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A survey of toxic plants on the market in the district of Bamako, Mali. Traditional knowledge compared with a literature seach of modern pharmacology and toxicology
Abstract
In Mali, the empirical knowledge on plant medicine is held by traditional practioners. Scientific studies have been carried on some plants and they have confirmed their local uses, but few data are available on the toxicity of Malian medicinal plants. In the present work, we record the toxic plants used as medicines in the Bamako district, Mali, with the aim to evaluate the knowledge of traditional healers and herbalists on the toxicity of the plant used. A survey was carried out on the market places in the Bamako district and 106 healers and herbalists were interviewed. A survey of the scientific literature was conducted to verify or sustain the claimed toxicological data. Nineteen plants are arranged according to their frequency of quotation based on the questionnaire. The information includes the botanical name, literature survey on the pharmacology of the plants, the healers' knowledge on plant toxicity and its prevention by some of the healers.
... For instance, scopolamine is an anti-muscarinic used as a sedative and analgesic (Steenkamp et al., 2004). The anti-muscarinic and anticholinergic effects of these compounds may explain the use of Datura in treating mental illness (Maiga et al., 2005). Anxiety effects and neuroprotective activity have been reported in flavonoids. ...
... The therapeutic limitations of these compounds are represented by cytotoxic and cardiotoxic effects and must be used with caution (Al-snafi, 2015). For example, securinin acts like strychnine in the range of 5-30 g/kg and causes spasms and death due to respiratory arrest (Maiga et al., 2005). Therefore, controlled use of these herbs should be promoted. ...
Neuropsychiatric diseases are a group of disorders that cause significant morbidity and disability. The symptoms of psychiatric disorders include anxiety, depression, eating disorders, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and conduct disorder. Various medicinal plants are frequently used as therapeutics in traditional medicine in different parts of the world. Nowadays, using medicinal plants as an alternative medication has been considered due to their biological safety. Despite the wide range of medications, many patients are unable to tolerate the side effects and eventually lose their response. By considering the therapeutic advantages of medicinal plants in the case of side effects, patients may prefer to use them instead of chemical drugs. Today, the use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine is diverse and increasing, and these plants are a precious heritage for humanity. Investigation about traditional medicine continues, and several studies have indicated the basic pharmacology and clinical efficacy of herbal medicine. In this article, we discuss five of the most important and common psychiatric illnesses investigated in various studies along with conventional therapies and their pharmacological therapies. For this comprehensive review, data were obtained from electronic databases such as MedLine/PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, EMBASE, DynaMed Plus, ScienceDirect, and TRIP database. Preclinical pharmacology studies have confirmed that some bioactive compounds may have beneficial therapeutic effects in some common psychiatric disorders. The mechanisms of action of the analyzed biocompounds are presented in detail. The bioactive compounds analyzed in this review are promising phytochemicals for adjuvant and complementary drug candidates in the pharmacotherapy of neuropsychiatric diseases. Although comparative studies have been carefully reviewed in the preclinical pharmacology field, no clinical studies have been found to confirm the efficacy of herbal medicines compared to FDA-approved medicines for the treatment of mental disorders. Therefore, future clinical studies are needed to accelerate the potential use of natural compounds in the management of these diseases.
... Mpundulo a herb taken orally daily in preparation for labour whilst Mbheswana is drunk to enhance labour and reduce foetal distress 57 Moringa oleifera (moringa) Blood pressure, bleeding and constipation 82 Citrus limon (lemon) Loss of appetite and body weakness 80 Adansonia digitata (baobab) Cardiovascular conditions such as hypertension 83 Carica papaya (pawpaw) Worm infestation and malaria 84 Pennisitumn glaucum (millet) Seeds are used to treat skin rashes and jaundice 80 Often recommended in pregnancy to increase breast milk production 85,86 Cola cordifolia Leaf and stem bark facilitate labour 30 Adansonia digitata (baobab) Infants are given barks to gain weight 83 ...
... The root bark has a use as a purgative and has a strong bitter taste. The plant is also used against infertility 85 Ethiopia The accessed study did not report the reasons or purposes of using these specific TMs. However, it is generally reported that the herbs are used to treat nausea, morning sickness, vomiting, cough, deficiency in nutrition and malaria 26,27 Benin There were a number of herbs that were used in Nigeria however the reasons for their use were not specified 28 uterine contraction thereby quickening labour 46 Although some studies reveal adverse effects of traditional herbs, some highlights their benefit as some herbs have sugar components that can be the source of nutrition and energy to a pregnant woman, although others are antioxidants with health benefits, thereby boosting the immune system, preventing respiratory diseases and preventing birth defects [47][48][49] ...
Traditional medicine has the potential to boost the health and economies of many SSA countries, especially if regulatory
mechanisms are deployed to govern their protection and utilisation. There is lack of knowledge regarding traditional medicines
and their impact on pregnancy. This paper reviews the literature on traditional medicine utilisation among pregnant women
in Sub-Saharan African countries. The paper, determined the proportion of pregnant women utilising traditional medicines
in Sub-Saharan Africa, identified the different types of traditional medicine used during antenatal care and reasons for Use in
Sub-Saharan Africa and also identified challenges that are faced by women who use traditional medicine in antenatal care. A
systematic exploratory review was conducted guided by the PRISMA framework. The databases that were searched included
Google Scholar, PubMed, Cochrane, HINARI and the World Health Organization. Forty-one literature sources were eligible
and included in the review process. Reported traditional medicine utilisation ranged between 12 and 93% among pregnant
women in Sub-Saharan Africa. Different types of traditional medicines have been utilised in Sub-Saharan Africa for different
purposes. Safety and poor management of usage were reported to be some of the challenges associated with traditional
medicine. There is a need to determine chemical components and mode of action of these herbs as some could be beneficial,
whilst others harmful, leading to severe pregnancy complications.
... It is said that this remedy may cause frequent emptying of the stomach (Asase et al., 2010). • Mali: Senna alata is traditionally used in the treatment of malaria and constipation (Maiga et al., 2005). • Thailand: Senna alata is on the list of herbal medicine products in Thailand for constipation (Saokaew et al., 2011). ...
... In Mali, interviews with more than 100 healers recorded 17 citations of diarrhea as an adverse effect of Senna alata, which ranked the plant fth out of 19 reported species (Maiga et al., 2005). ...
Synonyms: Cassia alata L., Herpetica alata (L.) Raf. (Adams, 1972)
... To treat infertility of ruminants Given orally Alawa et al. (2002) B To treat diarrhea and dysentery for ruminants the grind dried bark with roots and bark of Parkia biglobosa, Mangifera indica and Vitex doniana are mixed in water and given orally Alawa et al. (2002) Bauchi state L Against cough, syphilis, diarrhea, leprosy, impotence, and gastroenteritis Adamu et al. (2005) Northern region L Against snakebites Dried powdered leaves are applied to incisions at sites of snakebites, presumably to remove venom from the bite site and subsequently reduce the absorption into the systemic circulation (Abubakar et al., 2000;Maiga et al., 2005) Northern region L For treatment of chronic inflammation, cancer, and post-partum pains Abubakar et al. (2007) South west L Against fever and malaria (Adebayo and Krettli, 2011;Iwalewa et al., 1990) (continued on next page) ...
... Furthermore, many studies reported the biological activities of the isolated compounds, which have endorsed part of the traditional uses. Maiga et al. (2005) reported the presence of tannins in G. senegalensis. Furthermore, other studies have reported the antiviral (Mahmood et al., 1993) and antioxidant (Bouchet et al., 1998a) activities for galloylquinic acid derivatives isolated from the galls of G. senegalensis. ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Guiera senegalensis J.F. Gmel. (Combretaceae), commonly known as "Gubeish" in Sudan, is a small shrub abundant in semi-desert areas of the Sudano-Sahelian zone. It is widely used in African traditional medicine as a tonic and for the treatment of many complications such as respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders, microbial and parasitic infections.
Aim of the review:
The aim of this review is to critically analyze the reports on the traditional uses, ethnopharmacological studies, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of G. senegalensis.
Methods:
Scientific information on G. senegalensis was retrieved from the online bibliographic databases (e.g. like MEDLINE/PubMed, SciFinder, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, Elsevier, SpringerLink). Other scientific information was acquired from secondary resources including books and proceedings, library catalogs, and dissertations.
Results:
G. senegalensis is reported to be widely used traditionally for the treatment of various diseases in many African countries. Most of these studies are reported from Burkina Faso, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, and Sudan. Phytochemical studies have revealed the presence of a total of 46 compounds belonging to major phytochemical classes namely; phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and triterpenes. Among them, galloylquinic acid derivatives and flavonoids are the most frequently reported constituents. The extracts and compounds have shown diverse biological activities including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiprotozoal activities and activities against gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders.
Conclusion:
G. senegalensis is widely used in most African traditional medicine systems and used among African people for the treatment of many diseases. Although there are many reports on its biological activities, most of these studies are based on in vitro systems and only very few are based on in vivo systems. Also, some of these pharmacological data are insufficient and lack essential parameters such as proper positive and negative controls, and calculating the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. From these studies, it is difficult to assess the future clinical potential of this plant without detailed studies in animal models or in humans. Similarly, there are not many reports on the action mechanism of the extracts and compounds. Future studies should focus to explore the therapeutic potential of G. senegalensis with advance experimental protocols and cutting-edge technologies.
... Securidine, an alkaloid isolated from S. longepedunculata root, has a stimulating effect on the spinal cord. Used in a non-toxic dose, it influenced the function of the autonomic nervous system [46]. Some flavonoids were reported to possess anxiolytic effects and neuroprotective activities; they are capable of binding to GABAA receptors with significant affinity [47]. ...
... Indeed, they have also cytotoxic and cardiotoxic effects [42]. Securinine in the range 5-30 g/kg act like strychnine, causing spasms and death by respiratory arrest [46]. Tropanic alkaloids are potential neurotoxic agents [15]. ...
Background: In Burkina Faso, phytotherapy is the main medical alternative used by populations to manage various diseases that affect the nervous system. The aim of the present study was to report medicinal plants with psychoactive properties used to treat neuropsychiatric disorders in the Hauts Bassins region, in the western zone of Burkina Faso. Methods: Through an ethnobotanical survey using structured questionnaire, 53 traditional healers (TH) were interviewed about neuropsychiatric disorders, medicinal plants and medical practices used to treat them. The survey was carried out over a period of three months. Results: The results report 66 plant species used to treat neuropsychiatric pathologies. Roots (36.2%) and leaves (29%) were the main plant parts used. Alone or associated, these parts were used to prepare drugs using mainly the decoction and the trituration methods. Remedies were administered via drink, fumigation and external applications. Conclusions: It appears from this study a real knowledge of neuropsychiatric disorders in the traditional medicine of Hauts Bassins area. The therapeutic remedies suggested in this work are a real interest in the fight against psychiatric and neurological diseases. In the future, identified plants could be used for searching antipsychotic or neuroprotective compounds. View Full-Text
... It is said that this remedy may cause frequent emptying of the stomach . • Mali: Senna alata is traditionally used in the treatment of malaria and constipation (Maiga et al., 2005). • Thailand: Senna alata is on the list of herbal medicine products in Thailand for constipation (Saokaew et al., 2011). ...
... In Mali, interviews with more than 100 healers recorded 17 citations of diarrhea as an adverse effect of Senna alata, which ranked the plant fifth out of 19 reported species (Maiga et al., 2005). ...
This book highlights the results from over a year of ethnobotanical research in a rural and an urban community in Jamaica, where we interviewed more than 100 people who use medicinal plants for healthcare. The goal of this research was to better understand patterns of medicinal plant knowledge, and to find out which plants are used in consensus by local people for a variety of illnesses.
For this book, we selected 25 popular medicinal plant species mentioned during fieldwork. Through individual interviews, we were able to rank plants according to their frequency of mention, and categorized the medicinal uses for each species as “major” (mentioned by more than 20% of people in a community) or “minor” (mentioned by more than 5%, but less than 20% of people). Botanical identification of plant specimens collected in the wild allowed for cross-linking of common and scientific plant names.
To supplement field research, we undertook a comprehensive search and review of the ethnobotanical and biomedical literature. Our book summarizes all this information in detail under specific sub-headings.
... In Oman, A. dhofarica is used for healing wounds and as antiseptic (Marwah et al., 2007). A. leiocarpus is used for treating malaria, helminthiasis, trypanosomiasis, diabetes, dysentery and healing wounds in Africa (Adebayo and Krettli, 2011;Asase et al., 2005;Ezuruike and Preito, 2014;Maiga et al., 2005;Okpekon et al., 2004). ...
... No liver toxicity was observed through oral route up to dose of 200 mg/kg of aqueous stem bark extract in rats (Ahmad and Wudil, 2013). Traditional healers reported its toxicity with mild side effects like salivation, nausea and vomiting which they treat through decoction of leaves of Guiera senegalensis (Maiga et al., 2005). A. pendula: Ariel parts were found to be nontoxic through oral route in rodents (Marles and Farnsworth, 1995). ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance: The genus Anogeissus (axlewood tree, ghatti tree, button tree and
chewing stick tree) belongs to Combretaceae, includes eight species that are distributed in Asia and Africa.
Plants are used as an ethnomedicine in Asia and Africa to treat various ailments like diabetes, fever,
diarrhoea, dysentery, tuberculosis, wound healing, skin diseases (eczema, psoriasis), snake and scorpion
venom. Based on the traditional knowledge, different phytochemical and pharmacological activities have
been at the focus of research. The aim of this review is to provide updated, comprehensive and categorized
information on the ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacological research and toxicity of Anogeissus
species in order to identify their therapeutic potential and directs future research opportunities.
Materials and methods: The relevant data was searched by using the keyword “Anogeissus” in “Scopus”,
“Google Scholar”, “Web of Science”, “PubMed”, and “ScienceDirect” databases. Plant taxonomy was validated
by the databases “The Plant List” and A.J. Scott, 1979.
