Alexander I. Gray's research while affiliated with University of Strathclyde and other places
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Publications (271)
A new labdane diterpene characterized as 18α-O-trans-p-feruloyl-15-methyl-8(17)-labdanoate has been isolated from the roots of Vachellia nilotica. Also isolated were p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, stearic acid, lupeol, and a mixture of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol. The compounds were obtained after a series of column chromatography on silica gel,...
Propolis is a resin that is gathered by bees from exudates produced by various plants. Its exact chemical composition depends on the plants available near the hive. Bees use propolis to coat the surfaces of the hive, where it acts as an anti-infective. Regardless of the chemical composition of propolis, it is always anti-protozoal, probably because...
Profiling a propolis sample from Papua New Guinea (PNG) using high-resolution mass spectrometry indicated that it contained several triterpenoids. Further fractionation by column chromatography and medium-pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC) followed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) identified 12 triterpenoids. Five of these were o...
A new eusdesmane sesquiterpenoid, characterised as 5-acetoxy-9aβ-hydroxy-4aαH-3,5α, 8aβ-trimethyl-4, 4a, 6, 7, 8a, 9-hexahydronaphtho-([2, 3 b]-dihydrofuran-2-one)-8-one or phaeusmane F acetate (1) has been isolated from the rhizomes of the South African variety of wild ginger (iphonochilus aethiopicus (Schweinf) B.L. Burtt). The compound was obtai...
The powdered roots of the medicinal plant Acacia nilotica were extracted with hexane and ethyl acetate, and the extracts were subjected to column chromatography for the isolation of potentially bioactive compounds and their screening against kinetoplastid pathogens. NMR and HREI mass spectrometric analyses identified two new diterpenes, characteriz...
Trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis are a group of neglected parasitic diseases caused by several species of parasites belonging to the family Trypansomatida. The present study investigated the antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial activity of chalcones and flavanones from Polygonum salicifolium, which grows in the wetlands of Iraq. The phytochemical...
A bioassay-guided phytochemical investigation of propolis samples from Tanzania and Zambia that screened for activity against Trypanosoma brucei has led to the isolation of two novel flavanones with promising anti-trypanosomal activity. The compounds were characterized based on their spectral and physical data and identified as 6-(1,1-dimethylallyl...
Calliandra portoricensis is a medicinal plant growing freely in Nigeria. It is used traditionally to treat tuberculosis, as an anthelmintic and an abortifacient. Phytochemical fractionation and screening of its root extracts has yielded a novel (5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-4-oxo-1-chromanyl)-4-methoxy-p-benzoquinone (breverin)-substituted cassane diterpene...
The Nigerian and South African varieties of Siphonochilus aethiopicus were examined for their phytochemical constituents. The ethyl acetate extract of the rhizomes of the South African variety yielded a novel diarylheptanoid, 2,3-diacetoxy-7-(3′′,4′′-dihydroxy-5′′-methoxyphenyl)-1-(4′-hydroxy-3′-methoxyphenyl)-5-heptene and the flavonoid 3,7-dimeth...
Natural products have been successfully used for treating various ailments since ancient times and currently there are several natural product based anti-cancer agents used as the main therapy to treat cancer patients or as a complimentary treatment to chemotherapy or radiation. Balanocarpol, which is a promising natural product that has been isola...
The stem bark of Cassia sieberiana was extracted with methanol and the methanol extract partitioned with chloroform. Column chromatography of the chloroform fraction over silica gel yielded a novel benzofurochromene [2-(4-hydroxylphenyl)-7’-1, 2-dihydroxy-1-phenylpropyl)-4’, 6’-dihydroxy [1] phenylbenzofuro (2, 3-c)-7’-chromene], lupeol and epiafze...
The standardization of apiceutical products like as propolis extracts has been widely debated worldwide and variations in the propolis chemical composition are still very relevant topics for use-standardized of different propolis-type as medication by much of the world’s population. The present manuscript discuss important issues related to the cli...
