Article

Changes in amino acids and lipids during embryogenesis of European lobster, Homarus gammarus (Crustacea: Decapoda)

February 2005
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 140(2):241-9

February 2005
140(2):241-9

DOI:10.1016/j.cbpc.2004.10.009

Source
PubMed

Authors:

Rui Rosa

University of Lisbon

Ricardo Calado

University of Aveiro

Luis Narciso

University of Lisbon

Show all 5 authorsHide

We studied the amino acid and lipid dynamics during embryogenesis of Homarus gammarus. Major essential amino acids (EAA) in the last stage of embryonic development were arginine, lysine and leucine; major nonessential amino acids (NEAA) were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, valine and glycine. The highest percent of utilization occurred in respect to EAA (27.8%), mainly due to a significant decrease (p<0.05) of methionine (38.3%) and threonine (36.0%). NEAA also decreased significantly (p<0.05, 11.4%), namely serine (38.1%), tyrosine (26.4%) and glutamic acid (25.7%). In contrast, the free amino acid content increased significantly (p<0.05) during embryonic development, especially the free nonessential amino acids (FNEAA). In the last stage, the most abundant FNEAA were glycine, proline, alanine and taurine, and the major free essential amino acids (FEAA) were arginine, lysine and leucine. Lipid content decreased significantly (p<0.05) during embryonic development. A substantial decrease in all neutral lipid classes was observed (>80% of utilization). Major fatty acids were 16:0, 18:0, 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3. Unsaturated (UFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) were used up at similar rates (76.5% and 76.3%, respectively). Within UFA, monounsaturates (MUFA) were consumed more than polyunsaturates (PUFA) (82.9% and 67.5%, respectively).

Fatty acid compositional changes during the embryonic development of the swimming crab, Portunus pelagicus (Portunidae: Decapoda)

Article

Apr 2016

The fatty acid composition, moisture, and total lipid of the eggs from the swimming crab, Portunus pelagicus, at three different embryonic stages (within 24 h, during the eye placode stage and the final heart beat stage), were measured. Results showed that the moisture and lipid content significantly increased and decreased (p < 0.05), respectively, as the stages progressed. The most prevalent fatty acids that were initially deposited included C16:0, C18:1n-9, and C18:0, while the most consumed fatty acids were C22:5n-6, C22:5n-3, and C20:1n-7. Among the major fatty acid groups, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) were consumed more than saturated fatty acids and significantly more (p < 0.05) than monounsaturated fatty acids (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, n-3 PUFA was deposited in significantly higher amounts (p < 0.05) than n-6 PUFA, but both were consumed at similar amounts at 43.4% and 41.3%, respectively. The relatively low amount of C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3 consumption may indicate these fatty acids were conserved, while the essential fatty acids C18:3n-3 and C18:3n-6 were consumed at high amounts. These findings may have implications for broodstock nutrition in order to formulate a well-balanced diet.

The Consumption of DHA during Embryogenesis as an Indicative of the Need to Supply DHA during Early Larval Development: A Review

Article

Aug 2012

The establishment of an adequate larval diet for crustacean and fish often involves a series of time-consuming and expensive trial and errors. Despite being nutritionally poor, rotifers and Artemia are the most commonly used preys in larviculture. Whether (and to what extent) the prey needs to be enriched with essential fatty acids differs from species to species. We hypothesized that the DHA content of a newly spawned eggs and its consumption through embryogenesis can be a good indicator of the need to enrich the prey with DHA. In order to assess this hypothesis, we performed a search in the scientifc literature and compared DHA consumption through embryogenesis with larval culture success with unenriched and DHA-enriched Artemia nauplii, respectively a prey poor and rich in DHA of fish and crustacean. Data available from previously published studies suggests that, higher the consumption of DHA during embryonic development, greater the requirement of a diet rich in DHA during early larval development; and when, although present, DHA is not consumed during embryogenesis, larvae seem to be able to successfully develop with diet poor in DHA (i.e. using solely their reserves). Further studies will be necessary to better validate this hypothesis, but if confrmed, it may allow a reduction of time and costs associated with the establishment of an adequate larval diet.

Variable within-brood maternal provisioning in newly extruded embryos of Homarus gammarus

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2013

Offspring quality of decapod crustaceans has been widely studied, with special emphasis on the sources of variability determining embryonic and larval quality. Nevertheless, maternal provisioning has commonly been overlooked as a potential source of offspring within-brood variability. In the present study, the existence of variable maternal provisioning was assessed through the analysis of the fatty acid (FA) profile of newly extruded embryos from different regions of the brooding chamber of Homarus gammarus. Significant differences in the FA profile of embryos sampled from different pleopods and sides of the brooding chamber were recorded. Significant deviations of the overall mean of each surveyed female were also observed for essential FA, particularly 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3. Lipid energy available to fuel embryogenesis also varied among embryos sampled from different regions of the brooding chamber. Results suggest variable female investment at oocyte production, which may be amplified during the incubation period of developing embryos by differential lipid catabolism. For the first time, maternal provisioning is evidenced as an additional source for within-brood variability in the FA profile of embryos.

