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Attitudes and Opinions
... The current study used social representation theory (Moscovici, 1984; to examine individual representations of prisons. Moscovici (1963) defined social representation as the detail "of a social object by the community for the purpose of behaving and communicating" (p. 251). ...
... Bu çalışmada, insanların hapishanelere ilişkin temsillerini açığa çıkartabilmek için Sosyal Temsiller Kuramı temel alınmıştır. Moscovici (1963) sosyal temsilleri, "davranışta bulunma ve iletişim kurma amacıyla belirli bir topluluk tarafından sosyal bir nesnenin detaylı olarak incelenmesi" şeklinde tarif etmektedir (s. 251). ...
... The concept of social representation (SR) was introduced in social psychology by Moskovici in 1961 in a study of the social perception about psychoanalysis and consists of a framework of concepts, ideas, opinions, beliefs, or feelings shared by individuals in a given group, regarding a social object [1,2]. Moskovici claimed that the theory of social representations "hopes to elucidate the links which unite human psychology with contemporary social and cultural questions" [3]. ...
... In this case, we interpret each individual answer as giving all the possible pairwise comparisons between all the pairs taken from those five words, which is just a small subset of the complete set of words (or categories) evoked by the set of all the members of the social group. 2 In order to deal with the incompleteness of individual pairwise comparisons, and to obtain a single graph of pairwise comparisons that represents the whole social group, we will aggregate all the individual pairwise comparisons. The resulting graph generally will not be a complete graph but will be much less sparse than the corresponding individual graphs of pairwise comparisons. ...
Social representation theory is a branch of social psychology that aims to identify the framework of concepts, ideas, opinions, beliefs, or feelings shared by the individuals within a social group, regarding a social object. Two main problems arise in this theory. The first concerns the identification of the content of the representation, which is the set of cognitive elements shared by the group; the second concerns its structure, which is the way these elements are organized and related among themselves. It is desirable that the methods to address these problems be simple, in regards to the feasibility of the data collection, and reliable, in the sense that they should provide a clear picture of the content and the structure of the representation. No single method proposed in the literature until now fully satisfies these features at the same time. Here we propose the use of HodgeRank, a global ranking method based on the Hodge combinatorial theory, as a new tool to explore the structure of a social representation. In this proposal, the input data is the same as those required for the hierarchical word associations, which is the main method in the field of social representations. However, the HodgeRank provides richer results when compared to the usual approach to analysing this kind of data, based on the Vergés' double-entry table. The main outcome of the HodgeRank is a graph, analogous to an electric circuit, from which some structural elements of the representation can already be identified. Moreover, the HodgeRank technique identifies the sources of inconsistencies between the global ranking and the aggregated answers within the social group. We interpret such inconsistencies in terms of the stability of the representation and use them to raise conjectures about the potential dynamics of the representation. We illustrate the application of this method in the study of a social representation of COVID-19 within a group of students and also within a group of faculty members from higher education institutions in Brazil.
... En los ámbito públicos y privados, constituyéndose en generador de cambios y generador de permanencia del orden social dominante. (Castoriadis, 1984) La representación social fue presentada (Moscovici, 1963). Por el alcance analítico del significado de las representaciones sociales, son varios autores que plantean definiciones al respecto, que en cierto modo amplían la visión del concepto. ...
... sentido común, por oposición al conocimiento científico que interesa a las ciencias sociales. El mismo que se construye a partir de las experiencias, de las informaciones, En general las representaciones sociales al ser elaboraciones colectivas de un objeto social por un grupo, con el propósito de guiar su comportamiento y permitir la comunicación.(Moscovici, 1963), vienen a constituirse en un fenómeno presente en todas las sociedades que evidencian las formas en que la conciencia colectiva se ha ido adaptando a las nuevas formas de legitimación en las sociedades modernas. "la diferenciación y heterogenización de los grupos sociales que están en condiciones de legitimar los conocimientos dieron lu ...
El presente artículo está orientado a sistematizar un marco teórico de la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales propuesta por Moscovici en 1979, como sustento teórico y metodológico para el estudio de la violencia de género en las relaciones de noviazgo en el ámbito universitario. El objetivo de la investigación es el análisis de las representaciones sociales de la violencia de género en las relaciones de noviazgo que enfrentan los estudiantes universitarios, desde el abordaje de la disciplina del Trabajo Social, a partir de la configuración narrativa discursiva en el ámbito de la UMSS. El desarrollo metodológico cualitativo de esta investigación se basa fundamentalmente en el análisisdel planteamiento de la teoría de las representaciones sociales de Moscovici. La misma que hace referencia a los antecedentes teóricos de las representaciones sociales, en la que se encuentra el aporte de la sociología clásica con Emilio Durkheim con el planteamiento de la representación colectiva; una aproximación al concepto de las representaciones sociales desde la perspectiva de Moscovici y otros autores, que hacen referencia a los factores que originan una representación social, la estructura de las representaciones sociales y la objetivación y el anclaje, dos procesos, a través de los cuales se forman las representaciones sociales, a partir de la definición de los grupos sociales al tiempo que guían su acción, elementos teóricos significativos para el estudio de la violencia de género en las relaciones de noviazgo.
... The present work aims to contribute to strengthening the literature with an empirical study of online news of femicide, examining text and visuals and using a large corpus of 2,527 articles from three relevant news outlets in Mexico, from July 2014 to December 2017. The main objective is to examine the elements that serve to construct the social representations (Moscovici, 1963) of femicide victims and perpetrators. This paper attempts to respond to the questions: (1) Which are the elements used to construct the social representation of the femicide victims? ...
... Social representations are systems of shared ideas, values, and emotions that are expressed through communication and material practices (Wagner et al., 1999). A representation provides a code for social exchange by classifying people and objects (Moscovici, 1963), creating the illusion of precision in defining and evaluating people, but this process is closely connected with the process of stereotyping (Pickering, 2001). When these categorizations are disseminated by the media it contributes to naturalizing certain ideas and transforming them into what is perceived as common sense (Höijer, 2011). ...
Research on femicide news revealed discriminatory narratives against the victims in specific cases and social contexts. This article uses a quantitative approach to analyze the news content that serves to create social representations of victims and perpetrators. We propose a methodology based on examining independent elements in the descriptions, identifying extratextual patterns, and providing the data to compare the social representations of intimate partner violence (IPV), familiar, and non-IPV femicides. Three online news outlets were analyzed from July 2014 to December 2017, creating a corpus of 2,527 articles. The results revealed that it is more common to create negative representations of victims than negative representations of the perpetrators.
... Social Representation Theory (Moscovici, 1963) suggests that social representations are elaborations created by a community around a social object; these elaborations, driven by social, historical, and cultural forces, influence group communication and behaviour regarding these social objects. In the case of influencer marketing, social representations surrounding the influencer would impact how followers communicate with, and about, the influencer, and would impact followers' engagement behaviour. ...
... Can Social Representation Theory (Moscovici, 1963) be used to explain if social representations are easier to create and/ or manage based on the number of followers an influencer has? Or based on the social media platform used? ...
The interdisciplinary nature and rapidly expanding literature stream devoted to influencer marketing makes it difficult to stay abreast of the current research while simultaneously moving the field of knowledge forward. The goal of this article, then, is to take a look back, reviewing the disparate literature, in order to look ahead, guiding future research towards fruitful underexplored avenues of discovery. Using a framework-based scoping review, a retrospective examination of 150 articles is provided with emphasis on identifying publication trends, theories, contexts, constructs/concepts, and methodological approaches. These findings allow for a thorough discussion of gaps in extant knowledge, emerging themes and trends, and directions for future research. As such, this review provides a sound theoretical and practical basis for continued development within the field.
... In the current study, we draw on the social representation theory (SRT) (Moscovici, 1963;Wagner et al., 1999) and conceptualize the networks of COVID-19 discourse topics as a form of social representations generated in public discourses on social media. Furthermore, we examine how such representations evolve over time and explore how the representations from three different types of actors (the general public, opinion leaders, and organizations) either align with or diverge from each other. ...
... Social media has afforded discussion of COVID-19 in real-time, making it one of the 6 Running Head: Social Representations of the COVID-19 Pandemic Beyond the conceptualization of public discourses as social representations, SRT offers additional insights into examining such discourses during crises. Moscovici (1963) argued that two phenomena, dispersion, and focalization, often precondition the emergence of social representations in unprecedented situations. First, when a crisis happens, diverse discourse topics from different groups may emerge and resolve over time, interacting to form new meanings and an alternate focus on the crisis (i.e., "dispersion"). ...
Documenting the emergent social representations of COVID-19 in public communication is necessary for critically reflecting on pandemic responses and providing guidance for global pandemic recovery policies and practices. This study documents the dynamics of changing social representations of the COVID-19 pandemic on one of the largest Chinese social media, Weibo, from December 2019 to April 2020. We draw on the social representation theory (SRT) and conceptualize topics and topic networks as a form of social representation. We analyzed a dataset of 40 million COVID-19 related posts from 9.7 million users (including the general public, opinion leaders, and organizations) using machine learning methods. We identified 12 topics and found an expansion in social representations of COVID-19 from a clinical and epidemiological perspective to a broader perspective that integrated personal illness experiences with economic and sociopolitical discourses. Discussions about COVID-19 science did not take a prominent position in the representations, suggesting a lack of effective science and risk communication. Further, we found the strongest association of social representations existed between the public and opinion leaders and the organizations’ representations did not align much with the other two groups, suggesting a lack of organizations’ influence in public representations of COVID-19 on social media in China.
