Ashley K. Randall's research while affiliated with Arizona State University and other places

Publications (154)

Article
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Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals (hereafter people with minoritized sexual orientation and/or gender identities) have limited legal rights and access to resources because of their marginalized status in society. These limitations are associated with notable health disparities and increase experiences of minority stress. For those...
Article
Full-text available
Most people had a perception of COVID-19 as an illness throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, and this inevitably resulted in developing psychological symptoms which in the end yielded to lower levels of well-being. These experiences affected the people who were in a relationship during the pandemic, hence the quality of their relationship was influence...
Article
2019 yılında Çin'de ilk koronavirüs vakasının görülmesinin ardından farklı ülkelerden vaka bildirimleri gelmiş ve bunun üzerine 2020 yılında Dünya Sağlık Örgütü pandemi ilan etmiştir. Bu süreçte sokağa çıkma yasağı, online çalışma, uzaktan eğitim gibi önlemler alınmış ve bu önlemlere ilişkin, kişilerin günlük yaşam alışkanlıkları ve birbirleriyle e...
Article
Coming out (CO) process represents an important milestone for bisexual identity formation and is negatively associated with internalized binegativity (IB). To our knowledge, no studies deepen this association considering the different forms of couples in which bisexual women are involved based on the partner’s gender (same/different gender couple)...
Article
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We-ness refers to a feeling of unity between partners and a mental representation of the relationship as a shared identity. Despite its relevance, research on understanding partners' sense of we-ness is limited in collectivist cultures such as Turkey. A psychometrically sound measure of we-ness is needed to increase research on we-ness. Hence, this...
Article
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The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant psychological distress worldwide. It is important to enhance our understanding of the interpersonal and intrapersonal processes that can be addressed to promote psychological well-being after experiencing an adverse event like a pandemic. Therefore, to understand the direct and indirect associations betw...
Article
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Zusammenfassung: Theoretischer Hintergrund: Trans*, inter* und nichtbinäre Personen erfahren Diskriminierung und weisen im Vergleich zur Gesamtpopulation eine höhere Prävalenz von affektiven und Angststörungen auf. Fragestellung: Diese präregistrierte Studie überprüft basierend auf dem Minderheiten-stressmodell den Zusammenhang zwischen Selbststigm...
Article
The field of relationship science began with understanding the role of attraction and has expanded to examine factors associated with relationship initiation, development, and maintenance. Despite the growth of the field, recent reviews of topics present in relationship science have revealed a dearth of literature examining sociocultural contexts t...
Article
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Lesbian, gay, and bi+ (LGB+) individuals experience health disparities compared to heterosexual individuals. These disparities can be explained by unique chronic stressors LGB+ individuals experience living in a heterosexist society, referred to as sexual minority stress. Given the dyadic nature of stress for individuals in romantic relationships,...
Article
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The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about social changes that have impacted the functioning and dynamics of couples in a romantic relationship, arising from the overwhelming amount of added stress they have endured. Specifically, the divorce rate in Portugal has increased after lockdown, which underscores the adverse consequences of COVID-19 on coupl...
Article
Couples' experiences of daily stress can be detrimental for partners' individual and relational well‐being, specifically their identity as a couple, their relational satisfaction, and their life satisfaction. Grounded in the Systemic Transactional Model, this study aimed at analyzing factors that may safeguard partners and their relationship from d...
Article
Because attachment insecurity is associated with higher reports of social media (SM) use, and SM use has been shown to reduce the quality of interpersonal interactions, it is possible that SM use may mediate the association between attachment insecurity and experiences of internal stress (i.e., stress within a relationship). The present study uses...
Article
The idea for this special issue came from the current Editors of the Journal for Social and Personal Relationships and Personal Relationships, who wanted to forge a collaboration between the International Association for Relationship Research’s two journals. This collaboration came at a time when issues surrounding diversity, equity, and inclusion...
Article
The idea for this special issue came from the current Editors of the Journal for Social and Personal Relationships and Personal Relationships, who wanted to forge a collaboration between the International Association for Relationship Research's two journals. The timing of such collaboration came at a time when issues surrounding diversity, equity,...
Article
This study examined Latina college students' perceptions of sisters' dyadic coping behaviors following stress disclosure, and how dyadic coping behaviors were associated with sibling relationship characteristics and familism values. Sibling relationships are protective when college students experience adversity. The sample included 195 Latina colle...
