Anantha P. Chandrakasan's research while affiliated with Massachusetts Institute of Technology and other places

... Wearable ultrasound devices enable comfortable contact with the skin surface for sensing physiological signals in deep tissues [13][14][15][16][17] . However, probing inside the brain is challenging because of the strong signal attenuation (Supplementary Fig. 2 and Supplementary Discussion 2) and phase aberration (Supplementary Fig. 3 and Supplementary Discussion 3) caused by the skull. ...

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Transcranial volumetric imaging using a conformal ultrasound patch

... Given their potential applications in sensitive areas such as defense, healthcare, and finance, ensuring the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of data processed by neuromorphic systems is crucial. Furthermore, the unique architecture and operation of neuromorphic systems present both challenges and opportunities in the realm of security, requiring specialized approaches to safeguard them against threats [2,9,10,15,17,20]. Neuromorphic hardware, inspired by the intricate functions of the human brain, seeks to bridge the gap between biological cognition and artificial computation. ...

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NEUROSEC: FPGA-Based Neuromorphic Audio Security

... A-mode ultrasound imaging is performed in [43] for muscle deformation and prosthesis control applications. A 4 × 4 PZT-5A array transducer and biomedical-grade polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for the substrate that adheres to skin improved the flexibility of the wearable module to Fig. 1. a.) Flopatch-carotid artery Doppler ultrasound [19]- [22] b.) Bladder imager [32]- [36], c.) Muscle monitoring [43]- [46], d.) Cardiac imager patch and deep tissue patch [12], [40], e.) Carotid artery neck band [17], [30], [38] accommodate the muscle motion in [44], [45]. This can be substituted for surface electromyography (sEMG) [47] which is a measure of muscle activity. ...

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Wearable Ultrasound Devices for Continuous Health Monitoring: Current and Future Prospects

... Ultrasound is a modality that has been used by the medical community for half of a century as a tissue-safe medium of energy transduction. Conformable ultrasound electronics interface intimately with soft tissues to image, deliver drugs to, or stimulate organs [7][8][9] . Unobstructed transcranialfocused ultrasound (tFUS) beams can achieve millimeter-scale resolution in neural tissue and penetrate several centimeters to excite neurons by affecting mechanoreceptive and other membrane-bound ion channels [10][11][12][13] . ...

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An implantable piezoelectric ultrasound stimulator (ImPULS) for deep brain activation

... In particular, native Escherichia coli promoters have been used for reporting on various physiological stressors. These include chemicals like hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide [121][122][123], heavy metal contaminants such as copper, cadmium, magnesium, and zinc [39,124,125], methylating compounds [37], as well as general biomarkers like oxygen [27,126], pH [127,128], temperature [129], and dietary metabolites [123,130,131]. These sensing systems have found applications in diagnosing disease states [122,123], multiplexed sensing for environmental contaminants [39], and the incorporation of kill switches for efficient biocontainment [128,129]. ...

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Accelerating Genetic Sensor Development, Scale-up, and Deployment Using Synthetic Biology

... Considering these situations, a compelling solution for applications requiring both wide-bandwidth operation and the benefits of CT signal processing could be an architecture that combines the CT benefits from CT ΔΣ ADCs and the wide-bandwidth operations from DT pipelined ADCs as in Fig. 1. The CT pipelined ADC [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] is one such architecture developed with this motivation in mind. ...

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Continuous-Time Pipelined ADC: A Breed of Continuous-Time ADCs for Wideband Data Conversion

... [1][2][3] Electroceutical applications of these implantable devices hold promise in the drug-free treatment of various diseases through vagus nerve and other nervous system stimulations. [4][5][6] However, the rigid devices face challenges due to poor tissuedevice contact and unwanted mechanical damage to the interfacing organs. These issues can reduce the signal-to-noise ratio in biosensing, lead to electrical stimulation fatigue, and cause scar formation and inflammatory responses. ...

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Needle‐Like Multifunctional Biphasic Microfiber for Minimally Invasive Implantable Bioelectronics

... Chen et al. [6] proposed modifying the LSB-first SAR conversion algorithm [17] into a random-bitfirst SAR conversion algorithm so that the same V in would go through different CDAC switching patterns each time it has to be converted. Power and EM side-channel attack detection circuits can be added to activate only the secure SAR algorithms when a power or EM probe is detected [18]. ...

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Side-Channel Attacks on Analog-to-Digital Converters: A Survey and Comparison with Cryptos

... The planar 2DMFETs are the most well developed; however, integrating two different materials in a scaled dimension in a coplanar fashion might pose a challenge. In this study, the space between the nFET and pFET is considered a gate-cut, and the effective width of the 2DMFETs is determined by considering Two-dimensional material (2DM)-based FETs have made significant advancements in recent years, with wafer-scale monocrystalline growth 1-3 , improved metal-2DM contact resistance 4-6 and dielectrics 7-10 , and integration into back-end-of-line (BEOL) [11][12][13] . Such advancements have promoted 2DM as one of the top contenders to enable scaling beyond the 1 nm node 14 and integrate with Si-complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) 12,15-17 . ...

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Projected performance of Si- and 2D-material-based SRAM circuits ranging from 16 nm to 1 nm technology nodes

... The design of an FPGA-based accelerator with bootstrappable FHE is given by Agrawal, Rashmi et al. in [17] for the first time. This design is not a memory-bound design compared to the previous design which consumed more resources and was taking more execution time. ...

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FPGA-Based Acceleration of K-Nearest Neighbor Algorithm on Fully Homomorphic Encrypted Data