The four components present in the trypanocidal treatment Samorin, the commercially available formulation of isometamidium, were separated and purified by column chromatography. These compounds as well as the Samorin mixture and the other phenanthridine trypanocide, homidium, were tested on Trypanosoma congolense and wild type, diamidine- and isome...
Hibiscus sabdariffa (Malvaceae) is a plant that is widely recognised for its antihypertensive properties; however the constituent(s) responsible for this biological activity are presently unknown. The aim of this study was to identify the potential compounds that are responsible for the vasorelaxant activity of H. sabdariffa. Thereafter, the mechan...
Twelve propolis samples from different parts of Libya were investigated for their phytochemical constituents. Ethanol extracts of the samples and some purified compounds were tested against Trypanosoma brucei, Plasmodium falciparum and against two helminth species, Trichinella spiralis and Caenorhabditis elegans, showing various degrees of activity...
According to the cholinergic hypothesis, memory impairment in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is associated with the deficit of cholinergic function in the brain. In addition, microglial activation plays an important role in AD by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide (NO), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). It was noted that lipopoly...
In view of the clinical need for new antiseizure drugs (ASDs) with novel modes of action, we used a zebrafish seizure model to screen the anticonvulsant activity of medicinal plantsused by traditional healers in the Congo for the treatment of epilepsy, and identified a crude plant extract that inhibited pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizures in z...
Natural products have made remarkable contributions to drug discovery and therapy. In this work we exploited various biochemical approaches to investigate the mode of action of 16-α-hydroxy-cleroda-3,13 (14)-Z-dien-15,16-olide (HDK-20), which we recently isolated from Polyalthia longifolia, on Trypanosoma brucei bloodstream trypomastigotes. HDK20 a...
Series of ring-substituted 3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxanilides were screened for their in vitro activity against wild-type S427 (bloodstream form) of Trypanosoma brucei brucei. 3-Hydroxy-N-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)- and 3-hydroxy-N-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)naphthalene-2-carboxamides showed the highest biological activity (MIC = 1.56 and 2.08 µmol...
Profiling of extracts from twelve propolis samples collected from eight regions in Nigeria was carried out using high performance liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with evaporative light scattering (ELSD), ultraviolet detection (UV) and mass spectrometry (MS), gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy...
The biologically active title compounds have been isolated from Hibiscus sabdariffa plants, hibiscus acid as a dimethyl sulfoxide monosolvate [systematic name: (2 S ,3 R )-3-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrofuran-2,3-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl sulfoxide monosolvate], C 6 H 6 O 7 ·C 2 H 6 OS, (I), and hibiscus acid dimethyl ester [systematic name: di...
IKKβ plays a central role in the canonical NF-kB pathway, which has been extensively characterised. The role of IKKα in the non-canonical NF-kB pathway, and indeed in the canonical pathway as a complex with IKKβ, is less well understood. One major reason for this is the absence of chemical tools designed as selective inhibitors for IKKα over IKKβ,...
Introduction:
Several taccalonolides with various bioactivities have been isolated from Tacca species but no studies to isolate taccalonolides with anti-trypanosomal activity from Tacca leontopetaloides have been reported.
Objectives:
To analyse extracts of the roots of Tacca leontopetaloides, purify the extracts by column chromatography and ide...
The phytochemical investigation of Vitex pinnata led to the isolation of a mixture of steroids β-sitosterol and stigmasterol (1a and 1b) and three known flavonoid identified as 5-hydroxy-3, 7, 4’-trimethoxyflavone (2), 5-hydroxy-7,4’-dimethoxy-flavone (3) and 5-hydroxy-3,3’,4’,7-tetramethoxyflavone (4). The structures of all isolated compounds were...
Introduction:
A previous study showed the unique character of Nigerian red propolis from Rivers State, Nigeria (RSN), with regards to chemical composition and activity against Trypanosoma brucei in comparison with other African propolis.
Objective:
To carry out fractionation and biological testing of Nigerian propolis in order to isolate compoun...