Article
In a country with collective cultural values like Indonesia, marriage is considered desirable. Despite the perceived importance of marriage, the divorce rate increases due to couple's experiencing stress from both outside and inside the relationship. This creates the urgency of a valid dyadic coping (DC) measurement for research and intervention. C...
Article
Full-text available
Dyadic coping-based gratitude (DC-G) refers to the reaction of appreciation and thankfulness in response to received problem-focused and emotion-focused positive dyadic coping (DC) behaviors by the partner. The actor-partner interdependent mediation model was used to test the mediating role of DC-G between DC and relationship satisfaction in a purp...
Article
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Following the global outbreak of COVID-19 in March 2020, individuals report psychological distress associated with the “new normal”—social distancing, financial hardships, and increased responsibilities while working from home. Given the interpersonal nature of stress and coping responses between romantic partners, based on the systemic transac�tio...
Chapter
LGBTQ+ is an inclusive term used to encompass sexual and gender minority individuals in aspects of their diversity related to sexual and gender expression. Specifically, LGBTQ+ refers to individuals who may identify as lesbian (L), gay (G), bisexual (B), transgender (T), queer (Q), or other sexual and/or gender identities (+). Given that many indiv...
Chapter
Increasing the representation of diverse voices in relationship science requires statistical methodologies that are inclusive of individuals in relationships who identify as a sexual minority (i.e., lesbian, gay, or bisexual) or gender diverse (i.e., transgender, nonbinary, genderqueer, etc.) individuals. Research questions related to the initiatio...
Article
Latinx young adults' experiences of discrimination are associated with high levels of depressive symptoms and examining protective factors that buffer the negative consequences of discrimination is important. In a sample of 195 Latina college students, predominately of Mexican origin, we examined associations between perceived discrimination and de...
Article
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Investigations into the intimate relationships of sexual minorities are proliferating, but often adopt a deficit-oriented and US-centered perspective. In this tri-nation online study with sexual minority participants from Austria, Germany, and Switzerland (N = 571), we (i) assessed the construct validity of the German version of a well-known measur...
Presentation
Previous research has shown that the experience of biphobic prejudice and violence seems to affect positive identity and relationship quality in bisexual people involved in same-sex and mixed-sex relationships. The present study investigates the relationship between Bisexual Positive Identity (BPI), Relationship Quality (RQ), and biphobic violence...
Article
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According to the Italian Health Ministry in 2017, more than 850,000 individuals in Italy have requested mental health services for various symptoms associated with psychological distress. Moreover, stress can affect not only individuals, but also their romantic relationships. To date, there is a lack of empirically validated measures that assess in...
Article
The study of romantic partners’ experiences of stress and coping has exploded with nearly 11,000 empirical studies on this topic within the past two decades alone. Despite its prevalence, researchers, clinicians, and policy makers alike are questioning how inclusive is our current knowledge base on partners’ stress and coping? The purpose of this r...
Preprint
Full-text available
Investigations into the intimate relationships of sexual minorities are proliferating, but often adopt a deficit-oriented and US-centered perspective. In this tri-nation online study with sexual minority participants from Austria, Germany, and Switzerland (N = 571), we (i) assessed the construct validity of the German version of a well-known measur...
Poster
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Objective: Individuals with diverse sexual and gender orientations (i.e., identifying as lesbian, gay, bisexual, asexual, non-binary, transgender, or otherwise as non-heterosexual or non cis-gender) are particularly vulnerable to the adverse psychosocial ramifications of COVID-19-related control measures such as lockdowns, social distancing, and sh...
Article
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The COVID-19 restrictions have impacted people’s lifestyles in all spheres (social, psychological, political, economic, and others). This study explored which factors affected the level of anxiety during the time of the first wave of COVID-19 and subsequent quarantine in a substantial proportion of 23 countries, included in this study. The data was...
Article
Full-text available
The COVID-19 restrictions have impacted people’s lifestyles in all spheres (social, psychological, political, economic, and others). This study explored which factors affected the level of anxiety during the time of the first wave of COVID-19 and subsequent quarantine in a substantial proportion of 23 countries, included in this study. The data was...
Article
Within relationship research, a great deal of attention is given to emphasizing the interpersonal context related to daily stress and its association with relationship well-being. However, apart from the interpersonal context in which stress may occur, one must consider individual, sociocultural, and systemic factors associated with these daily exp...