... In the current study, we draw on social representation theory (SRT) (Moscovici, 1963;Wagner et al., 1999) and conceptualize the networks of COVID-19 discourse topics as a form of social representations generated in public discourses on social media. Furthermore, we examine how such representations evolve over time and explore how the representations from three different types of actors (the general public, opinion leaders, and organizations) either align with or diverge from each other. ...
... Beyond the conceptualization of public discourses as social representations, SRT offers additional insights into examining such discourses during crises. Moscovici (1963) argued that two phenomena, dispersion and focalization, often precondition the emergence of social representations in unprecedented situations. First, when a crisis happens, diverse discourse topics from different groups may emerge and resolve over time, interacting to form new meanings and an alternate focus on the crisis (i.e., "dispersion"). ...
Documenting the emergent social representations of COVID-19 in public communication is necessary for critically reflecting on pandemic responses and providing guidance for global pandemic recovery policies and practices. This study documents the dynamics of changing social representations of the COVID-19 pandemic on one of the largest Chinese social media, Weibo, from 2019 to 2020. We draw on the social representation theory (SRT) and conceptualize topics and topic networks as a form of social representations. We analyzed a dataset of 40 million COVID-19 related posts from 9.7 million users (including the public, opinion leaders, and organizations) using machine learning methods. We identified 12 topics and found an expansion in social representations of COVID-19 from a clinical and epidemiological perspective to a broader perspective that integrated personal illness experiences with economic and sociopolitical discourses. Discussions about COVID-19 science did not take a prominent position in the representations, suggesting a lack of effective science and risk communication. Further, we found the strongest association of social representations existed between the public and opinion leaders and the organizations’ representations did not align much with the other two groups, suggesting a lack of organizations’ influence in public representations of COVID-19 on social media in China.
... The theoretical background of social representations provides a framework for understanding how new concepts become common knowledge. Defined as a collective elaboration "of a social object by the community for the purpose of behaving and communicating" [29], social representations consist of a system of values, ideas, and practices that enable individuals to orient themselves in their material and social world as well as to master it and provide a code for social exchange [30]. Therefore, social representations provide people with a common frame of communication that is built in everyday interactions. ...
Background
In the last 2 decades, new technologies have emerged in health care. The COVID-19 pandemic further accelerated the adoption of technology by both health care professionals and patients. These technologies create remote care practices that bring several benefits to the health care system: easier access to care, improved communication with physicians, and greater continuity of care. However, disparities in the acceptance and use of telehealth tools still exist among patients. These tools also disrupt conventional medical practices and prompt a new reassessment of the perceptions of distance and proximity as physical (ie, time and space dimensions) and nonphysical (ie, behavioral dimensions) concepts. The reasons why patients do or do not adopt telehealth tools for their care and therefore their perspectives on telehealth remain unanswered questions.
Objective
We explored the barriers as well as the motivations for patients to adopt telehealth tools. We specifically focused on the social representations of telehealth to establish a comprehensive conceptual framework to get a better understanding of how telehealth is perceived by patients.
Methods
This study uses a qualitative design through in-depth individual interviews. Participants were recruited using a convenience sampling method with balanced consideration of gender, age, location (urban/rural), and socioeconomic background. After collecting informed consent, interviews were transcribed and analyzed using the thematic analysis methodology.
Results
We conducted 14 interviews, with which data saturation was reached. The 2 main opposed dimensions, perceived proximity and distance, emerged as an essential structure for understanding the social representations of telehealth. A logic of engagement versus hostility emerged as the main tension in adopting telehealth, almost ideological. Interestingly, practical issues emerged regarding the adoption of telehealth: A logic of integration was opposed to a logic of constraints. Altogether, those dimensions enabled us to conceptualize a semiotic square, providing 4 categories with a coherent body of social representations. Due to the dynamic nature of these representations, we proposed 2 “paths” through which adherence to telehealth may improve.
Conclusions
Our semiotic square illustrating patients’ adherence to telehealth differentiates socially beneficial versus socially dangerous considerations and pragmatic from ideological postures. It shows how crucial it is to consider perceived distance and proximity to better understand barriers and motivations to adopting telehealth. These representations can also be considered as leverage that could be modified to encourage the step-by-step adhesion process. Even if reducing the perceived temporal distance to in-person meeting and enhancing the perceived proximity of access to care may be seen as efficient ways to adopt telehealth tools, telehealth can also be perceived as a care practice that threatens the patient-physician relationship. The patient-oriented perceived value turns out to be critical in the future development of and adherence to telehealth tools.
... Social representations (SRs) can be defined as "systems of knowledge, or forms of common sense, that human subjects draw upon in order to make sense of the world around them and to act towards it in meaningful ways" [60], p. 1. The SR construct differs substantially from other individually centered psycho-social constructs, such as, for example, that of "attitudes", because theories of attitudes explain collective actions in terms of the sum of decisions made at the individual level (i.e., the focus is on the individual cognitive processes, personal perceptions, and evaluations; [61][62][63]), while the SRT [64,65] explains how social behavior emerges from collectively constructed knowledge, representations, and practices. For this reason, while attitude studies basically aim at detecting group differences in attitudes which may influence individual behavioral decisions, SRT studies consider both differences and similarities in shared beliefs, as a matrix able to explain stability and change in group relationships [63,66]. ...
This paper analyzes the social representation (SR) of sustainable mobility as it emerges from social media networks. The role of social media (SM) as contexts of creation, negotiation, and diffusion of a mobility culture worldwide is discussed, together with the results of an empirical investigation that explored the contents and structure of the discourse on “sustainable mobility” as it emerges from the posts published (in English) on two highly used social media (Facebook and TikTok) platforms during the years 2022 and 2023. First of all, the results confirm the relevance of social media as an indicator of ongoing trends in the evolution of mobility culture and the usefulness of S. Moscovici’s theory of social representations as a theoretical framework for analyzing such trends. In particular, several new trends in the SRs of sustainable mobility were identified. These include, for example, the decline in skeptical views and the rise of more optimistic ones, regarding the feasibility of changing people’s mobility styles worldwide. Such views appear to be fostered by the positive perception of new technological innovations (electric vehicles), as well as by their endorsement by both the business sector and governmental institutions. Practical implications and theoretical indications for future research are also outlined.
... When word embeddings are trained on large-scale corpora of text written by millions of individuals, they begin to capture collective concepts (see also collective representations; Durkheim, 1915;Moscovici, 1963). Collective concepts reflect consensus, widely shared views in a community (Momennejad, 2022). ...
In principle, the fundamental concepts PERSON, WOMAN, and MAN should apply equally to people of different genders and races/ethnicities. In reality, these concepts might prioritize certain groups over others. Based on interdisciplinary theories of androcentrism, we hypothesized that (a) PERSON is more associated with men than women (PERSON=MAN) and (b) WOMAN is more associated with women than MAN is with men (i.e., women are more gendered: GENDER=WOMAN). We applied natural language processing tools (specifically, word embeddings) to the linguistic output of millions of individuals (specifically, the Common Crawl corpus). We found the hypothesized PERSON=MAN / GENDER=WOMAN bias. This bias was stronger about Hispanic and White (vs. Asian) women and men. We also uncovered parallel biases favoring White individuals in the concepts PERSON, WOMAN, and MAN. Western society prioritizes men and White individuals as people and “others” women as people with gender, with implications for equity across policy- and decision-making contexts.
... A thread running throughout is that the ocean forms a component of marine citizens' identity. We found that our findings map to identity process theory, which has developed as a significant social psychological theory bringing together values, social representations, and a role for place supporting the self-concept (Breakwell, 1993;Moscovici, 1963;Tajfel, 1974;Twigger-Ross and Uzzell, 1996). Fig. 5 illustrates this mapping to the core identity process components of distinctiveness, continuity, self-esteem and self-efficacy. ...
Changing humanity's relationship with the ocean is identified as one of ten key challenges in the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021–2030). Marine citizenship is one potential policy approach for reducing anthropogenic harms to the ocean and promoting ocean recovery, and there is a need to better understand marine citizenship motivating factors and their interactions. To contribute to a more holistic understanding, we approached this problem using an interdisciplinary, mixed methodology, which prioritised the voices and experiences of active marine citizens. An online survey and semi-structured interviews were conducted to examine factors spanning environmental psychology (values, environmental identity) and human geography (place attachment and dependency). Our data uncovered a unique marine place attachment, or thalassophilia, which is a novel conceptualisation of the human capacity to bond with a type of place beyond human settlements or defined localities. It is the product of strong emotional responses to the sensorial experience of the ocean and shared social or cultural understanding of ocean place identifications. A key driver of deeper marine citizenship is marine place dependency, and it is positively influence by stimulation and non-conformity values, environmental identity, and thalassophilia. We map significant motivating factors to identity process theory and describe a novel marine identity concept. We propose this as an operational mechanism of marine citizenship action, potentially filling the value- and knowledge-action gaps in the context of marine environmental action. This research provides a cornerstone in marine citizenship research by analysing together in one study a multitude of variables, which cross human-ocean relationships and experiences. The identification and characterisation of thalassophilia and marine identity process theory will enable research and practice to move forwards with a clearer framework of the role of the ocean as a place in environmental action.