Reproduction disorders in the benthic amphipod Monoporeia affinis: An effect of low food resources

Article

Full-text available

May 2008
AQUAT BIOL

The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of food availability on reproduction by comparing the response of reproductive biomarkers of a deposit-feeding amphipod Monoporeia affinis in 2 Swedish lentic environments (Lake Vanern and Lake Vattern) differing in eutrophication level, during the period between 1995 and 2002. In ultraoligotrophic Lake Vattern, a very low fecundity (living eggs female(-1)) was found and severe embryo aberrations in terms of undifferentiated eggs (% female(-1)), dead eggs (% female(-1)) and the percent of females with dead broods were recorded. A significant negative correlation between fecundity and (1) undifferentiated eggs and (2) dead eggs and broods were obtained in both lakes. Amphipods collected in Lake Vattern in 2001 showed significantly lower concentrations of lipids-mainly triacylglycerols (TAG)-and of fatty acids (FAs) than amphipods collected in the more eutrophic Lake Vanern. Dramatically increased spring bloom diatom abundance in Lake Vattern resulted in increased fecundity and lipid and fatty acid concentrations (namely monounsaturated fatty acids, MUFA) and decreased embryo aberrations. A significant relationship between fecundity and diatom biovolume in Lake Vanern and total algal biovolume in Lake Vattern was found. No other alga taxa influenced the fecundity. In Lake Vattern total algal biovolume was negatively related to undifferentiated eggs. MUFA and saturated fatty acids (SFAs) seem to be important for vitellogenesis and oogenesis and also constitute fuel during embryogenesis. Other environmental variables in bottom waters (i.e. oxygen, pH and temperature) and sediment organic content did not influence the reproduction variables. Our findings strongly suggest a relationship between embryo aberrations (e.g. undifferentiated eggs and dead broods) and low food resources.

Ontogenetic changes in digestive enzyme activity and biochemical indices of larval and postlarval European lobster (Homarus gammarus, L)

Article

Full-text available

May 2022
MAR BIOL

The currently limited knowledge on the nutritional requirements of the European lobster (Homarus gammarus) remains a major obstacle to the improvement of growth and survival rates in lobster farming. Therefore, digestive enzyme activity (trypsin, lipase, and amylase) and biochemical indices (RNA:DNA, proximate and lipid class composition) of larval (I-III) and postlarval (IV) stages of H. gammarus fed Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) were determined to identify ontogenetic changes in digestive capacity and hence potential nutritional requirements. Activity of the three digestive enzymes was detected in all developmental stages examined, suggesting that H. gammarus is capable of exploiting a varied diet from stage I onwards. Amylase activity increased significantly in postlarvae denoting a shift towards a diet richer in carbohydrates after metamorphosis. Lipase activity increased progressively during the three larval stages but not further, pointing to a higher relevance of dietary lipids before metamorphosis. The decrease from 32 to 24% DM of protein in postlarvae was partially compensated by an increase in ash (from 21 to 29% DM), reflecting the increased contribution of the exoskeleton to their total body mass. Phosphatidylcholine (~ 20% total lipids), phosphatidylethanolamine (~ 14% total lipids), and cholesterol (~ 20% total lipids) were the most abundant lipid classes in the body composition of H. gammarus early stages, implying high dietary requirements for these compounds. The results presented here provide new insights into the metabolism and nutritional requirements of H. gammarus early stages, highlighting the importance of lipids during larval development and the increased relative importance of carbohydrates after metamorphosis.

Successive reproductive performance and amino acid profiles in the newly hatched larvae of Green Mud Crab (Scylla paramamosain) under captive condition

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2016

Three successive reproductive performance and larvae quality from a single matting event of the green mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) was assessed by evaluating the reproductive capability, presence of amino acids in the newly hatched larvae and withstand of the larvae against starvation. The results of the present study revealed that, fecundity and egg fertilization rate was significantly higher (p<0.05) in 1st and 2nd spawning event than the 3rd. Production of viable and phototaxis larvae was also higher in 1st spawning event and significantly (p<0.05) decreased among successive spawning. Some of the essential amino acids (aspartic acid, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine and lysine) in larvae decreased gradually in successive spawning, indicated as traced. Longer time for commencement of medium death (MD50) under starvation for 1st and 2nd spawned larvae indicated better vitality to survive. Findings of this study suggested the safe use of 1st and 2nd spawned larvae for seed production purposes by saving time, space and money for new broods.