Article
Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, individuals across the U.S. reported experiencing high levels of stress that negatively impacted their overall mental health and well-being; levels that have undoubtedly increased since this time. Despite the interest in understanding how stress can impact individual and relational wellbeing, there are no validated m...
Article
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The current study assumed that perceived ex-partner rejection is likely to associate with increased symptoms of psychological distress among remarried women who had been previously divorced. Additionally, emotional intelligence may act as moderator between ex-partner rejection and psychological distress, and length of time between divorce and remar...
Article
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Drawing on 12 semi-structured interviews with Black, Latina, and white graduate women who either continued or discontinued their STEM doctoral degrees, the present study examined the psychological impact of navigating marginalizing experiences in white male-dominated STEM environments. Using thematic analysis grounded in a social constructivist par...
Article
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How did couples in Belgium cope during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic? In this study, grounded in relationship science, we investigated in a descriptive manner several factors that could affect how couples perceived individual and relational wellbeing during this time. Specifically, we examined the associations between gender, sexual ori...
Article
To better understand individual differences in the expression of emotion within intimate relationships, we evaluated and compared patterns in facial expressions of joy against patterns in self-reported expressions of emotions in romantic couples. Using conversational data from 44 heterosexual romantic couples discussing four different topics, we ex...
Article
Introduction: Romantic partners’ emotions show a degree of interdependence, a process that is often described as emotional linkage. The current study sought to test the effects of emotional linkage in emotionally reactive individuals (i.e., those who easily become emotionally aroused and find it hard to regulate their emotions) and their partners....
Chapter
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Emotions are not only fundamentally dynamic in nature in the sense of varying across time, but they are also fundamentally social, originating in and shaping our interpersonal processes. Interpersonal emotion dynamics refer to the ways in which emotions and emotional self-regulation are dynamically influenced by interactional partners, given the in...
Article
Full-text available
How did couples in Belgium cope during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic? In this study, grounded in relationship science, we investigated in a descriptive manner several factors that could affect how couples perceived individual and relational wellbeing during this time. Specifically, we examined the associations between gender, sexual ori...
Article
Full-text available
During the COVID-19 pandemic, physical distancing guidelines were implemented to reduce viral spread, altering typical social interactions and reducing the amount of physical contact and affectionate touch many individuals experienced. The pandemic also caused psychological distress, perhaps in part related to reductions in affectionate touch with...
Article
Full-text available
Declared a global pandemic in March 2020, COVID-19 is unequivocally changing individuals' daily lives. Research suggests that for many people, the current pandemic is stressogenic, propelling myriads of disturbing affective experiences resulting in greater symptoms of depression and anxiety. Little is known, however, about how this ecologically gro...
Article
The COVID-19 pandemic has fundamentally altered life for individuals worldwide. Specifically, at the time of data collection (late April 2020), most forms of face-to-face interactions were limited and, in some cases, prohibited, as close contact with others increases the rate of transmitting the virus. As social beings, engaging in social distancin...
Article
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The importance of interdependence processes of patients’ and therapists’ affect experiences (AEs) over the course of treatment has been highlighted by numerous therapeutic orientations. Yet, most studies have focused on snapshot observations and there is a dearth of knowledge regarding session-to-session patient-therapist AE interdependence, throug...
Article
Full-text available
Following the global outbreak of COVID-19 in March 2020, individuals report psychological distress associated with the “new normal”—social distancing, financial hardships, and increased responsibilities while working from home. Given the interpersonal nature of stress and coping responses between romantic partners, based on the systemic transaction...
Article
Full-text available
Transgender and gender nonbinary (TGNB) individuals often report higher levels of depression compared to cisgender individuals. Higher levels of depression in TGNB populations may be partially attributed to a lack of family support, which may be particularly salient for younger individuals. However, two possible protective factors that may mitigate...
Article
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The COVID-19 pandemic has spread throughout the world, and concerns about psychological, social, and economic consequences are growing rapidly. Individuals’ empathy-based reactions towards others may be an important resilience factor in the face of COVID-19. Self-report data from 15,375 participants across 23 countries were collected from May to Au...
