Christine L. Densmore's research while affiliated with United States Geological Survey and other places

... We set the limit of detection (LOD) to 100 DNA copies [14]. Samples that yielded a positive signal below the LOD were verified via end-point PCR using an additional primer pair amplifying a fragment of the 28S rRNA region following the protocol of [33] on a Biometra TAdvanced (Analytik Jena) in duplicate. To avoid pseudo-replication per population, we visited all sites only once and we released all specimens at their exact capture sites after finishing sample collection. ...

... Transmission via interaction with contaminated water and sediment is thought to be an important mechanism of infection among multiple species (Cappelle et al. 2011, Numberger et al. 2019, Mateus-Anzola et al. 2021. AIV persists longest in cold temperatures, within fresh and slightly basic water, and can persist throughout the entire year in the environment under optimum conditions (Olsen et al. 2006, Zhang et al. 2006, Lang et al. 2008, Brown et al. 2009, Densmore et al. 2019. Waterfowl directly and indirectly contribute to AIV transmission over broad spatial scales (Humphreys et al. 2021, Bevins et al. 2022, Gass et al. 2023) and inland waters and other habitats near poultry facilities are significant risk factors concerning waterfowl-domestic bird virus spread (Ahmad et al. 2022). ...

... Additionally, environmental specimens are comparatively easy to collect and less disruptive to wildlife. Wetland sediment is one type of environmental specimen in which AIV genomic material has been successfully detected (18)(19)(20). ...

... In 2022 alone, ∼596 million chickens were grown on Delmarva, yielding 4.4 billion pounds of chicken [32]. Additionally, the Delmarva region is a key habitat for migratory waterfowl populations along the Atlantic Flyway with many using the Chesapeake Bay as stopover or wintering habitat [33,34]. This convergence of poultry and wild waterfowl puts the Delmarva Peninsula at elevated risk for AIV transmission across the wild bird-domestic poultry interface [27], with several farms in this region impacted by the ongoing HPAI outbreak [9]. ...

... The focus of the field sampling on a summer growing season in coastal Louisiana may not capture the full influence of seasonal environmental conditions on the probability of presence throughout the year. In the continental United States, the growing season of SAV is loosely defined as the summer months, when temperatures and light availability are high enough for growth (Dennison et al., 1993;Rybicki and Landwehr, 2007;Stevenson et al., 1993;Vis et al., 2003). However, the subtropical climate of Louisiana is characterized by mild winters (https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim60/states/ ...

... The inflammatory cytokines present in fish can be categorized into two groups: proinflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10). By upregulating the genes concerning anti-inflammatory cytokines after downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines-related genes, the inflammation of fish can be decreased (Ottinger et al. 2016). The treatment of oral astaxanthin in this study resulted in a decrease in serum IFN-γ and IL-4 levels along with a drop in hepatic TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8 mRNA levels with increasing H. pluvialis levels up to 1.5 g kg −1 diet. ...

... (Chen et al. 2012;Liu and Li 2012;Rajendiran et al. 2008;Zhang et al. 2019;Zhang et al. 2021), Mycobacterium spp. (Densmore et al. 2016;Zhang et al. 2019), and Nocardia seriolae (Chen et al. 2012;Zhang et al. 2021). Here, we described an isolation of a vapA-absent strain of A. salmonicida from diseased snakehead, named as As-s, and the bacterial characterization, antibiotic sensitivity were investigated, together with the examination on its immune response in snakeheads. ...

... For each sample, 100 microliters of serum were used to determine the following parameters using a disposable Comprehensive Diagnostic Rotor (part number #500-0038): albumin (ALB, g/L), alkaline phosphatase (ALP, U/L), alanine transaminase (ALT, U/L), total bilirubin (TBIL, μmol/L), calcium (Ca, mEq/L), inorganic phosphorous (P, mmol/L, glucose (GLU, (mmol/L), sodium Na + (mmol/L), total protein (TP, g/L), and globulin (g/L). Previous works in teleosts have demonstrated the suitability of the VS2 platform (and other point-of-care devices) for clinical chemistry use in finfish (Densmore and Panek 2013;Stoot et al., 2014;Floyd-Rump et al., 2017). Serum osmolality (mOsm/kg) was measured in triplicate using a vapor pressure osmometer (Vapro 5520, Wescor, Logan, UT, USA). ...

... However, electrofishing is logistically challenging, can only be applied to wadable rivers up to a certain size, and may not be representative of all fish species. The method is also invasive, having an adverse effect on the sampled specimens and populations, which is especially impactful for rare or threatened species and small populations (Snyder 2003;Panek and Densmore 2013).Like any method, inherent methodological biases can lead to false absences (Richter et al. 2022), such as failing to detect rare species, and species with certain lifehistory traits (e.g., benthic fish are underrepresented). Further, body size of fish (Millar et al. 2016) and local population structure (Glover et al. 2019), as well as habitat characteristics (e.g., structural complexity) (Korman et al. 2009), can interfere with capture efficiency of fish and lead to underestimated fish diversity. ...

... In addition, TDC has been shown to decrease visual acuity and impair foraging and predator avoidance behaviours in lake trout (Carvalho et al., 2009;Fitzsimons et al., 2009a). Physically, thiamine-deficient fry exhibit edema, hemorrhaging, hydrocephalus and vascular congestion (Fisher et al., 1995;Fitzsimons et al., 2001a;Fitzsimons et al., 2001b), while thiamine-deficient juvenile and adult salmonids have a reduced growth rate (Fitzsimons et al., 2009), impaired immune response (Ottinger et al., 2012(Ottinger et al., , 2014, altered body morphology and skin pigmentation, and reduced swimming performance (Houde et al., 2015a;Ketola et al., 2005 A Crucial Link: Thiamine Deficiency and Thermal Tolerance ...