Results: This review discusses the current knowledge of the ethnobotany, phytochemistry and in vitro as
well as in vivo pharmacological evaluations carried out on the extracts and isolated main active constituents
of Anogeissus genus. Among eight species, most of the phytochemical and pharmacological studies
were performed on four species. About 55 secondary metabolites are isolated from the genus. Stem
bark, leaf, seed, fruit, root of the plants are used for the treatment of several health disorders such as
diabetes, fever, diarrhoea, dysentery, tuberculosis, wound healing, skin diseases (eczema, psoriasis), snake
and scorpion venom. Gum ghatti obtained from Anogeissus latifolia is used after delivery as tonic and in
spermatorrhoea. Many phytochemical investigations on this genus confirmed that it is rich in phenolic
compounds. Modern pharmacology research has confirmed that the crude extracts or the isolated active
compounds of the genus Anogeissus possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, wound healing, antiulcer, antiinflammation,
anti-diabetics, hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, antiparasitic and neuroprotective effects.
Conclusions: This review confirms that some Anogeissus species have emerged as a good source of the traditional
medicine for wound healing, inflammation, skin diseases, microbial infection and diabetes. Many traditional
uses of Anogeissus species have now been validated by modern pharmacology research. Intensive investigations
of all the species of Anogeissus regarding phytochemical and pharmacological properties, especially
their mechanism of action, safety and efficacy could be the future research interests before starting clinical trials.
... Sometimes, the THPs would combine more than fifteen different plants in a single oral dose to minimize the risk of toxic effects of certain plant(s) in the herbal medicine. A previous survey on toxic plants sold on the market in the district of Bamako revealed that the THPs added plants to counteract the toxicity of specific plants [38]. In that study, S. longepedunculata, K. senegalensis, and D. oliveri were described as toxic plants, which are plants also used by the THPs in our study. ...
This study explores the traditional knowledge of plants used by traditional health practitioners (THPs) in the treatment of symptoms or syndromes related to mental illnesses in the district of Bamako in Mali, along with the identification of affiliated traditional treating methods. An exploratory and cross-sectional ethnopharmacological survey was conducted in the district of Bamako. The Malian Federation of Associations of Therapists and Herbalists (FEMATH) assisted in the identification and inclusion of the THPs. Data sampling included semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, and in-depth interviews. Quantitative data were evaluated by analysing reports of the use of different medicinal plants and the number of participants. Fifteen THPs belonging to the district of Bamako participated. In total, 43 medicinal plants belonging to 22 plant families were used by the THPs. The most cited plant species was Securidaca longepedunculata (violet tree), followed by Khaya senegalensis (African mahogany) and Boscia integrifolia (rough-leaved shepherds tree). A great number of herbal combinations, preparation methods, and administration routes were used, often with honey as an adjuvant. To our knowledge, this is the first ethnobotanical survey on the use of medicinal plants in the treatment of all types of mental disorders in Bamako.
... /fvets. . pre-informed to avoid biased responses, and the questionnaire was designed based on previously published studies (18)(19)(20)(21). Prior to the study, the questionnaire was piloted on a small sample of farmers (22), and questions' clarity and appropriateness were evaluated and edited accordingly. ...
Introduction
In recent years, Volcanoes National Park has seen a rise in its wildlife population, primarily due to the diligent efforts of the Rwandan government in safeguarding endangered species, notably the mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei spp. beringei). This population growth has led to a pressing need for more expansive habitats, ensuring these creatures have ample space, sustenance, and shelter for their wellbeing. Consequently, there are planned park expansion activities on the horizon. However, before initiating this expansion, a critical prelude involves identifying potential threats, particularly toxic substances stemming from agricultural activities in the surrounding environment of Volcanoes National Park.
Methods
To address this concern, a comprehensive study was conducted, aimed at pinpointing potential toxic hazards and assessing the awareness of the local population regarding the harm these hazards pose to wildlife species. Data was collected from individuals with no prior knowledge of the study using a pre-tested questionnaire. The questionnaire was divided into three sections: socio-demographic issues, potential toxic hazards assessment, and a section to determine awareness and risk of potential toxic hazards to humans, animals, and the environment. Respondents were selected based on specific criteria, which included being 18 years or older and residing within the National Volcano Park (NVP) area.
Results
The study's findings revealed four main categories of potential toxic hazards, which include household chemicals, pharmaceutical products, agricultural pesticides, and poisonous plants. These hazards could jeopardize the health and survival of wildlife species if they consume or come into contact with them. Furthermore, the study exposed an inadequacy in the knowledge and skills of the local community in preventing these toxic hazards, which can result in death of wildlife species and ecosystem contamination and degradation.
Conclusion
Study results also underscored the significance of education and training in enhancing the awareness of local communities concerning these toxic threats. Therefore, it is imperative to implement immediate measures to mitigate the adverse effects of these toxic hazards on wildlife species, especially in light of the planned park expansion.
... Although the Euphorbia hirta plant is effective in inducing prolactin in wet nurses in urban and rural areas, the clinical tolerance study is important because of the possible presence of toxicity in wild food plants [8]. ...
... However, empirical and/or uncontrolled use poses problems with real risks of poisoning, metabolic disorders, liver damage, kidney dysfunction, cardiovascular disorders and various other diseases [6][7][8][9][10][11] . Various scientific studies must therefore be made for a rational and efficient use of medicinal plants 12 .It is in this context that scientific works have been undertaken on medicinal plants, including Sesamum radiatum. ...
Background and aims: Sesamum radiatum leaves are commonly used by African and Ivorian people in particular to treat various diseases. However, few studies have been done on the pharmacological properties and even less on the acute toxicity of this medicinal plant in Côte d'Ivoire. Also, the present work was carried out in order to contribute to correcting this through a comparative study of the acute oral and intraperitoneal toxicity of the aqueous extract of the leaves (ESera) in the female Wistar rat. Méthodes: According to the modified OECD 423 method, 2 groups of 6 rats were treated with ESera at 50 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg in a single dose respectively by intraperitoneal and oral administration in comparison with the control group (NaCl 0.9 %). Dice weighing at regular intervals of 2 days of body weight and the removal of some organs and blood samples at the end of the 14-day observation period allowed the measurement of biological parameters. Results: Irrespective of the administration route, ESera did not cause clinical signs of suffering, behavior change and death in rats. The morphology and the relative weight of the organs (heart, kidneys, liver and lungs) were not modified. Treated animals exhibited weight growth kinetics similar to those of the controls. Greater weight gains (p < 0.05) were obtained with ESera. The study carried out on the blood samples showed statistically significant changes (p < 0.05) in certain hematological and serum biochemical parameters. The changes observed were greater with ESera 50 mg/kg intraperitoneal administration. Conclusion: Sesamum radiatum aqueous extract did not cause death or organ changes in rats during the 14 days of observation.However, in order to better determine its toxicity, other studies must be carried out due to the disturbances observed in hematological parameters, transaminases and electrolytes. Keywords: Acute toxicity, Hematological parameters, Biochemical parameters, Organ biometry
... The historic usage of this plant may be a result of its chemical composition. Additionally, C. procera extracts were said to have potent analgesic and anticonvulsant effects [23], [24], [25]. The anticholinergic properties of tropical alkaloids like scopolamine, atropine, and hyoscyamine found in D. innoxia are well documented. ...
Purpose: The current study set out to identify therapeutic plants with psychoactive qualities that were being utilized to treat neuropsychiatric disorders in patients with nervous system diseases as well as general and complex neuropsychiatric disorders. Objective: The core or base objective of this study is to identify plant originated psychoactive molecules or psychotropic actives and its relation in the area of neuropsychiatric or neurologic treatment. Design/Methodology/Approach: The majority of the material utilized to construct the study is secondary and comes from a variety of sources, including clinical literature, journals, websites, etc. Additionally, primary data has been employed to boost the paper's correctness and dependability. Clinical psychopathologists, cardiologists, neuropsychologists, and behavioral medicine experts provided the primary data. To prevent any mistakes and inaccuracies, a comprehensive, rigorous clinical examination of the data has been performed using all of these databases Findings/ Results: The findings list 66 plant species that are utilized to treat neuropsychiatric disorders. The primary plant components utilized were roots (36.2%) and leaves (29%) These components, either alone or in combination, were utilized to make medications primarily through the decoction and trituration processes. Drinks, external treatments, and fumigation were all used to provide remedies. This research suggests that local conventional medicine in many regions of the world has a thorough understanding of neuropsychiatric diseases. The therapeutic treatments recommended in this article are a genuine effort to combat neurological and mental illnesses. Future research on antipsychotic or neuroprotective chemicals may utilize identified plants. Originality and value: To cover the relevant study issue and increase the validity and reliability of the material, a thorough analysis and interpretation have been done. A fresh approach is used to spread knowledge regarding the relationship between medicinal plants and the human mind.
... emetic, anthelmintic, antipyretic, febrifuge, and hemorrhoid conditions (Valarmathi, 2018). Ethnomedicine practices propose that stem, leaves, endosperm, and seed coat has been used against various diseases such as stomach ache, malaria fever, sexually transmitted infections, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and dysentery and also used as a tonic and used to treat snakebite victims (Maiga et al., 2005;Yusuf and Abdullahi, 2019). From the traditional point of view, root powder and leaves decoction has strong potential against wound dressing (Diallo et al., 2001). ...
Natural products have been used to prevent and to treat various diseases
from thousands of years. Cancer chemoprevention with natural phytochemical
compounds is an emerging strategy to preventor cure cancer with affordable
conditions. Several unfavourable side effects might arise with chemotherapy.
Certain bioactive components from the plants have been used for their anticancer
activities. These include curcumin, andrographolide, asiaticoside,
phyllanthin, withaferin A, gingerol etc. In cancer therapy, using plant-derived
compounds may help to reduce negative side effects. However, a myriad of
many plant products exist that have shown very promising anti-cancer
properties in vitro, but have yet to be evaluated for human’s use. Further study
is required to determine the efficacy of these phytochemicals in treating
cancers. In recent years, the various plants derived chemical compounds that
have shown as anticancer agents and will outline their potential mechanism
of action.
... Barks have ethnomedical uses for ascites, leprosy, hepatitis, onchocerciasis, female infertility, wounds, malaria and sexually transmitted disease [40,41,42]. Roots are believed to have antirheumatismal [43], anti-jaundice and anti-malarial [44], anti-pain [45], anti-epilepsy, anti-hypertensive [46] and anticonstipation activity [47]. Traditionally, G. ternifolia roots are of purgatives, stomachic, anthelmintic, diuretics, and emetics for ascites, and rickets [48]. ...
Background Worldwide malaria caused by P. falciparum is still the most leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Poor access to treatment in endemic region and parasite resistance to artemisinin drugs with its derivatives has completely affected the efficient treatment of this disease. Herbs offer greatest foundation for development and discovery of new antimalarial agents and a way to ensure that everyone get access to these drugs. The aim of this study was to determine in vitro anti-plasmodial activity of crude extracts of three plants namely Gardenia ternifolia roots bark (family Rubiaceae), Pittosporum viridiflorum stem bark (family Papilionaceae) and Phytolaca dodecandra leaves (family Phytolaceae) used for treatment of malaria by traditional herbal medicine men in Kericho County, Kenya. Methods The study aimed to investigate in vitro anti-plasmodial activity of hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), Methanol (MeOH) and 5% H2O/MeOH extracts of the three plants against mefloquine/ chloroquine resistance (W2) and mefloquine/chloroquine sensitive (3D7) strains of P. falciparum. Anti-plasmodial activity of the exudates was measured using a standard in vitro (Micro-Test (MARK III) kit) assay. Results Chemosupression of all the tested plants extracts was high and moderate having their IC50< 10µg/ml and expressing a sigmoid curve except the DCM extract of plant P. viridiflorum. 3D7 clone was extremely susceptible having the mean IC50 < 5µg/ mL to all the plant extracts except again DCM extract of plant P. viridiflorum. Results trend of extracts were similar to that of Mefloquine and chloroquine suggesting that there was a similar manner of action. Conclusion Demonstrated activity in vitro by the three plant species shows the potential of African traditional medicine in treating/preventing malaria, hence it will be imperative to isolate various metabolites of the three tested plants for qualitative and quantitative analysis and further, in-vivo analysis using murine and primate models should be performed with an aim of them being drug candidates for malaria.
... (Meliaceae) (http://www.worldfloraonline.org) roots are used in traditional medicine to treat skin problems, jaundice, edema, neurological disorders, headaches, schizophrenia, epilepsy, and mental disorders (Maiga et al., 2005;Atawodi et al., 2014;Taiwe and Kuete, 2014). In Nigeria and West Africa, the stem bark and roots extracts are used to treat jaundice, syphilis, malaria, leprosy, dermatosis, epilepsy, and hookworm infections, while seeds and leaves are used to treat fever, headaches, mental illness (Audu-Peter et al., 2006;Sule et al., 2008;Taiwe and Kuete, 2014;Kinda et al., 2017). ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common form of drug-resistant epilepsy. Therefore, medicinal plants provide an alternative source for the discovery of new antiepileptic drugs.
Aim of the study
This study was aimed at investigating the antiepileptic- and anxiolytic-like effects of an aqueous extract of Khaya senegalensis (K. senegalensis) in kainate-treated rats.
Methods
Seventy-two rats received a single dose of kainate (12 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. Those that exhibited two hours of status epilepticus were selected and monitored for the first spontaneous seizure. Then, animals that developed seizures were divided into 6 groups of 8 rats each and treated twice daily for 14 days as follows: negative control group received per os (p.o.) distilled water (10 ml/kg); two positive control groups received either sodium valproate (300 mg/kg, p.o.) or phenobarbital (20 mg/kg, p.o.); and three test groups received different doses of the extract (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, p.o.). In addition, a group of 8 normal rats (normal control group) received distilled water (10 ml/kg, p.o.). During the treatment period, the animals were video-monitored 12 hours/day for behavioral seizures. At the end of the treatment period, animals were subjected to elevated plus-maze and open field tests. Thereafter, rats were euthanized for the analysis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration, oxidative stress status, and neuronal loss in the hippocampus.