Article
Research outside of India suggests that romantic partners can help one another cope with these stressors by engaging in dyadic coping; however, to date, there lacks an empirically validated self-report measure to assess perceptions of one’s own and their partner’s behaviors in the Indian cultural context. While the Dyadic Coping Inventory has been...
Article
For those who are in a same-gender relationship, there is likely a negative association between experiences of minority stress and willingness to engage in public displays of affection (PDA). One’s willingness to engage in PDA when experiencing sexual minority stress may, however, depend on perceived relationship commitment with one’s partner; wher...
Article
Background and objectives Perceptions of partners’ dyadic coping (DC) behaviors are associated with lower stress and higher relationship well-being. Albeit well-documented, these associations have predominately relied on cross-sectional data, overlooking temporal associations during conversations of mutual stress. Based on the systemic transactiona...
Article
Full-text available
Prior and ongoing COVID-19 pandemic restrictions have resulted in substantial changes to everyday life. The pandemic and measures of its control affect mental health negatively. Self-reported data from 15,375 participants from 23 countries were collected from May to August 2020 during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. Two questionnaires me...
Article
Full-text available
Prior and ongoing COVID-19 pandemic restrictions have resulted in substantial changes to everyday life. The pandemic and measures of its control affect mental health negatively. Self-reported data from 15,375 participants from 23 countries were collected from May to August 2020 during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. Two questionnaires me...
Article
Full-text available
Prior and ongoing COVID-19 pandemic restrictions have resulted in substantial changes to everyday life. The pandemic and measures of its control affect mental health negatively. Self-reported data from 15,375 participants from 23 countries were collected from May to August 2020 during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. Two questionnaires me...
Article
Full-text available
Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) posits that contextual supports and barriers can either promote or inhibit academic and career progress. However, little is known about how challenges outside of the academic setting impact academic persistence of women of color (WOC) in advanced STEM degrees. This study aims to understand the personal challeng...
Article
Despite the population of transgender individuals in the United States doubling from 2011 to 2016, this population is one of the most understudied in counseling and related disciplines. Of the available research, the associations between gender congruence, defined as an individual’s body matching their gender identity, and well-being have been exam...
Article
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COVID-19 has had far-reaching effects on people's lives, with evidence of a disproportionate impact on marginalized groups. Given existing health disparities and research on minority stress, COVID-19 may have uniquely impacted psychological well-being among sexual minorities. In an online survey of adults in the U.S. (N = 1,007) conducted in April...
Conference Paper
Abstract Women pursuing graduate studies in STEM fields often face challenges, such as implicit and explicit messages (e.g., microaggressions, stereotyping) that communicate their lack of belonging in STEM, the delegitimization of their skills and expertise, and instances where both their voice and physical presence are ignored. These gendered, an...
Article
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For married individuals living in Pakistan, stress within their relationship has emerged as a major source of marital conflicts and even relationship dissolution. However, research based on the systemic transactional model of dyadic coping (DC) suggests partners' use of coping strategies may help in buffering these devastating effects of stress. Th...
Article
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Across the world, millions of couples get married each year. One of the strongest predictors of whether partners will remain in their relationship is their reported satisfaction. Marital satisfaction is commonly found to be a key predictor of both individual and relational well-being. Despite its importance in predicting relationship longevity, the...
Article
The present study used an ecologically-valid approach to address the lack of understanding of similarities and differences in social network size and social interaction quality, and links to affect, among same- and different-gender couples. People in couples who self-identified as a woman with a woman ( n = 48), man with a man ( n = 40), woman with...
Article
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Background Couples and families often seek therapy to deal with relational distress, which is a result of external or internal factors of the relationship. Two approaches are acknowledged to be most effective in dealing with relationship distress or psychological disorders in couples: (a) cognitive behavioral couple therapy with new directions (CBC...
Article
Full-text available
Stress is an important factor in most models of individual psychopathology (see diathesis–stress model). However, the role of stress in close relationships is often neglected in understanding psychopathology and often considered as interpersonal tensions that originate inside the relationship. Research on stress as a dyadic construct highlights the...
Article
Stress is an important factor in most models of individual psychopathology (see diathesis–stress model). However, the role of stress in close relationships is often neglected in understanding psychopathology and often considered as interpersonal tensions that originate inside the relationship. Research on stress as a dyadic construct highlights the...