Wissadula periplocifolia (L.) C. Presl (Malvaceae) is commonly used in Brazil to treat bee stings and as an antiseptic. The antioxidant properties of its extracts have been previously demonstrated, thus justifying a phytochemical investigation for its bioactive phenolic constituents. This has yielded five new sulphated flavonoids: 8-O-sulphate isos...
Purpose:
There is an urgent need to discover and develop new drugs to combat Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB) in humans. In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in the discovery of new anti-TB agents from natural sources. In the present investigation, molecular docking studies were carried out on two...
This study reports the first phenolics from Wissadula genus (Malvaceae) and the anti-inflammatory activity of 7,4′-di-O-methylisoscutellarein. Using chromatographic methods, five phenolic compounds were isolated from aerial parts of Wissadula periplocifolia (L.) C. Presl. The compounds were identified as 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid...
Objective
To investigate the in vitro and in vivo anticancer activities of hypophyllanthin and phyllanthin isolated from Phyllanthus amarus Schum & Thonn against breast cancer.
Methods
In vitro anticancer activity was evaluated against two cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) using MTT assay. In vivo anticancer activity was tested using Sprague-Dawle...
The chromatographic isolation and characterisation of the four compounds present in the quaternary phenanthridine veterinary trypanocidal agent, isometamidium chloride hydrochloride (ISM), is reported. The isolated compounds were unambiguously characterised using spectroscopic (NMR, UV, IR and MS) methods as 3-amino-8-[3-(3-carbamimidoyl-phenyl)-tr...
The chemical composition and biological activity of a sample of Saudi Arabian propolis were investigated. A new diterpene propsiadin ((ent)-2-oxo-kaur-16-en-6,18-diol) (3) along with the flavonoids 3,4-dihydro-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2H-chromene-3,7-diol (1), psiadiarabin (2) and the diterpene psiadin (4) were isolated from a Saudi Arabian propolis...
Propolis is increasingly being explored as a source of biologically active compounds. Until now, there has been no study of Libyan propolis. Two samples were collected in North East Libya and tested for their activity against Trypanosoma brucei. Extracts from both samples had quite high activity. One of the samples was fractionated and yielded a nu...
Resveratrol, a natural compound endowed with multiple health-promoting effects, has received much attention given its potential for the treatment of cardiovascular, inflammatory, neurodegenerative, metabolic and age-related diseases. However, the translational potential of resveratrol has been limited by its specificity, poor bioavailability and un...
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Arctium lappa and Tussilago farfara (Asteraceae) are two plant species used traditionally as antitubercular remedies. The aim of this study was (i) to screen Arctium lappa and Tussilago farfara extracts for activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and (ii) to isolate and identify the compound(s) responsible for t...
From the aerial parts of Eriostemon tomentellus five coumarins have been isolated. These have been characterized as ostruthin (6-geranyl-7-hydroxycoumarin (1)) and the novel compounds, 8-geranyl-7-hydroxycoumarin (2), (E)-6-(7-hydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2,5-dienyl)- 7-hydroxycoumarin (3), (E)-6-(7-hydroperoxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2,5-dienyl)-7-hydroxycou...
Two novel hepta-oxygenated flavonols have been isolated from the aerial parts of Premna
oligotricha and identified, primarily on the basis of N M R spectroscopy, as 3,5,5'-trihydroxy- 6,7,3',4'-tetram ethoxyflavone (2) and 3,5,7,5'-tetrahydroxy-6,3',4'-trim ethoxyflavone (3). Known flavonoids, with lower levels of oxygenation were obtained from two...
From the aerial parts of Phebalium elatius ssp. becklen six novel coumarins have been isolated. These compounds are all based on a 6.7-dimethoxycoumarin nucleus with a modified C-8 isoprenyl substituent. The prenyl side chains were identified, primarily on the basis of NMR studies, as 1,2-epoxy-3-methylbut-3-enyl = (+)-6-methoxyphebalosin (1), 1-ac...
Chemical investigation of Crateva adansonii DC has led to the isolation of aurantiamide acetate, a novel ethyl pyropheophorbide A, purpurin-18 ethyl ester and pyropheophorbide A. Their structures were elucidated using extensive spectral data. These metabolites were then evaluated for their in vitro bioactivity against the African trypanosome Trypan...