Results
The aqueous extract of K. senegalensis significantly reduced spontaneous recurrent seizures (generalized tonic-clonic seizures) and anxiety-like behavior compared to the negative control group. These effects were more marked than those of sodium valproate or phenobarbital. Furthermore, the extract significantly increased GABA concentration, alleviated oxidative stress, and mitigated neuronal loss in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus.
Conclusion
These findings suggest that the aqueous extract of K. senegalensis possesses antiepileptic- and anxiolytic-like effects. These effects were greater than those of sodium valproate or phenobarbital, standard antiepileptic drugs. Furthermore, these effects are accompanied by neuromodulatory and antioxidant activities that may be related to their behavioral effects. These data justify further studies to identify the bioactive molecules present in the extract for possible future therapeutic development and to unravel their mechanisms of action.
... Lebih dari 1500 jenis tumbuhan dari berbagai penjuru dunia diketahui dapat digunakan sebagai pestisida nabati (Isman, 2006;Günthardt et al., 2018). Di Filipina, tidak kurang dari 100 jenis tumbuhan telah diketahui mengandung bahan aktif insektisida (Javier et al., 2018;Maiga et al., 2005). Di Indonesia terdapat 50 famili tumbuhan penghasil racun (Ilmi et al., 2015;Ambri et al., 2015). ...
Kegiatan PkM ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan keterampilan petani, mengurangi tingkat penggunaan pestisida berbahan kimia berbahaya dan menurunkan biaya produksi pertanian di Desa Duman, Kecamatan Lingsar, Kabupaten Lombok Barat, NTB. Pelatihan melibatkan tim KKN Tematik UNDIKMA yang didukung oleh Bidang Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Pemerintah Desa Duman dan bekerjasama dengan Balai Penyuluh Pertanian (BPP) Kecamatan Lingsar. Khalayak sasaran dari kegiatan pelatihan ini adalah masyarakat Desa Duman yang bekerja sebagai petani baik di area perkebunan maupun persawahan. Pelatihan dilaksanakan dengan metode ceramah dan pendampingan praktik tentang pemanfaatan dan pembuatan pestisida nabati. Penyampaian materi pelatihan dilakukan oleh Tim Penyuluh dari Balai Penyuluhan Pertanian (BPP) Kecamatan Lingsar. Bahan baku utama pembuatan pestisida nabati ini terdiri dari daun sirsak dan daun papaya. Sedangkan bahan pendukungnya terdiri dari minyak tanah, detergent pencuci piring, dan air. Jumlah Peserta yang terlibat sebanyak 19 orang petani perkebunan dan 10 orang petani sawah. Ketercapaian tujuan kegiatan dievaluasi melalui survey respon peserta pelatihan menggunakan angket. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil observasi menunjukkan bahwa 100 % peserta memahami materi pelatihan dan mampu membuat pestisida nabati, sedangkan 79,31 % peserta lebih memilih untuk mencoba menggunakan pestisida nabati produk mandirinya sebagai zat tambahan pada pestisida sintetis kimia. Training on Making Vegetable Pesticides to Improve the Skills of Duman Village Farmers Towards Organic Farming Abstract This PkM activity aims to improve farmers' skills, reduce the level of use of pesticides made from hazardous chemicals and reduce agricultural production costs in Duman Village, Lingsar District, West Lombok Regency, NTB. The training involved the UNDIKMA Thematic Community Service Team supported by the Duman Village Government Community Empowerment Division and in collaboration with the Lingsar District Agricultural Extension Center (BPP). The target audience of this training activity is the Duman Village community who work as farmers in both plantation and rice fields. The training was carried out using the lecture method and practical assistance on the use and manufacture of botanical pesticides. The delivery of training materials was carried out by the Extension Team from the Agricultural Extension Center (BPP) of Lingsar District. The main raw materials for making this vegetable pesticide consist of soursop leaves and papaya leaves. While the supporting materials consist of kerosene, dishwashing detergent, and water. The number of participants involved were 19 plantation farmers and 10 rice farmers. The achievement of the objectives of the activity was evaluated through a survey of participants' responses using a questionnaire. Data were analyzed descriptively. Observation results showed that 100% of participants understood the training material and were able to make vegetable pesticides, while 79.31% of participants preferred to try using their own self-made vegetable pesticides as additives to chemical synthetic pesticides.
... Leaves, roots and stems Eswatini, Ethiopia, Mali, Nigeria, South Africa and Tanzania [10,12,13,[16][17][18][19]21,23,32,33,35,37,[39][40][41][42][43][44][45] Gingivitis Leaves Nigeria [16][17][18][19] Heart diseases Leaves Kenya [29,30,[46][47][48] Herpes [15,18,20,21,[23][24][25]31,41,61,68] Snake and scorpion bites Leaves and roots Ethiopia [13,18,22,69,70] Ulcers Roots Cameroon and Mali [10][11][12]18,19,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]43,71] Urinary problems Leaves and stems South Africa [20,21] Worms Roots Ethiopia [13] Wounds including circumcision wounds Leaves and roots Ethiopia and Mali [10,12,18,19,22,25,35,39,40,43,45,69,7 2] Ethnoveterinary medicine (tickbite sores and worms) ...
Baccharoides adoensis is a shrub widely used as traditional medicine throughout its distributional range in tropical Africa. This study is aimed at providing a critical review of the pharmacological properties, phytochemistry, and medicinal uses of B. adoensis. Documented information on the pharmacological properties, phytochemistry, and medicinal uses of B. adoensis was collected from several online sources which included Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct. Additional information on the pharmacological properties, phytochemistry, and medicinal uses of B. adoensis was gathered from pre-electronic sources such as book chapters, books, journal articles, and scientific publications sourced from the university library. The articles published between 1962 and 2020 were used in this study. This study showed that the roots, flowers, stems, and leaves of B adoensis are widely used as ethnoveterinary medicine and traditional medicines for backbone pain, reproductive problems, kidney diseases, fever and febrile complaints, wounds, ulcers, sexually transmitted infections, skin complaints, malaria, gastro-intestinal problems and respiratory problems. Phytochemical compounds identified from the species include alkaloids, carbohydrates, chondrillasterol, flavonoids, free sugars, glaucolides, glycosides, phenols, proanthocyanidin, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids. Pharmacological research revealed that B. adoensis extracts and compounds isolated from the species have antimicrobial, antimycobacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiplasmodial, anti-pyretic, antitrypanosomal, antileishmanial, anti-ulcer and gastroprotective, immunomodulating, inhibition of Helicobacter pylori adhesion, larvicidal, cytotoxicity and toxicity activities. Baccharoides adoensis should be subjected to detailed phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological evaluations aimed at correlating its medicinal uses with its phytochemistry and pharmacological activities.
... These metabolites have various pharmacological activities and used for the treatment of different diseases. However toxic effects may be observed in the use of various plants [21][22][23][24]. ...
The medicinal plants contain various chemical constituents which play an important role in the treatment of various diseases. The current review explained the scattered information on medicinal plants used in the treatment of tuberculosis. The review contains four medicinal plants (Allium sativum (L), Aloe vera (L), Acalypha indica (L) and Allium cepa (L)) having anti-tubeculosis effects. Moreover, six medicinal plants (Acorus calamus (L), Curcuma longa (L), Ephedra gerardiana, Glycyrrhiza glabra (L), Hygrophila auriculata, Papaver somniferum (L)) have been checked for their toxicological impacts in the treatment of tuberculosis.
... Rajan et al. (2014), determined in their study conducted with Mimosa pudica that Cu rates varied between 7.93 mg kg -1 and 18.21 mg kg -1 . Er (2012) found that Cu content of the plants included in Salvia Fe Cu Zn Mn 2b species was 5.62 mg kg -1 , Ozcan (2004) reported Cu of 4.67 mg kg -1 in sage, and Maiga et al. (2005), found that Cu was 2.4-7.1 mg kg -1 in their study conducted with some medicinal and edible plants in Mali. The values obtained for Cu were compatible with the range of the data obtained in the study conducted with Salvia species. ...
This study was conducted to determine the contents of some macro and micronutrients of Salvia spp. (Salvia aethiopis L., S. virgata Jacq., S. syriaca L., S. absconditiflora Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham, S. ceratophylla L., S. bracteata Banks et Sol., S. cyanenses Boiss et Bal.) species growing in 17 locations of Kırşehir city. Based on the findings, it was found that phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) contents of the samples obtained from the soil were 3.6-43.2 mg kg-1, 120-398 mg kg-1, 5344-8778 mg kg-1, 134-763 mg kg-1, 0.01-2.43 mg kg-1, 0.03-1.27 mg kg-1, 1.29-8.60 mg kg-1 and 0.17-1.22 mg kg-1, respectively. The K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn contents of the plant samples were 0.002-0.17%, 1.67-5.54%, 0.26-0.90%, 243-3479 mg kg-1, 4.78-7.77 mg kg-1, 4.75-97.00 mg kg-1 and 21.50-45.05 mg kg-1, respectively. The Ca and Mg were the available macronutrients with the highest concentration, Fe was the available micronutrient with the highest concentration, which was followed by Mn, Zn and Cu elements, respectively. When the elements in the plant are evaluated, Ca, K and Zn in S. virgata are the most; Ca and Fe in S. absconditiflora is at least; in S. cyanescens, Mg and Mn are the most, K and Zn the least; in S. syriaca, Mg is at least; in S. ceratophylla Cu the most, Mn least; S. aethiopis Cu at least; Fe was found in excess in S. bracteata. As a result of the soil and plant analyses, it was determined that Salvia plants received the required plant nutrient elements sufficiently although Fe, Mn and Zn nutrient elements were deficient in soil.
... An alkaloid is a natural organic compound, most often of plant origin, heterocyclic with nitrogen as a heteroatom, with a more or less basic complex molecular structure and endowed with pronounced physiological properties even at low doses. Alkaloids isolated from plants have antiparasitic properties and show antiplasmodial activity In vitro on Plasmodium falciparum with an IC50 = 5μg / mL and on certain resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum [28]. Quinine, a natural antimalarial drug, effective against strains resistant to chloroquine, is an alkaloid. ...
Information collected from nine (09) traditional healers in the Moronou village in the Department of Toumodi revealed that Anthocleista djanlonensis is regularly used by the population for primary health care in the processing of malaria. Evaluation of the In vitro antiplasmodial activity showed that the aqueous extracts inhibit growth of clinical isolates and chloroquinoresistant strains (K1) with IC50 of 8.29 µg/mL and 10.23 µg/mL while the ethanolic extracts had IC50 of 37.65 µg/mL and 46.07 µg/mL on the same strains respectively. Results of the In vitro antimalarial bioassay showed that aqueous extracts have promising antiplasmodial effects on clinical isolates and on Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistant K1 strain (3 µg/mL <IC50 <15 µg/mL). Phytochemical screening revealed that the extracts contain mainly alkaloids, polyphenols, polyterpenes and flavonoids
... In Central and West Africa, Entada africana (Fabaceae), is used in non-conventional medicine to treat many diseases, such as malaria, syphilis, wound healing, skin infections and liver disorders [1,2,3]. Modern pharmacological approaches on E. africana reported several biological activities: antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, antiproliferative and antioxidant activities [2,4,5]. ...
Entada africana is used in non-conventional medicine for the management of liver ailments. A fraction, designated EaF10 (methylene chloride/methanol 90:10, v/v) with promising hepatoprotective activity has been isolated. Since the mechanisms underlying EaF10 hepatoprotective action remain unknown, this study was undertaken to investigate the anti-hepatotoxic mechanism of the fraction against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity and its antioxidant properties. Antioxidant activities of EaF10 were assessed through four chemical antioxidant assays and its anti-hepatotoxic effect evaluated in vivo and in vitro by post-treatment (25 or 100 mg/Kg) or co-treatment (6.25–100 μg/mL) in CCl4-intoxicated mice and normal human liver cells line L-02 hepatocytes respectively; and biochemical and molecular parameters assessed respectively by spectrophotometry, and by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. EaF10 exhibited strong antioxidant activities correlated with its polyphenol content. Serum levels of alanine/aspartate aminotransferase (AST/ALT) and nitrite oxide, liver contents of glutathione (GSH) protein carbonylation and malondialdehyde (MDA), liver activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and cell viability showed the anti-hepatotoxic effect of EaF10, supported by histopathological observations. The fraction decreased the protein level of Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 (Keap-1), induced nuclear translocation of Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) coupled to an increase of the mRNA levels of CAT, SOD1 and GST in CCl4-intoxicated L-02 hepatocytes. These findings evidenced that the studied plant fraction possesses a strong antioxidant capacity and prevents CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity, likely through inhibition of CYP2E1 and activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway.
... The bark infusion is used in South Africa against diarrhea and jaundice. Studies showed the antibacterial [21] , insecticidal, hypoglycemic and antioxidant properties of S. madagascariensis [22] . In Mali, Senegal and Tanzania, the root and stem barks are mashed and macerated and used as an aphrodisiac and to treat ascites, diarrhea, malaria, leprosy, syphilis, conjunctivitis, cataracts, jaundice, hepato-biliary disorders and urinary retention [23,24,20] . ...
Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the nephroprotective effects of aqueous extract of root barks of Swartzia madagascariensis (AERBSM) on acute kidney failure (AKF) induced with Gentamicin in Wistar rats. Methods: 45 rats were divided into 9 groups of 5 animals: 3 control groups (normal, negative and positive), 4 test groups and 2 satellite groups (control and test). All the animals except normal control received daily doses of gentamicin (80 mg/kg, i.p) during 8 days concomitantly with distilled water (negative and satellite controls), 0.9 % normal saline (positive control), AERBSM at 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg (test groups), and AERBSM 400 mg/kg (satellite test group). Urinary biochemical parameters (pH, leucocyturia, glucosuria, proteinuria, osmolarity), hematological parameters (White and Red Blood Cells counts, Hemoglobin and Platelet counts), serum parameters (creatinine, urea, BUN, ALAT, ASAT, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, total cholesterol) and oxidative stress markers (MDA, SOD, CAT, GSH) were evaluated. Histological sections of the liver, kidney and lungs were prepared. Results: Groups treated with AERBSM showed significant decrease of markers of kidney and liver pathology (urinary, haematological and serum) as compared to the negative control. AERBSM significantly (p<0.01) reduced MDA concentration and increased kidney and liver SOD, CAT and GSH activities compared with the negative control. Histological observation revealed that AERBSM corrected the kidney damage induced by gentamicin. Conclusion: The observed nephroprotective effects of AERBSM could be related to its antioxidant properties.
