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Abstract
This paper is a brief review of the concept of social exclusion and its evolution. I address which individuals are excluded from sport and physical activity and how; link inclusion policies to the 'cross-cutting issues' and the idea of social capital; and outline the intervention policies being adopted in the new sport strategy 'Game Plan' (). I address the link between transport, exercise and health in a case study. Since these policies are new, research and evaluation has been short term and scattered, and outcome measurements have not yet received academic or professional consensus, it is too soon to say for sure what works or even to confirm what is best practice.
... Sport-driven projects may take the mechanisms that limit access to sport and promote inclusion in sport outcomes. In such an approach, the outcomes of inclusion take shape in combating the structural, economical (e.g., decreased/free sport fees) or infrastructural (e.g., reinforcement of public transport to move toward sport facilities) barriers that impede participation in sport (Collins, 2003(Collins, , 2004Gozzoli et al., 2013;Jeanes et al., 2019;Vandermeerschen et al., 2015). Access in sport allows people to be part of the micro-sport environment, developing the so-called "spatial outcomes" of inclusion (Bailey, 2005(Bailey, , 2008. ...
... Sport-driven projects may take the mechanisms that limit access to sport and promote inclusion in sport outcomes. In such an approach, the outcomes of inclusion take shape in combating the structural, economical (e.g., decreased/free sport fees) or infrastructural (e.g., reinforcement of public transport to move toward sport facilities) barriers that impede participation in sport (Collins, 2003(Collins, , 2004Gozzoli et al., 2013;Jeanes et al., 2019;Vandermeerschen et al., 2015). Access in sport allows people to be part of the micro-sport environment, developing the so-called "spatial outcomes" of inclusion (Bailey, 2005(Bailey, , 2008. ...
... With regard to sport access barriers, social workers describe that sport bureaucracy is a serious impediment, beyond the economical and infrastructural obstacles, which are well recognized in the sport literature (Collins, 2003(Collins, , 2004Jeanes et al., 2019; • Social skills • Self-efficacy Spatial outcomes ...
Although the literature is rich in contributions analyzing the role of social workers in sports, there remains a lack of empirical research with respect to how these workers can be determinant in the development of inclusion outcomes in sports-driven interventions targeting socially vulnerable youth. The investigation analyzes the case of a sports-based program run by an Italian non-profit organization (NGO) from an ecological system perspective. Data from interviews and focus groups with youth involved in the program (21), parents (15), sport coaches (9), and the social workers of the NGO (15) were triangulated with the aim of exploring how social workers promoted inclusion through sport. Data were analyzed in a top–down thematic analysis.
Findings
Social workers promoted many social inclusion outcomes: (1) they linked sport clubs with the youth excluded from the sport system, thus sustaining access to sport; (2) they emotionally supported youth and their families in the program, fostering the relational dimension of social inclusion; (3) they formed alliances between the diverse systems of youth life, enhancing youth capacity to overcome their personal challenges in sports; and (4) they encouraged the integration of people coming from different socio-economic backgrounds within the sport context.
Applications
The case informs the practice of social workers in sport-driven interventions providing insights around the tasks they should achieve to promote social inclusion, including (1) recruitment of youth excluded from the sport system and linkage with sport clubs, (2) sport bureaucracy support, and (3) dialogue with diverse youth life systems.
... Social interaction is regarded as an important factor for individual well-being in a society. Several researchers have supported the idea that sport can increase affiliations among community members (Washington and Karen, 2001;Collins, 2004;Crompton, 2004). Watching games with families increases family ties (Wann, 1995;Funk et al., 2001;Eitzen, 2015); talking about sports events with others (Moore, 2015), or participating in event-related social activities, ancillary events, theme activities, individual's interaction, bonding, and communication with others would be increased (Chalip, 2006). ...
... Although events are temporary and their duration is fleeting, host community members have various tangible socializing opportunities pre-and post-event (Eitzen, 2015). The enhanced social bonding improves social relations, generates teamwork, and decreases feelings of social alienation (Frey and Eitzen, 1991;Washington and Karen, 2001;Collins, 2004;Crompton, 2004); (6) excitement from the events and visitors refers to the residents' emotionally stimulated state from hosting a sports event, a result of both the event itself and the influx of visitors to the local community. The enhanced excitement among community members and visitors is mutually transferable and contagious (Christine Green, 2001;Chalip, 2006). ...
Using Shanghai Tennis Masters as an example, this study seeks to explore the psychic income associated with major sports events hosting and whether the psychic income would predict the attitudes of local residents toward events hosting. In addition, the moderating effect of sport involvement on the relationship between psychic income and attitude is also tested. In this study, a questionnaire survey is adopted. The structured questionnaire was developed based on 4 parts, including the demographics of the residents, involvement in the sport event, psychic income from the sport event, and their attitudes toward the sports event, there were 47 items in total. Data were collected from the local residents of Shanghai (including 16 districts or counties), as a result, 1,302 valid questionnaires were collected. A series of statistical analyses were conducted by using SPSS25.0 and AMOS 24.0 to examine the reliability and validity of the scales and to test the hypotheses. The results showed that the event has brought a significant level of psychic income to the local community, and the perceived psychic income would predict the attitudes of the residents toward the event hosting. The moderating effect of sports involvement on the relationship between psychic income and attitude is also confirmed.
... People who have participated extensively in outdoor physical exercise and those who have been involved in physical exercise for a longer period of time often have wider social networks, higher achievement levels, and a higher sense of belonging 12 . Federico et al. 13 research on Italian adults also found that groups who participated more frequently in physical exercise were also groups with higher education levels. ...
... Overall, the impact of physical exercise on acquisition of urban hukou decision-making of the female oating population is greater than on the male oating population. Similarly, Columns (7)-(12) show the impact of social integration on acquisition of urban hukou decision-making for the male and female oating populations. The differences between the two groups are relatively small; 0.006 and 0.01, respectively. ...
This paper uses data from the 2014 and 2016 China Labor Force Survey to investigate the relationship between physical exercise, social integration and urban hukou acquisition decision-making in the floating population. We find that physical exercise and social integration can directly promote the acquisition of urban hukou in floating populations, and physical exercise promotes the acquisition of urban hukou in floating populations by increasing their degree of social integration. So, social integration is the intermediary between the floating population's physical exercise and urban hukou acquisition decision-making. Specifically, the mediating effect is most pronounced in the non-agricultural and female floating population. The results suggest that the construction of amenities for physical exercise and communal physical activities can not only promote the development of a harmonious society, but also effectively encourage the floating population to acquire urban hukou in their city of work and promote the development of the new urbanization of China.
JEL classifications: G80-05, J15, R23
... Specifically, unhealthy behaviours (e.g. unbalanced diet, low physical activity practice and high sedentary behaviour) (Collins, 2004;Hanson and Chen, 2007;Lewis et al., 2016;Maher and Olds, 2011;Martins et al., 2015;Mielke et al., 2017;Stalsberg and Pedersen, 2010) would be unfairly over-represented in disadvantageous social classes, and differences in representations of behaviours between social classes would result in a social gradient of behaviours. Even if this theory is supported by several works, the social gradient of PA and SB is not consistently found among adolescents in the literature O'Donoghue et al., 2018;Pate et al., 2011;Sherar et al., 2016;Stalsberg and Pedersen, 2010). ...
... Similar results (Maher and Olds, 2011) suggest that socioeconomic gradients are largely driven by differences in sport participation. Some literature stress that it may be due to advantaged families' enhanced ability to pay for sporting club membership fees, provide instrumental support for their children's PA outside of school hours or encourage their children to engage in PA (Collins, 2004;Martins et al., 2015).Less advantaged adolescents also may be more exposed to obesogenic environments (Mohammed et al., 2019), family and psychological problems (Reiss et al., 2019) than their advantaged counterparts, which could negatively impact their PA motivation. Moreover, advantaged families may be more aware of PA benefits for their children than disadvantaged families and thus more disposed to follow PA recommendations. ...
Social differences in prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents, known as the weight social gradient, could be explained by differences in behaviours between social classes. This study examined the respective association of physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviour (SB) and weight status with adolescents' socioeconomic status. We used cross-sectional data for 1935 adolescents (13–18 years old) with overweight or obesity who participated in the PRALIMAP-INÉS (PRomotion de l'ALImentation et de l'Activité Physique - INÉgalités de Santé) trial conducted in northeastern France between 2012 and 2015. Adolescents completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire for PA and SB and the Family Affluence Scale for socioeconomic status. Weight status was assessed by the body mass index (BMI) and BMI z-score. Social gradient of weight status, PA and SB were described according to the Family Affluence Scale (slopes) and evidenced by the linear trend test (p). Adolescents' socioeconomic status was positively associated with PA practice (frequency, vigorous PA and leisure-time PA), but there was no association with their SB. The results confirmed a significant weight social gradient: BMI (β = 0.37, p < .0001) and BMI z-score (β = 0.07, p = .0001). The weight social gradient in adolescents was mostly associated with PA (5.7% to 8.1%) rather than SB (2.7% to 5.7%). Nearly 14% of BMI z-scores could be related to a combined PA and SB effect. PA was found an important factor of weight social gradient in adolescence. Actions aimed at preventing weight social inequalities among adolescents could include PA promotion as lever.