... Si queremos influir en la conducta ajena, una manera de hacerlo es influir en el estado de ánimo de las personas y plantea para la actitud tres componentes: el cognitivo; el afectivo y el conductual. Para Moscovici (1963) actitud es la organización psicológica de orientación positiva o negativa frente a un objeto. Su carácter definitorio es el de la estructuración evolutiva de un conjunto de respuestas. ...
En este artículo se presentan los primeros resultados de un estudio longitudinal y comparativo de relevamientos realizados entre los años 2012 y 2017 sobre 1829 casos de docentes universitarios de instituciones públicas y privadas de Argentina y América Latina con relación a las competencias docentes de Educación Superior para implementar tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) y tecnologías del aprendizaje y el conocimiento (TAC) en sus aulas. Se trata de analizar la preparación y la actitud del docente para el uso académico de estas tecnologías y comprender el estado del proceso de innovación en un escenario educativo en transformación. Se consideran las variables “preparación” y “actitud”, como estructurantes del constructo “competencia” vinculadas al uso pedagógico de las TIC y al perfil innovador del docente universitario que es necesario caracterizar.
... The theory of social representations is often regarded as one of the most appropriate tools to investigate public understanding of science. Social representations were defined by Moscovici (1963) as the elaboration of a social object by the community for the purpose of behaving and communicating. Media influence on the generation of representations in society is on the heart of the theory of social representations since it was first conceived by Moscovici. ...
The Kigali Amendment introduced a new family of chemical compounds, which do not contribute to stratospheric ozone depletion but present a high global warming potential, under the watch of the Montreal Protocol in 2016. Earlier this year, a press note from the World Meteorological Organization entitled “Ozone layer recovery is on track, helping avoid global warming by 0.5°C” caught our attention because of the wrong conclusions that can be potentially drawn by laypersons due to an apparent linkage of ozone depletion and global warming problems. Public communication of the Montreal Protocol since the Kigali Amendment should be more careful than ever to avoid lessening the social perception of the threat of climate change, particularly considering that society already has a distorted representation of these problems, assuming causal relations between ozone depletion and climate change, that could lead to unfounded optimism towards the climate crisis.
... As the covid-19 pandemic spreads and religious organizations are constrained to adopt behavioural changes including the restriction on the mode of worship and number of people to congregate, the Social Representation theory becomes a variable tool to explain the role of religious communities and their perception of government policies and actions on how to contain the spread. Moscovici (1963), defined social representation as a multifaceted concept focusing on systems of values, ideas, images and practices. It concerns our everyday thinking that give coherence to our beliefs, ideas and connections we create "as easily as we breath" (Moscovici, 1998, p. 214). ...
Educational management and covid 19 pandemic in Nigeria. The virtual learning that schools embarked upon as a result of the covid -19 lockdown has adverse effects on students with various levels of vulnerability. Unequal access to the programme worsened the inequalities in our education system. Such are veritable issues for education management.
... Representations involve the incorporation of perceptions into mental models of how things are or should be and can shape debates about, for example, the use and management of a landscape (Buijs et al. 2011). Social representation theory relates to representations that are collectively held by a group of people, and highlights how, accordingly, different groups respond differently to information (Moscovici 1963;Buijs et al. 2012). In the current research, social representation theory provides a means of organizing and describing the different representations of peatlands among local communities in Riau province on the Figure 1. ...
Accounting for the myriad of ways that local communities relate to peatlands is increasingly recognized as a factor for long‐term restoration success. One way of doing so is through understanding how peatlands are represented by local communities using a social representation framework comprising perceived peatland benefits and functions, beliefs about their characteristics, perceived human‐peatland relationships, and appropriate management pathways. In turn, these representations influence individual interpretation of peatland restoration outcomes and, to a lesser degree, engagement with revegetation activities. We conducted 55 semi‐structured interviews with three communities living in and around peatlands in Bengkalis, Riau, Indonesia. We show that, among those interviewed, peatlands had various and divergent representations. Each representation reflected its own social‐ecological relationship with, and valuation of, peatlands, and individual and shared experiences. For example, peatlands were primarily valued for their production purposes, but were also represented as degraded lands and areas important for climate change mitigation. The different representations were not mutually exclusive; on occasion, the same interviewee expressed several different representations. Moreover, some representations were shared among geographically dispersed participants, reflecting common experiences of peatland management. Overall, the results reaffirm the need to account for local representations of the environment in the management of tropical peatland, and notably in the setting of restoration goals. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... Social representations can be viewed as localised systems of meaning (Jovchelovitch, 2007) which embody world-making processes (Moscovici, 1988) and are constructed as an integral part of the efforts of social group to create and define their common understanding of their social world. Moscovici (1963) defines the social representation as the collective processing of a social object which is action-and communication-oriented (Wagner et al., 1999). In addition, it is this process that creates a system of values, ideas and practices (Moscovici, 1973) which collectively provide a common ground for social interactions and mutual shaping of the social reality among group members. ...
This thesis examines the effects of media stereotypic framing of social protests on audiences. The aim of this dissertation is to explore how public protests and media protest coverage are discussed by young Greek audience and to examine a proposed mechanism through which stereotypical protest coverage framing, known as protest paradigm, affects the audience’s perceptions on protest support and mobilization as well as political participation. The research interprets the protest paradigm framework from Media/Communication Studies and its effects on audiences, through the socio-psychological framework of Minority Influence theory. I examine the perceptions of the audience concerning protests and protest coverage as well as the pathway through which the protest paradigm influences these perceptions. I review the theory of Minority Influence with focus on the definition of minorities not in arithmetic but in power terms, as non-privileged groups which bring innovative ideas, challenge the existing social arrangements and dominant discourse and try to diffuse their ideas and mobilize the audience towards them. In addition, the conceptualization of the dual content and function of the construct of ideology is discussed, examining both the abstract nature of ideology with the use of social representations and the functional character of ideology as a substructure, motivating bottom-up processes linked to the theory of system justification.The empirical research of this thesis took place in three different phases from November 2019 to January 2021 and used both qualitative and experimental quantitative methodology approaches for a multi-faceted and in-depth examination of how an audience represents protest and protest coverage, as well as how the protest paradigm framing creates a mechanism of interrelated effects on the audience’s perceptions and attitudes towards protest issues. The first two studies aimed to map the audience’s discourse and shared meanings of protest and protest coverage by using a qualitative methodology approach. The objective of the third study was to examine how - mainly mainstream - media stories on public protests, which adhere to the protest paradigm framing mechanisms, act as a mechanism blocking the influence of the minority, affecting the audience’s perceptions on minority/protest groups and collective action mobilization, under the moderating effects of political ideology and system justification. To achieve this, a quantitative experimental research design was opted.The findings of this thesis’ studies indicate that young Greeks represent public protest as a dipole which consists of the antithetical representations of protest as a democratic tool on the one hand and as a space of social violence and conflict on the other. In addition, there are contradicting images of the protest coverage by the media in the discourse provided by this particular audience. The main differentiating point is the distinction between traditional/mainstream media, which are viewed as means of supporting and justifying the status quo through adhering to the protest paradigm and new/alternative media perceived as spaces for resistance and promotion of social change. Finally, studies’ findings support the hypothesis that the protest paradigm effects have a negative impact on the perceptions of an audience with regards to the behavioral and negotiation style of the protest/minority group, moderated by individual differences in political ideology and individual system justification motivations.This research offers a new insight into the ideological function of the protest paradigm effects, as it attempts to find the common ground between social and political psychology and reveals not only that these effects are ideologically moderated but that they also serve the function of justifying the existing social order by discouraging citizens’ support and mobilization towards unconventional forms of political participation, such as protest.
... The coexistence of conflicting opinions on wolf conservation and the shared understanding of the animal's character, described in Article 2, is an important reminder of Moscovici's warning against confounding opinions with the more complex meanings underlying them (Moscovici, 1961: 7;1963, 1993a. The research on public responses to wind farms mentioned in Article 1 illustrates the same point: What is commonly interpreted in terms of NIMBYism ("Not In My Back Yard") seems better explained as the result of a symbolic conflict between the representation of local nature as "scenic" and "restorative," on the one hand, and the representation of windmills as industrialized objects, on the other (Devine-Wright, 2005; ...
The core question of this dissertation is how conflicts between people about wildlife or nature are related to the representations they have of the natural environment. Negotiations over wolf conservation and the meaning of biodiversity are the prime cases. Conservation conflicts are often examined in light of socio-demographic segmentation or statistical variation in values and attitudes. However, previous research also points to contrasting meanings attributed to nature and antagonisms between forms of knowledge as important conflict dimensions. There is a need to clarify what these knowledge conflicts reside in and how they can be approached analytically.