Chemical investigation of the lichen Cetraria islandica has led to the isolation of four compounds identified as protolichesterinic acid, lichesterinic acid, protocetraric acid and fumarprotocetraric acid. Their structures were characterized using their physical and spectroscopic data. Using an AlamarblueTM 96 well microplate assay, these compounds...
A phytochemical study on the aerial parts of Wissadula periplocifolia using chromatographic techniques has led to the isolation of sitosterol (1a), stigmasterol (1b), sitosterol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (2a), stigmasterol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (2b), phaeophytin A (3), 13(2)-hydroxy-(132-S)-phaeophytin A (4), phaeophytin B (5), 17(3)-ethoxyph...
Zebrafish have recently emerged as an attractive model for the in vivo bioassay-guided isolation and characterization of pharmacologically active small molecules of natural origin. We carried out a zebrafish-based phenotypic screen of over 3000 plant-derived secondary metabolite extracts with the goal of identifying novel small-molecule modulators...
Methanol extracts of the roots of B. brevissima and B. parkeriana were examined for antidiabetic and antimicrobial activities. Six compounds i.e berberine, 8oxo-berberine, dehydrocheilanthifoline, columbamine, jatrorrhizine and glutamic acid were isolated from the active fractions of these species for the first time. The antidiabetic activity was d...
Haloxylon salicornicum (H. salicornicum) is a plant that is frequently taken as a tea by Bedouin women in Egypt who are experiencing difficulties during pregnancy, as well as to provide relief from dysmenorrhoea. Despite its medical use, there has been no detailed evaluation of the effect of this plant on uterine tissue. Therefore, the initial aim...
Haloxylon salicornicum (H. salicornicum) is a plant that is frequently taken as a tea by Bedouin women in Egypt who are experiencing di during pregnancy, as well as to provide relief from dysmenorrhoea. Despite its medical use, there has been no detailed evaluation of the e of this plant on uterine tissue. the initial aim of this study was to deter...
Crateva adansonii DC is used in traditional medicines in the West of Africa. The crude hexane (CAN-1) and ethyl acetate (CAN-2) extracts were evaluated for their in vitro bioactivity against African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei brucei (S427) blood stream forms. The crude extracts showed moderate anti-trypanosomal activity (MIC 12.5µg/ml). We reco...
Three new labdane-derived diterpenes, dulcinodal (1), dulcinodiol (2), and scopadiol decanoate (3) were isolated from the aerial parts of Scoparia dulcis. The structures were determined by extensive NMR studies and comparison of their spectral data with related compounds.
The antimicrobial activity and chemistry of the African Combretaceae has been well studied in recent years. The present study aimed to investigate the phytochemistry and antimicrobial activity of lesser known members of this family viz. C. hereroense, C. apiculatum and C. collinum. Pulverized leaves of C. collinum and C. apiculatum, and the fruit o...
Natural products play a vital role in drug discovery. They have served as the basic reference and initiators in drug discovery programs. Natural products as pure compounds have been involved in western medicine as drugs or lead compounds for drug discovery and development. In traditional medicine, they have been involved for a very long time as med...
Sphingosine kinase 1 catalyses formation of the bioactive lipid, sphingosine 1-phosphate, which protects cancer cells from apoptosis. Therefore, sphingosine kinase 1 is a novel target for intervention with anti-cancer agents. We have assessed the effect of the anti-cancer agent, resveratrol and its dimers (ampelopsin A and balanocarpol) on sphingos...
Wild ginger (Siphonochilus aethiopicus (Schweinf) B.L Burtt) is used in traditional medicines in the West and South of Africa. In the present study, the crude hexane extract of wild ginger was evaluated for in vitro bioactivity. The components isolated from the plant for the first time are: epi-curzerenone, furanodienone (sesquiterpenes), 8(17),12E...