... This type of knowledge has a real cultural value and may ultimately lead to the development of new pharmaceutical drugs. The sustainable exploitation of medicinal plants could contribute not only to the preservation of a significant part of biological diversity but also to the improvement in the living conditions of local communities by developing the trade in medicinal plants or their derivatives [8]. ...
Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad (C. colocynthis) called colocynth is a wild species that belongs to the family cucurbitaceae. The present research work aimed to study the phytochemical composition, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of C. colocynthis seed extract. The chemical characterization of C. colocynthis seeds was effectuated using a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The cytotoxic activity of C. colocynthis seed extract against breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231) and colon cancer cell lines (HT-29) was assessed using the WST-1 bioassay. The antioxidant power was evaluated by the DPPH assay. The phyto-chemical characterization of C. colocynthis seed extract showed the richness of C. colocynthis seed extract in several families of bioactive compounds. Regarding the cytotoxic activity, the IC 50 (the half-maximal inhibitory concentration) of C. colocynthis seed extract in inhibiting MDA-MB-231 and HT-29 were 170.34 and 132.31 µg/mL, respectively. The cancerous cell lines MDA-MB-231 seem to be more sensitive to C. colocynthis seed extract than HT-29 cell lines. C. colocynthis seed extract exhibited a strong antioxidant power with an IC 50 value of 1.37 mg/mL. Insight into the results obtained, C. colocynthis seed extract may be used as a promising weapon to fight against cancer and free radicals' damage.
... This species was mentioned to be used in skinrelated problems (Table 4), and veterinary uses in Africa (Matzigkeit, 1990), but locally it is described as a strong and significant medicine. Securidaca longepedunculata, reported for the treatment of malaria by our respondents, was also reported to cure malaria in Congo (Dibwe et al., 2012); extracts of this species have shown activity against a variety of microorganisms (Table 4) and have good prospects in the formal treatment of malaria (Adiele et al., 2013;Atawoli et al., 2003;Maiga et al., 2005;Rakuambo et al., 2004). Also reported for treating malaria, Bobgunnia madagascariensis (Desv.) ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance
This study is one of the first post-civil war efforts to document traditional botanical knowledge in Bié province, central Angola, in a first step to bring more studies on the use of medicinal plant resources in this area so as to bring new insights into Angolan bio-cultural diversity.
Aim of the study
Examine the variety of plant species used for medical purposes, as well as characterize their social and cultural values. Also, it is aimed to compare their uses in the studied region with those in Sub-Saharan Africa and report new ethnomedicinal uses.
Materials and methods
We documented traditional medicinal plant knowledge among professional herbalists in two areas in Bié province through participatory observation, semi-structured interviews and transect walks. Ethnobotanical information was quantified based on Use Reports to (1) rate traditional knowledge; and (2) determine most useful taxa.
Results
In total, 10 traditional healers shared information on their knowledge. A total of 87 plant species distributed among 57 genera and 36 botanical families were documented with Fabaceae being the best-represented family with 18 species, followed by Phyllanthaceae (6), Apocynaceae (5), Asteraceae (5), Rubiaceae (5), Lamiaceae (4), and Ochnaceae (3). Most medicinal plants are usually gathered at a distance from human settlements because of the belief in the higher efficacy of ‘wild’ plants shared by all herbalists. Roots are the most common plant part used (79%), explaining why the consulted herbalists call themselves ‘root doctors’.
Conclusions
The culturally most important medicinal species identified in this study, i.e. Securidaca longepedunculata, Garcinia huillensis, Annona stenophylla, Afzelia quanzensis and Strychnos cocculoides, were previously reported for the same use in neighbouring countries and elsewhere in Africa. Our study also indicates that there are several locally valuable species that have not yet been studied for their medical potential, to name a few: Alvesia rosmarinifolia, Diplorhynchus condylocarpon, Eriosema affine, Paropsia brazzaeana, Rhus squalida, Sclerocroton cornutus or Xylopia tomentosa. Moreover, the ethnomedicinal use of 26 species was reported for the first time to sub-Saharan Africa.
Classification
Ethnopharmacological field studies.
... The alkaloid securinine confers activity against Plasmodium falciparum [10]. Some flavonoids that were isolated from this plant showed activity against many microorganisms and methanol extract of the root material against three major stored product pests [11,12]. ...
Background:
Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen is an indigenous medicinal plant in Africa that has an important place in both traditional and modern medicine. This plant is endangered because of high seed dormancy, low germination rate, and over exploitation. Therefore, micropropagation method is important to address these problems. The objective of this study is to develop a micropropagation protocol for S. longipedunculata from shoot tip explants.
Results:
Among different Clorox concentrations, seeds sterilized with 10% Clorox for 10 min resulted in 85% decontamination and 80% germination. Among different media used to evaluate the rate of seed germination, seeds that were de-coated and transversally cut at the tip and cultured on basal MS medium resulted in 100% germination. The highest percentage of shoot initiation (87%) was obtained on MS medium containing 1.0 mg/l 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP). The highest mean shoot number per explant (8.5 ± 0.69) was achieved on MS multiplication medium containing 1.5 mg/l BAP in combination with 0.1 mg/l Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The highest mean number of roots per explant (3.73 ± 0.69) was obtained on MS medium containing 2.0 mg/l Indole-3-acetic-acid (IAA). Among plantlets transferred to greenhouse, 60% survived after acclimatization.
Conclusions:
This micropropagation protocol can be used for mass propagation of S. longipedunculata that contributes to its conservation and genetic improvement.
... Na literatura foram encontrados estudos confirmando a toxicidade de Sophora cf. tomentosa L. e Ximenia americana L. [47,48,56]. O pequeno número de pessoas citando plantas nativas e a elevada idade média desta amostra evidencia que atualmente esse é um conhecimento restrito, que pode estar se perdendo, sendo assim, campanhas informativas também devem focar neste aspecto. ...
Para a diminuição dos casos de acidentes com plantas tóxicas, é necessário ampliar o conhecimento da população sobre as plantas. Campanhas informativas mostram-se como as melhores maneiras de diminuir os casos de intoxicação. Este trabalho teve por objetivo fazer um levantamento etnobotânico com os moradores do município de Cananéia-SP sobre as plantas tóxicas conhecidas e identificar áreas prioritárias para ações de conscientização e prevenção de acidentes. O município foi dividido considerando sua porção insular (bairros urbanos) e a parte continental (bairros rurais), a amostra definida pelo método “bola de neve” e entrevistas semiestruturadas foram realizadas. Não há diferença significativa entre a diversidade de plantas tóxicas conhecidas nas porções insulares e continentais. As duas áreas apresentaram alta diversidade de etnoespécies conhecidas, e também baixa similaridade, indicando a necessidade de ações específicas, com foco em espécies ornamentais para as áreas insular e continental do município, adicionado das nativas para a última.
... Additional ethnobotanical data of interest for this region can be found in nearby territories, such as South Morocco and the Saharian regions (Barrera et al., 2007), the Algerian Sahara (Miara et al., 2019(Miara et al., , 2018Hammiche and Maiza, 2006), Senegal (Diop et al., 2018;Benoit-Vical et al., 2008;Stauble, 1986;Le Grand, 1989;Le Grand et al., 1988;Le Grand and Wondergem, 1987;Bonati, 1980;Kerharo and Adam, 1974) and Mali (Wangensteen et al., 2015;Diarra et al., 2015;Bah et al., 2006;Bizimana et al., 2006;Maiga et al., 2005;Nergard et al., 2005;Inngjerdingen et al., 2004). Interesting data on desert plant species can be found in the eastern part of the Sahara Desert (e.g. ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Mauritania is a country in which few ethnobotanical studies have been conducted and consequently the ethnomedical data is scarce. Since the geographical region reflects the transition between tropical and Northern Africa, influenced by the Mediterranean floristic region, the traditional knowledge was influenced by several cultures from tropical Africa as well as Arab, Berber and Islamic societies.
Aim of the study:
This paper aims to explore and compile the diversity of ethnomedical knowledge in one of the regions of Mauritania and to compare the data with similar studies from surrounding territories.
Materials and methods:
Surveys and interviews were carried out in 11 villages of Adrar province in northern Mauritania. Data were collected through open, semi-structured interviews (with individuals and focus groups). A sample of 120 people aged between 20 and 70 years, including 24 herbalists and 28 traditional healers was included.
Results:
Ethnomedical data for 68 plant species belonging to 27 families were obtained. They are used to treat 50 health conditions grouped in 14 pathological groups. Remedies for digestive system disorders, skin problems and respiratory ailments were among the most frequent indications. Leaves were the most frequently used plant part and remedies generally used as a powder for the various applications and a total of 2'317 use reports were gathered. About 55% of the reported species were not cited previously in the literature focusing on Mauritania and neighbouring countries. Moreover, only 6 species are also cited by Ibn al-Baytar (13th century CE).
Conclusions:
This work shows a promising perspective for future studies, shedding light on the richness and the risk for conservation of traditional knowledge of herbal medicine in Mauritania.
... In African traditional medicine, Ea is used for the treatment of dysentery, cataract, wound healing, stomach ache, fever and liver related diseases (Owona et al., 2013a). In Mali, the plant is used to treat different ailment such as fever (malaria), inflammation (hepato-protective and wound healing) (Maiga et al., 2005). A decoction of the root and bark is also used to wash wounds while that of the root alone is used in the treatment of hepatitis. ...
Entada africana (Ea, Asteraceae) has been widely used traditionally to treat different ailments, as food, insecticides, source of gums, in some small carpentry works. Studies on the pharmacognostic characterization, nutritional, elemental and physicochemical contents has been reported. In vivo and in vitro studies on the plant validated some ethnomedicinal claims of the use of the plant as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiviral, anti-angiogenic, cytotoxic agents among others. Triterpenes, saponins, flavonoids and sugars were reported as bioactive constituents which might be responsible for the aforementioned pharmacological actions of the plant. However, more researches are required in order to isolate bioactive compounds from the different parts of Ea and evaluate their effects on different ailments.
... But the use of plants is empirical and abusive, often resulting in a panoply of side effects, even the disappearance of the species. The work on the inventory of medicinal plants sold in local markets is scarce in sub-Saharan Africa (Maiga et al., 2005). Thus in Benin scientific data concerning the three species of Desmodium genus are almost non-existent, while these plants are the subject of several therapeutic uses in Benin (Akoègninou et al., 2006). ...
In Africa, conventional medicines are not within the reach of everybody. High costs of classic treatment lead 82% of the patients to traditional remedies. The study was aimed at identifying and documenting these plants used in the traditional medicine of Benin. Between December 2017 and March 2018, an ethnobotanical study was conducted in the markets of Cotonou, Abomey – Calavi, Porto-Novo and Pobè using a semi-structured questionnaire. A total of 100 respondents which included 91% of females and 9% of males were interviewed. These three species are involved in the treatment of 19 categories of diseases. The respondents are mostly females. It appears from this survey that the Desmodium ramosissimum is the most represented species in Benin (85%). The parts of the plant used are the stem with leaves (98%) and roots (2%). The recipes are prepared mainly by a decoction and administered orally. The price of samples sold varies from 200F cfa to 1000F cfa. The herb teas are cooked with one herb or a combination of several herbs. In terms of knowledge, information on plants was handed down from one generation to another orally through the word of mouth or without any published records. The ethnobotany survey revealed that no prohibitions or side effects are linked to the use of these plants. The three species of Desmodium occupy an important place in the therapeutic arsenal of Benin. These results constitute an essential tool for the experimental evaluation of the potentialities of these plants in order to make available for the Beninese population, new improved traditional medicines.
... The whole plant is known to have a general healing effect. The root, stem bark and leaves have been used to treat malaria, arthritis, rheumatism, convulsions, gastrointestinal, respiratory, skin and sexually transmitted infections (Kerharo and Adam, 1974;Occhiuto et al., 1999;Maiga et al., 2005). In traditional pharmacopoeias, this plant is mostly indicated for its wound healing effect. ...
... Lippia multiflora est utilisée par les béninois comme plante hypertensive (Gandonou et al., 2017), Boscia senegalensis et Colocynthis vulgaris sont utilisées contre le diabete au Tchad (Sakine et al., 2012). C'est ainsi que Mathisen et al. (2002) ont également signalé dans les tissus des feuilles de Cassia sieberiana une abondance des dérivés flavonoïdes qui sont des O-flavonolosides parmi lesquels se trouvent d'importantes quantités de quercitrine et d'isoquercitrine pour la même plante(Maïga et al., 2005).Il a été rapporté parGandonou et al. (2017) que les tanins antibactérien possèdent des activités antivirales et antitumorale, sont Ces résultats différents un peu des nôtres qui signalent la présence en abondance de ces deux principes actifs dans les plantes. La richesse des plantes étudiées en saponoides pourraient aider à prévenir les complications dégénératives (cécité, neuropathie des jambes chez le diabétique(Adiza, 2007). ...