To this end, the empirical studies contained in this dissertation take as their point of departure Moscovici’s neo-Durkheimian theory of social representations. Based on qualitative analyses of focus group discussions and individual interviews, the empirical studies suggest that people’s position in conservation conflicts are not necessarily related to their representations of wildlife or nature in an intuitive way. As a case in point, one of the studies showed that negative attitudes to wolf conservation were not mirrored in a negative image of the animal itself. This implies, among other things, that local resistance to wolf conservation is not rooted in cultural images of the “Big Bad Wolf”.
Even if the empirical investigations indicate that adversarial positions in conservation conflicts are not always accompanied by divergent representations of the subject of controversy, they do show that nature representations play other important roles in debates about nature governance. First, representations constitute powerful symbolic boundaries between groups with antagonistic views on the protection of species or landscapes. Second, they frame conservation conflicts by determining both the topics of discussion and the non-negotiable premises underlying negotiations. Identifying implicit presumptions about nature in conservation debates is important because they influence political priorities and delimit the scope of possible action. Third, social representations of nature are sometimes actively turned into rhetorical instruments for knowledge resistance, as when non-experts appropriate scientific conceptualizations of nature to increase the legitimacy of their own arguments.
The empirical studies demonstrate that research on social representations, usually associated with consensus formation, can also shed light on conflict mechanisms. Applied to the study of human– nature relations, they illustrate the impact of collective cognitive phenomena on human–nature interactions. This confirms the relevancy of the theory of social representations to the study of knowledge conflicts in the area of nature and the environment. However, to strengthen the position of the Moscovici school within the sociology of knowledge, future studies of social representations need to better account for social structure and overcome the common sense–science gap inherent to this school.
... Tal forma de dar sentido ao fenômeno deriva das características sociodemográficas dos consumidores da droga em contextos urbanos brasileiros (Bastos & Bertoni, 2014;Teixeira, Engstrom & Ribeiro, 2017), mas também decorre de representações sociais que constroem o crack como objeto social na cena pública. Nesse contexto, falar sobre representações sociais significa considerar o processo de elaboração de um objeto social pela comunidade com o propósito de comunicar e agir (Moscovici, 1963), o que produz realidades por meio da objetivação de noções e imagens, ao mesmo tempo que institui práticas materiais e simbólicas nos contextos comunicativos em que essas representações são elaboradas (Moscovici, 2012). Notadamente, as comunicações midiáticas sobre o fenômeno, simultaneamente, contribuem para a construção de discursos alarmistas que enfatizam o potencial destrutivo da substância para o usuário e para a sociedade e caracterizam o consumo da droga como um problema coletivo que demanda intervenções do poder público para combatê-lo e erradicá-lo (Chagas & Seeger, 2013;Rodrigues et al., 2015;Santos, Acioli Neto, & Sousa, 2012;Silveira et al., 2018;Teixeira et al., 2017). ...
Resumo O consumo de crack na cena pública tem sido simbolicamente apropriado por meio de significados e práticas inseridos em contextos de vulnerabilidade e degradação social. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar as implicações da dimensão ética dos processos de construção de representações sociais sobre o crack em usuários da rede socioassistencial. Foram realizados três grupos focais com 15 homens, todos usuários do Centro de Acolhimento e Apoio do Programa de Atenção Integral aos Usuários de Drogas e seus Familiares (Programa Atitude), em Pernambuco. As comunicações foram transcritas e os dados submetidos a uma análise de conteúdo. Os resultados evidenciam o papel dos afetos na regulação dos modos de ser e agir dos participantes diante das normas do campo representacional do crack e seus fenômenos. Destacaram-se afetos de raiva, ódio, vergonha e humilhação articulados com processos de exclusão e estigmatização social, racial e territorial, que os constroem hegemonicamente como alteridades criminalizadas e desumanizadas. Desse modo, a dimensão ética analisada indica que o sentido de vida que circunscreve as experiências desses sujeitos se conforma pela busca de um status social valorizado, processo no qual a relação com o crack está presente, mas não é exatamente o aspecto mais importante das suas experiências no mundo.
... Researchers often address this issue as part of the study of the social representation of history. According to Moscovici (1963), the father of social representation theory, social representations are "the elaborating of a social object by the community for the purpose of behaving and communication" (p. 251). ...
Reviews psychological approaches to collective memory
... Social representations can be viewed as localised systems of meaning (Jovchelovitch, 2007) which embody world-making processes (Moscovici, 1988) and are constructed as an integral part of the efforts of social group to create and define their common understanding of their social world. Moscovici (1963) defines the social representation as the collective processing of a social object which is action-and communication-oriented (Wagner et al., 1999). In addition, it is this process that creates a system of values, ideas and practices (Moscovici, 1973) which collectively provide a common ground for social interactions and mutual shaping of the social reality among group members. ...
Public protest has been a controversial form of political participation which aims to intervene in the socio-political status quo by promoting or preventing social change. The political and social life in Greece has been greatly influenced by public protests which, in several cases, acted as regulators and drivers of change. The main interest of this study is to examine public protest as an object of social representation of young Greeks in the current socio-political and historical context. Obtaining data from focus groups, we use recent dialogical approaches to Social Representation Theory to examine the content, the emerging identities, as well as the structure and the ideological function of protest representation amongst young Greeks. Our findings indicate that protests' representation is conceptualized on the basis of dialectical antitheses and contradictory identities; the idealistic perception of public protest is based on the conceptualization of the identity of active citizen and purposeful protesters, while the violent side of protests emerges from the identity of rioters and protest armies. We argue that these main elements of protest representation also determine its internal structure. In addition, they have an implicit ideological function as they express the way in which young Greeks discuss, negotiate, assimilate and redefine public protest under their set of beliefs and their worldview concerning social reality.
... To examine the reflections of gender stereotypes, masculinity ideology, and the two-way relationship between them in the new media, this study is grounded on Social Representations Theory (SRT; Moscovici, 1963;. Because SRT has a discursive approach and a social constructivist perspective (Wagner, 1996(Wagner, , 1998, it gives a solid case to investigate the stereotypical content of the new media. ...
Past research has laid bare the determining role of media content on people's gender stereotypic beliefs. In this article, we aimed to examine social media content, which is one of the most influential causal factors in producing social representations in terms of masculinity ideology. We collected the written materials about women in various online collaborative dictionaries written by anonymous writers. We analyzed the entries using thematic discourse analysis, and obtained four themes consisting of (1) the woman as a body, (2) the woman as a persona, (3) the woman as a sexual partner, and (4) the woman as a wife. We discussed these themes in the frames of social representations and masculinity ideology, and the analysis clearly shows the new media's role in reproducing traditional gender representations via masculinity ideology. This study extends the knowledge about the mechanism between stereotypic representations of women and masculinity ideology in Turkey. The paper contributes to the growing literature on the discursive construction of feminine identity by exploring the dictionary writers' use of language and how these are complicit in the reproduction of masculinity ideology.
Cultural heritage does not include only art and culture (both tangible and intangible). In many ways, our cultural heritage is also a way of life, our everyday reality with its symbols and representations. Cultural heritage covers not only our past but also our future through a direct impact of the former on the latter. Therefore, when speaking about legal regulation, we need to include all these dimensions of cultural heritage.
Law grows from our experience and, as such, mirrors our history in the present legal norms, and the law mirrors our cultural heritage, born both from law and peace. Therefore, the lawgiver needs to decide which parts of our cultural history are worth protecting and which parts need to be eliminated as much as possible.
Sometimes, researching law can bring new light to the understanding of culture. Surprisingly, precisely that happened during our research on legal representations. While the project and its methods are sociolegal in nature, both qualitative and quantitative, the answers to our questions were often tightly connected to cultural heritage, such as clothing.
Not surprisingly, the most fruitful way of interpreting them is through the lens of cultural and legal identity. In Central Europe, identity may be a magic keyword usually used to explain almost everything. However, concerning the legal regulation of cultural heritage in a broader sense, identity seems to be precisely that.
This paper proposes an explanation of how everyday culture is treated by law in Central Europe and how it is rooted in our culture.
In principle, the fundamental concepts PERSON, WOMAN, and MAN should apply equally to people of different genders and races/ethnicities. In reality, these concepts might prioritize certain groups over others. Based on interdisciplinary theories of androcentrism, we hypothesized that (a) PERSON is more associated with men than women (PERSON=MAN) and (b) WOMAN is more associated with women than MAN is with men (i.e., women are more gendered: GENDER=WOMAN). We applied natural language processing tools (specifically, word embeddings) to the linguistic output of millions of individuals (specifically, the Common Crawl corpus). We found the hypothesized PERSON=MAN / GENDER=WOMAN bias. This bias was stronger about Hispanic and White (vs. Asian) women and men. We also uncovered parallel biases favoring White individuals in the concepts PERSON, WOMAN, and MAN. Western society prioritizes men and White individuals as people and “others” women as people with gender, with implications for equity across policy- and decision-making contexts.
