A. Deniau's research while affiliated with French National Centre for Scientific Research and other places

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Plain Language Summary The surface a solar system body that does not have an atmosphere can be directly bombarded and processed by the small positively charged particles ejected by the Sun, known as solar wind ions. At the Earth Moon, previous work discovered that 0.1%–1% of the solar wind protons hitting the lunar surface are backscattered in spac...

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... While so far only extensively observed at the Moon, similar ion backscattering processes can be assumed to occur at other atmosphereless bodies in the solar system. Measurements of backscattered protons from the Martian Moon Phobos have been attempted with the Mars Express and MAVEN spacecraft (Deniau et al., 2022;Futaana et al., 2010Futaana et al., , 2021, leading to inconclusive results. Low fluxes of reflected charged particles, electromagnetic fields that affect ion paths, and the Martian hydrogen exosphere as a potential additional source of protons complicate the observation. ...