Cardiovascular diseases constitute a major health problem in the world today. In fact, these diseases are pathologies that affect the heart and blood circulation. Among these diseases, the most recurrent are diabetics and hypertension. The main objective of this study was to contribute to the better knowledge of medicinal plants used for the treatment of diabetes and hypertension in Chad, also to carry out the phytochemical screening of some species requested. An ethnobotanic survey was carried out in 216 household in Moundou, West Logone. A total of 58 species, 55 genera and 27 families were identified among which 19 species treat diabetes, 17 hypertension and 22 used in combination to treat the two diseases. Fabaceae, Caesalpinoideae,
Combretaceae and Euphorbiaceae were the highest represented families. All parts of plants are used. However, the leaves (27.32%), the barks of the trunk (16.82%) and the roots (14.76%) were parts that are highly needed. The decoction (62%), the maceration (23.66%) and the infusion (14.34%) were the most frequent methods of preparation. Phytochemical analysis of Sclerocarya birrea, Annona senegalensis, Detarium microcarpum, Cassia sieberiana, Momordica charantia and Phyllantus amarus indicated their richness in tannins, flavonoids,
alkaloids and saponosides. These compounds are indicators elements justifying their usefulness in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases
... Ces tanins sont des dimères d"acide gallique condensés sur un dérivé glycosyle, Ils comprennent l"acide gallique et les produits de condensation de son dimère, l"acide hexahydroxydiphénique (107,108,109). Comme leur nom l"indique, ces tanins subissent facilement une hydrolyse acide et basique, ils s"hydrolysent sous l"action enzymatique et de l"eau chaude [149]. ...
Les substances naturelles issues de la biomasse des végétaux ont des intérêts multiples mis à profit dans la biotechnologie tant dans l?industrie alimentaire, cosmétique que pharmaceutique. Parmi ces composés on retrouve une grande partie des métabolites secondaires qui se sont surtout illustrés en thérapie. On a longtemps employé des remèdes traditionnels à base de plantes sans savoir à quoi étaient dues leurs actions, les études des métabolites secondaires font l?objet de nombreuses recherches basées sur les cultures in vitro et in vivo de tissus végétaux. C?est le cas notamment des composés phénoliques, polyphénols, flavonoïdes, anthocyanines et tanins, qui font l?objet de notre étude, composés largement utilisés en thérapeutique comme vasculoprotecteurs, anti-inflammatoires, inhibiteurs enzymatiques, antioxydant et anti radicalaires. Nos travaux ont portés sur les extraits issus des 6 plantes (Daniella oliveri, Desmodium adscendens, Ficus capensis, Securidaca longependuculata, Stevia rebaudiana, Vitex doniana) utilisées traditionnellement pour traiter plusieurs maladies dans diverses parties du monde (Amérique, en Afrique). La méthodologie mise au point pour l?analyse de ces extraits a été appliquée pour le dosage des exsudats racinaires de Miscanthus x géant). La combinaison de certaines méthodes d?analyses chimiques, spectrophotométries (UV, RMN, SM), chromatographies (CCM, CC, HPLC, GC-MS) et biologiques nous ont permis de faire une évaluation quantitative, qualitative des composés phénoliques extraits des 7 plantes d?origines diverses utilisés par la médecine traditionnelle. Les analyses complémentaires ont permis de mettre en évidence les capacités antioxydantes et anti-radicalaires de ces extraits. Tandis que les tests biologiques ont été utilisés pour l?évaluation de certaines propriétés telles que les propriétés antimicrobiennes et anti-inflammatoires. Les résultats de ces travaux nous ont permis d?affirmer que l?ensemble des extraits de plantes étudiés présente des très bonnes propriétés antioxydantes qui pourrait nous permettre de les recommander dans la biotechnologie.
... According to the daily recommendations in the EGNR (2006), by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, vitamins and minerals requirements (FAO, 2004), 100 g of this dietary supplement composed by M, oleifera and P, ostreatus might cover many recommended daily reference intakes of minerals and macronutrients. Percentages covered by each element are represented in Tables 3 to 5; showed that the dietary supplement is a good source of minerals and macronutrients more than many others plants which are used like food supplement (Bénissan et al., 2012;Moyo et al., 2011;Maiga et al., 2005). ...
Moringa oleifera and Pleurotus ostreatus are widely used as food or food supplements. They are demonstrated to have many beneficial effects on nutritional status and human health. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the nutritional value of M. oleifera and P. ostreatus mixture in specific proportions. The mushroom species was cultivated at the Mushroom Biotechnology Laboratory and M. oleifera at the botanical garden of the University Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Senegal. The compost of P. ostreatus culture was corn and straw peanut. Mixtures of different proportion powders of M. oleifera and P.ostreatus were used for investigations. Results showed that the product contain 35.08% crude proteins, 14.28% carbohydrates, 22.71% fat, 20.96% fibers and 6.98% of total ash. The energy was 401.79 kcal for 100 g of dry matter. Among minerals, potassium (1566.83 mg/100 g) are the most abundant mineral element followed by phosphorus (318.55 mg/100 g), calcium (284.33 mg/100 g) and magnesium (253.14 mg/100 g); the less abundant was copper with 0.53 mg/100 g. This study shows that the used proportion of M. oleifera leaves and P. ostreatus powders mixture could be a good source of minerals, proteins and carbohydrates.
... According to the daily recommendations in the EGNR (2006), by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, vitamins and minerals requirements (FAO, 2004), 100 g of this dietary supplement composed by M, oleifera and P, ostreatus might cover many recommended daily reference intakes of minerals and macronutrients. Percentages covered by each element are represented in Tables 3 to 5; showed that the dietary supplement is a good source of minerals and macronutrients more than many others plants which are used like food supplement (Bénissan et al., 2012;Moyo et al., 2011;Maiga et al., 2005). ...
Moringa oleifera and Pleurotus ostreatus are widely used as food or food supplements. They are demonstrated to have many beneficial effects on nutritional status and human health. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the nutritional value of M. oleifera and P. ostreatus mixture in specific proportions. The mushroom species was cultivated at the Mushroom Biotechnology Laboratory and M. oleifera at the botanical garden of the University Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Senegal. The compost of P. ostreatus culture was corn and straw peanut. Mixtures of different proportion powders of M. oleifera and P.ostreatus were used for investigations. Results showed that the product contain 35.08% crude proteins, 14.28% carbohydrates, 22.71% fat, 20.96% fibers and 6.98% of total ash. The energy was 401.79 kcal for 100 g of dry matter. Among minerals, potassium (1566.83 mg/100 g) are the most abundant mineral element followed by phosphorus (318.55 mg/100 g), calcium (284.33 mg/100 g) and magnesium (253.14 mg/100 g); the less abundant was copper with 0.53 mg/100 g. This study shows that the used proportion of M. oleifera leaves and P. ostreatus powders mixture could be a good source of minerals, proteins and carbohydrates.
... Leaves from several species of Mitragyna have previously been described as toxic or a poison. For example, healers from the Bamako districts, Mali consider leaves from M. inermis as toxic and capable of making someone vomit (Maiga et al., 2005) Furthermore, Pammel (1910) and Castellani and Chalmers (1919) report M. speciosa as a poison in Borneo and Malacca respectively. Interestingly, leaves from M. rubrostipulata are macerated in water with other plants and taken internally as an anti-poison in Rwanda (Kayonga and Habiyaremye, 1987), it is possible that leaves may possess emetic properties which could lead them useful as an antipoison. ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
The genus Mitragyna (Rubiacaeae) has been traditionally used in parts of Africa, Asia and Oceania. In recent years, there has been increased interest in species of Mitragyna with the introduction of products to western markets and regulatory uncertainty.
Aim of the study:
This paper reviewed the traditional ethnomedicinal uses of leaves for species belonging to the genus Mitragyna with reference to the botany and known chemistry in order to highlight areas of interest for products currently being sold as kratom.
Materials and methods:
A literature search was conducted using Web of Science, Google Scholar, the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Internet Archive, Hathi Trust, and Biodiversity Heritage Library search engines in the spring of 2015, fall of 2016 and winter of 2017 to document uses of bark, leaf and root material.
Results:
Leaves of M. speciosa (kratom) had the most common documented ethnomedicinal uses as an opium substitute or remedy for addiction. Other species of Mitragyna were reportedly used for treating pain, however the mode of preparation was most often cited as topical application. Other uses of Mitragyna included treatment of fever, skin infections, and as a mild anxiolytic.
Conclusions:
Mitragyna species have been used medicinally in various parts of the world and that there is significant traditional evidence of use. Modern products that include formulations as topical application of liniments, balms or tinctures may provide effective alternatives for treatment of certain types of pains. Future research is required to establish safety and toxicology limits, medicinal chemistry parameters and the potential for different physiological responses among varying genetic populations to support regulatory requirements for Mitragyna spp.
... The bark is applied to wounds and leprosy [59]. In Mali, the stem bark is used in wound healing [18], and the leaves are sold in markets for making a decoction used as an antidote to poisoning [60]. The fruits are edible [61]. ...
The ethnopharmacology, chemistry and pharmacology of four Malian medicinal plants, Biophytum umbraculum, Burkea africana, Lannea velutina and Terminalia macroptera are reviewed. These plants are used by traditional healers against numerous ailments: malaria, gastrointestinal diseases, wounds, sexually transmitted diseases, insect bites and snake bites, etc. The scientific evidence for these uses is, however, limited. From the chemical and pharmacological evidence presented here, it seems possible that the use in traditional medicine of these plants may have a rational basis, although more clinical studies are needed.
... De nombreuses études pharmacologiques et phytochimiques ont déjà été effectuées sur ces quatre plantes (Diallo et al., 2001;Cheng et al, 2002;Devi et al., 2002;Devi et al., 2003;Ojewole, 2003;Parimaladevi et al., 2003;Ojewole, 2004;Keita, 2005;Maïga et al., 2005;Adiza, 2007;Bose et al., 2011;Shah et al., 2011). L'objectif de la présente étude était d'évaluer l'activité analgésique des extraits aqueux de Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf, ...
En Afrique, plusieurs personnes utilisent les plantes medicinales pour traiter l’inflammation et la douleur. L’objectif du present travail etait d’evaluer l’effet analgesique de Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf., Cleome viscosa Linn., Mitragyna inermis (Willd.) O. Kuntze et Sclerocarya birre a (A. rich.) Hochst utilisees dans la prise en charge traditionnelle du paludisme au Mali et au Togo. Le materiel vegetal (feuilles, rameau feuille, ecorce de tronc et partie aerienne) des especes a ete recolte au Mali et au Togo. Les extraits aqueux du materiel vegetal ont ete prepares pour realiser d’une part l’analyse phytochimique a l’aide de la chromatographie sur couche mince et d’autre part l’evaluation de leur activite analgesique sur la douleur induite avec l’acide acetique chez les souris. L’analyse phytochimique a revele que les extraits de plantes contenaient des tanins, flavonoides, alcaloides, sterols et terpenes, et des saponosides. Dans l’ensemble, toutes les plantes protegent contre la douleur. Cependant, Cymbopogon citratus et Mitragyna inermis ont presente les meilleures protections. Les proprietes analgesiques des extraits aqueux de ces plantes ont un grand interet dans la prise en charge traditionnelle du paludisme. Mots cles : Plantes antipaludiques, proprietes analgesiques, Mali, Togo.
... A number of studies have demonstrated the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts of plants from Northeastern Brazil flora, particularly the Caatinga biome (NOGUEIRA et al., 2001;MAIGA et al., 2005;MORAES et al., 2006). In vitro studies were conducted to determine the antimicrobial potential of Brazilian flora, and yielded satisfactory results (GRANATO et al., 2005;USHIMARU et al., 2007). ...
The aim of the present study is to assess the antibacterial potential of plants from the Caatinga biome of the semi-arid region of Pernambuco, against Staphylococcus spp. isolates from cases of subclinical mastitis in small ruminants, such as goats and ewes. Ethanolic extracts of the following plants from the Caatinga biome were used: Encholirium spectabile Mart., Bromelia laciniosa Mart., Neoglaziovia variegata Mez., Amburana cearensis (Fr. Allem.) A.C.Smith, Hymenaea martiana Hayne, and Selaginella convoluta Spring. The presence of phenolic components, flavonoids, steroids, and terpenoids was verified for all the tested extracts. The mean minimal bactericide concentrations of the extracts of E. spectabile, B. laciniosa, and N. variegate were 11,379, 11,405, and 11,995 μg/mL, respectively. The highest inhibitory activities were observed for A. cearensis and H. martiana, which inhibited 88.1 and 99.4% of the isolates, respectively. Other studies focusing on in vitro and in vivo activities should be undertaken. © 2016, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Arid. All Rights Reserved.
... This is not surprising since B. madagascariensis is used as fish poison and to poison arrow heads used for hunting in some parts of Africa (Neuwinger, 2004). In a survey of toxic plants on the market in Bamako, Mali, traditional healers considered B. madagascariensis to be a plant which is toxic (Maiga et al., 2004). The toxicity of B. madagascariensis could be attributed to saponins found in the pods (Marston et al., 1993;Stevenson et al., 2010b). ...
Many plant species show potential as alternatives to synthetic pesticides but little is known about their acute mammalian toxicity. The single-dose acute oral toxicities of crude aqueous extracts of Strychnos spinosa and Bobgunnia madagascariensis fruits and the foliage of Vernonia amygdalina and Cissus quadrangularis (plant species that are commonly used as pesticides in Southern Africa) were evaluated in BALB/c mice. Plant extracts (up to 75% w/v or v/v) were orally administered to sexually mature mice. Behavioural changes, clinical signs and mortality were monitored for 4 days. Mice that received S. spinosa had generalized tonic muscle spasms and a high mortality of 83%. Those that received B. madagascariensis exhibited signs of buccal and nasal irritation with occasional sneezes during administration and a high mortality of 75% was recorded. C. quadrangularis consumption resulted in much lower mortality of 21% while no clinical signs of toxicity were evident on mice administered V. amygdalina. Chemical analysis showed the presence of secoiridoids in the seedless pulp of S. spinosa. These results indicate that aqueous extracts of S. spinosa and B. madagascariensis fruits and foliage of C. quadrangularis may have deleterious health implications on humans and animals; hence, advice on their safety should accompany promotion of their use.
Background: Hemorrhoids are very common anorectal conditions. Its treatment ranges from dietary and lifestyle modification to radical surgery. In Sub-Saharan Africa, Traditional Medicine is a common resource for hemorrhoids management.