The nature of concepts is a subject of study of various disciplines, from philosophy to cognitive sciences, leading to fragmented understandings and conceptual dissociations. Legal concepts have been studied in an interdisciplinary manner across all these disciplines, suffering from similar fragmentation. Recently, the interdisciplinary crossroads between law and cognitive sciences have brought forward the notion of legal concepts as mental representations. However, this approach largely overlooks the systemic, historical, and societal elements essential to comprehending legal concepts. The aim of this paper is to advocate for the Social Representations Theory as a useful framework that bridges cognitive and socio-cultural dimensions of meaning and can provide a holistic approach to understanding legal concepts. This paper unfolds in three sections. The first section contextualizes the social representations approach within the law and language framework, emphasizing the societal influences on thought and meaning. The second section explains the notion of social representations, building upon Serge Moscovici’s definitions and Ivana Marková’s arguments for the necessity of this approach to accommodate the social dimension of meaning. The third and last section underscores the claim that legal concepts are, in essence, social representations, advocating for the usefulness of this approach in legal scholarship, both paradigmatically and methodologically, consequently arguing for an inclusion for a stronger focus on the social dimension of legal meaning.
تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى استكشاف طبيعة التصورات التي يحملها القطريون للأسرة، ومعرفة ما هو المركزي منها وما هو المحيطي، وكذلك معرفة مصادر تلك التصورات.
اعتمدت الدراسة منهجا مختلطا، استخدمت فيه أداة الاستبانة لجمع بيانات نوعية بتقنية التداعي الحر (free association)، وأخرى كمية من خلال الأسئلة المغلقة ومقياس ليكرت الخماسي. وقد تم تحليل البيانات النوعية موضوعاتيا باستخدام برنامج (MAXQDA)، وأجري التحليل الإحصائي باستخدام (SPSS) من خلال نموذج الأربعة أرباع (four quadrant model) الذي يكشف عن التصورات المركزية والمحيطية وفق نظرية آبريك في التصورات الاجتماعية. توصلت الدراسة إلى أن تصورات القطريين متعددة وعلى رأسها الحب والأمان والاستقرار، وقد وضع القطريون بنية الأسرة وعناصرها الأساسية، (الأم، الأخوة، الأب) في مكانة مركزية. ويعدّ الدين المصدر الأساسي الذي شكل تصورات القطريين للأسرة. توصي الدراسة بضرورة الاهتمام بالتصورات والمعاني التي يحملها الأفراد تجاه الأسرة، لأنها ستنعكس بالضرورة على واقعها، فكلما كانت التصورات إيجابية تجاه الأسرة، وتحمل معاني وقيم عظيمة فإنها ستكون موضع اهتمام وتقدير الفرد والمجتمع.
The study aimed to explore the nature of representations that Qataris hold for the family in general, and what is central and peripheral, as well as figuring out the sources of those representations.
The study adopted a mixed approach; a questionnaire was used to collect qualitative data through the free association technique, as well as quantitative data through closed-ended questions and five-points Likert scale. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis, and statistical analysis as well as the four-quadrant model, which reveals central and peripheral perceptions according to Abric Theory of social representations.
The study concluded that Qataris’ central representations are multiple, on top of which is love, security, and stability. As for the central representations of the family, they tend towards its structure and basic elements and on top of it (mother, brothers, and father) among all Qataris, regardless of their gender. However, females place emotional values in their central representations of the family. Among the most important results that emerged is that religion is the main source that shaped Qataris' representations of the family, while the last source of forming their representations of the family were the international and local institutions alike. The study recommends the need to pay attention to the perceptions and meanings that individuals hold towards the family, because these perceptions will necessarily reflect on its reality.
The transfer of national and universal values to the next generation is essential for the survival of societies and individuals to adapt the society and lead a healthy and peaceful life. Undoubtedly, the values acquisition process of individuals begins in the family. However, school and social environment have also significant impact on the shaping of values. Since values education is not taught as a separate course in Turkish schools, the values that students should gain according to their grades are placed in the curriculum. For this reason, textbooks, which provide the systematic processing of course subjects, are educational tools that undertake many tasks such as teaching values. Ten values were determined as honesty, friendship, justice, patience, self-control, love, respect, patriotism, altruism and responsibility to be able to promote the humane, ethical, universal and cultural values of the students in the 9th-12th grade new English curriculum prepared by the Turkish Ministry of National Education in 2018. Textbooks are basic teaching tools examining and explaining the knowledge on the subjects in the programs in a planned and systematic way and a source of knowledge guide to educate the students in line with the aims of the course. The reading passages, exercises, activities and visuals in the textbooks can also cover values education either explicitly or implicitly. On the other hand, values education is also done in foreign language teaching either overtly or covertly by virtue of the fact that language is a tool that reflects the way of thinking of the society to which it belongs. Two different high school 9th grade English textbooks, Teenwise written by the authors of the Ministry of National Education and Relearn developed by a private publishing house, based on 2018 9th-12th grades English curriculum were evaluated on the basis of units, using the document analysis technique and the extent of values in the books was examined. According to research results, it was deduced that both of the books includes all the values presented in new 9th-12th English curriculum. However, values are included more frequently and more regularly distributed in the Relearn English textbook prepared by a private publishing house. Moreover, in both of the books, the most repeated value is friendship, while the least mentioned value is altruism.
The transfer of national and universal values to the next generation is essential for the survival of societies and individuals to adapt the society and lead a healthy and peaceful life. Undoubtedly, the values acquisition process of individuals begins in the family. However, school and social environment have also significant impact on the shaping of values. Since values education is not taught as a separate course in Turkish schools, the values that students should gain according to their grades are placed in the curriculum. For this reason, textbooks, which provide the systematic processing of course subjects, are educational tools that undertake many tasks such as teaching values. Ten values were determined as honesty, friendship, justice, patience, self-control, love, respect, patriotism, altruism and responsibility to be able to promote the humane, ethical, universal and cultural values of the students in the 9th-12th grade new English curriculum prepared by the Turkish Ministry of National Education in 2018. Textbooks are basic teaching tools examining and explaining the knowledge on the subjects in the programs in a planned and systematic way and a source of knowledge guide to educate the students in line with the aims of the course. The reading passages, exercises, activities and visuals in the textbooks can also cover values education either explicitly or implicitly. On the other hand, values education is also done in foreign language teaching either overtly or covertly by virtue of the fact that language is a tool that reflects the way of thinking of the society to which it belongs. Two different high school 9th grade English textbooks, Teenwise written by the authors of the Ministry of National Education and Relearn developed by a private publishing house, based on 2018 9th-12th grades English curriculum were evaluated on the basis of units, using the document analysis technique and the extent of values in the books was examined. According to research results, it was deduced that both of the books includes all the values presented in new 9th-12th English curriculum. However, values are included more frequently and more regularly distributed in the Relearn English textbook prepared by a private publishing house. Moreover, in both of the books, the most repeated value is friendship, while the least mentioned value is altruism.
Keywords: Values education; English Textbooks; English curriculum
This paper aims at examining EFL teachers’ perceptions of Alpha generation learning styles. To that end, an online survey was conducted with 42 middle school EFL teachers who volunteered to participate in the study. The questionnaire was developed from the literature and sought to identify Alpha generation characteristics and their preferred learning styles. Descriptive data revealed that pupils of the Alpha generation learn in special ways that depends a lot on technology. Thus, the inclusion of their preferred methods of learning will be of great help for their motivation. The findings of the study could be particularly significant for material designers and educators to consider the needs and preferences of the Alpha generation in order to cope with the new demands of digital learners and improve teaching methods for more effective outcomes.
Keywords: Alpha generation, Learning styles, Digital natives, EFL teachers, Perceptions
Bu araştırmanın amacı Türkçe öğretiminde tutum üzerine hazırlanmış lisansüstü tezleri çeşitli açılardan incelemektir. Nitel araştırma desenlerinden doküman incelemesi ile yürütülen araştırmanın veri setini 2006-2022 yılları arasında hazırlanmış, Yükseköğretim Kurulu Tez Merkezinde kayıtlı 100’ü yüksek lisans, 30’u doktora tezi olmak üzere toplam 130 lisansüstü tez oluşturmaktadır. Verilerin içerik analizi tekniği ile tahlil edildiği araştırmanın bulgularına göre Türkçe öğretiminde tutum konulu tezlerin en fazla 2019 (f=32) ve 2022 (f=25) yıllarında tamamlandığı, bu çalışmaların daha çok Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi (f=10), Atatürk Üniversitesi (f=7), Gazi Üniversitesi (f=7), Kırıkkale Üniversitesi (f=6) ve Sakarya Üniversitesi (f=6) bünyesinde hazırlandığı belirlenmiştir. Yüksek lisans tezlerinde daha çok Doç. Dr. (f=43) ve Dr. Öğr. Üyesi (f=43), doktora tezlerinde ise Prof. Dr. (f=22) unvanına sahip akademisyenlerin danışmanlık yaptığı tespit edilmiştir. Konuyla ilgili tezlerin temel dil becerilerine göre dağılımında okuma (f=71) ve yazma (f=45) becerilerinin belirgin şekilde öne çıktığı görülürken tezlerde en fazla tercih edilen araştırma yöntemleri yarı deneysel model (f=51), tarama modeli (f=39) ve karma modeller (f=35) olmuştur. Araştırmalarda çalışma grubu olarak ortaokul (f=66) ve ilkokul (f=41) öğrencilerinin sıkça tercih edilmeleri, anahtar kelime sayısının genellikle 3 ila 5 arasında değişmesi çalışmada ortaya çıkan diğer bulgulardır.
