A. Moser's research while affiliated with University of California, San Diego and other places

... Increasing demand for data storage and data-intensive computing has triggered a tremendous research effort searching for materials and devices that hold the promise for ultra-high density, low-cost efficient storage[1,2]and non-volatile memory applications[3][4][5]. Hard disk drive (HDD), which stores information as the magnetization of the individual domains on the magnetic thin film media, has switched from longitudinal media (with in-plane remanent magnetization) to high anisotropy perpendicular media (with remanent out-of-plane magnetization) to increase the bit storage density. ...

... In the past years, L1 0 FePt have been widely studied due to its promising applications such as high density recording media and permanent magnet [1]. L1 0 -FePt has been proposed to be a promising candidate as ultrahigh-density perpendicular magnetic recording media due to its large magnetocrystalline anisotropy (Ku~7×10 7 erg/cc) [2] and excellent resistance to corrosion [3]. To efficiently promote the L1 0 ordering in the FePt thin film, deposition or post-annealing at high temperature is generally indispensable. ...

... It finds very broad applications in all kinds of nanoscaled magnetic domain phenomena. Examples are the identification of the magnetic vortex state in Py disks, 1 imaging and quantifying magnetic flux lines in type-II superconductors, [2][3][4] or the observation and interpretation of various magnetic nanoscale objects. [5][6][7][8] In parallel with instrumentation development, MFM sensors (tips) are constantly improved to meet the demand for a well-defined magnetization state within a small volume at the sharp apex of a scanning force tip. ...

... Over the past decades, various vortex imaging techniques have been introduced, including pioneering Bitter decoration techniques [9], Lorentz microscopy [10], scanning Hall probe microscopy [11], magnetic force microscopy [12], scanning electron microscopy [13], scanning superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) microscopy [14]. While scanning tunneling microscopy is capable of resolving a vortex core (∼10 nm) [15] and SQUID microscopy provides sensitivity down to the single electron spin level [16], these local probe techniques are heavy to implement in a cryogenic environment. ...

... Many magnetically anisotropic materials strongly connect their magnetic characteristics [1][2][3]. MFMs operating under harsh conditions are becoming widespread due to their various significance in the magnetic recording industry [4][5][6][7]. Several macroscopic observations of magnetic materials, including resistivity, susceptibility, thermal conductivity, or specific heat, are constructed by placing a sample holder in a magnetic field [8][9][10][11]. Although numerous samples exhibited transitions at both low temperatures in addition to magnetic fields, MFMs under low temperatures and strong magnetic fields are also still rare, which is essential [12,13]. ...

... Superparamagnetism comes into effect when reaching the ultrahigh density magnetic recording with 1 bit down to nanosize. This problem can be fixed possibly by either to increase the effective anisotropy of material or to increase the nanostructure dimensions from nanodots to nanocylinders (nanowires and nanotubes) [8,9]. A lot of research has been devoted to achieve the combined goals of high recording density of bits with enough stability [10e12]. ...

... Superparamagnetism is an issue that is well-understood yet still commands a high level of basic and applied research over 50 years after its initial introduction by Neél[37]. Continued growth of longitudinal storage densities has resulted from the development and characterization of magnetic heterostructures that help control magnetic interactions and correlations on the nanometer scale[39][40][41][42]. As storage densities continue to increase more dramatic changes in the media structure and system are required. ...

... This is a major concern on conventional drives to the extent that the drive must keep track of how many times particular sectors get written so that nearby sectors can be refreshed as necessary. ATI can be a major constraint in head design and data handling and ultimately in the areal densities that can be supported [20]. ...

... (If a ring head is used in conjunction with a SUL, the writing no longer takes place near the gap. Then the writing occurs at the far edge of the write pole of the ring head [50]). The field gradient is controlled by the gap length of the ring head. ...

... They can be present in material systems exhibiting complex interactions, leading to naturally occurring spin spirals or skyrmions [2,3], for instance, or they can be generated in specifically designed * Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed. devices that cause non-collinear magnetization states for technological purposes in operation, such as in the case of the magnetic multilayer stack of a giant magneto resistance read sensor [4][5][6]. Accordingly, it is important to understand the occurrence of non-collinear states as well as their underlying magnetic interactions, also for the purpose of controlling and manipulating such states and associated materials and structures, so that they can be utilized even more efficiently for future applications in spintronics, data storage, and magnetic sensors, for example [4,7,8]. Correspondingly, it is crucially relevant to detect and monitor non-collinear magnetic states accurately, also for the purpose of developing a more sophisticated and precise understanding of their occurrence and underlying physics. ...