The Islamic Republic of Mauritania (IRM) is a vast country situated where the Maghreb and sub-Saharan Africa converge. With an area of 1,030,700 km2, it is located within the latitudes from 15 to 27 degrees North and longitudes from 5 to 17 degrees West (Schlüter 2008). It shares borders with Senegal to the south, Mali to the southeast, Algeria to the northeast, and Morocco to the north. The coastline along the Atlantic Ocean to the west measures 700 km. Due to Mauritania’s geographical position, its desert climate, and the difficult conditions for plant development, its flora is rather poor in the number of species (Yebouk et al. 2020). However, located between the tropical and Mediterranean floristic regions, it is of great interest as it is a magnificent example of a very arid tropical environment, classified in the Sahara and Sahel phytogeographic regions (northern and southern territories, respectively; Sayre et al. 2013). In terms of its landscape, 80% of the country is desert, of which no more than 0.2% is arable land (Soulé 2011).
Purpose: Family is the key factor of every social relationship. The importance of emotional development in the family and the role of parents and children are always matters of interest. Emotional intelligence is one of the key aspects of intelligence that touches all relationships in one’s life. The sibling relationship is said to be the most enduring relationship in our lives. During adulthood, the time spent with siblings decreases, but emotional support and closeness are significant factors. Emotional intelligence helps us interact effectively with others and helps relieve stress and other negative emotions. Studies show that Emotional intelligence helps us overcome the obstacles and challenges of modern life. It enables us to
work effectively. Sibling relationships can foster emotional intelligence.
Objective: The research is done to assess the role of sibling relationships on fostering emotional intelligence among college students. Design/Methodology/Approach: Quantitative analysis method with pre-established tools of Emotional Intelligence and Life span sibling relationship
Findings/Results: The results indicate that sibling relationship play a significant role in developing emotional intelligence.
Originality/Value: The study points out how sibling relationship affects emotional intelligence
Paper type: Quantitative analysis
Key words: sibling relationship, emotional intelligence, college students, adulthood
This chapter begins with an introduction of the framework, rationale, and key objectives of the CBD and its Nagoya Protocol (Sect. 1.1). It then provides an overview of the fundamental and complex linkage between the Nagoya Protocol and international human rights law (Sect. 1.2). It also addresses the crucial question about the identification of IPLCs and its legal recognition accorded by international law (Sect. 1.3). The terminological debate about whether to include “peoples” into the term ILCs under the CBD framework is examined against a general background of the history of IPLCs in international human rights law, which reveals the synergies and conflicts in integrating the development in human rights law into the ABS framework with respect to IPLCs.
Ethnopharmacological relevance
African traditional medicine is one of the oldest and most diverse practices for treating ailments and numerous natural products have been recommended for gastric ulcer treatment. Helicobacter pylori is the main causative organism implicated in several diseases, most notably in causing inflammation and the onset of gastric ulcers. Current H. pylori treatment methods are losing efficacy as H. pylori rapidly gains resistance to antibiotics. Hence, a search into natural products and their historical traditional efficacy for the treatment of gastric ulcers is of interest.
Aim of the study
This review aimed to summarise the African use of natural products, including medicinal plants noted in ethnobotanical reviews, used traditionally to treat gastric ulcers, and highlights the investigations into the anti-H. pylori activity of medicinal plants and bee products found in Africa.
Methodology
A systematic review was carried out to identify natural products, including those used traditionally in Africa to treat gastric ulcers, and to correlate this with scientific investigations into the anti-H. pylori activity of natural products used in Africa.
Results
A total of 107 literature sources describing the traditional use of medicinal plants in gastric ulcer treatment were found from which 360 medicinal plants were identified. Of the plants used traditionally for gastric ulcer treatment, 11% were investigated either in vitro or in vivo for anti-ulcer and anti-H. pylori activity. Of the 122 medicinal plants eliciting antimicrobial or anti-ulcer activity, Hibiscus sabdariffa L. calyx extract and Terminalia macroptera Guill. & Perr. root extract were found to have the most noteworthy antimicrobial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 0.01 mg/mL and 0.03 mg/mL respectively. The essential oils of Piper longum L. and Pachira aquatica Aubl. displayed the most notable in vitro anti-H. pylori activity (MIC of 0.01 mg/mL and 0.02 mg/mL). Several in vivo studies found medicinal plant extracts effective in reducing the H. pylori load along the gastric mucosa. The South African honey variants, Pure Honey and Champagne Royal Train (common names given by supplier) were the most antimicrobially effective (MIC of 0.01–10.0%, 0.63–10.00% v/v) in inhibiting H. pylori when assessed in vitro.
Conclusion
These results highlight the potential of natural products for inhibiting H. pylori growth and serve as a possible stepping-stone in understanding the management of ulcers. Furthermore, effective natural product treatment or prophylactic use for preventing H. pylori growth may provide a more affordable option for African populations.
Gymnanthemum coloratum is a shrub or a small tree widely used as traditional medicine throughout its distributional range in tropical Africa. The current study is aimed at reviewing the phytochemistry, pharmacological properties and medicinal uses of G. coloratum. Literature on pharmacological properties, phytochemistry and medicinal uses of G. coloratum was obtained from numerous internet sources such as Scopus, Elsevier, SciFinder, Google Scholar, Pubmed, ScienceDirect, BMC and Web of Science. Other sources of information included pre-electronic sources such as journal articles, theses, book chapters, books and other scientific publications obtained from the university library. The articles published between 1964 and 2020 were used in this study. The current study showed that G. coloratum is used as an anthelmintic, and traditional medicine for reproductive problems, schistosomiasis, liver diseases, sexually transmitted infections, diabetes, sores and wounds, respiratory problems, malaria, skin diseases, fever and gastro-intestinal problems. Ethnopharmacological research identified glaucolides, lactones, amino acids, essential oils, alkaloids, anthocyanins, cardenolids, coumarins, flavonoids, glycosides, leucoanthocyanins, phenols, quinones, reducing sugars, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenoids and triterpenes from the aerial parts, leaves, roots and stems of G. coloratum. The aerial parts, leaves, roots and whole plant parts of G. coloratum and compounds isolated from the species exhibited anthelmintic, antimicrobial, anti-Blastocystis, anti-inflammatory, anti-sickling, insecticidal and larvicidal, antiplasmodial, antimalarial, antioxidant, antiproliferative, anti-Toxoplasma, hypoglycaemic and antidiabetic and cytotoxicity activities. Gymnanthemum coloratum should be subjected to detailed phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological evaluations aimed at correlating its medicinal uses with its phytochemistry and pharmacological activities.
La ciguatera est une forme de ichtyosarcotoxisme intertropicale se manifeste par une cohorte de symptômes complexes chez l'homme. Les ciguatoxines (CTXS), produite par les dinoflagellés de la Gambierdicus genre sont les molécules responsables de cet empoisonnement. Contrairement aux traitements occidentaux, qui sont essentiellement symptomatiques, la médecine traditionnelle dans le Pacifique est connue pour son efficacité à l'utilisation de nombreuses plantes dans le traitement de la ciguatera. Nous avons exploité deux mécanismes moléculaires de la P-CTX-1B, un analogue de la cause importante et la plus puissante de CTXS dans le Pacifique d'effectuer une sélection des plantes médicinales. Il s'agit notamment de l'activité inhibitrice de plantes contre la production de l'oxyde nitrique radical (NO) et la fixation de brévétoxine tritiée ([3H] PbTx-3, une toxine marine CTXS ressemblant à des structures et de pharmacologie) aux canaux sodiques voltage-dépendants. Par la suite, les plants d'Euphorbia hirta L. , Heliotropium foertherianum Diane & Hilger et Vitex trifolia L. Ont été choisis pour effectuer une bio-fractionnement guidé qui ont conduit à l'isolement de trois produits. L'ingrédient actif dans foertherianum H. A été identifié comme l'acide rosmarinique et l'activité de détoxication produit a été breveté.
Ximenia americana L. (Olacaceae) is widespread throughout the tropics, especially in Africa and Brazil. It is used as food or supplements and in the cosmetic industry. It is also used for traditional medicine as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antimalarial, measles, mouth wounds, rheumatism, diarrhea, lung abscess, muscle cramps, and HIV. This species showed high sensitivity in tumor cell lines and the cell lines of MCF7 breast cancer, BV173 CML, and CC531 colon carcinoma. Santana et al. developed and validated an analytical method for the identification of gallic acid as a chemical marker of X. americana. It were also showed compounds such as sambunigrin, quercitrin, avicularin, and ximenynic acid. The fruit is a rich source of vitamin C and contains hydrocyanic acid riproximin.
Les maladies cardio-vasculaires sont responsables de nombreux problèmes de santé dans le monde. En effet, ces maladies constituent un ensemble de trouble qui touche le coeur et la circulation sanguine. Parmi ces maladies, les plus récurrentes sont le diabète et l'hypertension artérielle. L'objectif principal de ce travail est de contribuer à la connaissance des plantes médicinales utilisées dans le traitement de ces deux maladies au Tchad en vue d'aider à la formulation des médicaments traditionnels améliorés. Une enquête ethnobotanique s'était déroulée dans 216 ménages des Ngambaye, Laga, Kaba et Arabes dans le Logone occidental. Les analyses phytochimiques ont été effectuées au laboratoire pour caractériser qualitativement 6 plantes. Les investigations ont permis de recenser 58 espèces dont 19 traitent le diabète, 17 traitent l'hypertension artérielle et 22 pour les deux maladies. Elles sont reparties en 55 genres et 27 familles dont les plus représentées sont les Fabaceae-Caesalpinoideae (11 espèces), les Combretaceae (6 espèces) et les Euphorbiaceae (4 espèces). Les principaux organes de ces plantes utilisées sont les feuilles (27,32%) et les écorces du tronc (16,82%) et des racines (14,76%). Globalement trois modes de préparations ont été enregistrées : la décoction (62%), la macération (23,66%) et l'infusion (14,34%). Il y a au total 115 recettes qui varient en fonction des groupes ethniques. L'analyse phytochimique de Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hoch., Annona senegalensis Pers., Detarium microcarpum Guill. et Perr., Cassia sieberiana D.C et P. Crete, Momordica charantia L. et Phyllantus amarus Schumach. P. Thon., indique la richesse en tanins, flavonoïdes, alcaloïdes et saponosides dans ces plantes choisies. Abstract Cardiovascular diseases are responsible of many health problems in the world. Indeed, these diseases bring about the malfunctioning of the heart and the blood circulation. Among these diseases, the most recurrent are the diabetes and the arterial high blood pressure. The main objective of this work is to contribute to the knowledge of medicinal plants used in the treatment of these two diseases in Chad in order to participate in the production of future improved traditional medicines. An Ethnobotanical investigation was carried out in 216 households of the Ngambaye, Laga, Kaba and Arabs in the western Logone. A phytochemical analysis was done in the laboratory to qualitatively characterize 6 plants. The investigations brought about the identification of 58 species of which 19 treat diabetes, 17 treat the arterial high blood pressure and 22 for the two diseases. Revue Scientifique du Tchad-série B-janvier 2018-Service Diffusion et Valorisation des Résultats de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique-CNRD 50 They are divided into 55 genders and 27 families of which the most represented are the Fabaceae Caesalpinoideaes (11 species), the Combretaceaes (6 species) and the Euphorbiaceaes (4 species). All parts of these plants are used whatever the type of medicine. Nevertheless the leaves (27.32%), the peel of the trunk (16.82%) and the roots (14.76%) are the parts that are used most. Globally, three methods of preparations were recorded: the decoction (62%), the maceration (23.66%) and the infusion (14.34%). There were a total of 115 recipes that vary according to the ethnic groups. The phytochemical analysis of Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hoch., Annona senegalensis Grey., Detarium microcarpum Guill. and Perr., Cassia sieberiana D.C and P.Crete, Momordica charantia L. and Phyllantus amarus Schumach. P. Tuna. indicate a good content in tannins, flavonoïdes, alkaloids and saponosides in these chosen plants.
The phytochimic analysis of an aqueous extract from Combretum micranthum (COM) frequently used by the population contained sterols and polyterpenes, polyphenols, saponins, flavonoids, tannin, quinone and alkaloids. The richness of this extract in phytochimic components is compatible with the full traditional use of thismedicinal plant. The toxicological study of COM has permitted to determine respectively byMiller and Tainter’s method and Dragsted and Land’s method a LD50 of 1,258 ± 72.84 mg/kg of body weight (b.w) and 1,500 ± 89.12 mg/kg b.w. These values showed that this natural extract is not toxic. For doses ranging from 1.66 × 10−3 to 6 × 10−1 g/kg b.w, this aqueous extract induced a dose-dependent sustained hypotension similar to that induced by acetylcholine at doses ranging from 5.6 × 10−7 g/kg b.w to 5.5 × 10−4 g/kg b.w. It reduced the hypertension induced by adrenalin at the dose of 2.5 × 10−5 g/kg b.w. These results showed that the aqueous extract of COM is a hypotensive substance. These results also justified the traditional use of this plant in the management of arterial hypertension. The inhibition of hypotension effect induced by COM caused by atropine, a competitive antagonist of muscarinic cholinomimetic receptor, suggested the presence in the aqueous extract of active principles of muscarinic cholinomimetic.
A methanol extract of Acacia nilotica pods (AN) caused a dose-dependent (3-30 mg/kg) fall in arterial blood pressure. Treatment of animals with atropine abolished the vasodilator response of acetylcholine (ACh), whereas the antihypertensive effect of the plant extract remained unaltered. Phentolamine (an alpha-adrenergic blocker) abolished the vasoconstrictor effect of norepinephrine (NE), whereas pretreatment of the animal with AN, did not modify the NE response. These results indicate that the antihypertensive effect of plant extract is independent of muscarinic receptor stimulation or adrenoceptor blockade. Pn the in vitro studies, AN produced a dose-dependent (0.3-3.0 mg/mL) inhibitory effect on force and rate of spontaneous contractions in guinea-pig paired atria. Similarly, it inhibited the spontaneous contraction of rabbit jejunum in a concentration-dependent (0.1-3.0 mg/mL) manner, AN also inhibited K+-induced contractions in rabbit jejunum at a similar concentration range, which suggests that the antispasmodic action of AN is mediated through calcium channel blockade, and this may also be responsible for the blood pressure lowering effect of AN, observed in the in vivo studies. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sans, Ltd.
