Ada Eban-Rothschild's research while affiliated with University of Michigan and other places

... The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted February 5, 2024. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.02.04.578825 doi: bioRxiv preprint accumulating that WAKE-dependent motivational, emotional and other behavioural factors have a profound impact on overall patterns of state expression [13,[82][83][84][85]. On the basis of the results in the present study, we hypothesize that some effects on vigilance state of such factors as environmental temperature [86], stress [87], energy balance [83] and social interactions [88] might be mediated, at least in part, by adjustments in ultradian phase and amplitude. ...

... During wakefulness, states of disengagement can appear as sleep-like states and are accompanied by behavioral lapses 6-8 , while states of hyper-engagement risk the execution of impulsive responses to irrelevant stimuli 2,9,10 . The neuronal substrate of engagement is rarely studied as a continuum, but hypo-engaged and hyper-engaged behavioral states have been associated with distinct cortical activity patterns 5,6,8,[11][12][13] . ...

... Sleep is a ubiquitous natural phenomenon [1,2], yet extremely complex [3], unique [2,3], and with a significant amount of inter-and intra-individual variability [4][5][6][7][8], which has been Table 1. Conceptualization of personalized sleep medicine: an overview of major concepts, advancements, applications, and technologies in patient-centered sleep medicine. ...

... Glutamate is the most prevalent neurotransmitter in the brain and a major wake-promoting neurotransmitter. Most neurons from the brain reticular projection that promote wakefulness are glutamate neurons originating from VTA and LH, Glu projected to LHGlu to excite LHORE to generate wakefulness(however, LHGlu can also induce sleep-preparation behavior [94]), while glutamate from Medial septum further project to LHGlu to enhance the wake induction. Glutamate is also projected to BF, and NAc area from PVT, VTA, and parabrachial nucleus and promotes wakefulness. ...

... The neuronal activity of VTA GABA neurons exhibits variations throughout sleep-wake cycles. Studies have shown that the firing rate (Lee, Steffensen, & Henriksen, 2001) and calcium transients measured by fiber photometry or micro-endoscopic imaging with the fluorescent calcium sensor GCaMP6 (Eban-Rothschild et al., 2020;Yu et al., 2019), were selectively higher during wakefulness and REM sleep compared with NREM sleep. Additionally, c-Fos, a protein marker for neuronal activation, was also expressed more prominently during the dark period (awake phase in mice) (Takata et al., 2018). ...

... In addition to the well-documented sleep propensity and circadian rhythm in the onset of sleep, a variety of external and internal needs can also regulate its initiation. 22 In the context of motherhood, the needs of the pups that require active maternal care might influence the sleep of the mother. ...

... Crucially, these findings indicate a broad overlap in the circuitry underlying mood and arousal, which may ultimately explain the strong behavioral and clinical links between mood and arousal [6,7]. In addition, these findings open the door to new treatment targets and the consideration of therapeutic brain stimulation for sleep-wake disorders [78], such as idiopathic hypersomnia, a condition characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness. Future efforts to map brain regions involved in the extended arousal circuitry will be critical for the ongoing identification of novel treatment targets for the future application of neurostimulation for intractable sleep-wake disorders. ...

... What the role of the BNST is in sexual incentive motivation and which cells in particular play a role in sexual behavior in rats remains unknown. In mice, it was shown that at least aromatase+, cholecystokinin+ and Esr2+ neurons are involved in preference for female pheromones (Bayless et al. 2019a;Giardino et al. 2018) and the regulation of copulatory behaviors (Bayless et al. 2019a;Zhou et al. 2023). Excitotoxic lesions of the BNST have also been shown to eliminate sexual odor preference in sexually naïve hamster males (Been and Petrulis 2010). ...

... According to the Flip-flop model, the sleep-promoting circuit during sleep projects inhibitory inputs to orexin neurons, suppressing the excitatory projection to wake-promoting areas and inhibitory inputs to sleep-promoting areas, to maintain the sleep state [22]. Orexin has a widespread projection throughout the brain, mostly wake-promoting areas like LC, TMN, PVT, NAc, VTA, BF, PAG, PPT, LDT and, which are all considered wake-promoting areas and directly innervating other wake-inducing glutamatergic, cholinergic, histaminergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic and noradrenergic neuron populations [7, [23][24][25]. This widespread excitatory projection also signifies its connection with other wake-promoting neuronal circuits. ...

... To remain synchronized with the daynight cycle, the circadian clock is reset daily by light, the primary entraining signal for circadian rhythms [2,3]. All mammals appear to have a fundamental need for sleep, with humans on average spending one-third of their lives sleeping or attempting to sleep [4]. Sleep timing is regulated by two overlapping processes: the sleep-dependent homeostatic drive for sleep, which increases with increasing time spent awake, and the circadian process, which imposes a 24-hour pattern on sleep/wake behaviour [5]. ...