Creating a stimulating social theory with long-lasting influence for generations of scholars is driven by multiple interacting factors. The fortune of a theory is determined not only by the author's creative mind but also by the ways in which principal concepts are understood and interpreted. The proper understanding of a social theory requires a good grasp of major historical, political, and cultural challenges that contribute to its making. Considering these issues, Marková explores Serge Moscovici's theory of social representations and communication as a case study in the making of a dialogical social theory. She analyses both the undeveloped features and the forward-moving, inspirational highlights of the theory and presents them as a resource for linking issues and problems from diverse domains and disciplines. This dialogical approach has the potential to advance the dyad Self–Other as an irreducible intellectual, ethical, and aesthetic unit in epistemologies of the human and social sciences.
The study aimed to explore the nature of representations that Qataris hold for the family in general, and what is central and peripheral, as well as figuring out the sources of those representations. The study adopted a mixed approach; a questionnaire was used to collect qualitative data through the free association technique, as well as quantitative data through closed-ended questions and five-points Likert scale. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis and statistical analysis as well as the four-quadrant model, which reveals central and peripheral perceptions according to the Abric Theory of social representations. The study concluded that Qataris’ central representations are multiple, on top of which is love, security, and stability. As for the central representations of the family, they tend towards its structure and basic elements and on top of it (mother, brothers, and father) among all Qataris, regardless of their gender. However, females place emotional values in their central representations of the family. Among the most important results that emerged is that religion is the main source that shaped Qataris' representations of the family, while the last sources of forming their representations of the family were the international and local institutions alike. The study recommends the need to pay attention to the perceptions and meanings that individuals hold towards the family because these perceptions will necessarily reflect on its reality.
This research investigates the social representations of exceptional high tides occurred in Venice (Italy) between 12th and 18th November 2019 through the analysis of YouTube contents. Those events could be considered as a local manifestation of Anthropocene, and therefore could be linked to its representations. Moreover, after a summary of aesthetic liter- ature on Anthropocene, this research aims at considering how aesthetics contribute to the definition of social representation of exceptional high tides. Twenty-nine YouTube videos were collected and analyzed using Reflexive Thematic Analysis. The results show that there are several intersections between aesthetics of Anthropocene and social representations of the event analyzed, with particular concern for themes “sublime” and “future as a threat”, and their relation to attribution of responsibility processes. These findings reflect an elaboration of the event based on aestheticization and trends of “deresponsibilization”.
The study presents an analysis of development opportunities presented by the African Cup of Nations (AFCON) tournament that was held in Cameroon from 6 January to 9 February 2022, as perceived by residents of the host cities. A quantitative research paradigm was employed through the use of a structured questionnaire. Data were collected from a total of 1683 respondents from all five host cities during the competition. A key finding from this study is that respondents were quite optimistic about the development opportunities presented by the sports event, particularly with regard to the promotion of their city as an attractive destination. Through the lens of the Social Representation Theory, the influence of the political and cultural backgrounds of some the respondents was also found from the data collected. The case of cultural representation was observed in the case where very few women participated in the Muslim-dominated North Region, while the social tensions in the Southwest region could be said to explain why respondents from Limbe presented the least optimistic views. The practical and policy implications of the study are elaborated on, including the need for government and sports event organisers to include community representatives as part of the planning and delivery committee. The original contribution of this study spans from the analysis of data from five host cities, through to the meaningful application of the SRT, to the unique socio-political context of Cameroon.
PSICOLOGIA SOCIAL
Temas e teorias
Ana Raquel Rosas Torres
Marcus Eugênio Oliveira Lima
Elza Maria Techio
Leoncio Camino
Organizadores
3ª edição revisada e ampliada
La dispersione scolastica rappresenta nel panorama nazionale e internazionale un fenomeno complesso che richiede una lettura ecosi-stemica, storica ed evolutiva, sia della sua fenomenologia, sia delle strategie di intervento, troppo spesso orientate all'individuo e all'ottica preventiva. La dispersione non riguarda solo singolo, o solo il sistema scolastico, ma l'intreccio delle relazioni fra individuo, fami-glia, sistema educativo scolastico ed extrascolastico, politiche scolastiche e territoriali. Partendo dalla sfida attuale della missione 4 del PNRR, il presente contributo intende riflettere sul ruolo consulenziale che la psicologia della salute può avere nella ricerca-intervento sulla dispersione scolastica. Attraverso la presentazione sintetica di un caso studio verrà inoltre posta l'attenzione sul ruolo strategico del sostegno ai Dirigenti Scolastici, come figure chiave per la costruzione e mantenimento di reti di promozione della salute. La scuola, entro l'esercizio della propria autonomia è chiamata alla costruzione di patti educativi territoriali orientati alla promozione delle life skills, cognitive e non cognitive.
Psychology has become connected to the “memory boom” in research, that highlights the concept of social representations, defined as a shared system of knowledge and belief that facilitates communication about social objects where culture is conceptualized as a meta-system of social representations mediated by language, symbols, and their institutional carriers. Six articles on collective remembering, including survey results, text analysis, and experiments, are summarized in this introduction. All rely on content-rich meanings, embedded in sociocultural contexts that influence the results of the surveys and experiments. In the cases of Germany and China, the “historical charter” of the states in the late 19th century was ruptured, resulting in substantially different expressions of nationalism and national identity (in Germany) and filial piety and nationalism (in China) today. Surveys on the organization of living historical memory in Hungary and Finland found that the European Union formed an enduring social context for the formation of memory groups regarding recent history. Finally, in experiments, historical reminders are likely to be anchored in existing networks of meaning, and prime people about what they already believe, rather than exert independent causal effects. This anchoring of historical memory in communicating societies explains why the experimental results in this area are so inconsistent.
Interpreting indeterminate legal concepts solely via traditional legal analysis is an incomplete effort as it misses a crucial perspective – the endeavor to understand how these concepts are constructed by the people who apply them. In this book, we argue that these concepts are socially represented in the sense of the social representation approach of social psychology. Therefore, we should use empirical methods to further illuminate their structure and contents so that we understand and apply them correctly. We present three possible approaches to empirical study of indeterminate legal concepts and use them in three separate studies each aimed at understanding a specific concept. First, we present findings from a set of interviews on public order. Second, we show how a mixed-methods approach can be used to understand judge's dignity. Finally, we apply graph theory to illuminate how lawyers represent case law. Apart from introducing a certain analytical approach, each study also interprets its findings in relation to Czech legal system.
The transmission of national history in general and family narratives in particular is prone to censorship and bias, protecting or enhancing social identities. The authors propose that, as has been shown for national groups, families also create and pass on representations about their roles and behaviors through history. In a representative survey, 1000 German respondents estimated the percentages of victims, perpetrators, and those who helped potential victims during the time of National Socialism to be 35%, 34%, and 16%, respectively. For family representations, the percentages shifted toward helping (29%) and away from complicity (20%), while representations of victimhood were as prevalent (36%) as estimates for the general population. Systematic differences suggested an alignment of general social representations of history with family representations. Participants reporting a perpetrator family representation held more positive attitudes toward refugees coming to Germany today than participants who did not report such a representation. This link was mediated through differences in societal representations. The authors discuss family representations as an intermediate, more proximate prescriptive background and points of reference, according to which more general historical representations on a national level may be aligned, and individual present-day political attitudes and behaviors oriented.
Paralele između pristrasnosti u autobiografskim i kolektivnim sećanjima.
Positivity biases in autobiographical and collective memories.
Cet ouvrage a pour vocation d’introduire au domaine de recherche consacré aux représentations sociales. Il a donc paru opportun de l’ouvrir par une bibliographie des publications qui y sont afférentes. Le lecteur prendra ainsi, d’entrée de jeu, une vue extensive, des progrès que la recherche enregistre jusqu’en 1996 à travers temps et espace et de ses principaux thèmes et problématiques.
2Cette bibliographie ne se prétend pas exhaustive. De plus, elle se limite à la psychologie sociale, en dehors de quelques textes traitant spécifiquement des représentations dans d’autres disciplines. Elle est divisée en deux parties consacrées l’une aux ouvrages et chapitres d’ouvrages, l’autre aux articles.
Collective memory can make and break political culture around the world. Representations and reinterpretations of the past intersect with actions that shape the future. A nation's political culture emerges from complex layers of institutional and individual responses to historical events. Society changes and is changed by these layers of memory over time. Understanding them gives us insight into where we are today. Encompassing examples from colonization and decolonization, revolving around the critical junctures of the world wars, this book illustrates how collective memory is produced and organized, through commemoration, through monuments, and through individuals sharing stories. Using concrete examples from around the world, James H. Liu shows how different disciplines can come together through shared concepts like narratives and generational memories to provide mutually enriching perspectives on how political culture is made, and how it changes.