The present study investigated the effects induced on albino rats by Senna obtusifolia fresh leaves and fermented (kawal) leaves, S. alata leaves, as well as the ethanol extract and pure compounds, namely, emodin, kaempferol, aloe-emodin, and rhein from the latter species. The present results indicate that the leaves of both S. obtusifolia and S. alata can cause marked toxic effects on rats, and that the processing of the leaves of the former species by fermentation to produce kawal did not alter the toxic activity of the ingredients in the leaves. Also the ethanol extract and compounds isolated from S. alata can cause subtle hepatorenal toxicity. Moreover, the present study suggests that anthraquinones have a mechanism of synergistic action when used collectively as present in the leaves. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The methanolic extract of the root of S. longepedunculata was screened for anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anticonvulsant activities, as well as for effects on phenobarbitone sleeping time. The extract produced an inhibition of the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema, an inhibition of writhings induced by acetic acid, a complete (100%) protection against leptazol-induced convulsion, and a potentiation of the phenobarbitone sleeping time in mice.
The roots of Vernonia kotschyana are widely used in Mali for the treatment of gastric ulcers. The present study showed that the aqueous extracts of Vernonia are active in different experimental ulcers in rats. The butanolic fraction, which contains high quantities of steroidal saponins possesses the better activity.
An aqueous extract of the seed of Acacia nilotica was investigated for its pharmacological profile. On the isolated guinea-pig ileum, the extract displayed sustained dose-related contractile activity. The contractions which were reduced by hexamethonium, promethazine or atropine were completely abolished by nifedipine. The intravenous (i.v.) administration of the extract (11, 22, 44, 55 µg/kg) to anaesthetized cats produced a dose-related significant elevation of blood pressure. The mechanisms of the spasmogenic and vasoconstrictor actions of the extract have not been determined, however, the results suggest the involvement of calcium. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Twenty-eight extracts prepared from plants used in African traditional medicine and from Rhamnus glandulosa Ait. of the Portuguese flora, were screened in order to assay their antiviral activity against Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and African swine fever virus (ASFV). Twelve of these extracts revealed virucidal activity against HSV-1 whereas only six have the same activity against ASFV. Further studies showed that thirteen of the tested extracts inhibited HSV-1 infection, some of which had a significant activity against this virus such as Senna podocarpa (Guill. & Perr.) Lock, Cassia sieberiana DC., Guiera senegalensis J.F. Gmel., Piliostigma thonningii (Schum.) Milne-Redhead, Rhamnus glandulosa Ait. and Uvaria chamae P. Beauv. Four of the twenty-one tested extracts inhibited ASFV infection.
Tree seeds are a potentially valuable source of nutrients for livestock in Botswana but their use has been limited by scant research on their chemical and nutritional properties. Seeds of five browse trees from the hardveld region of Botswana were analysed for condensed tannins, proximate composition, in vitro dry matter digestibility and mineral elements. Content (% DM) of condensed tannins as determined by the butanol–HCl method were 2.62, 3.09, 3.10, 4.26 and 5.07 for Sclerocarya birrea, Zizyphus mucronata, Kirkia acuminata, Lonchocarpus capassa and Rhus lancea, respectively. The seeds contain low crude proteins (% DM) at 7.08, 6.17, 10.96 and 7.79 for, Z. mucronata, S. birrea, K. acuminata and R. lancea, respectively, except L. capassawith 54.2% crude protein. The dry matter digestibility (%) ranged from 7.95 for S. birrea to 72.34 for L. capassa. This coupled with low condensed tannin content suggests that some of them may be valuable protein supplements in ruminant diets. The NDF (%) and ADF (%) ranged from 24.53 and 8.70 in L. capassa to 80.33 and 67.10 in S. birrea, respectively. In general, the seeds had adequate quantities of phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron and copper to meet requirements for beef, sheep and goat production. The content of sodium, manganese and zinc (except in L. capassa ) were below recommended levels required by ruminants for growth and productivity. The study suggested that these browse seeds serve as potential nutrient sources for free grazing animals on the ranges in Botswana.
Five new stigmastane-type steroidal glycosides, vernoniosides D-1, D-2, D-3, F-1, and F-2 and a new androst-8-en glycoside have been isolated from the root of Vernonia kotschyana. The aglycones of the first five compounds possess a common 3 beta-hydroxy-Delta(8,14) steroidal nucleus and different side-chains; the glycosidic moieties are made up of one or two monosaccharides (glucose, xylose). Their structures have been elucidated using a combination of 1D and 2D NMR techniques as 3 beta,24 beta-trihydroxy-21,23:22,28:26,28-triepoxy-5 alpha-stigmasta-8(9),14(15)-dien-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside; 3 beta,24 beta-trihydroxy-21,23:22,28:26,28-triepoxy-5 alpha-stigmasta-8(9),14(15)-dien-3-O-beta-xylopyranosyl-(1 --> 3)-beta-D-glucopyranoside; 3 beta,24 beta-trihydroxy-21,23:22,28:26,28-triepoxy-5 alpha-stigmasta-8(9),14(15)-dien-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 --> 2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside; 3 beta,24 beta,26,28 alpha-tetrahydroxy-22,28-epoxy-5 alpha-stigmasta-8(9),14(15)-dien-21,23-lactone-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside; 3 beta,24 beta,26,28 alpha-tetrahydroxy-22,28-epoxy-5 alpha-stigmasta-8(9),14(15)-dien-21,23-lactone-3-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1 --> 3)-beta-D-glucopyranoside. (C) 1997 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
The algicidal activity of aqeuous extracts of the pods of Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del. was tested in artificial ponds. Algae belonging to the genera Rivularia, Oscillatoria, Spirulina, Chroococcus, Microcystis (Cyanophyceae), Pediastrum, Coelastrum (Chlorophyceae), Spirogyra, Cosmarium, Closterium (Conjugophyceae), Euglena (Euglenophyceae) and Cyclotella (Bacillariophyceae) were successfully controlled with this extract.
The effect of Entada africana extracts on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver damage was evaluated. Plasma enzyme levels, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), alkaline phosphatase, hepatic 5′-nucleotidase activity and triglyceride levels increased with CCl4 administration, were lowered by pretreatment with Entada extracts. The results of this study showed that Entada, according to its therapeutic indication in various liver diseases in traditional medicine, could afford a protective action against CCl4-induced hepatocellular injury. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vernonia root is a herbal remedy used in Mali folk medicine for treatment of gastritis and gastroduodenal ulcer. The clinical trial conducted in Mali on a small number of patients gave encouraging results. In our studies, the aqueous extract of Vernonia, administered before or after an ulcerogenous agent, reduces the number and severity of ethanol-induced ulcers. The extract does not produce changes in volume, pH and total acid output in pyloric-ligated animals.
Identification of 123 species, belonging to 50 families, used for wound healing in the Bamako region of Mali, was performed in this study. The fifteen species that were most frequently cited by the traditional healers were subjected to chemical and biological studies. Water extracts were subjected to screening for effects on the human complement system in vitro . The monosaccharide composition and the total carbohydrate content of the extracts were also determined. All extracts showed effects on the complement system, but extracts from Biophytum petersianum Klotzsch., Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir, Podaxon aegyptiacus Mont., Stereospermum kunthianum Cham., and Ximenia americana L. had the highest activity. The content of carbohydrate in the extracts varied between 5% and 80% and most of them contained substantial amounts of the monosaccharides arabinose, rhamnose, galactose, glucose and galacturonic acid.
Abstract Vernonia kotschyana Schultz-Bip. (Compositae) is used in Kano, northern Nigeria, as a remedy for schomachache. Screening of the plant revealed antimicrobial activity against Gremmpositive and Gramnegative bacteria, including some bacterial species known to be etiological agents of gastrointestinal disorders. Moreover, the parent ethanol extracts of the plant were found to be bactericidal. Some fractions of the plant extracts tested positive for alkaloids which may contribute to the antibiosis of the plant.
A methanol extract of the root of Securidaca longepedunculata has shown spasmodic actions on the gastrointestinal tract of laboratory animals. An increase in the propulsive movements of the intestinal contents, as well as a reduction in gastric emptying time, was produced by the extract. The number of wet faeces was increased in rats after oral administration. Preliminary studies on isolated guinea-pig ileum showed that the extract evoked contractions which were blocked by atropine. At a high dose, the extract produced ulcerations on gastric mucosa and small intestine.
Bioactivity-directed fractionation of the MeCOEt extract of Trichilia emetica (Meliaceae) resulted in the isolation of the limonoids nymania 1 (1), drageana 4 (3), trichilin A (4), rohituka 3 (5), and Tr-B (7) and the novel seco-A protolimonoid 8. Of these, nymania 1 and Tr-B showed selective inhibitory activity toward DNA repair-deficient yeast mutants. The isolation, structure elucidation, 13C NMR spectral assignments, and biological activities of these compounds are reported.
The antioxidant properties of nine tannins isolated and characterized from different parts of Guiera senegalensis were evaluated. Interesting results showed that galloylquinic acids (hydrolysable tannins), resulting from a tri- or tetra-substitution of galloyl groups on the quinic acid skeleton, played a crucial role in the inhibitory effect on Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes and radical scavenger activity in the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test. The effects of all tannins were markedly higher than that of gallic acid. Condensed tannins such as epicatechin and epigallocatechin gallate also showed fairly significant effects in both tests. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The croton oil-induced mice ear oedema test was used to study the topical antiinflammatory effects of petroleum ether and chloroform extracts of Khaya senegalensis stem barks. It was found that these fractions exhibited dose-dependent inhibitory effects. The chloroform extract activity was closely related to that of indomethacin used as standard, was more active than the petroleum ether extract and played a pivotal role in the topical antiinflammatory effect of Khaya senegalensis stem barks. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of an aqueous leaf extract of Cassia alata (Linn.) on haematological indices in albino rats was studied. Increasing doses (10, 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg body weight) of the extract were administered orally to different groups of rats daily for a period of 14 days. Significant dose-dependent decreases in the levels of haemoglobin (Hb) and erythrocyte count (p < 0.05) were observed. In addition, increased packed cell volume (PCV) mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were also observed. However, mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) did not show any change. Clinical symptoms of loss of appetite, emaciation and loss of weight in the treated rats indicated toxicity. The observed symptoms of toxicity have been discussed in relation to the saponin content of the plant extract. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extractable phenolic compounds, classified as total phenolics, resorcinols, catechols and galloyls, were determined in cereals and legume food grains commonly consumed in Tanzania, using various colorimetric methods. Grain samples of red sorghum (udo), finger millet, cowpea, mung bean and brown kidney bean were further processed—soaked in water at different pHs, germinated, cooked or dehulled (legumes only)—and the effect on extractable phenolics was analysed. In untreated grains, total phenolics ranged from 0.9 to 33.7, catechols from 0.8 to 13.5 and resorcinols from 0.2 to 11 mg catechin equivalents (CE) g−1. Galloyls (tannic acid equivalents, TAE) were found in negligible amounts in most grains, but in appreciable amounts in red sorghum (5.5 mg g−1). Processing of grains led to variable effects on the extractable phenolics. Soaking the grains significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the amount of total extractable phenolics in red sorghum, finger millet and cowpea, with alkali and acidic media being more effective. Water soaking had no effect on total extractable phenolics in mung bean and water, while alkali and acidic soaking had no effect on total extractable phenolics in brown kidney bean. Extractable catechols and resorcinols were affected by soaking in a similar pattern to total extractable phenolics. Germination reduced total extractable phenolics, catechols and resorcinols in all samples, except for catechols in mung bean. Cooking (boiling of grains) was more effective in reducing total extractable phenolics in cereals than germination and water soaking, while dehulling was the most effective method for reducing total extractable phenolics in legumes (p < 0.01). Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Plants provide a rich source of novel biologically active compounds. Biological and chemical screenings are complementary approaches for the rapid detection and isolation of interesting new plant constituents. Biological screening followed by activity-guided fractionation has been used successfully in our laboratories for the discovery of antifungal, larvicidal and molluscicidal compounds. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to UV spectroscopy (LC/UV), mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (LC/NMR) has proved to be highly efficient for the chemical screening of crude plant extracts. In particular LC/MS and LC/MS/MS used with different ionisation techniques such as thermospray (TSP), continuous flow-FAB (CF-FAB) and electrospray (ES) have proved to be very efficient for the early recognition of molluscicidal saponins in Swartzia madagascariensis and Phytolacca dodecandra. The combination of LC/UV/NMR/MS was of great value for the investigation of polyphenols and bitter principles in Gentianaceae species. Among other examples, LC/NMR analysis of the antifungal crude extract of the African plant Swertia calycina is presented. ©1997 SCI
Forty-eight methanol and aqueous extracts from Sudanese plants were screened for their inhibitory activity on viral replication. Nineteen extracts showed inhibitory effects on HIV-induced cytopathic effects (CPE) on MT-4 cells. The extracts were further screened against HIV-1 protease (PR) using an HPLC assay method. Of the tested extracts, the methanol extracts of Acacia nilotica (bark and pods), Euphorbia granulata (leaves), Maytenus senegalensis (stem-bark) and aqueous extracts of A. nilotica (pods) and M. senegalensis (stem-bark) showed considerable inhibitory effects against HIV-1 PR. Inhibitory principles were isolated from M. senegalensis and their activities were also discussed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extracts of the stem bark of Daniellia oliveri using hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol were tested for analgesic, antipyretic and antiinflammatory activities. The hexane extract exhibited a dose related analgesic activity whilst the methanolic extract was active in the induced inflammatory condition. The ethyl acetate extract was relatively inactive and none of the extracts showed any antipyretic activity. Metabolic cage studies showed that a 70% ethanolic extract of the bark caused significant decreases in body weight, food intake, urine and stool output of rats. This extract also exhibited a competitive antagonism on histamine-induced contractions of the guinea-pig ileum and a non-competitive inhibition of acetyl choline-induced contraction of the frog rectus abdominis muscle.