Article
Perceptions of couple interdependence - partners’ mutual identity - are a key construct in relationship research and couple and family therapy. There is a need for a self-report measure that includes cognitive, emotional, and behavioral facets associated with perceptions of partner’s interdependence or we-ness, given its utility. The present study...
Chapter
Interdependence, Interaction, and Close Relationships - edited by Laura V. Machia June 2020
Article
The objectives of this study were to investigate actor and partner effects of the association between marital discord and depressive symptoms in a sample of 4,779 couples from 11 European countries that were divided into three groups (i.e., Northern, Central, Southern Europe), and evaluate the potential gender and cross-cultural invariance of this...
Article
Cambridge Core - Social Psychology - Interdependence, Interaction, and Close Relationships - edited by Laura V. Machia
Article
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Using daily diary data from 81 same-sex couples, we examined the link between stress experienced outside the relationship (external) and within the relationship (internal) for individuals (stress spillover) and their partners (stress crossover). Extending prior literature, we examined spillover and crossover of both common external (e.g., work stre...
Article
Full-text available
Although there is a well-established positive association between romantic relationship discord and depressive symptoms, there have been few studies assessing this association with sexual minority individuals, who are at increased risk for depression and whose relationships may be subjected to unique challenges (and strengths) given their sexual mi...
Conference Paper
Partners that deal with transition to divorce can have difficulties with stress management as: child support, absence of intimacy, jealousy or financial troubles. Bodenmann’s stress-divorce model (1995, 2005), help to understand how these difficulties in everyday life can affect the couple satisfaction and, subsequentially, how they lead the couple...
Article
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This study investigates the potential for cancer patients’ supporters to experience cognitive biases after communicating emotional support messages. A success bias was predicted, such that those who planned their messages would rate those messages as more effective in comparison with those who did not plan their messages (H1a-H1c). An inflation bia...
Article
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In Iran, dual-career couples face many stressors due to their demands of balancing work and family. Moreover, the experience of this stress can negatively affect partners’ martial quality. Recent studies have shown the positive impact of dyadic coping on well-being; however, a majority of this research has been conducted with Western cultures. As s...
Preprint
BACKGROUND Studies designed to examine associations between communication with a romantic partner and well-being suggest that the open sharing of thoughts and feelings is generally adaptive whereas avoidance is maladaptive, but these investigations have by in large employed cross-sectional designs and utilized global measures of communication. OBJ...
Article
Full-text available
Background: Interpersonal communication is critical for a healthy romantic relationship. Emotional disclosure, coupled with perceived partner responsiveness, fosters closeness and adjustment (better mood and relationship satisfaction). On the contrary, holding back from disclosure is associated with increased distress and decreased relationship sa...
Article
Full-text available
Stress in romantic relationships is an all-too-common phenomenon that has detrimental effects on relationship well-being. Specifically, stress can lead to negative interactions between partners and ultimately decrease relationship functioning. The systemic-transactional model of dyadic coping posits that by effectively communicating stress and copi...
Article
Full-text available
Intercultural couples - partners from two different countries - may face increased levels of stress within their relationship (internal stress). Although internal stress is negatively associated with relationship satisfaction, communication of such stress can help foster partners’ coping behaviors. Specifically, partners can engage in positive dyad...
Article
Full-text available
Cambridge Core - Social Psychology - Interpersonal Emotion Dynamics in Close Relationships - edited by Ashley K. Randall
Article
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Full text available on: https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/5HthcjWm3HxDiQC6CUjJ/full The efficacy of couple interventions is well established; however, the mechanisms behind their efficacy in reducing relationship distress are less clear. This study examined the three-phase method, a therapeutic interaction exercise designed to strengthen couple...
Article
Objective We examined whether high levels of internalized homophobia and low levels of openness about one's sexual identity (“outness”) were enduring vulnerabilities for same‐sex couples' relationship functioning. Background The vulnerability–stress–adaptation (VSA) model describes how stress can impact relationship functioning. This model has pre...

Citations

... Along the way, we clarify where examples can be found in the empirical papers collected within this special issue. The focus of these studies include: (a) supportive conversations that unfold face-to-face or via text chat (Rains et al., 2023); (b) conflict interactions of older adult dating couples (Blickman et al., 2023); (c) emotion regulation interactions between parents and adolescents (Theiss et al., 2023); (d) experimental manipulations of peer-to-peer esteem support (Holmstrom et al., 2023); and (e) conversations between female graduate students in STEM fields and their academic mentors (Gandhi et al., 2023). To conclude, we discuss directions for further theoretical and methodological advances using a dynamic dyadic systems perspective. ...