Clinical trials registry and number
ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01688453).
... Social interaction is viewed as an important reason for individual well-being in a society (Kim & Walker, 2012). Local events boost residents' interactions including friendships, improvement of social relations feeling, and social involvement, lessen feelings of social estrangement and generating teamwork (Collins, 2004;Crompton, 2004;Funk, Mahony, & Ridinger, 2002;Washington & Karen, 2001). Sport reflects the human spirit, community attachment, family memories, competition and victory (Eitzen, 2005), and through this socialization process, persons interact through diverse groups (Kim & Walker, 2012). ...
... Sport reflects the human spirit, community attachment, family memories, competition and victory (Eitzen, 2005), and through this socialization process, persons interact through diverse groups (Kim & Walker, 2012). Several academics have supported the idea that sport can increase affiliations among community members (Collins, 2004;Crompton, 2004). ...
This study aims to investigate the impact of the Hail International Rally event on the host community of Hail. A survey was conducted among a random sample of Hail local residents which was selected in a convenient manner from various public places. The data collection was conducted starting from the last week of March 2016 (the period of organizing the event and continued till after the end of a month. Out of 250 questionnaires that were distributed, only 137 ones were returned, yielding 127 completed and usable packets. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between the level of support and the positive impact perceived regarding urban facilities, economic benefits except the contribution of the event to achieve the commercial boom for small businesses, image, cultural communication, entertainment, community participation, and social relations. ARTICLE HISTORY
... A study of overweight children by Gray et al. (2008) and two studies by Stanley et al. (2012Stanley et al. ( , 2013 show that children perceive bullying and teasing by peers as an important barrier to physical activity during schooltime and after school. Collins (2004) suggests that social exclusion may be a socially patterned barrier to participation in physical activity for at least two reasons: engagement in sport can be too expensive for families of lower socioeconomic position and these families may not prioritize engagement in sport. According to Collins (2004) the empirical evidence for an association between social exclusion and physical activity is weak. ...
... Collins (2004) suggests that social exclusion may be a socially patterned barrier to participation in physical activity for at least two reasons: engagement in sport can be too expensive for families of lower socioeconomic position and these families may not prioritize engagement in sport. According to Collins (2004) the empirical evidence for an association between social exclusion and physical activity is weak. ...
More children from lower social backgrounds are physically inactive than those from higher ones. We studied whether bullying was a mediating factor between lower social background and physical inactivity. We also examined the combined effect of low social class and exposure to bullying on physical inactivity. The Danish sample of the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study 2006 included 6269 schoolchildren in three age groups: 11-, 13-, and 15-year-olds from a random sample of 80 schools. The students answered the internationally standardized HBSC questionnaire. The applied definition leaves 4.0% in the category physically inactive. The sex and age-adjusted OR (95% CI) for physical inactivity was 2.10 (1.39-3.18) among students with low social class and unclassifiable 3.53 (2.26-5.53). Exposure to bullying was associated with physical inactivity, sex and age-adjusted OR = 2.39 (1.67-3.41). Exposure to bullying did not explain the association between social class and physical inactivity. The association between social class and physical inactivity was more pronounced among participants also exposed to bullying. In conclusion, there was a significantly increased odds ratio for physical inactivity among students from lower social classes and for students exposed to bullying. There was a combined effect of low social class and bullying on physical inactivity.
... Regarding older adults, Litwin (2003) determined that physically active older adults were more socially connected; along these lines, Gray (2009) and Kim et al. (2020) suggest that the likelihood of taking part in physical activity was associated with a higher diversity of networks. Similar results have been found when considering marginalised or socially excluded groups (Collins, 2004;Skinner et al., 2008;Sherry, 2010). ...
Involvement in sports is considered a powerful way to generate social capital. However, the role of sport engagement in the development of social relationships of older adults has not received much attention. Remarkably, there is a lack of empirical evidence on the quality and diversity of social relations built through active sport participation and spectatorship. This paper attempts to assess the relationship between sport engagement and various measures of network social capital, including the extension and quality of social networks and the heterogeneity of personal relationships. Also, it proposes new and more informative measurements of an individual's quantity and quality of social ties. By analysing data from a survey in Spain (N = 600) and applying logistic regressions, the results show that sport participation and attendance at sporting events are closely related to different dimensions of network social capital. Concerning people who are not actively engaged in sports, more extensive social networks characterise those who frequently attend sporting events. In contrast, active sport participation is associated with the extensity and quality measures of social connectedness, the level of satisfaction with friends and the opportunity to enjoy close relationships. Therefore, this paper provides new evidence on how sport engagement may result in tighter and extensive networks for older adults and serve as support for emphasising sports, physical activity and leisure as strategies for maintaining and boosting older people's social and psychological health.
... [3][4][5] Positive lifestyle changes, such as increasing physical activity, dietary change, reducing alcohol consumption or smoking cessation, are recognised as an important means of retarding age-related declines in health. They are an important means of reducing the risk of premature mortality and various chronic diseases (e.g., CHD, diabetes, hypertension), 6 7 and increasing the number of 'healthy' years in later life. 1 8 Some lifestyle change, particularly group-based or participative activities (e.g., walking groups, cook and eat sessions) can confer additional benefits for social wellbeing through increased social interactions and inclusion, 9 and psychological well-being through a number of possible mechanisms (e.g., greater control, feelings of mastery, self-efficacy). 10 11 People in 'mid-life' (aged 45-65 years) represent one of the largest cohorts of England's age profile and one in which great health inequalities exist. ...
The Beth Johnson Mid-life Health Programme received funding from Stoke-on-Trent Primary Care Trust (PCT) for a period of 12 months to deliver community and work place based health checks to engage Stoke-on-Trent residents (aged 45+ years), through opportunistic health and lifestyle assessments, advice and support.
This independent evaluation explored the role of the Mid-life programme and its impact using retrospective analysis of routinely collected quantitative data and collection of additional qualitative data through participant and stakeholder focus groups and telephone interviews.
... Despite of Inclusive nature, sometime sports reproduce social inequality in the world 35 . Disable people, poor people and women are excluded from sports on the basis of the incapability to incur the expense of sports due to poverty and social inequality 50 . Hence, there is a need of political engagement and education practice to bring systematic transformation in social life. ...
... In Brazil, as in many developing countries, there is a significant overlap between impairment, disability, and poverty, which leads to weak social participation and reduced opportunities to improve one's life prospects. Because poverty significantly limits leisure and recreation spending [62], genuinely inclusive sport participation policies must engage with the socio-structural factors of exclusion, which are mostly beyond the scope of existing sport and recreational policies and programs. In other words, separate policies would need to be replaced by multi-sectoral ones that integrate other socioeconomic issues, such as transportation, city planning, education, tourism, and leisure. ...
This article examines the discourses about Sport for All (SFA) and their evolution over the past four decades in Brazil and analyzes the implications of those discourses for social inclusion of Brazilians with impairments in sport and leisure. It provides an overview of four political milestones in the development of sport participation in Brazil: the launch of the SFA program under the military dictatorship; the adoption of the 1988 Constitution; the ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities; and the Rio 2016 Paralympics. Foucault’s archaeological-genealogical approach has been used to explain how the principle of social inclusion has been practised and enacted through the SFA discourses in Brazil and to discuss the implications of sport and leisure policies for the population with impairments.
... However, other research has balanced this enthusiasm by questioning the "myth of healthism" (Holman et al., 1997), which surrounds sports. In fact, sport participants are more likely to use alcohol and steroids than nonsport participants (Holman et al., 1997;Moore & Werch, 2005;Musselman & Rutledge, 2010), and social and gender inequity in sport is still common (Alsarve, 2018;Collins, 2004). Therefore, considering sport clubs as health promoting just because of the benefits of sport practice is reductive, as they could, through their informal educational nature, also have an effect on other health determinants and on community health (Geidne et al., 2013;Kokko, 2014b). ...
Many researchers and authorities have recognized the important role that sports clubs can play in public health. In spite of attempts to create a theoretical framework in the early 2000s, a thorough understanding of sports clubs as a setting for health promotion (HP) is lacking. Despite calls for more effective, sustainable, and theoretically grounded interventions, previous literature reviews have identified no controlled studies assessing HP interventions in sports clubs. This systematic mapping review details how the settings-based approach is applied through HP interventions in sports clubs and highlights facilitators and barriers for sports clubs to become health-promoting settings. In addition, the mapped facilitators and barriers have been used to reformulate previous guidelines of HP in sports clubs. Seven databases were searched for empirical research published between 1986 and 2017. Fifty-eight studies were included, principally coming from Australia and Europe, describing 33 unique interventions, which targeted mostly male participants in team sports. The settings-based approach was not yet applied in sports clubs, as more than half of the interventions implemented in sports club targeted only one level of the socio-ecological model, as well as focused only on study participants rather than the club overall. Based on empirical data, the analysis of facilitators and barriers helped develop revised guidelines for sports clubs to implement settings-based HP. This will be particularly useful when implementing HP initiatives to aid in the development of sports clubs working with a whole setting approach.