Despite considerable evidence of the patriarchal nature of the police and underreporting of gender‐based violence in India, there is a dearth of literature on how gender advocacy campaigns in India tackle these issues. This study addresses this gap by exploring how the police is represented in gender advocacy in India. The material comprises of eight campaign videos from two ideologically opposing organizations: Amnesty International, an international human rights organization and Ministry for Women and Child Development, a government body. Social representations theory and narrative analysis are applied in the analysis to answer how the role of the police is narratively constructed. Results suggest two contrasting representations held by each organization in line with their organizational identities. While Amnesty constructed the police as villains obstructing women's access to justice, the Ministry represented the police as heroes defending women's safety. The analysis contributes a novel way of locating anchors and objectifications by a focus on narrative actions and goals. Additionally, the discussion of the findings broadens conceptions of hegemonic and polemic representations, arguing for a more power‐centric approach that conceives of hegemony in terms of access to media channels and material resources. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement.
La résistance aux antibiotiques est reconnue comme l'une des plus grandes menaces sanitaires du XXIe siècle par l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé. En France, au début des années 2000, des actions de santé publique ont été menées pour enrayer le phénomène, aboutissant à la création du premier plan intersectoriel de lutte contre l'antibiorésistance et à la première campagne nationale de communication. Cependant, le grand public ne semble pas réaliser l'ampleur de la menace. Dans cette thèse, nous mobilisons la théorie des représentations sociales pour atteindre deux objectifs spécifiques : (1) comprendre par quels mécanismes psychosociaux s'opère la construction d’un risque sanitaire, et (2) communiquer sur le risque et orienter le changement des pratiques de santé. Les résultats observés démontrent la pertinence d'une approche basée sur la théorie des représentations sociales dans le domaine de la santé. Tout d’abord, cette théorie constitue un outil « diagnostic » qui permet de mettre en évidence la manière dont un risque sanitaire est assimilé par le grand public. D'autre part, elle peut être considérée comme un outil « incitatif » dans la mesure où elle permet de cibler des pistes d’intervention en fonction des caractéristiques des groupes sociaux et des situations dans lesquelles ils s’inscrivent. Nous concluons cette thèse en évoquant d'autres possibilités de recherche et d'application dans le domaine de la santé.
This paper introduces a new theory to understand perceptions of technology, the Theory of Sociotechnical Representations (TSR). This theory is developed by bringing together Sociotechnical Systems Theory, a well-known theory in IS literature and Social Representation Theory, a theory from social psychology. TSR explains that while people and technology interact and influence each other, people create representations of technology, which may differ across individuals and/or groups. It further alludes to the fact that interactions or influences between people and technology as explained by SST may actually be between people and their representations of technology. As such, this theory explains that understanding representations of technological phenomena play a critical role in the way technologies are understood and used.
Kapitel 17: Von der Gesellschaftlichkeit des Menschen – Sozialpsychologie als kritisch-emanzipatorische Wissenschaft
Es war kein Zufall, dass zwischen den 1960er und 1980er Jahren alternative Ansätze in der Psychologie entstanden. Die studentischen Protestbewegungen in Europa und den USA, der Vietnamkrieg, der kalte Krieg zwischen Ost und West, die Umweltzerstörung, die fehlende Gleichberechtigung der Frauen oder die atomare Aufrüstung lieferten die gesellschaftlichen Hintergründe und Anlässe, aktiv und kritisch an der Emanzipation der Menschen mitzuwirken. Viele kleine und große kritische Psychologien entstanden. Besonders eng sind kritisch-emanzipatorische Ansätze mit den Arbeiten von Klaus Holzkamp, Henri Tajfel, Serge Moscovici und Kenneth J. Gergen verbunden. Bei aller Unterschiedlichkeit geht es in diesen Ansätzen um die Gesellschaftlichkeit der Menschen und um die Frage, welche Grenzen zu überwinden sind und welche Bedingungen hergestellt werden müssen, um die Mitmenschlichkeit des Menschen zu fördern.
The effect of temporal presentation of ideas, consistency of presented attitude, and wishful thinking on the logicalness of thinking was investigated. The results were discussed in relation to previous empirical and theoretical research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Two quite different types of research design are characteristically used to study the modification of atitudes through communication. In the first type, the experiment, individuals are given a controlled exposure to a communication and the effects evaluated in terms of the amount of change in attitude or opinion produced In the alternative research design, the sample survey, information is secured through interviews or questionnaires, both concerning the respondent's exposure to various communications and his attitudes and opinions on various issues." Divergences in results from the 2 methods are cited and the reconciliation of apparent conflicts is attempted. There appear to be "certain inherent limitations of each method." The mutual importance of the 2 approaches to communication effectiveness is stressed. " each represents an important emphasis. The challenge of future work is one of fruitfully combining their virtues so that we may develop a social psychology of communication with the conceptual breadth provided by correlational study of process and with the rigorous but more delimited methodology of the experiment." 24 refs
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"Several hypotheses regarding the effectiveness of persuasive messages were derived from Festinger's 'Theory of Cognitive Dissonance.' It was predicted that messages would be effective in changing opinions on the explicit issues to the extent that they argued in dissonance-reducing directions; and on related, unmentioned issues, to the extent that they argued in a dissonance-increasing direction. It was further predicted that the dissonance-reducing changes would show a slower rate of temporal decay after the communication… . Both predictions… were confirmed." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
"On the basis of postulated characteristics of the authoritarian personality, it was expected that Ss scoring high on an authoritarian scale would have a greater tendency to make extreme judgments [on the Osgood scale] than low-scoring Ss and that this tendency would be greater with respect to controversial social concepts than with respect to noncontroversial concepts." The hypothesis was validated on the regular form of the F Scale, but not on the reversed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
"It is the objective of the present paper to examine wherein breadth of categorizing reflects the manner in which people deal with the risk of errors of judgment—specifically, the risk of saying that things are similar when they might be different, or that they are different when they might be similar… . Our central interest is in the specific behavior of broad and narrow categorizers in a highly simplified judging task. Two questions concern us. The first… with consistency of preference for broad and narrow categorizing in a stable stimulus situation… [and the] consistent manner in which… categorizers alter their judgments in the face of changes in the stimulus situations… . The narrow categorizer appears to prefer the risk… possibly being wrong… . The broad categorizer prefers the risk of not reacting to change and possibly being wrong." From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HE31B. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Ss "were first given the F Scale and a measure of anti-Negro prejudice . . . . Four weeks later they read a case history of a person who was prejudiced and authoritarian. Half of the subjects were told that the person in the case history was similar to themselves in background and objective personal characteristics. The other half . . . that the person was dissimilar to them. Three weeks later the F Scale and the anti-Negro prejudice scale were readministered. It was found that those low in prejudice at the first administration became more prejudiced but only if they were told the case history was about someone like themselves . . . . These results were interpreted in terms of the social support for suppressed "wrong' feelings and in terms of the pressures to achieve cognitive consistency in one's self-concept." From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4GD65S.
College students were Ss in a study to test hypotheses regarding the vulnerability of arguments to counterarguments. The effect of prior active or passive participation in defense of an idea held; the strength of the present counterargument, and whether the counterargument involved the same or novel material, upon attitude chance was investigated. Differential interaction effects were found which indicated that immunization against change was best only under certain conditions. The results are related to previous work by the author and others. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Conditions are explored "under which exposure to information discrepant form one's own opinion produces cognitive dissonance and consequent attitude change… . The results were discussed in terms of the importance of prior choice in exposure in creating dissonance." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Attitude and opinion data provide a basis for inferring the meaning of opinions held by individuals and groups and also for predictions about their future behavior. Such inferences and predictions, if they are to be made effectively, require a theoretical foundation which explains the processes by which people adopt and express particular opinions. Here is a theory of three processes by which persons respond to social influence.
This study was designed to evaluate response consistencies in three stylistic response tendencies: (a) criticalness; (b) acquiescence to different item forms; and (c) consistent tendencies to acquiesce to items at particular levels of desirability, and to determine how these response styles relate to a criterion of academic achievement. A total of 195 subjects were administered a battery of tests and personality and attitude questionnaires.
L'évolution démographique récente dans le monde, et en France même, pose au pays des problèmes sérieux, qu'il ne servirait à rien de vouloir éluder. Reprenant des études antérieures, l'I.N.E.D. a procédé à une enquête par sondage en décembre 1959-janvier 1960, pour rechercher dans quelle mesure le public est informé des faits et des problèmes. L'enquête se proposait également d'observer les attitudes et les aspirations en ce domaine, et de déterminer si les unes et les autres sont fonction du niveau d'information. Le présent article donne les résultats de cette enquête.