The antimicrobial properties of a decoction and methanol extract of 13 plant species used in the traditional medicine of Mali, for fever and respiratory tract diseases, have been tested for in vitro antibacterial activity against clinically isolated bacterial strains: Haemophilus influenzae (6 strains); Staphylococcus aureus (5 strains); Streptococcus pneumoniae (3 strains); Streptococcus pyogenes (8 strains) and Moraxella catarrhalis (5 strains) responsible for respiratory infections.The results obtained showed that the extracts from Anogeissus leiocarpus, Guiera senegalensis (Combretaceae) and Diospyros mespiliformis (Ebenaceae), have a significant activity against all strains of bacteria tested. Crossopteryx febrifuga and Pteolopsis suberosa showed moderate activity only against S. aureus. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The fruit of Acacia nilotica subspp. nilotica is a traditional medicinal remedy, widely used in the Sudan and other Arab countries.Water, ethanol, n-hexane and chloroform extracts were prepared from dried powdered fruit and tested for in-vitro antimicrobial activity against human pathogenic bacteria and Candida albicans, using agar dilution and broth microdilution methods. The extracts had a varying degree of antimicrobial activity. Extracts in water and ethanol were generally more active than those in n-hexane and chloroform. The extracts were more effective against Gram positive cocci than Gram-negative bacilli. Antifungal activity against Candida albicans was found in the n-hexane extract only.The results indicate the therapeutic value of A. nilotica extracts as potential antimicrobial agents.
The methanolic bark extract of Khaya senegalensis was investigated for its effects on the cardiovascular system. The extract increased the blood pressure of chloralose anaesthetized rats. The increase in rate and force of contraction of isolated, spontaneous rabbit atria evoked by the extract were dose dependent and less pronounced than those produced by isoprenaline. The chronotropic effects of the extract and isoprenaline were antagonized by propranolol which also abolished the ionotropic effect of the extract and antagonized isoprenaline-induced inotrophy. The vasoconstrictor effect of the extract observed with isolated spiral strips of rabbit aorta was dose dependent, less potent than noradrenaline and was abolished by prazosin. These findings indicate that the hypertensive effect of the methanolic bark extract of K. senegalensis is partly due to the stimulation of β-receptors and -adrenoceptors.
In this part, 32 plants (rubiaceae tovitaceae) are investigated in a search for local tanning materials. Colour tests along with the chromatographic investigation of the free sugars and phenolic aglycones are given. A conclusion of all the plants previously studied is given discussing the collective data of the colour tests, free sugars and phenolic aglycones separately.In diesem letzten Teil einer Serie von Verffentlichungen ber lokal vorkommende Pflanzen als potentielle Quelle fr Gerbstoffe, werden die Untersuchungsergebnisse von weiteren 32 Pflanzen (aus den FamilienRubiaceae bisVitaceae) beschrieben.Farbtests, spezifisch fr Tannine, zusammen mit chromatographischen Untersuchungen auf freie Zucker und phenolische Aglykone wurden durchgefhrt.Zusammenfassend werden die Ergebnisse aus dem Farbtest, der Analysen auf freie Zucker und phenolische Aglykone an allen bisher in die Untersuchungen einbezogenen Pflanzen diskutiert.Trente-deux plantes (des familiesRubiaceae Vitaceae) ont t examines afin de dterminer le site de localisation des tannins. Les tests colors et les rsultats chromatographiques des sucres libres et des aglycones phnoliques sont dcrits.Une conclusion de toutes les plantes dj examines du point de vue des tests colors est prsente ainsi qu'une discussion gnrale des rsultats individuels des sucres libres et des aglycones phnoliques.
The acetone, alcohol and aqueous extracts of fruits of Acacia nilotica (L) Willd. ex Del. (Mimosaceae) showed molluscicidal activity against Bulinus truncatus and Biomphalaria pfeifferi, the two snail species which transmit schistosomiasis in the Sudan (S. haematobium and S. mansonii). TAN, a new vegetable molluscicide prepared from the aqueous extract of the fruits of A. nilotica was produced on a pilot scale by using the spray drying procedure. Due to the high content of tannins in the powder (more than 56%), the molluscicidal properties of this plant may well be due to these compounds.
Eight heterogeneous tannin samples (HTSs) extracted from various tree/shrub leaves of African and Himalayan origin were tested topically for their ability to inhibit the biomarkers of tumor promotion in mouse skin in vivo. HTS2 (from Dichostachys cinerea) and HTS6 (from Cassia sieberiana) consistently inhibit tumor promoter-stimulated ornithine decarboxylase activity, DNA synthesis, hydroperoxide production, and edema formation almost as much as loblolly pine bark condensed tannin (LPB-CT), which is known to inhibit skin tumor promotion. The other HTSs tested have lesser or only partial inhibitory effects. The ability of HTSs to inhibit the biomarkers of tumor promotion may be related to their reducing power but there is no apparent correlation between their inhibitory effects and their proanthocyanidin contents expressed as absorbance units, protein precipitation activities, and relative degrees of polymerization. HTS6 is effective against a wide spectrum of tumor-promoting agents unrelated to 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate. The antioxidant effects of HTS6 and LPB-CT are similar but do not resemble that of tannic acid. HTS6 and LPB-CT both fail to alter the covalent binding of a tumor-initiating dose of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene to DNA but inhibit the stimulation of DNA synthesis caused by a carcinogenic dose of this compound. Some foliage tannins, therefore, have potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and may inhibit hyperplasia and tumor promotion but their efficacy may vary considerably depending on their origin, chemical composition, and biological properties.
First published in 1986, this book describes the most important medicinal plants in tropical West Africa and similar humid tropical climates. After a short introduction about early traditional medicine, the bulk of the book gives an account of locally occurring plants, grouped by their medicinal actions. Plants that affect the cardiovascular and nervous systems are discussed, as are those with antibiotic, insecticidal and molluscicidal properties. Those which affect the hormonal systems of humans are catalogued and so are others that act as adrenal-cortex, sex and thyroid hormones. There is a full botanical index, which includes the commonly found synonyms for many of the plants and the work is illustrated by the author's own water colours. It may be of particular interest and use to pharmacists, biochemists, botanists and pharmacologists and of great value to those who exploit locally available resources in treating diseases in tropical areas.
Thèse. Pharm. Toulouse. 1968. No 35.
The stem bark of Opilia celtidifolia was extracted wiht methanol and then fractionated into five fractions. Fraction F 1 was shown to comparise four saponins. It was possible to isolate the three least polar glycosides (G 1–G 3) by preparative layer chromatography. The sugar part in all the isolated saponin was found to consist of arabinose and mannose. The aglycone content of G 1 and G 3 were identified as aleonalic acid while the aglycone of G 2 was found to be hederagnin.
Because of the therapeutic application of this plant in Folk's medicine, it was decided to study the pharmacological properties of the saponin content (F 1) of this plant. It seems to possess the following properties: Intestinal antispasmodic, uterine stimulant, hypotensive, depress the coronary outflow, but has no effect on renal outflow and it activates to, a great extent, the activities of dog parasites (Taenia pisiformis and Toxascaris leonani).
Geniposide, an iridoid glucoside of the fruit of Gardenia spp., was found to cause diarrhea in mice through the oral administration, while, not through the parenteral injection. It was then found that this glucoside caused a propulsive action in the large intestine by examining the movement and the evacuation of a charcoal meal in the intestines. After an oral dosage of geniposide, the aglucone genipin was detected in all the gastrointestinal segments especially in the cecum and the colon. Direct injection of genipin into the cecum through a cecal tubing remarkably reduced the time required for the onset of diarrhea compared with the case of the injection of geniposide. 2',3'–Dimethyl ether of geniposide did not show the purgative action presumably because of the resistance to the enzymatic hydrolysis in the intestines. Accordingly, it has been concluded that genipin, a hydrolysate of geniposide, is effective and act as a propulsive agent in the large intestine. However, the direct action of genipin to the isolated mouse intestine has not yet been observed.
Lyophilised aqueous extract of Euphorbia hirta L. (Euphorbiaceae) has been evaluated for analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties in mice and rats, in order to complete its activity profile, after the confirmation of the existence of a central depressant activity particularly expressed by a strong sedative effect, associated with anxiolytic effects. This study leads us to the conclusion that this plant extract exerts central analgesic properties. Such a dose-dependent action was obtained against chemical (writhing test) and thermic (hot plate test) stimuli, respectively, from the doses of 20 and 25 mg/kg and it was inhibited by a naloxone pretreatment, a specific morphinic antagonist compound. An antipyretic activity was obtained at the sedative doses of 100 and 400 mg/kg, on the yeast-induced hyperthermia.
Finally, significant and dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effects were observed on an acute inflammatory process (carrageenan-induced edema test in rats) from the dose of 100 mg/kg. On the other hand, plant extract remained inactive on chronic processes such as Freund's adjuvant-induced rheumatoid arthritis, after a chronic treatment during fourteen days at the daily dose of 200 or 400 mg/kg; however, if inefficacy was observed on rat backpaws edema and on loss of weight, the aqueous extract reduced the inflammatory hyperalgia.
Lyophilised aqueous extract of Euphorbia hirta L. (Euphorbiaceae) has been evaluated for behavioral effects in mice. The extract did not induce any toxic effect when it was administered i.p. and orally. Sedative properties could be confirmed with high doses (100 mg of dried plant/kg, and more), by a decrease of behavioral parameters measured in non-familiar environment tests (activitest and staircase test), whereas anticonflict effects appeared at lower doses (12.5 and 25 mg of dried plant/kg), by an enhancement of behavioral parameters measured in the staircase test and in the light/dark choice situation test. These findings validate the traditional use of E. hirta as a sedative and reveal original anxiolytic properties.
The molluscicidal activity of crushed seed pods of Swartzia madagascariensis was assessed by laboratory and field trials. Mature dry seed pods were ground and extracted in tap water for 24 h. Water extracts exerted a significant molluscicidal activity against Bulinus globosus up to dilutions of 100 mg of ground pods per litre. The chromatographically isolated saponin (1) responsible for the molluscicidal activity showed a toxicity of LC 100 at 3 mg/l after exposure of B. globosus and Biomphalaria glabrata for 24 h. Saponin (1) could be identified by FAB-MS and 13C-NMR-spectroscopy as oleanolic acid-3-O-beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl (1----3)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside. Two field trials with S. madagascariensis pod extracts in ponds (60 and 160 m3) harbouring dense populations of B. globosus compared well with the laboratory findings and showed the efficiency of the molluscicide in a natural habitat. A single application of the plant molluscicide significantly reduced the populations of B. globusus. The toxicity of S. madagascariensis pod extracts to non-target organisms remains an obstacle for its use in certain situations where schistosomiasis control is envisaged and where S. madagascariensis is found. However, S. madagascariensis is a valid candidate molluscicide which may be applied in selected epidemiological settings as part of integrated schistosomiasis control measures.
Crude extracts of medicinal plants traditionally used to cure bacterial infections in Tanzania were screened for in-vitro antibacterial activity by the filter-paper disc assay method. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were used as test organisms. A total of 134 plant extracts were tested, 59 were active against Staphylococcus aureus while only 11 showed inhibition of Escherichia coli. Acacia robusta Burch and Harrisonia abyssinica Oliv. were found to have the highest activity.
The bark Pteleopsis suberosa is commonly used in Mali for the treatment of gastric ulcers. The present study evaluated the antiulcerogenic property of chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts and of decoction of P. suberosa bark against ulcer lesions induced by ethanol and indomethacin in rats. The results tend to confirm the popular use of the plant.
Four of the seven tested medicinal plants exhibited antimicrobial activity against Vibrio cholerae. These 7 plants are: Ficus capensis, Mitragyna stipulosa, Entada africana, Piliostigma reticulatum, Terminalia avicennoides, Mimosa pudica, and Lannea acida. Of them Terminalia avicennoides showed higher antimocrobial activity than others. Potentials of these herbs in the control of cholera need to be determined.
Ethanolic extract of Cassia alata leaves was investigated for its antimicrobial activities on several microorganisms including bacteria, yeast, dermatophytic fungi and non-dermatophytic fungi. In vitro, the extract exhibited high activity against various species of dermatophytic fungi but low activity against non-dermatophytic fungi. However, bacterial and yeast species showed resistance against in vitro treatment with the extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the extract revealed that Trichophyton mentagorphytes var. interdigitale, Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. mentagorophytes, Trichophyton rubrum and Microsporum gypseum had the MIC of 125 mg/ml, whereas Microsporum canis had the MIC of 62.5 mg/ml. The inhibition can be observed on the macroconidia of Microsporum gypseum which resulted in structural degeneration beyond repair. The mechanism of inhibition can be related to the cell leakage as observed by irregular, wrinkle shape and loss in rigidity of the macroconidia.
Travellers to tropical countries are often extremely concerned about the risk of bites and stings by venomous animals. This fear prompts many enquiries, usually at the last moment before departure, about the possibility of carrying first aid kits and antivenoms. In fact, these accidents are extremely rare because most travellers wear shoes and are far less exposed to venomous animals than indigenous peoples for whom bites and stings may be important causes of death or morbidity.
The authors demonstrate in vitro antiviral activity of a methanolic extract of Combretum micranthum leaves against HSV-1 and HSV-2. This activity is present only in the extract dissolved 7 days before the assay, but not in the freshly prepared extract, thus indicating the presence of inactive precursors which undergo spontaneous transformations into active compounds. The alkaline autooxidation of the methanolic extract promotes this rapid transformation. The precursors have been identified as condensed catechinic tannins, which, under alkaline conditions, suffer rapid cleavage, intramolecular rearrangement to catechinic acid and autooxidation. The alkaline autooxidation products of the methanolic extract of C. micranthum and those of the synthetic catechinic acid show similar I.R. and U.V. absorption curves, as well as similar anti-HSV-1 and -HSV-2 activities. EC50s of catechinic acid autooxidation products against HSV-1 and HSV-2 replication were 2 micrograms/ml and 4 micrograms/ml, respectively, when cell cultures were treated with the compound during virus infection.