-specific transfusions (DST) induce allograft tolerance in animals. Evidence is growing that FoxP3+ regulatory T cells are associated with tolerance in humans. Forty-four biopsies from 69 living donor kidney transplant recipients (LDT) after DST, 53 biopsies from 69 matched deceased donor transplant recipients (DDT), obtained for graft dysfunc...
Accelerated vascular calcification is a severe complication of chronic kidney disease contributing to high morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing renal replacement therapy. Sodium thiosulfate is increasingly used for the treatment of soft tissue calcifications in calciphylaxis. Therefore, we determined whether it also prevents development o...
Compromised intrauterine fetal growth leading to low birth weight (<2500 g) is associated with adulthood renal and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of salt intake on blood pressure (salt sensitivity) in children with low birth weight. White children (n=50; mean age: 11.3+/-2.1 years) born with low (n=35) or nor...
The prevalence of arterial hypertension lacking a defined underlying cause increases with age. Age-related arterial hypertension is insufficiently understood, yet known characteristics suggest an aldosterone-independent activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor. Therefore, we hypothesized that 11beta-HSD2 activity is age-dependently impaired, re...
The rate-limiting step of dietary calcium absorption in the intestine requires the brush border calcium entry channel TRPV6.
The TRPV6 gene was completely sequenced in 170 renal calcium stone patients. The frequency of an ancestral TRPV6 haplotype
consisting of three non-synonymous polymorphisms (C157R, M378V, M681T) was significantly higher (P = 0...
The polyarteritis nodosa is a vasculitis for which the main cause had been identified as hepatitis B, a chronic infectious disease inducing an overshooting immune reaction. Thanks to this discovery, the treatment of polyarteritis nodosa has changed from a symptomatic immunosuppressive therapy to a treatment strategy focusing on the disease inducing...
Intradialytic exercise has been described to improve blood pressure stability and dialysis efficacy. However, comorbid conditions in the dialysis population often preclude the widespread use of active intradialytic exercise. Therefore, we investigated the effect of intradialytic transcutaneous muscle stimulation (TEMS) and passive cycling movements...
Renal calcium stones and hypercalciuria are associated with a reduced bone mineral density (BMD). Therefore, the effect of changes in calcium homeostasis is of interest for both stones and bones. We hypothesized that the response of calciuria, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1.25 vitamin D to changes in dietary calcium might be related to BMD.
A sing...
In adults the contour analysis of peripheral pressure waves in the upper limb reflects central aortic stiffness. Here, we wanted to demonstrate the appropriateness of pulse contour analysis to assess large artery stiffness in children. Digital volume pulse analysis, with the computation of the stiffness index and pulse wave velocity between carotid...
11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) type 1 and type 2 catalyze the interconversion of inactive and active glucocorticoids. Impaired regulation of these enzymes has been associated with obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Previous studies in animals and humans suggested that dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has ant...
No data about the use of the pentasaccharide fondaparinux, a highly selective indirect inhibitor of factor Xa, in patients treated with haemodialysis are available. Therefore, we investigated the pharmacokinetics and -dynamics of fondaparinux in 12 patients during haemodialysis. The anti-Xa activity (expressed as fondaparinux equivalent) was monito...
Reduced activity of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11beta-HSD2) plays a role in essential hypertension and the sensitivity of blood pressure to dietary salt. Nonconservative mutations in the coding region are extremely rare and do not explain the variable 11beta-HSD2 activity. We focused therefore on the 5'-regulatory region and identi...
Apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME) is a severe form of hypertension that is caused by impaired activity of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11beta-HSD2), which converts biologically active cortisol into inactive cortisone. Mutations in HSD11B2 result in cortisol-induced activation of mineralocorticoid receptors and cause hypertensio...
Background:
The role of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) in the regulation of energy metabolism and immune system by locally reactivating glucocorticoids has been extensively studied. Experiments determining initial rates of enzyme activity revealed that 11beta-HSD1 can catalyze both the reductase and the dehydrogenase reac...
To prospectively evaluate feasibility and reproducibility of diffusion-weighted (DW) and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in patients with renal allografts, as compared with these features in healthy volunteers with native kidneys.
The local ethics committee approved the study protocol; patients provided writ...
Latex glycoprotein (LGP) from Synadenium grantii latex was purified by the combination of heat precipitation and gel permeation chromatography. LGP is a heat stable protein even at 80 degrees C showed a sharp single band both in SDS-PAGE as well as in native (acidic) PAGE. LGP is a monomeric protein appears as single band under reducing condition....
Exaggerated renal sodium retention with concomitant potassium loss is a hallmark of cirrhosis and contributes to the accumulation of fluid as ascites, pleural effusion, or edema. This apparent mineralocorticoid effect is only partially explained by increased aldosterone concentrations. I present evidence supporting the hypothesis that cortisol conf...
Digital volume pulse (DVP), a noninvasive method for indirect assessment of arterial stiffness, was not tested previously in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Therefore, we compared the DVP-derived stiffness index (SI(DVP)) with aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) determined by means of Doppler ultrasonography in 2 groups of patients with...
The role of albumin on blood pressure response to different salt challenges is not known. Therefore, we studied the blood pressure response of analbuminemic Nagase rats (NAR) to different salt challenges. 11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11beta-HSD2), the enzyme regulating the glucocorticoid access to the mineralocorticoid receptor, an e...
Marfan's syndrome is caused by mutations in the extracellular matrix protein fibrillin-1 with aortic aneurysm and dissection being its most life-threatening manifestations.
Kidney transplantation from donors with Marfan's syndrome has never been reported in the literature, possibly because of reticences due to the underlying connective tissue disea...