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La première édition de La psychanalyse, son image et son public était une thèse. Cette seconde édition est, je l’espère, un livre. De l’une à l’outre j’ai modifié le style, le mode d’exposition des faits et des idées, éliminé des indications techniques et théoriques qui n’intéressaient qu’un cercle restreint de spécialistes ou qui sont devenues monnaie courante. Ce travail de réécriture correspond, bien entendu, aussi à une évolution personnelle et intellectuelle vis-à-vis des rites d’initiation universitaire et de la science. Lors de sa parution, la thèse a provoqué un malaise. Des psychanalystes surtout ont vu d’un mauvaise œil la tentative de prendre la psychanalyse comme objet quelconque d’étude et de la situer dans la société.
2
J’ai été frappé alors, et je le suis toujours, par le fait que les détenteurs d’un savoir, scientifique ou non, croient avoir le droit de tout étudier — et en définitive de tout juger — mais estiment inutile, voire pernicieux, de rendre compte des déterminismes dont ils sont le lieu, des effets qu’ils produisent, bref d’être étudiés à leur tour et de regarder le miroir qu’on leur tend en conséquence. Ils y voient une immixtion intolérable dans leurs propres affaires, une profanation de leur savoir — veut-on qu’il reste sacré ? — et réagissent, suivant leur tempérament, avec mépris ou mauvaise humeur. Ceci est vrai de la plupart des scientifiques, ceci est même vrai des marxistes. C’est pourquoi nous n’avons pas de sociologie de la science, ni du marxisme, ni de la psychanalyse. Je me suis cependant aperçu qu’en dix ans, du moins en ce qui concerne la psychanalyse et les psychanalystes, les attitudes ont beaucoup changé dans un sens favorable à un travail tel que celui-ci.
3
Au centre de ce livre est le phénomène des représentations sociales. Depuis la première édition, de nombreuses études tant de terrain que de laboratoire lui ont été consacrées. Je pense notamment à celles de Chombart de Lauwe, Hertzlich, Jodelet, Kaës d’un côté et à celles d’Abric, Codol, Flament, Henry, Pêcheux, Poitou de l’autre. Elles ont permis de mieux saisir sa généralité et de mieux comprendre son rôle dans la communication et la genèse des comportements sociaux. Mon ambition était cependant plus vaste. Je voulais redéfinir les problèmes et les concepts de la psychologie sociale à partir de ce phénomène, en insistant sur sa fonction symbolique et son pouvoir de construction du réel. La tradition behavioriste, le fait que la psychologie sociale se soit bornée à étudier l’individu, le petit groupe, les relations informelles, ont constitué et continuent à constituer un obstacle à cet égard. Une philosophie positiviste qui n’accorde d’importance qu’aux prédictions vérifiables par l’expérience et aux phénomènes directement observables s’ajoute à la liste des obstacles.
4
Cette tradition et cette philosophie empêchent, à mon avis, le développement de la psychologie sociale au-delà des limites qui sont les dermes aujourd’hui. Quand on s’en rendra compte et que l’on osera franchir ces limites, les représentations sociales, j’en suis convaincu, prendront dans cette science la place qui est la leur. En outre, elles seront un facteur de renouvellement des problèmes et clés concepts de la philosophie qui doit sous-tendre le travail scientifique. Là encore, les jeux ne sont pas faits. Au contraire ils sont à refaire et la crise que traverse la psychologie sociale le montre à l’évidence.
5
Il y va de l’intérêt de bien d’autres domaines de recherche concernant la littérature, l’art, les mythes, les idéologies et le langage. Enfermés dans des cadres dépassés, prisonniers de préjugés quant au pecking order des sciences, les chercheurs dans ces domaines se privent des moyens que, dans son état actuel, la psychologie sociale met à leur disposition. En France notamment ils se réclament, sous l’emprise du structuralisme, d’une orthodoxie saussurienne, tout en oubliant ce que Ferdinand de Saussure a entrevu avec précision : « La langue est un système de signes exprimant des idées, et, par là, comparable à récriture, à l’alphabet des sourds-muets, aux rites symboliques, aux formes de politesse, aux signaux militaires, etc. Elle rat seulement le plus important de ces systèmes. On peut donc concevoir une science qui étudie la vie des signes au sein de la vie sociale ; elle formerait une partie de la psychologie sociale et par conséquent de la psychologie générale ; nous la nommerons sémiologie (du grec semeïon, « signe »). Elle nous apprendrait en quoi consistent les signes, quelles lois les régissent. »
Mais le lecteur n’a pas à se soucier de ce passé, de cet état de la science, des projets flottant autour du livre. Pas plus que je ne m’en soucie. En faisant l’étude d’abord, en lui donnant forme ensuite, je me suis enrichi et j’ai eu du plaisir. Tout ce que je souhaite c’est que, en lisant ce livre, il lui arrive la même chose.
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Ninety students who mere enrolled in three sections of a juniorlevel, required course in educational psychology were given four examinations on the content of the course during a semester. All of the exams mere taken with textbooks and lecture notes open. Two of the exams mere objective type, two essay. The following descriptions seem warranted from the responses of a significant majority of the subjects: 1. They felt that they did about as well on open-book exams as on closed-book exams. 2. They had seldom or never seen open-book exams in other courses. 3. They felt that it is useless to “cram” for exams and that the open-book exam reduces memorization of factual material. 4. They felt that the open-book exam has little effect on the amount of general reviewing done in preparation for an exam, while approximately equal numbers felt that the total amount of review for an exam is reduced or is about the same. 5. They felt that the tendency to cheat is reduced, and the opportunity to cheat mas little different from closed-book exams. 6. They felt that worrying or tension is reduced by the openbook exam. 7. They felt that the open-book exam is better than a closedbook exam in promoting learning during testing. 8. They prefer the open-book exam and intend to try the method when they become teachers.
The exploration of outer space has already begun with rocket-launched instruments. Within this decade, human observers may also adventure above the earth's atmosphere to inaugurate a period of space exploration. Unlike the discovery of gold in California or the Klondike, these events and possibilities have been taken quite calmly by the public. Nevertheless “space” will profoundly affect the lives and opinions of all peoples from now on.
The grim mystery created by a succession of bomb explosions in public places brings forth various responses. Here is a study of the public's reactions to the Mad Bomber in the winter of 1956 and 1957.
The author is Research Program Director for studies in communication and influence at the Survey Research Center of the Institute for Social Research at the University of Michigan. He has conducted there a series of studies for the State Department on reactions to foregin policy and a nationa study of public reactions to big business. He is co-author of The United States and the United Nations , a review of available public opinion data on the United Nations.
The author here describes various functions uses of public opinion research, compares it with other scientific disciplines,
and suggests a new concentration on the development of conceptual frameworks for organizing the current mass of empirical
data. This paper is the Presidential Address presented before the Eleventh Annual Conference on Public Opinon Research at
Buck Hill Falls, Pennsylvania.
Although many nations around the world are just entering their versions of the Industrial Revolution, two nations have sent scientific instruments into orbits around the sun and are now preparing to send human explorers into space. International law governing outer space is yet to be developed, but already the attitudes of people in various countries toward this new technological revolution are being crystallized. This article and the two that follow are concerned with the response to the new scientific era.
It is a matter of common observation, as well as a confirmed research finding, that people tend to vote the way their parents
did but not entirely so. The experiences by which children learn about the political world (political socialization) must
have a sustained and pervasive influence on their subsequent political behavior. This article reports a study of children's
changing images of the President, a part of a larger study supported by a grant from the Office of Education.
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An attempt to "confirm Heider's hypothesis on balanced and imbalanced situations was reported. The hypothesis states that in social situations involving two people and an impersonal entity, certain formal relationship networks of attitudes and cognitive organization define balance and imbalance." A rating of the degree of pleasantness experienced when presented with a variety of possible personal relationships in the form of descriptions was made. The results are analyzed and discussed in terms of Gestalt theory and are held to support Heider's hypothesis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
A reliable test of general acquiescence did not correlate significantly with personality traits or scores on 2 vocabulary tests. Acquiescence seems to be a useful concept only in reference to specific material. To avoid content effects, the author developed an ESP acquiescence test that "involves giving agree-disagree answer alternatives to a set of subjects and asking them to read the experimenter's mind and answer questions he is purportedly thinking of." Ss used were 231 high school students. Tests given included Husek's acquiescence test, 2 vocabulary tests to measure general ability, the Bass Social Acquiescence Test, Edwards Social Desirability Scale, self-ratings, ratings by others, and ratings of E. From Psyc Abstracts 36:02:2HE95H. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Cancer scientists were matched with psychologists, and inquiry was made by questionnaire into their personal opinions on the cigarette controversy and their smoking habits. More cancer scientists felt smoking had a causative effect, and this group also smoked less than the psychologists. Involvement in cancer research per se, however, seemed to do little to modify the smoking habit. From Psyc Abstracts 36:01:3DG35L. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Subjects were assigned to one of 3 conditions. Reading a persuasive communication concerning the draft silently, reading it aloud; giving an impromptu talk advocating the points made in the communication. All were given a "set" to the effect they would have to make such a report. Subjects were also compared for their "satisfaction" with the task and their performance. Opinion changes to 5 questions revealed that the role of advocate was associated with an increase in favor of the communication. Satisfaction was unrelated to the change. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)