... Recent data indicates approximately half of all adults in the United States of America, Canada, United Kingdom and Australia are insufficiently active [3][4][5][6][7][8]. Since people from low socioeconomic status (SES) groups are more likely to be inactive or not reach recommended levels of health-enhancing physical activity participation [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16], physical activity interventions should aim to increase physical activity levels among low SES groups in order to reduce socioeconomic disparities. ...
Physical inactivity is a major contributor to non-communicable disease and people of low socioeconomic status (SES) are more likely to be insufficiently active. Physical activity mass media campaigns aim to increase physical activity participation, but little is known about their impact on low SES groups. We reviewed the published literature from 1990 to June 2016 to identify reports of physical activity mass media campaigns. We documented evaluation/study design, target population, campaign outcomes assessed, SES measures used and analysed the results of the SES comparisons. A total of 23 papers were reviewed, reporting on 17 physical activity campaigns and 12 campaigns compared SES differences for 85 outcomes: 45 comparisons showed no difference between lowest and highest SES groups, 20 showed a better outcome for the lowest SES group and 20 showed a worse outcome. Some campaigns found inconsistent results, but seven found only equal and/or better results for low SES groups. Post-campaign physical activity behaviour most commonly showed no SES differences, but no other patterns were seen. Our review found that physical activity mass media campaigns have mostly equitable or better impacts for low SES groups, but to reduce inequalities these campaigns need to be maximally effective for low SES populations.
... Socio-economic factors are not only major determinants of health, but also influence participation patterns in PA (WHO, 2003). Levels of participation in PA differ widely depending on SES (Collins, 2004). Several studies show that PA levels tend to be low in socio-economically disadvantaged groups, and that it is not easy to promote PA in such groups (WHO, 2013). ...
Physical activity can be used for the effective and comprehensive management of HIV and AIDS. Social support and socio-economic status (SES) are two factors that shape physical activity behaviours. Individuals of low SES carry a disproportionate burden of the HIV and AIDS epidemic. In addition, limited resources constitute socio-ecological barriers predisposing such individuals to physical inactivity. The purpose of this narrative review is to examine the available literature on physical activity, social support and SES and to generate recommendations for designing and implementing physical activity interventions targeting people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) of low SES. The review used literature from Google, Google Scholar and PubMed on physical activity of PLWHA, social support for physical activity, and SES and physical activity. Qualitative and quantitative studies in English were included from 1970 to 2016. The results show that social support plays a major role in promoting physical activity and counteracting the barriers to PA in PLWHA of low SES. The results on the role of social support and the influence of SES are integrated to help design appropriate physical activity interventions for PLWHA of low SES. Well-designed interventions should utilise social support and be contextualised for PLWHA of low SES, whose living conditions present multiple barriers to physical activity.
... Sportování je častěji součástí životního stylu u vyšších vrstev (Skille, 2005;Warde, 2006). Význam zde mají nejen ekonomické nerovnosti (množství disponibilního příjmu), ale i kulturní odlišnosti lidí s různým postavením ve společnosti (Bourdieu, 1978;Collins, 2004;Špaček, 2008). Špačkova (2008) studie ukazuje na základě dat z náhodných souborů let 1984, 1991 a 2007, že přes určitý nárůst celkové míry sportovní participace v České republice zde přetrvávají značné rozdíly mezi různými sociálními vrstvami. ...
Studie zkoumá na vzorku 1221 studentů ČVUT, z toho 947 studentů a 274 studentek ve věku 20–28 let, jakou měrou se v jejich životě podíleli na formování jejich osobnosti se zaměřením na výchovu k pravidelné pohybové činnosti vybrané osoby a instituce. Výsledky potvrzují, že vybrané indikátory se podílí na výchově mládeže ve smyslu kladného ovlivnění ke sportovní činnosti rozdílnou měrou. U chlapců se o to nejvíce přičiňují kamarádi a spolužáci (průměr na 7 bodové Likertově škále 5,37), těsně sledováni rodinou (5,15) a také učiteli tělesné výchovy na vysoké škole (4,79). Na děvčata má největší kladný vliv jejich rodina (5,34), kamarádky a spolužačky (5,26) a také jejich partneři (5,16). Nejméně na ně v tomto smyslu výchovně působí učitelé TV na SŠ (4,31 u chlapců; resp. 4,04 u děvčat), naši sportovní reprezentanti (4,30; resp. 4,21) a učitelé TV na ZŠ (4,10; resp. u děvčat dokonce 3,90, což je jediná záporná hodnota ze všech indikátorů).
... Smith and Ingham (2003) argued that sporting events provide a means to help those involved to rediscover a sense of community through participation. Participation in sports and hosting of major sports events provide local residents with volunteering and other opportunities to socialize with friends and other community members, and this increased socialization and community bonding would help improve social relations, generate social capital, and facilitate social inclusion (Collins, 2004;Crompton, 2004;Kaplanidou et al., 2013). This increased social bonding is confirmed by Kaplanidou (2012) in her investigation of residents of Olympic host cities. Kim and Walker (2012) argued that individual's enhanced community attachment is a viable addition to a model to assess the psychological impact of community residents: ...
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to develop a scale to measure the legacy of psychic income associated with the Olympic Games.
Design/methodology/approach
Using the 2008 Beijing Games as an example, data were collected from Beijing residents through structured questionnaires. A scale of measuring psychic income (SPI) was developed through conducting a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) based on a sample of 375.
Findings
In the CFA estimation, a seven-factor SPI was identified with 24 pertinent items retained. This seven-factor model displays good fit to the data, construct validity, and reliability.
Originality/value
Despite the importance of psychic income widely recognized in the existing literature, there has been a lack of valid scales to measure major sports events psychic income in general and Olympic psychic income in particular. This paper develops a multidimensional scale from the host community perspective, which can provide academics and local organizers with a reliable and valid tool to assess Olympic psychic income.
... Many people live in socially vulnerable areas which have a combination of linked problems including poor housing, poor health, unemployment, poor skills, low income, high crime environment, and family breakdown (Collins, 2004). Social vulnerability may be defined as the result of the negative relationship between the availability of material or symbolic resources of individuals or groups and access to the social, economic, and cultural opportunity structure provided by the state, market and/or society (Misztal, 2011). ...
Activist research engages all participants as co-researchers in order to challenge the status quo in hopes of creating spaces in which they will actively participate in their education and feel responsible for their own and others’ learning. There are a number of challenges that researchers might face when engaging in activist research with co-researchers. In that sense, researchers must be open to multiple perspectives and critical attitudes in order to negotiate the challenges that arise in the process. This paper describes the challenges that the lead author faced in learning to become an activist researcher in a socially vulnerable sport context and how these challenges were negotiated. The lead author, supervised by the second author, conducted a six month activist research study in a soccer program in a socially and economically disadvantaged neighborhood in Brazil. Participants included two researchers (lead and second authors), 17 young people, four coaches, a pedagogic coordinator and a social worker as co-researchers. Multiple sources of data were collected, including 38 field journal/observations and audio records of: 18 youth work sessions, 16 coaches’ work sessions, three combined coaches and youth work sessions, and 37 meetings between the lead author and the second author. By using an activist approach four challenges were identified and negotiated: learning to become more comfortable with an activist approach, helping young people to articulate what they know and the researcher to see what they say, valuing co-researchers’ knowledge, and negotiating the culture of sport. We argue that challenges are essential, necessary and significant in an activist research project in order to transform ourselves as researchers and our relationship with others.
... This way, the spectators can get involved and better enjoy the game. • After competition: warm lighting (Tc = 3000 K) with low levels of illumination (20 lux) is proposed to again decrease the stress of spectators generated by the competition and to avoid the frequent violent acts in the surroundings of the stadiums [29][30][31][32]. ...
Violence among spectators at sports events has become a serious problem, not only for its
evident impact on safety, but also from the perspective of environmental, cultural, economic and
social sustainability. Although it could be considered a purely social problem, some solutions could
come from a smart and efficient design and management of the lighting installations. Thus, the
management of sports installations requires deep considerations of lighting technology for three
reasons: (1) accurate illumination allows the users to achieve their visual task with comfort and safety;
(2) the energy consumption of sports facilities can be decreased with an efficient design of the lighting
installation; and (3) the lighting impacts some psychological and physiological aspects such as arousal,
stress or relaxation which are directly related to violence. In this work, the recent advances on the
matter of light sources and non-visual effects of light are deployed within a new proposal of dynamic
Light-emitting diode (LED) lighting to decrease violence among spectators. Here, sustainable sports
facilities are considered from a global perspective where accurate illumination in each zone (court,
bleachers, training rooms and surrounding streets) plays an important role in violence avoidance.
... O referido autor (Collins, 2004) considera que a inclusão social é a política ou ato de superar barreiras que as pessoas têm, dando-lhes mais oportunidades de exercerem a cidadania. ...