Chemical investigation of the leaves of Struchium sparganophora by the application of VLC, CL and PTLC resulted in isolation of three compounds. The cytotoxicity activity of these compounds on malignant human cultured cells was examined. Vernodalin showed a significant cytotoxic activity on the melanoma and ovarian cancer cell lines (P<0.05) while...
The structure of Mezzettiaside 3, a highly acylated trisaccharide obtained from the stem bark of Mezzettialeptopoda, was determined by a combination of double-quantum-filtered {1H,1H} correlation spectroscopy, two-dimensional homonuclear Hartmann–Hahn, and 1H-detected {1H,13C} one-bond and multiple-bond shift correlation nuclear magnetic resonance...
Phytochemical investigation of the stem bark of Trewia nudiflora led to the isolation of two new cardenolides, trewianin (1) and trewioside (2), along with scopoletin (3) and indole-3-carboxylic acid (4). Structures were established by 1D- and 2D NMR spectroscopy, HR-MS analysis, and by comparison with literature data.
ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Air-dried powdered L. adscendens (931 g) was Soxhlet extracted, successively with n-hexane, EtOAc and MeOH. Vacuum liquid chromatography of the hexane extract (14 g), using a hexane-CHCl3 gradient (100:0-0:100) yielded 11 fractions.
Biotransformation of 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid, using Absidia pseudocylinderospora ATCC 24169, Gliocladium viride ATCC 10097 and Cunninghamella echinulata ATCC 8688a afforded seven metabolites, which were identified by different spectroscopic techniques (1H, 13C NMR, DEPT, 1H-1H COSY, HMBC and HMQC). Three of these metabolites, viz. 15alpha-hydrox...
With tuberculosis the leading bacterial killer worldwide and other mycobacterial diseases on the increase, the search for new antimycobacterial agents is timely. In this study, extracts from plants, lichens and fungal endophytes of Scottish provenance were screened for activity against Mycobacterium aurum and M. tuberculosis H(37)Rv. The best activ...
The shape of dendrimer amphiphiles has an unexpected effect on their self-assembly. A series of diaminobutane poly(propylenimine) generation 3 dendrimer (DAB-dendr-(NH(2))(16)) amphiphiles has been synthesized, bearing an average of five (PD5), three (PD3) and one (PD1) palmitoyl group(s) per dendrimer molecule. Additionally DAB-dendr-(NH(2))(16) w...
Juniperus communis is a plant which has been reported as a traditional cure for tuberculosis (TB) and other respiratory diseases.
The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the constituents responsible for the activity of the n-hexane extract of Juniperus communis roots against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H(37)Rv and Juniperus communis aerial...
Citations
... The particles shown were spherical irrespective of whether they were empty or loaded. The size of the particles was comparable with the particle size indicated by DLS [48]. These morphological changes and enhanced distribution post-extract loading signify the potential of this loaded nanocarrier for targeted delivery or controlled release of Scutellaria barbata extract, indicating possible advancements in drug delivery or related biomedical applications. ...
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... The CHCl 3 -and EtOAc-soluble fractions were subjected to multiple chromatographic steps over silica gel and reversed phase C 18 , yielding compounds 1-7. The structures of these compounds were identified as: ostruthin (1) (Liu et al. 2005), ninhvanin (2) (Cuong et al. 2013), 8-geranyl-7hydroxycoumarin (3) (Rashid et al. 1992), 6-(6 0 ,7 0 -dihydroxy-3 0 ,7 0dimethylocta-2 0 -enyl)-7-hydroxycoumarin (4) (Nguyen et al. 2016), 6-(7-hydroperoxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2,5-dienyl)-7-hydroxycoumarin (5) (Rashid et al. 1992), 6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2,2dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran (6) (Wattanapiromsakul & Waterman 2000), and luvangetin (7) (Patra & Mitra 1981) by analysis of the 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data and comparison with the known values (Figure 1). It is noted that this is the first time to report the isolation of compounds 3-5 and 7 from the Paramignya genus and the NMR data for compound 4. Coumarin is a secondary phytochemical that belongs to the benzopyrone chemical class. ...