Hypoxia of renal medulla is a key factor implicated in the development of drug-induced renal failure. Drugs are known to influence renal hemodynamics and, subsequently, affect renal tissue oxygenation. Changes in renal oxygenation can be assessed non-invasively in humans using blood oxygenation level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD-MRI)....
Summary Transient coma under cephalosporin therapy in renal failure Since the first description of antibiotic-induced neurotoxicity in 1945, many cases of acute encephalopathy following treatment with cephalosporins or betalactames have been described. Cefepime, a new parenteral fourth-generation cephalosporin, is known to be a cause of drug-induce...
Despite the introduction of new immunosuppressive agents, a steady decline of functioning renal allografts after living donation is observed. Thus nonpharmacological strategies to prevent graft loss have to be reconsidered, including donor-specific transfusions (DST). We introduced a cyclosporine-based DST protocol for renal allograft recipients fr...
Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) MRI was shown to allow non-invasive observation of renal oxygenation in humans. However, clinical applications of this type of functional MRI of the kidney are still limited, most likely because of difficulties in obtaining reproducible and reliable information. The aim of this study was to evaluate the repr...
Hypertension and sodium retention are features of a diminished 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11beta-HSD2). The activity of this enzyme is reduced in various disease states with abnormal renal sodium retention and hypertension, including preeclampsia. ATP release to the extracellular compartment is observed with shear stress, inflammat...
Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their ligands (ephrins) are key players during the development of the embryonic vasculature; however, their role and regulation in adult angiogenesis remain to be defined. Both receptors and ligands have been shown to be up-regulated in a variety of tumors. To address the hypothesis that hypoxia is an important reg...
Family studies point to important genetic determinants of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Blood pressure (BP) is higher in offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes and DN, but the pathomechanisms involved have not been elucidated.
We examined the salt sensitivity of BP after 5 days equilibration on a low (20 mmol/day) vs high salt diet (220 mmol/day)...
Citations
... A more detailed description of the port's principle can be found in patent applications. 7 Bone anchoring might give an alternative solution to address the frequent problems of bacterial migration encountered with previous port designs. ...
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... sts is an inorganic compound that has been shown to inhibit medial arterial calcification in uremic rats (in vivo) and in cultured rat aortas (in vitro) through a potential direct extracellular action [43,44]. sts has also the ability to prevent the adipocyte induced arterial calcification (in vitro) [45]. ...
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... Diese Systeme haben eine erstaunlich niedrige lokale Abb. 1 mit der Industrie (Fa. Cendres + Métaux) zusammen einen auf dem Mastoidknochen verankerten Port ("bone-anchored port", BAP) zu entwickeln, welcher mit einem herkömmlichen tunnelierten HD-Katheter verbunden wird [12]. Während der Entwicklungsphase wurden hämodynamische Studien durchgeführt, um genügende Flussvolumina zu erreichen [6]. ...
... While targeting PR in breast cancer is not currently standard of care, these studies and other emerging literature suggests that PR antagonists or selective PR modulators (SPRMs) that can disrupt ER signaling, may provide a viable second-line therapy for women who fail on ER targeted therapies. Such molecules could also be utilized in conjunction with current ER-directed strategies to delay or prevent endocrine resistance [29][30][31]. While high dose PR agonists that disrupt ER actions (i.e. ...
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... A novel antiandrogen clinical trial conducted by Rathkopf et al. [31] utilized FDHT imaging to measure effective targeting of the drug, ARN-509, to the androgen receptor. Recent work has been done [32] to construct radiotracers specific to mutated androgen receptors which are exclusive to prostate cancer. To date, only a limited number of sites have produced FDHT and its major role appears limited to acting as a pharmacodynamics marker in clinical trials of antiandrogen therapy. ...
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... Bioinformatics analysis and WB results showed that the expression of GCR, C/EBP-Beta and 11HSD2 was significantly increased in HC-treated osteosarcoma cells, resulting in HC resistance. The reasons may be that HC acts on the GRE recognition region of GCR to induce increased expression of GCR [36][37][38], and GCR upregulates C/EBP-beta by interacting with C/EBP-beta in the nucleus [39][40][41][42]. C/EBP-Beta acts as a transcription factor to bind to the 11HSD2 promoter, increasing the expression of 11HSD2 [41], thus increasing the metabolic capacity of cells to HC and forming a drug-resistant loop. ...
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... The observed variation is significant because the 3 UTR of HSD11B2 contains a binding site for rno-miR-20a-5p. The introduction of a miR-20a mimic confirmed the presence and function of this binding site by reducing the activity of 11β-HSD2 in HT29 and SW620 cells [36]. However, miR-20a also regulates the E2F transcription factor, the levels of which rapidly change due to renal ischemia [37,38]. ...
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... There are several sequences available in magnetic resonance imaging that may be used to gather information on anatomy, function, flow, and lesion characterization. The renal allograft's pelvic position reduces breathing-related motion artefacts, especially if the torso coil is tightly fastened around the pelvis to prevent abdominal wall motion [8] . ...
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... These include cyp27a1-derived 27HC function as a ligand for liver X receptors (LXR) that upregulates ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), which mediates cholesterol efflux 14 . However, homozygous versus heterozygous global deletion of cyp27a1 in mice yields opposing effects on atherosclerosis severity 15 . Seeking to delineate how macrophage cyp27a1 influences atherosclerosis, in the present project the initial hypothesis raised was that macrophage cyp27a1 affords atheroprotection. ...
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... Down regulation of 11 β-HSD2 was also linked with salt sensitive hypertension in human linkage studies and animal models [39,44,45]. Unilateral nephrectomy, in animal models, reduced 11 β-HSD2 expression within the remaining kidney and predisposed animals to a salt responsive hypertension [39,46,47]. In humans, a number of studies demonstrated a prolonged plasma half-life for cortisol in patients with CKD. ...