Sports can contribute to economic and social cohesion, and also to a greater integration in society. To do so, they promote the development of social relations, and stimulate connections between countries, regions and citizens (Comissão das Comunidades Europeias, 2007). The Fundação de Apoio ao Cidadão e Mobilização Social (FAMFS) is a non-profit organization, created in the late 1980s and incorporated in 1990. The objectives of our study were: i) identify which projects were promoted by FAMFS within sport in Feira de Santana, ii) know the strategies and/or methodologies used for the actual implementation (in the field) of these projects, iii) know the reasons for choice of sport as a scope of intervention realizing the various sports projects (in a specific way), iiii) analyze the objectives (general and specific) that FAMFS intended to achieve with the choice of sport as part of intervention and the achievement of various sporting projects (in a specific way) ; iiiii) study results (social, educational, health-related, political, economic and environmental issues at local, regional, national and international) achieved by FAMFS with its involvement in sport and the achievement of various sporting projects (in a specific way). For this proposed study, we made use of ethnographic research method (J. S. Ribeiro, 2003; Tedlock, 2000). Thus, we will present an overview and analysis of the performance of FAMFS in partnership with the Ministry of Sports in recent years by analyzing the database of the institution. This preliminary analysis allowed the selection of stakeholders, within this group, to conduct indepth interviews. The script of these interviews was guided by questions that deal with the perception in the social, economic and environmental change across the experience of participating in sports programs of social inclusion and entrepreneurship promoted by FAMFS in Feira de Santana, Bahia. Having as main target audience children and adolescents, but also their families, social sports projects developed by the foundation over the years aimed at enabling life opportunities to the needy. To this end, agreements with the government (federal, state and municipal) were established, having as main results professionalism and employability. The establishment of intersectoral partnerships has been identified as the main reason for the success of sport promoted by FAMFS.
... Sportování je častěji součástí životního stylu u vyšších vrstev (Skille, 2005;Warde, 2006). Význam zde mají nejen ekonomické nerovnosti (množství disponibilního příjmu), ale i kulturní odlišnosti lidí s různým postavením ve společnosti (Bourdieu, 1978;Collins, 2004;Špaček, 2008). Špačkova (2008) studie ukazuje na základě dat z náhodných souborů let 1984, 1991 a 2007, že přes určitý nárůst celkové míry sportovní participace v České republice zde přetrvávají značné rozdíly mezi různými sociálními vrstvami. ...
The article focuses on the efficient use of time in providing high quality physical education in schools. We explore the research base identifying effective physical education teaching in schools, in terms of academic learning time and other time-related variables in physical education lessons. We compare students’ activity levels in two types of physical education sessions which differ with regards to lesson content (technical lessons and games lessons), and to the educational level in which the sessions are given (three stages of elementary education and high school education). A total of 112 lessons involving ten class groups and 255 elementary and high school students were observed using the Placheck method (Siedentop & Tannehill, 2000). T tests were used to compare the academic learning time engagement levels of technical classes with physical education games classes. In the technical lessons, the students were active 45.6% of the time during the session, while in the games lessons the students were active 53.2% of the time. This difference is significant (p=0.002). These differences were not significant in the sessions taught in the first and second stages of elementary education. We conclude that scope for students to play a lead role in the physical education session is a determining factor in their activity level during the final stage of elementary education and in high school education. It is therefore recommended that physical educators periodically re-examine not only teaching behaviours, class structures and teaching formats, but also the types of activities they include, in order to provide effective teaching and learning environments for their students.
... One is never excluded in 'absolute' terms, but rather from a particular society, at a particular point in time (Burchardt et al. 1999;Richardson and Le Grand 2002). Translating this to our context, it means that, given that in current Western societies, sports is seen as a customary activity (Collins 2004), not being able to participate in sports is a type of social exclusion. 'There are Alternatives, but Your Social Life is Curtailed'… 121 ...
Sports is generally believed to improve well-being and to bring benefits ranging from health promotion to the enhancement of social capital. At the same time, research has indicated that living in poverty negatively affects the likelihood of practicing sports. Yet, from the literature, it is not clear how the lower participation rates of people in poverty should be understood. Based on 33 semi-structured interviews and four focus groups, we (1) explore the meaning of sports participation for people in poverty and (2) evaluate the opportunities for practicing sports. As their voices often remain unheard, we take the perspective of people in poverty as a starting point. The results indicate, amongst other things, that sports practice remains possible when living with few resources, but potential social benefits of sports often stay out of reach. The link between scarcity of resources and social exclusion, as documented in the literature on poverty, is strongly present in the field of sports as well. In order to enhance the actual opportunities for doing sports, activities need to be organised in a financially, socially and physically safe way.
... Sports has become a generally accepted pattern of life, a widespread activity (Collins, 2004), and often even a normative behaviour (Leemans, 1964;MacDonald, Pang, Knez, Nelson & McCuaig, 2012). As a consequence, the field of sports cannot be overlooked as a means of tackling poverty and social exclusion. ...
SAMENVATTING Mensen in armoede toegang bieden tot sport? Een studie naar lokaal sociaal sportbeleid Onderzoek heeft aangetoond dat armoede een impact heeft op de kansen voor sportdeelname. Mensen in armoede participeren minder in sport in vergelijking met mensen die gemakkelijk(er) rondkomen. Op Vlaams beleidsniveau werden initiatieven genomen om lokale besturen aan te moedigen tot het promoten en faciliteren van sportdeelname voor mensen in armoede. Het is echter nog onduidelijk in welke mate dit ingang vond op lokaal niveau. In deze studie wordt onderzocht in welke mate lokale sportdiensten momenteel initiatieven nemen om sportdeelname bij mensen in armoede te faciliteren, met welke moeilijkheden sportdiensten worden geconfronteerd om dit doel te bereiken, en in welke mate lokaal sociaal sportbeleid tot stand komt door middel van samenwerkingsverbanden tussen de sportsector enerzijds, en de sociale sector anderzijds. De data zijn afkomstig van het Vlaamse Sportdiensten Panel (2014). De resultaten geven onder meer aan dat de publieke sportsector en de sociale sector nog in grote mate twee “gescheiden” werelden zijn. Het blijkt een uitdaging om de afstand tussen beiden te overbruggen. Aanbevelingen voor verder onderzoek en voor de ontwikkeling van een sociaal sportbeleid worden aangereikt. ABSTRACTFacilitating access to sports for people in poverty? A study on local social sports policy Research has shown that living in poverty affects the opportunities for engaging in practicing sports. People in poverty participate less in sports than people who have no (or fewer) difficulties making ends meet. At the Flemish policy level, initiatives have been undertaken to ensure that more local sports authorities promote and facilitate participation in sports for people in poverty. However, it remains unclear how these concerns are being translated at the local level. In this study, we investigate the extent to which local sports authorities are currently undertaking initiatives to facilitate participation in sports for people in poverty, which difficulties local sports authorities encounter in trying to reach this goal, and the extent to which local social sports policy results from partnerships between sports and the social sector. The data used in this study originate from the Flemish Panel study on Local Sports Authorities (2014). The results indicate that the sports sector and the social sector are still, to a large extent, two separate worlds and bridging the gap between them remains a challenge. Suggestions are offered for further research and for the development of social sports policy.
... Income and socio-economic status also infl uence access to particular sports opportunities. Those with a low income are less likely to fully participate in organized sport than those with a higher income, as the former may not be able, or willing, to afford the costs of sports club membership, equipment and travel necessary to engage in sport even at a grassroots level (Collins 2007). Indeed, in the Global North, fi nancial restrictions prevent a small proportion of the population from participating in organized sport, joining a sports club, or attending professional sporting events (De Haan 2010;Collins 2012). ...
Social exclusion is one of the most pressing challenges in post-industrial societies, encompassing economic, social, cultural and political dimensions. This important new book critically examines the relationship between sport and social exclusion, from global and cross-cultural perspectives. The book analyses sport and social exclusion by focusing on three key questions: How does social exclusion affect participation in sport? How is social exclusion (re)produced, experienced, resisted, and managed in sport? How is sport used to combat social exclusion and promote social inclusion in other life domains? To answer these questions, the authors discuss and critically reflect on existing knowledge and in-depth case studies from Europe, Australasia, Africa and Latin America. The book illuminates the relationship between sport and social exclusion in Global North and Global South contexts, addressing key issues in contemporary social science such as social inequality, worklessness, gender, disability, forced migration, homelessness and mental health. Sport and Social Exclusion in Global Society is important reading for all students, researchers and policy-makers with an interest in sport sociology, sport development, sport management, or the relationship between sport and wider society. © 2014 Ramón Spaaij, Jonathan Magee and Ruth Jeanes selection and editorial material.
... A comparison to similar projects would allow researchers to refine the evaluation process and to highlight the opportunities and risks of this method. A participatory evaluation can help clarify our understanding of what we can achieve through sports and what conditions we must create in order to fulfill sports' potentialities, without trivializing or idealizing it Collins, 2004). ...
Policies are open in order to promote integration of adapted sport into general sport. The project Blanquerna Inclusion would bring knowledge and strategies to facilitate the process of social inclusion in the sports system. The project will involve athletes, technicians and managers, representing single sport federations and federations of sports for people with disabilities. As a first step, from a sociocognitive perspective, beliefs and attitude are evaluated into a group of participants, in all three roles, representing the federations of sports for people with disabilities. A technique based on Fishbein and Ajzen model and a content analysis strategy, using triangulation of expert judges, will be used. We describe differences in attitudes between men and women, over their conception of adapted sports and athletes with disabilities, and differences in beliefs about social inclusion, among the group of athletes and the group of coaches and managers.