... The DCI-SMS was validated with a sample of LGB+ men and women in same-and different-gender relationships living in the United States (Totenhagen et al., 2023). This prior study was inclusive of a wide range of relationship types experienced by LGB + people, including the different-gender romantic relationships of bisexual people, which are often ignored in research on the relational lives of LGB+ people (Hammack et al., 2019). ...
... Not only were our participants mostly women, but they were also mostly heterosexual. These results may be different via a more diverse sample (Curran & Randall, 2023;Reyes, 2023;Williamson et al., 2022). We also wanted to note that our data were collected when the health risks of the COVID-19 pandemic were still salient (i.e., 2021), and this may have influenced the research findings (Bevan et al., 2023;Bowling et al., 2022;Herbenick et al., 2022). ...
... Although dyadic coping has been widely examined across cultures (e.g., Falconier et al., 2016;Hilpert et al., 2016), its application to the study of SMS is less developed (for notable exceptions, see Randall et al., 2024). Researchers and clinicians interested in such topics are encouraged to examine how multiple identities may intersect to create individual's lived experiences; here with a focus on cultural norms and values (for a discussion, see Randall & Curran, 2023;Roberts et al., 2020). The DCI-SMS can provide rich information for those interested in conducting research on stress and coping behaviors within romantic relationships and for those interested in administering relationship education programs specific to addressing sexual minority stressors. ...
... Clearly, Mexican-origin siblings can serve extraordinary supportive roles in adolescent development, but how do they help adolescents navigate adversity? A recent study by Killoren et al. (2022) examined dyadic coping behaviors in Latina emerging adults following conversations about stressful live events. Latinas who endorsed greater familism values or perceived greater intimacy with their sister also reported greater instances of supportive, delegated, and common dyadic coping, all of which represent healthy coping strategies (Killoren et al., 2022). ...
... A recent set of studies defined DC-G as a reaction of appreciation and thankfulness in response to problem-focused and/or emotion-focused positive DC behaviors by the partner (Shujja et al., 2022a), and this gratitude mediated between DC and relationship satisfaction in Pakistani couples (Shujja et al., 2022b). ...
... While there have been reports on people's increased loneliness and troubles with intimate partners due to a reduction in opportunities to go out as a result of the pandemic, Galdiolo et al. (2022) investigated couples' satisfaction during the COVID-19 lockdowns and found that partners perceived the influence of these lockdowns on couples and family functioning to be increasingly positive over time. Randall et al. (2022) also suggest the possibility that perceived partner positive dyadic coping buffers the negative association between post-COVID-19 psychological distress and relationship quality. In addition, Zacher and Rudolph (2021) found from multiple surveys that not only life satisfaction and positive affect but also negative affect declined after March 2020, and they cited a decrease in affective experiences themselves as a possible explanation. ...
... LGBTQ+ parents; instead, openly expressing affection -thereby affirming their relationship publicly -could be viewed as a positive aspect of their LGBTQ+ identity. In line with our findings, research indicates that positive LGBTQ+ identity aspects are more predictive of positive markers of well-being (such as life satisfaction) than negative (such as depressive symptoms; Riggle et al., 2014), and positive identity aspects related to LGBTQ+ relationships specifically have indeed been linked to individual (Rostosky et al., 2018) as well as relational well-being (Siegel, Randall, et al., 2022). LGBTQ+ parents might thus perceive publicly embracing their relationship as an act of pride and resistance to heteronormative relationship models, possibly also fostering alliance and commitment between partners (Topcu-Uzer et al., 2021). ...
... Also, within the stress and coping literature, there is a need for more diversity and intersectionality. Hence, future samples should represent a variety of ages, gender identities, sexual orientations, social, ethnic and religious backgrounds, as well as different socioeconomic statuses (Randall et al., 2023). ...
... Social isolation, loneliness, general anxiety associated with health threats, and fear for themselves and their loved ones are some of the factors linked with worse physical and mental conditions. The psychological impact was worse on vulnerable groups like the elderly, children, immunocompromised individuals, and frontline workers [4]. Psychosocial co-morbidity is a shared public health burden among different countries and communities. ...