E. Droogsma's research while affiliated with Medisch Centrum Leeuwarden and other places

... 2 Factors such as dietary intake, lack of exercise, stress and environmental factors can impact the development and progression of the disease. 2,6,8,9 Furthermore, malnutrition and weight loss are common problems affecting individuals with AD. [10][11][12][13] Undernutrition is often coupled with unintentional weight loss, nutrient deficiencies, and a low body mass index, which can ultimately lead to frailty, sarcopenia, increased risk of falls, and other complications of dementia. 14 Specifically, unintentional weight loss and a low body mass index are risk factors that should be addressed to reduce death from AD because these problems are predictors of mortality in this group. ...

... For PWD who still remain ability to self-feed, interventions to promote eating independence have been designed, such as verbal prompts (Amella & Lawrence, 2007), positive reinforcement (Herke et al., 2018), keeping food within reach , and proper feed assistance helped promote eating (Simmons, Coelho, Sandler, & Schnelle, 2018). What's more, oral nutritional supplements are commonly used to improve the nutritional status for PWD with malnutrition (Pivi et al., 2011;Van Asselt & Droogsma, 2012). ...

... Conversely, a study by Lu found that cognitive nonresponders exhibited a lower MMSE at baseline (Lu et al., 2016), and the same did Droogsma (Droogsma et al., 2015), and Tei (Tei et al., 2008). A study by Rota found that patients with higher MMSE at baseline (MMSE > 18) had a better cognitive response at 21 months, although the study had a significant drop-out rate which could have influenced the results (Rota et al., 2007). ...

... Malnutrition diagnosis is based on objective measures of weight, muscle strength, food intake, inflammation and disease burden [5]. Malnutrition risk measured by tools such as Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) [6] or the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) [7] is associated with frailty and sarcopenia [8], falls [9,10], more GP consultations and hospitalisation [11,12] and reduced quality of life [13], particularly among those needing support from meal services and social services [14]. Addressing malnutrition or malnutrition risk, which undermines the immune system, is also essential to protect older adults against poor outcomes should they contract novel coronavirus covid19 (C19), [15]. ...

... There are also considerable numbers of people with memory disorders in the weight gain group, which suggests that gaining weight is not protective against dementia. This finding is in line with a previous study that reported that even though there was a weight loss trend in dementia patients, many of the study population actually gained 2.5 ± 2.3 kg in weight [35]. ...

... На основании более чем 3-летнего наблюдения 576 больных БА, получавших лекарственную терапию (ИХЭ) и немедикаментозные виды вмешательства (ведение случая, предоставление отдыха ухаживающим лицам и др.), проведена оценка течения заболевания. Изучена динамика выполнения мини-теста и теста рисования часов, частоты поведенческих и психологических симптомов, изменение объема профессиональной помощи и доля больных, помещенных в отделения по уходу [94]. Несмотря на то что все эти показатели ухудшились, авторы признали, что в сравнении с эрой до применения ИХЭ современные фармакологические и нефармакологические виды вмешательства замедляют когнитивное снижение, то есть могут иметь благоприятный эффект. ...

... The relative old age of the populations studied might explain this higher prevalence. Several of the studies within the systematic review showed a substantially higher prevalence of physical frailty, mainly because of the use of different frailtytools, 21,44 or the preselection of participants for frailty 31,42 or malnutrition. 35 ...

... Mean body mass index (BMI) at study entry ranged between 21.0 and 29.3 kg/ m 2 . 31,37 Six studies were in subjects with active cancer or a history of cancer 23,27,30,46,47,58 ; two studies were in subjects hospitalized for a fracture 44 or other trauma 15 ; and one study each was in subjects with Parkinson's disease, 69 subjects receiving haemodialysis 32 or subjects hospitalized for COVID-19. 29 The remaining studies were not specific to a given health condition ( Table 2). ...

... According to the recommendations from European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN), malnutrition is the most common nutritional issue in dementia patients (3). Malnutrition has been linked to impaired cognition, accelerated progression, and increased mortality in AD patients according to prior research (4)(5)(6). For example, one population-based study revealed that weight loss was significant in both MCI and dementia patients, potentially serving as an initial indicator of cognitive decline (7). ...

... Executive function impairment, which influences an individual's ability to plan, organize, and complete tasks, and attention deficits are common early symptoms of cognitive disorders [37,38]. Thus, adults with early dementia often face challenges and difficulties in the acquisition of food products and food preparation, as well as maintaining their previous food intake [39][40][41][42][43]. Indeed, difficulties in daily functioning are associated with poorer nutritional status in community-dwelling individuals with newly diagnosed Alzheimer's disease (AD) [44]. In addition, difficulties in maintaining attention while eating are associated with poor appetite in those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) [45]. ...