... Coakley argues that this inherent belief in the purity and goodness of sport has been abused to sponsor sport events which contribute little to the common good in any representative manner [42]. Collins reasons that sport participation is exclusionary in itself as sport participation rates decline with lower socio-economic status [43]. Furthermore, studies have indicated that sport can also lead to inequalities and social exclusion as a result of the strong bonds that may exist within a sporting club or team that is homogeneous in its membership [44,45]. ...
Background:
The Health through Sport conceptual model links sport participation with physical, social and psychological outcomes and stresses the need for more understanding between these outcomes. The present study aims to uncover how sport participation, physical activity, social capital and mental health are interrelated by examining these outcomes in one model.
Methods:
A cross-sectional survey was conducted in nine disadvantaged communities in Antwerp (Belgium). Two hundred adults (aged 18-56) per community were randomly selected and visited at home to fill out a questionnaire on socio-demographics, sport participation, physical activity, social capital and mental health. A sample of 414 adults participated in the study.
Results:
Structural Equation Modeling analysis showed that sport participation (β = .095) and not total physical activity (β = .027) was associated with better mental health. No association was found between sport participation and community social capital (β = .009) or individual social capital (β = .045). Furthermore, only community social capital was linked with physical activity (β = .114), individual social capital was not (β = -.013). In contrast, only individual social capital was directly associated with mental health (β = .152), community social capital was not (β = .070).
Conclusion:
This study emphasizes the importance of sport participation and individual social capital to improve mental health in disadvantaged communities. It further gives a unique insight into the functionalities of how sport participation, physical activity, social capital and mental health are interrelated. Implications for policy are that cross-sector initiatives between the sport, social and health sector need to be supported as their outcomes are directly linked to one another.
In this article, we analyse the impact of breaking’s inclusion in the Olympics on the Australian breaking scene. We draw on our experiences as Australian breaking practitioners, as well as ethnographic field research conducted between 2018 and 2021, to show how Australian breakers have responded to, and made sense of, breaking becoming an Olympic sport. While some breakers see the Olympics as an opportunity and space for wider recognition, many have expressed concerns with the growing influence (and embrace) of transnational commercial organizations and institutional governing bodies in shaping and managing breaking’s future. Alongside concerns of an increasing sportification of breaking, this trajectory points towards an increasing loss of self-determination, agency and spontaneity for local Australian breakers and will have profound consequences for the way in which hip hop personhood is constantly ‘remade and renegotiated’ in Australia (Marie 2020: 4). Isolated from the major breaking hubs (North America/Asia/Europe), Australia’s breaking scene is marked by distinct, self-determined localized scenes separated from each other by the geographic expansiveness of this island-continent. Here, breaking is a space for those ‘othered’ by Australian institutions to express themselves and engage in new hierarchies of respect. We argue that breaking’s institutionalization via the Olympics will place breaking more firmly within this sporting nation’s hegemonic settler-colonial structures that rely upon racialized and gendered hierarchies. As such, in this article we discuss and examine how the Olympics impacts ongoing local, social and cultural productions and expressions of hip hop, and the distinct possibilities of breaking that enable its participants to ‘show and prove’ outside standardized, institutionalized rubrics.
Fee assistance programmes (FAPs) used by community sport and recreation organizations (CSROs) are a popular means of addressing the financial barriers low-income families face. However, there is a dearth of literature that speaks to the other ways CSROs support the inclusion of low-income families. The purpose of this study is to use Ponic and Frisby’s organizational dimension of inclusion which was published in 2010, as a conceptual framework to examine how CSROs support the inclusion of low-income families in sport and recreation. Through data analysis, three main themes were constructed to illuminate how CSROs facilitated inclusion to support sport and recreation participation for low-income families: 1) CSROs’ financial access provisions; 2) supplying equipment; and 3) relationship building. Our findings indicated that New Brunswick CSROs facilitate inclusion through supports beyond FAPs, but these practices continue to have a narrow focus on financial limitations.
Feminist activists and critical sport scholars in the global north have advocated for more inclusive representation of bodies and more accessible physical cultures. Body positivity, a contentious movement and concept, has been taken up in various ways by different groups. Some scholars believe it holds power to liberate individuals from patriarchal, neoliberal, capitalist, and colonial ideologies of what constitutes a “good” body. On the contrary, critics assert this movement has been gentrified by white-centered politics. Intersectionality has a similar genealogy as body positivity, with a rich history in Black feminist thought but now considered by many as coopted and whitened. In this article, we trace the rich and divergent legacies of both movements and explore at the structural level how body positivity is represented within physical cultures on Instagram. We use a social-justice oriented intersectionality framework exploring #BodyPositivity and #BodyPositive across a total of 141 posts using reflexive thematic analysis. We organize our findings into four themes: 1) Disclosure-Privilege of Body-Related Journeys; 2) The Absent-Present; 3) Consuming Positivity; and 4) Disrupting Normative Body Positivity Posts. Overall, we found that only certain bodies (and transformations) were visible within the data: those of (now) lean, white, cis-gendered individuals, many of whom were engaged in bodybuilding, and who were sharing their bodily transformation. We observe a remarkable absence of BIPOC, 2S LGBTQAI+, fat/thick/thicc/curvy, older, gender-nonconforming, and/or disabled representations. We also note the myriad ways that body positivity has been commodified and packaged into a product or service for consumption. Lastly, we outline and celebrate the exceptions to this norm where a minority of posts align more closely with the original intentions of the body positivity movement. We conclude with our position on how to do intersectionality research, and call on researchers to honor Black feminist origins and rich social justice history in these movements.
In recent years there has been considerable reporting of a range of physical and psycho-social benefits derived from ‘green exercise’, a term which describes a myriad of nature-based activities, including gardening, walking, climbing, and running in natural surroundings. Extant literature has largely focused upon exploring these benefits in respect of specific physical and psycho-social health and wellbeing outcomes, including positive impacts upon mood states, enhanced social connectedness, and improvements in recovery rates for patients in physical rehabilitation programmes. However, numerous gaps existed within the research beyond a focus on outcome measures: firstly, articulating the essential influences (mechanisms and processes) potentially driving these impacts. Secondly, insufficient qualitative investigations, particularly longitudinal ones. Third, a lack of innovation in researching green exercise, especially in respect of ethnographic studies. Fourth, and relatedly fifth, a need for more granular focused research upon specific population groups and settings, and utilising specific modes of green exercise - gardening, horticulture, and conservation activity - that had hitherto been under-investigated.
The work consists of findings from six published papers that not only confirm that green exercise promotes positive enhancements to physical and psycho-social health and wellbeing for participants, but also offers possible explanations as to why and how these are derived, drawing upon relevant theories and concepts. The investigations were based upon a pragmatic overarching research approach employing ethnography to research participant experiences within four distinct contexts: a purpose-built garden within a medium secure NHS unit; a conservation project in an urban park; a woodland project outside formal mental health service provision; and a corporate health setting. Combined, these small-scale ‘case studies’ of GE offer important insight into the value of GE for specific groups and contexts and enable the development of a suggested socio-ecological model that emphasises a ‘green transformative ripple effect’ can be achieved delivering benefits not only for individuals, but also at group and community level. The latter is further evidenced through local ‘social impact’, demonstrating potential for the adoption of green exercise initiatives by practitioners and policymakers involved in social prescribing and community development as part of a more comprehensive health improvement strategy within communities.
Loneliness is a prevalent issue among older persons. The literature largely indicated that the loneliness at old age would be a rather different experience than those of young adults and the middle-aged. Yet, there had never been a loneliness scale tailored for the unique experience of old age. This study aims to fill the gap by constructing a scale to measure loneliness among older persons. 94 older persons in Singapore were surveyed using a set of 30 items comprising of the UCLA Loneliness Scale Version 3 and 10 original items. These items were subjected to exploratory factor analysis and resulted in three candidate scales for measuring loneliness-the 19-item Senior Loneliness Scale (SLS19), as well as the 9-item variant (SLS9) and the 12-item variant (SLS12). The SLS scales were highly reliable and validated against the direct question LON1 "How often do you feel lonely?". Each candidate scale comprises of three sub-scales-emotional loneliness (EL), social loneliness (SL) and affiliative loneliness (AL). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and Cohen's kappa suggested that the EL sub-scales of SLS19 and SLS12 were effective in distinguishing older persons who were never/ rarely lonely from those who were sometimes/ often lonely. Regression of LON1 against the SLS sub-scales indicated that only the EL sub-scale was a significant predictor of the frequency of loneliness among older persons. This finding suggests that loneliness among older persons might be a unidimensional construct, but it would require further validation in future studies.
Rationale
Recreation practitioners in the public and non-profit sectors are key in supporting community residents’ well-being through the facilitation of recreation programs and services; however, practitioners are working under the influence of neoliberalism governance, which challenges practitioners’ ability to support low-income citizens’ participation in recreation. Through the lens of neoliberalism, this paper aims to explore practitioners’ challenges and strategies towards implementing recreation programs and services targeted at low-income citizens and discusses the implications it has on recreation programs and services for low-income citizens.
Method
Semi-structured phone interviews were conducted with 18 practitioners who design and implement recreation programs and access provisions for low-income citizens.