... The results revealed that five of these isoflavones demonstrated superior activity against T. brucei compared to T. cruzi, while only one of them exhibited comparatively higher activity against T. cruzi. These findings highlight the importance of evaluating the efficacy of active compounds in The NMR data of compound 1 was compared to data found in the literature [40,41] and confirmed the assignment of compound 1 as vestitol (2 ,7-dihydroxy-4 -methoxyisoflavan) ( Figure 1). The isoflavan was isolated from the chloroformic partition (as a white compound) and displayed characteristic 1 H and 13 signals at δ 4.03 (t, 1H, J = 10.5 Hz, H-2ax), 4.32 (dd, 1H, J = 10.5, 2.5 Hz, H-2eq), 3.52-3.47 ...
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... In the current study, the chemical characterization of propolis resulted in the detection of terpenoids as the major constituents in the propolis sample. The spectral characteristics and the occurrence of terpenoids in the propolis extract obtained here were similar to previous investigations on propolis from Indonesia and the United Kingdom [20,21]. Terpenoids role as antioxidants and promising tools in the treatment of CNS disorders such as Parkinson's disease has been documented [22]. ...
... 8 A chemotaxonomic survey of S. aethiopicus invariably yielded substantial quantities of an essential oil, with a low content of monoterpenoids, but with substantial amounts (up to 0.2% wet weight) of a major constituent, siphonochilone (2), isolated for the first time in 2002, accompanied by a minor compound, the 2hydroxysiphonochilone 3, while compound 4 has been prepared by acetylation (Ac 2 O/Py) of siphonochilone. 9 To date, only one more furanoterpenoid from eudesmane family of sesquiterpe-noids has been isolated from S. aethiopicus, being characterized as 5. 10 On the other hand, despite major advances in cancer screening, prevention, and treatment, cancer remains one of the leading causes of death in the world, with a high incidence rate among the population. In 2020, a total of 19.3 million new diagnoses and 10 million cancer-related deaths were estimated worldwide. ...
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... Out of the four fractions derived from the crude methanolic extract of Acacia nilotica, only Ethyl acetate and Butanol fractions show strong activity, This suggests that ethyl acetate and butanol will be good solvents for the isolation and purification of the active compound present in the stem bark of Acacia nilotica. This finding is similar to that of Anyam et al (2021), who recently isolated two compounds from ethyl acetate fraction of the root extract of Acacia nilotica from Benue. The compounds displayed high activity, particularly against T. brucei, T. evansi, and Leishmania Mexicana (0.88-11.7 µM) invitro. ...
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... During the development of new antichagasic molecules, one of the biggest challenges is to find molecules with trypanocidal potential and host cell toxicity lower than the reference drug (Alonso-Padilla et al. 2015). Previously, chalcones from Polygonum salicifolium were more selective to trypomastigote forms than for host cells, reinforcing the potential of these molecules in the development of new potent trypanocidal agents (Zheoat et al. 2021). ...
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... Compound 1 was tested against BSF T. b. brucei S427 WT and L. major WT promastigotes to assess its anti-parasitic activity using a resazurin-based assay as previously described [23][24][25][26][27]. A stock solution of 20 mg/mL of the compound was prepared in DMSO. ...
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... African propolis chemical investigation allowed the identification of new flavanones and phenanthrene derivatives. In contrast, the investigation of Asian propolis samples led to the identification of new prenyl flavonoids [16][17][18]. Few studies were performed concerning the chemical composition of Algerian propolis and its botanical origin. ...
... To date, ormosanine was recovered by An et al. (2020) from the plant Akebia quinata. For pyropheophorbide A, it has been isolated from Moringa oleifera as a chlorophyll metabolite and photosensitizing agent, while benoxinate is used in the synthetic production of local anaesthetic (Anding et al. 1993;Igbo Ukachi et al. 2019;Chan et al. 2021). Both benoxinate and pyropheophorbide A have exhibited inhibitory activities against E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, Hemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae (Anding et al. 1993;Chan et al. 2021). ...