Findings
Practitioners faced multiple constraints while employing a variety of solutions to deliver provisions to low-income citizens, including (1) Limited resources: doing more with less, (2) Spreading the word, and (3) Enhancing program access through program relocation, and (4) Reducing program costs.
Implications
Facilitating access to and participation in recreation for low-income citizens is complex and requires multiple practitioner-led solutions that consider the broader structural factors of living in poverty.
Research contribution
This study provides insight into the challenges practitioners experienced as they employed different strategies to support low-income citizens’ participation in recreation, and more particularly, provides an understanding of how such strategies and challenges impact recreation programs and services for low-income citizens.
Projevy sociálních nerovností ve sportování patří mezi klíčová témata sociologie sportu. U nás se jim ale zatím dostalo pouze nepatrné pozornosti. Pohled české sociologie na sport je nejčastěji implicitně zprostředkován skrz strukturně funkcionalistické paradigma, které zdůrazňuje především integrační a socializační aspekty sportu. Odlišná teoretická zarámování přitom říkají, že sociální nerovnosti se ve sportu mohou nejen projevovat, ale sport také může být součástí mechanismů reprodukce nerovností. Tento příspěvek se pokouší sledovat rozdíly ve sportování české populace s ohledem na základní sociodemografické dimenze, s důrazem na význam sociálního statusu a genderu. Několik analýz, které se na tyto otázky zaměřilo, přitom ukázalo na propastné rozdíly ve sportování různých skupin české populace. Česká odnož mezinárodního hnutí „Sport pro všechny“ tuto problematiku prakticky nereflektuje a možné sociální nerovnosti ve sportování a potažmo i v podpoře sportovních činností přechází. Závažnost tohoto problému umocňuje i to, že kromě sociálních nerovností může sport napomáhat i vytváření nerovnosti ve zdravotním stavu, a tím být jedním ze stěžejních mechanismů, kterým se vytváří zdravotní rozdíly mezi sociálními vrstvami. Pro širší posouzení stavu nerovností v české populaci je diferenciace sportovních aktivit v českém prostředí srovnána na základě mezinárodních šetření se stavem ve vybraných zemích EU.
Drawing on empirical data from interviews with young Chinese female rural–urban migrant workers in the Pearl River Delta of China’s Guangdong province, this article explores the ways in which physical activities help to fulfil the ‘urban dream’ of this new generation of female migrant workers and promote their social integration. The article demonstrates that physical activities exert their influence and facilitate the young female migrant workers’ social integration into cities through four dimensions: ‘space’, ‘network’, ‘identity’ and ‘image’. Participating in sport and exercise expands the scale of workers’ living spaces and contributes to building social networks and self-identification. It also enhances female migrant workers’ individualistic values, as opposed to family-oriented ones. These new values allow them to enjoy recreational life and to change the stereotypical image of rural–urban migrant workers.
When conducting qualitative research, researchers tend to find themselves closely connected to the participants in the field. This paper examines the complexities that existed for two researchers during time in the field conducting research closely related to their lived histories. Specifically, we consider the complicated dual role of insider/outsider that some researchers may occupy during field work when they ‘return home’ to a specific space or population that they did, or do, consider themselves to be a part of in order to conduct research. Through the use of vignettes, we detail the tensions that arose during the research process, discussing topics with which they were intimately connected. Additionally, this paper calls attention to important methodological concerns, considering the personal and public relationships at work in insider/outsider research, and examining the acute importance of reflexivity when the work requires a researcher to exist simultaneously as an insider/outsider. Our aim is to discuss the important, but complicated role of reflexivity as it is intricately woven into the field work, analysis, and personal process of research, specifically when the researcher is attempting to balance the roles of both insider and outsider perspectives.
This study aims to investigate the impact of the Hail International Rally event on the host community of Hail. A survey was conducted among a random sample of Hail local residents which was selected in a convenient manner from various public places. The data collection was conducted starting from the last week of March 2016 (the period of organizing the event and continued till after the end of a month. Out of 250 questionnaires that were distributed, only 137 ones were returned, yielding 127 completed and usable packets. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between the level of support and the positive impact perceived regarding urban facilities, economic benefits except the contribution of the event to achieve the commercial boom for small businesses, image, cultural communication, entertainment, community participation, and social relations.
While sport has potential to be both divisive and exclusionary, at its best, sport offers vital benefits, including improved mental health, self-esteem, physical wellbeing, and positive community development and integration (Skinner, Zakus & Cowell, 2008). Recently, numerous sport for development opportunities serving marginalized people have emerged, with street soccer making a prominent global rise. Only a handful of studies have been conducted on street soccer, focusing almost exclusively on outcome benefits. Our study provides a rich, ethnographic look into the lived experience of a local, grassroots street soccer team in Victoria, BC, Canada. Drawing on nineteen months of participant observation, and thirty interviews, our original fictional representation highlights both tensions and positive contributions of street soccer, in contributing to the positive dialogue on sport, social inclusion, and creative approaches to qualitative research. Ultimately, our study will be deemed successful based on its catalytic validity and ability to move people to action (Sparkes, 2002).
Sport has been recognised as a potential catalyst for social inclusion. The Mixed Ability Model represents an innovative approach to inclusive sport by encouraging disabled and non-disabled players to interact in a mainstream club environment. However, research around the impacts of the Model is currently lacking. This paper aims to contribute empirical data to this gap by evaluating participants’ experiences of Mixed Ability Rugby and highlighting implications for future initiatives. Primary qualitative data were collected within two Mixed Ability Rugby teams in the UK and Italy through online questionnaires and focus groups. Data were analysed using Simplican et al.’s (2015) model of social inclusion. Data show that Mixed Ability Rugby has significant potential for achieving inclusionary outcomes. Positive social impacts, reported by all participants, regardless of (dis)ability, include enhanced social networks, an increase in social capital, personal development and fundamental perception shifts. Factors relevant to the Mixed Ability Model are identified that enhance these impacts and inclusionary outcomes. The mainstream setting was reportedly the most important, with further aspects including a supportive club environment and promotion of self-advocacy. A ‘Wheel of Inclusion’ is developed that provides a useful basis for evaluating current inclusive sport initiatives and for designing new ones.
In its contemporary form, sport for development has been positioned as an important part of strategic policy for a variety of governmental and sporting organisations. One area that has been targeted by governments and a variety of sporting partners has been the impact of sport on non-communicable diseases (NCDs, sometimes colloquially referred to as ‘lifestyle diseases’ such as obesity). However, relatively little evidence exists for the impact of sport programmes on the reduction of NCDs and future health burden. This study sought to examine the physical activity levels of school-aged children in Papua New Guinea (PNG) during their participation in a targeted sport programme operating during school hours. Data collection methods employed were physical activity recall and pedometer counts, as well as perceptions, intentions, and knowledge of participants. Children in this study were found to have lower physical activity levels during the after-school period than has been reported in the literature for children in other countries. Overall, children were active during the sport programme, completing 1179 steps on average (which constitutes 10% of the suggested daily values for children of a similar age). No profound differences were observed in either the qualitative or quantitative data across different schools, regions, or genders. The responses from children regarding the sport programme were notably positive.
In recent years sport-based interventions have been implemented as a mechanism via which to target marginalised youth in relation to the development of social inclusion. Much of the political rhetoric surrounding social inclusion programmes highlights engagement with education, employment, or training, as key metrics. This has led some scholars to observe that conceptualising social inclusion in this way can act to further marginalise young people who fail to engage with these metrics. In contrast, this paper seeks to employ an alternative understanding of social inclusion, which uses the concepts of recognition and acceptance, to infer how participation in sports-based programmes may enable marginalised youth to meet mainstream societal expectations and aid with social assimilation. Drawing upon findings from two small-scale studies of sport-based interventions located in three UK cities, this paper places participant accounts at the centre of the analysis to explore broader notions of pro-social development in relation to recognition and interpersonal acceptance. The paper concludes by suggesting that within contexts in which young people are able to generate strong interpersonal relationships with key personnel (such as coaches), and which are built upon trust, recognition and developing self-worth, there is clear potential for sport-based programmes to incubate social assimilation.
Background
Peritoneal carcinomatosis in colorectal cancer is an advanced stage of the disease where improved survival can be attained whenever the resection associated with hyperthermic intreperitoneal chemotherapy is possible. In unresectable cases, systemic chemotherapy is administered to obtain conversion to resectability but results have not yet been clearly evaluated. Local chemotherapy in this setting has been proven useful in several similar situations. The aim of the present pilot study was to evaluate the feasibility of pre-operative intraperitoneal chemotherapy with oxaliplatin in these patients.
Patients and methods
Six patients with unresectable peritoneal disease of colorectal origin were included in the study. An intraperitoneal implantable chamber catheter was inserted during the laparotomy that evaluated the extent of the peritoneal disease (peritoneal carcinomatosis index 25 to 39). Patients then underwent intraperitoneal chemotherapy with oxaliplatin 85 mg/m
Results
Two catheter perfusion incidents were reported due to the abdominal wall thickness. Two patients completed the four intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy cycles without major toxicity. One patient developed grade 3 or 4 diarrhea requiring a short intensive care unit (ICU) stay, though it is not clear whether the event was induced by intravenous irinotecan, IP oxaliplatin or the combination of both. Grade 3 fatigue and abdominal pain were also recorded. For one patient with aggressive disease, best supportive care was initiated after the first course of chemotherapy.
Conclusions
Our study is the first to assess intraperitoneal oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy in the preoperative setting for patients with unresectable peritoneal metastases. The tolerance was acceptable for 85 mg/m
Despite several decades of Sport for All policies, opportunities for sports participation are still unequally divided, with certain socially disadvantaged groups having less access to sports. To reduce this gap, structural efforts are needed. A question that arises is what role nonprofit sports clubs can fulfill in this matter. In this study, first, it is explored how nonprofit sports clubs perceive their role and responsibility towards socially disadvantaged groups and how they act on it. Second, it is investigated which factors predict the presence or absence of efforts from nonprofit sports clubs for lowering barriers. For this second question, we focus on people living in poverty. Data are based on a survey among 580 nonprofit sports clubs throughout Flanders (Belgium). The findings indicate that the human resources capacity of the club is not the main barrier. It is argued that local sports authorities and sports federations have an important part to play in supporting and encouraging sports clubs in terms of social inclusionary policies, for example by instilling awareness.
Аim: to find out the students and professors attitude to physical activity, as a factor preserving the health. Were interviewed 956 people. Research model «students and university professors» have positive outcomes of the attitude towards physical activity as a component of health. 92.7% of students play sports. Interviewees said: they have optimal 50.8% (45.8% of students and 57.8% of university professors) and adequate physical activity (60.6% of students and 37.1% of university professors) and they consider themselves healthy. Active position to independently create its own health holds 92.2% of the students. Knowledge and competence of health can be used in a future professional career. Doctors and teachers should be leaders of health promotion for the population.
In letzter Zeit häufen sich in Deutschland nicht nur die Armutsberichte, sondern auch die Berichte über den Zusammenhang zwischen der sozialen Ungleichheit einerseits und dem Gesundheitszustand andererseits. In einer kaum mehr überschaubaren Vielzahl von Arbeiten ist immer wieder gezeigt worden, dass Personen mit niedrigem sozialen Status zumeist einen besonders schlechten Gesundheitszustand aufweisen, dass sie kränker sind und früher sterben als Personen mit höherem sozialen Status (Mielck 2005; Richter und Hurrelmann 2009).
The paper aims to investigate current approaches to the management of public sport facilities by local governments. In the Czech Republic, local clubs traditionally played a key role in providing sport to the public. With decreasing participation in organized sport, a significant number of clubs have been forced to transfer their facilities to local governments and the sport position of local authorities has strengthened considerably in recent years. In consequence, there have been alterations in the management of public sport facilities. The findings of statistical analysis emphasize an increasing role of specialized organizations at the expense of in-house management or external provision (facilities hired out to sport clubs). Moreover, local population and type of facility were found to be the possible reasons for different approaches. In-house management is associated with smaller municipalities whereas most of their facilities have the character of public goods. In contrast, publicly funded organizations and municipal enterprises appear in municipalities with larger populations providing sport facilities of regional importance in the form of mixed goods. Finally, clubs, as representatives of external provision, mostly provide sport facilities primarily intended for their own purposes - club goods. In the context of recent works and contemporary trends in sport participation, the research findings indicate that different forms of management may have significant effects not only on efficiency of public budgets but also on conditions for sport at local level - especially on targeting those who would participate in sport if they had access to new opportunities or leisure programs.
Traces of the social inequalities in the field of sport are one of the key topics of sociology of sport. However, the brief review of sport policy shows that despite general proclamation only little attention is paid to leisure sport, if ever than mostly in the context of non-competitive sport participation of the young, in the lesser extent also of the elderly. The empirical evidence shows wide differentiation of sport participation along age, gender, socioeconomic status and the place of residence. The upper middle class, male and inhabitants from bigger cities are more likely to sport than others. The international comparison reveals that the level of inequalities in sport activity in Czech Republic is rather average in the European context. The evidence indicates that the infrastructural barriers could be more important especially for the inhabitants of rural municipalities, and also that habitus of lower classes disregards sport activities in general. More complex research using qualitative methodology should further develop this question to be more able to specify the importance and the nature of existing barriers to sport participation in Czech Republic.
A broad consensus has emerged in recent years in relation to the desirability of one particular purpose for physical education (PE); namely, the promotion of lifelong participation in sport and physical activity. This paper represents an attempt to rectify what is taken to be the relative failure of those investigating (whilst typically advocating) lifelong participation through PE to make use of a sociological perspective on leisure, youth cultures and sport. More specifically, it brings the seminal work of someone often referred to as a 'founding father' of the field, Ken Roberts, to bear on the topic, on the premise that any study of young people's propensity towards ongoing involvement in sport and physical activity needs to be viewed as an aspect of their lives 'in the round' and that, in this regard, Roberts' contribution is especially important. The paper argues that among a number of lessons to be learned from Roberts' work over the last decade or so is that sports participation—contrary to the common-sense views of teachers, government and other interested parties—has become part of present-day youth cultures and that this is, in no small measure, a consequence of a trend over the last 25 or so years towards a broadening of PE curricula in a manner that mutually reinforces broader trends in young people's leisure styles. The paper concludes that if lifelong participation is to be a primary aim of PE, then there needs to be a shift in policy towards the development of wide sporting repertoires, during the crucial secondary school years by, amongst other things, incorporating a significant element of choice on the part of pupils from a broad range of curricula and extracurricular activities, including so-called 'lifestyle' activities.
Recent findings show an apparent erosion in the United States over the post-war years of ‘social capital’ understood as the propensity of individuals to associate together on a regular basis, to trust one another, and to engage in community affairs. This article examines the British case for
similar trends, finding no equivalent erosion. It proposes explanations for the resilience of social capital in Britain, rooted in educational reform, the transformation of the class structure, and government policy. It concludes by drawing some general lessons from the British case that stress the importance of the distributive dimensions of social capital and the impact that governments
can have on it.
One central aspect of social exclusion under any definition is lack of income. The focus of this chapter is on movements in and out of income below the poverty line: what has come to be called poverty dynamics. Poverty was a major economic and political issue in Britain in the late 1990s. Recent figures show that in 1998/9 about one in five Britons had incomes that put them in poverty by one widely used measure (living in a household in which total income is less than half the national mean). The comparable figure in 1979 was less than one in ten. Poverty has risen among households with children: in 1979, one in twelve children were poor; in 1995/6 one in four were poor. Underlying these snapshots of poverty levels lie movements of people in and out of poverty over their lives.
As discussed in the first chapter, the thought is often expressed that ‘social exclusion’ is no more than a relabelling of what used to be called ‘poverty’. However, although there is no doubt a close association between economic stratification and the phenomenon of exclusion within a society, it seems clear that in principle social exclusion can occur between groups that are not significantly distinguished from one another economically. Thus, while the Jewish immigrants who came to Britain from eastern Europe were poor to begin with, their descendants moved in large numbers over a few generations into the professions and commerce.
What is a 'healthy' lifestyle? Which is more significant: the social circumstances in which people live, or lifestyle habits such as exercise or smoking? Health and Lifestyles is the first description of a large and representative survey of the British population asking just those questions. It examines the findings, and considers issues such as measured fitness, declared health, psychological status, life circumstances, health-related behaviour, attitudes and beliefs. Providing firm evidence of the importance of social circumstances and patterns of health-related behaviour, Health and Lifestyles is an important contribution to current debate, revealing the levels of inequality in health in Britain today.
The entry shows the influence of social class, as an economic relationship widely associated with wealth and occupation, upon forms of sport. It focuses in particular upon participation, but also looks at the historical manifestation of class and status differences in historical contexts such as the Colosseum in ancient Rome, and the formative phase of the growth of modern sports in industrializing Britain. Neo‐Marxist scholarship and the work of Bourdieu are used to discuss class‐influenced habitus and cultural reproduction in sport cultures, and the patterns of class‐based participation in contemporary England are summarized. In conclusion, and with reference to studies in Norway, Finland, and Canada, it is argued that class habitus and cultural capital continue to be major determinants of everyday practices and cultural institutions such as sport.
Introduction: Social Marketing: A Powerful Approach to Social Change PREPARING FOR SOCIAL MARKETING Putting the Customer First: The Essential Social Marketing Insight The Social Marketing Strategic Management Process Listening to Customers: Research for Social Marketing Understanding How Customer Behavior Changes DOING SOCIAL MARKETING Targeting Your Customer Through Market Segmentation Strategies Bringing the Customer to the Door: Creating Active Contemplation of New Behaviors Making the New Behavior Attractive and Low Cost: Benefit and Cost Strategies Bringing Social Influence to Bear and Enhancing Self-Control Inducing Action and Ensuring Maintenance Creating Strategic Partnerships: Marketing to Other Publics Conclusion: Central Principles of the New Social Marketing Paradigm.
The strength of the Swedish Social Democracy implies that Sweden is a critical case for theory about social capital. First, what is the relation between the encompassing welfare programs and social capital? Second, what is the effect on civil society of the neo-corporatist relations between the government and major interest organizations? Using both archival and survey data, the result is that the sharp decline in social capital since the 1950s in the United States has no equivalence in Sweden. This has to do with the specific way in which social programs have been institutionalized. Social capital may be caused by how government institutions operate and not by voluntary associations.
This article provides substantial empirical evidence that significant social differences exist in sports involvement in Flanders. A 30-year follow-up study of social stratification in sports was carried out to find out (i) if sports participation in Flanders is still socially stratified, and (ii) if social changes occurred in the status sports pyramid over the years of investigation. Based upon the educational status, the professional status and the geographical status of male and female adults in Flanders, social stratification pyramids in sport were set up for 1969, 1979, 1989 and 1999. Although the amount of sports participation from 1969 until 1999 has increased for each socioprofessional status, a significant difference persists between the high and the low professional levels (X² test for trend = 85.90; p
In the last decade Britain has witnessed a cultural transformation from the municipal socialism enshrined in the post-war development of the Welfare State to the Thatcherite urban entrepreneurialism of the 1980s. One of the consequent effects has been a change in the way in which government services and resources are allocated. This has involved the competitive tendering of most local government services, including leisure provision, to the private sector. The result, in terms of the management of facilities, has been a shift from the values of social equity to those of the free market.Paradoxically, while the primary function of this transformation was a transfer of power from the state to individuals, through the market, the effect has been a transfer of power from local to central government, with a consequential shift in the type, rather than amount, of people able to benefit from government services. Indeed, it can be seen that there has been a significant shift in policy, away from local democracy and towards the support of bourgeois individual self determination through the market. This has meant that leisure provision has become a primary instrument of government policy, rewarding ‘successful’ supporters of capitalist hegemony and penalizing those who are unable, or choose not, to conform to this model.The primary effect of this shift is the division of society into ‘leisure gainers’ — predominantly employed middle class white males and those able to emulate them — and ‘leisure losers’ — the remainder of society. This divisive construction of a new citizenship, with material wealth and freedom available to the ‘good’ citizen at the expense of the deprivation, rejection and suppression of the ‘deviant’ citizen is at the centre of a new political order where choice has been replaced by means and where the classless paradigm envisaged by John Major will be a classlessness of constructed omission.
Video-based media spaces are designed to support casual interaction between intimate collaborators. Yet transmitting video is fraught with privacy concerns. Some researchers suggest that the video stream be filtered to mask out potentially sensitive ...
here is currently much interest in the role that transport plays in promoting, or alleviating social exclusion. Exclusionary processes are, of course, multi-dimensional and a mixture of physical barriers, financial constraints, time budgets, access difficulties and psychological aspects such as fear, all combine in various ways to prevent the use of transport facilities. In order to be able to understand more accurately the relationship between transport and social exclusion, a fuller understanding is required. This book illustrates the nature of these exclusionary processes and indicates how policy and practice could be developed to counter these effects.
In 1977 the World Health Organisation adopted the strategic goal "Health For All by the Year 2000". The Regional Office for Europe of the World Health Organisation has taken important steps toward the attainment of the goal, with the formulation in 1980 of a common health policy and the adoption by the Regional Committee in 1984 of 38 wide-ranging targets. The targets represent a common view of what could be Health For All in Europe and constitute a major challenge which the 33 member states in the European Region have set for themselves. Thus, the targets offer a different way or approach to the building of a local strategy. This paper reviews the extent to which Health For All and its associated targets constitute part of the planning process at district level. At the core of the paper is the results of a survey of health authorities and boards in the United Kingdom which sought details on the extent to which health planners and policy makers have embraced the concept of Health For All in applying it to a local setting. The findings of the survey are discussed within the context of whether or not Health For All should be a centrally driven or locally derived policy. And how the experience in Britain could be of value to others embarking on such a venture.
The prevalence of clinical obesity in Britain has doubled in the past decade. The Health of the Nation initiative has set ambitious targets for reversing the trend in recognition of the serious health burden which will accrue, but efforts to develop prevention and treatment strategies are handicapped by uncertainty as to the aetiology of the problem. It is generally assumed that ready access to highly palatable foods induces excess consumption and that obesity is caused by simple gluttony. There is evidence that a high fat diet does override normal satiety mechanisms. However, average recorded energy intake in Britain has declined substantially as obesity rates have escalated. The implication is that levels of physical activity, and hence energy needs, have declined even faster. Evidence suggests that modern inactive lifestyles are at least as important as diet in the aetiology of obesity and possibly represent the dominant factor.
Walking is a rhythmic, dynamic, aerobic activity of large skeletal muscles that confers the multifarious benefits of this with minimal adverse effects. Walking, faster than customary, and regularly in sufficient quantity into the ‘training zone’ of over 70% of maximal heart rate, develops and sustains physical fitness: the cardiovascular capacity and endurance (stamina) for bodily work and movement in everyday life that also provides reserves for meeting exceptional demands. Muscles of the legs, limb girdle and lower trunk are strengthened and the flexibility of their cardinal joints preserved; posture and carriage may improve. Any amount of walking, and at any pace, expends energy. Hence the potential, long term, of walking for weight control. Dynamic aerobic exercise, as in walking, enhances a multitude of bodily processes that are inherent in skeletal muscle activity, including the metabolism of high density lipoproteins and insulin/ glucose dynamics. Walking is also the most common weight-bearing activity, and there are indications at all ages of an increase in related bone strength. The pleasurable and therapeutic, psychological and social dimensions of walking, whilst evident, have been surprisingly little studied. Nor has an economic assessment of the benefits and costs of walking been attempted. Walking is beneficial through engendering improved fitness and/or greater physiological activity and energy turnover. Two main modes of such action are distinguished as: (i) acute, short term effects of the exercise; and (ii) chronic, cumulative adaptations depending on habitual activity over weeks and months. Walking is often included in studies of exercise in relation to disease but it has seldom been specifically tested. There is, nevertheless, growing evidence of gains in the prevention of heart attack and reduction of total death rates, in the treatment of hypertension, intermittent claudication and musculoskeletal disorders, and in rehabilitation after heart attack and in chronic respiratory disease. Walking is the most natural activity and the only sustained dynamic aerobic exercise that is common to everyone except for the seriously disabled or very frail. No special skills or equipment are required. Walking is convenient and may be accommodated in occupational and domestic routines. It is self-regulated in intensity, duration and frequency, and, having a low ground impact, is inherently safe. Unlike so much physical activity, there is little, if any, decline in middle age. It is a year-round, readily repeatable, self-reinforcing, habit-forming activity and the main option for increasing physical activity in sedentary populations. Present levels of walking are often low. Familiar social inequalities may be evident. There are indications of a serious decline of walking in children, though further surveys of their activity, fitness and health are required. The downside relates to the incidence of fatal and non-fatal road casualties, especially among children and old people, and the deteriorating air quality due to traffic fumes which mounting evidence implicates in the several stages of respiratory disease. Walking is ideal as a gentle start-up for the sedentary, including the inactive, immobile elderly, bringing a bonus of independence and social well-being. As general policy, a gradual progression is indicated from slow, to regular pace and on to 30 minutes or more of brisk (i.e. 6.4 km/h) walking on most days. These levels should achieve the major gains of activity and health-related fitness without adverse effects. Alternatively, such targets as this can be suggested for personal motivation, clinical practice, and public health. The average middle-aged person should be able to walk 1.6km comfortably on the level at 6.4 km/h and on a slope of 1 in 20 at 4.8 km/h, however, many cannot do so because of inactivity-induced unfitness. The physiological threshold of ‘comfort’ represents 70% of maximum heart rate. Trials across the age span are required in primary care and community programmes to evaluate such approaches, and the benefits and costs more generally of possible initiatives towards more walking. Walking, by quantity and pace, is under-researched, particularly in the middleaged and elderly. Randomised controlled trials are required of its physiological effects on blood pressure, thrombogenesis, immune function; and of walking in the prevention and/or treatment of non-insulin dependent (type II) diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, anxiety and depression and back pain. Low levels of walking are a major factor in today’s widespread waste of the potential for health and well-being that is due to physical inactivity. This waste is manifest in impaired functional capacities, overweight, disease, disability, premature death and the concomitant human and economic costs. This review seeks to assemble evidence of the health gains of walking as a resource for the multifarious professionals and students, practitioners, investigators and policy makers.
Social exclusion can be distinguished from social isolation, defining social isolation as the phenomenon of non-participation (of an individual or group) in a society's mainstream institutions, while reserving 'social exclusion' for the subset of cases in which social isolation occurs for reasonsthat are beyond the control of those subject to it. The familiar form of social exclusion affects those who are unable to participate in the institutions patronised by the majority. There is also, however, exclusion of the majority by a minority who are in a position to opt out of the mainstream institutions: the epitome of this is the 'gated community'. Social exclusion is a violation of the demands of social justice in two ways: it conflicts with equality of opportunity and is associated with an inability to participate effectively in politics. An alternative account of what is wrong with social exclusion is that it undermines social solidarity. Voluntary social isolation has the same effect, but is less likely to have such adverse consequences. The relation between social exclusion and the distribution of income is not the same in all societies. However, for a society such as that of Britain, it seems plausible that to avoid the social exclusion of a minority it is necessary for nobody to have less than half the median income, and that to avoid the social exclusion of the majority it is necessary for only a few to have more than three times the median income.
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