Fatty Acids of Densely Packed Embryos of Carcinus maenas Reveal Homogeneous Maternal Provisioning and No Within-Brood Variation at Hatching

Article

Apr 2016
BIOL BULL-US

Embryonic development of decapod crustaceans relies on yolk reserves supplied to offspring through maternal provisioning. Unequal partitioning of nutritional reserves during oogenesis, as well as fluctuating environmental conditions during incubation, can be sources of within-brood variability. Ultimately, this potential variability may promote the occurrence of newly hatched larvae with differing yolk reserves and an unequal ability to endure starvation and/or suboptimal feeding during their early pelagic life. The present study evaluated maternal provisioning by analyzing fatty acid (FA) profiles in newly extruded embryos of Carcinus maenas Also assessed were the dynamics of such provisioning during embryogenesis, such as embryo location within the regions of the brooding chamber (left external, left internal, right external, and right internal). The FA profiles surveyed revealed a uniform transfer of maternal reserves from the female to the entire mass of embryos, and homogeneous embryonic development within the brooding chamber. Although C. maenas produces a densely packed mass of embryos that are unevenly distributed within its brooding chamber, this factor is not a source of within-brood variability during incubation. This finding contrasts with data already recorded for larger-sized brachyuran crabs, and suggests that the maternal behavior of C. maenas promotes homogeneous lipid catabolism during embryogenesis.

Inter-individual and within brood variability in the fatty acid profiles of Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (L.) embryos

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2011
MAR BIOL

The present study investigated the existence of inter-individual and within-brood variability in the fatty acid (FA) profile of developing embryos of Nephrops norvegicus. In all surveyed females (n = 5), the quantitatively most important FAs were as follows: 22:6n-3 (20.8 ± 3.9% average of total FA ± standard error), 18:1n-9 (19.5 ± 2.0%), 16:0 (15.2 ± 3.4%), 20:5n-3 (10.2 ± 1.4%), 16:1n-7 (8.9 ± 1.6%), and 18:1n-7 (5.7 ± 1.3%). Differences in FA profiles of embryos in the same clutch were assessed using brooding chamber side (left and right) and pleopod (1st and 2nd, 3rd and 4th, and 5th) as predictive factors. There were no significant differences in the FA composition of embryos sampled from both sides of the brooding chamber in 4 of the 5 surveyed females. However, all females exhibited significant differences in the FA profiles of embryos sampled from different pleopods. Both saturated FA (SFA) and highly unsaturated FA (HUFA) present in developing embryos exhibited marked differences along the breeding chamber. Overall, FA reserves appeared to vary significantly within broods, which can ultimately be reflected on early larval survival. A potential cause for the within-brood variation recorded in the FA profile of developing embryos include (1) differential female investment during ovarian maturation, mainly due to variation in food quality/availability; (2) differential lipid catabolism during the incubation period of developing embryos, as a consequence of embryos position within the female’s brooding chamber; or (3) differential female investment during ovarian maturation amplified by differential lipid catabolism during the incubation period.

Embryogenesis of decapod crustaceans with different life history traits, feeding ecologies and habitats: A fatty acid approach

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2007

Variations in embryo size and fatty acid (FA) dynamics during embryogenesis were evaluated in deep-sea pandalids and portunid swimming crabs from the Portuguese continental margin and Madeira Island slope and compared with previous data on neritic and deep-sea lobsters and shrimps (collected between February 2001 and March 2004). Inter-specific variations in embryo size seem to be dictated primarily by phylogeny rather than by differences in reproductive or early life history traits. FA reserves were significantly correlated with embryo size (P<0.001). Principal component analysis revealed differences among three groups (1—neritic caridean shrimps, 2—deep-sea pandalids of the genus Plesionika, and lobsters, 3—portunid crabs and the deep-sea pandalid Chlorotocus crassicornis, Costa 1871). Group 1 was clearly separated by PC1 mainly due to the higher percentage of essential C18 (linoleic and linolenic acids) and C20 (namely eicosapentaenoic) polyunsaturated FA (specific markers of primary producers). PC2 separated Group 2 from Group 3 due to differences in the percentage of several saturated FA (including odd-numbered FA—bacterial markers) and C18 monounsaturated FA (namely 18:1n−9, a general marker of carnivory). Therefore, these differences among groups seem to result from distinctions in diet and ecological niche. Intra-specific differences in FA composition between western and southern Plesionika martia martia (A. Milne-Edwards, 1883) populations may reflect higher water temperatures on the south sub-tropical coast. Lobster embryonic development was more demanding of lipid energy than that of the other decapod species, which may reflect an evolutionary trend in decapod taxa related to an increasing degree of lecithotrophy. However, a lower FA catabolism can be interpreted as an enhanced independence of the newly hatched larvae from external energy sources. Higher FA content at hatching and, as a consequence, a greater independence from the external environment should increase the chances of larval survival.

Paternal protein provisioning to embryos during male seahorse pregnancy

Article

Feb 2024

In brief Seahorses exhibit male pregnancy and are thus valuable comparative models for the study of the physiology and evolution of pregnancy. This study shows that protein is transported from fathers to developing embryos during gestation, and provides new knowledge about paternal contributions to embryonic development. Abstract Syngnathid embryos (seahorses, pipefishes and seadragons) develop on or in the male in a specialised brooding structure (brood pouch). Seahorse brood pouches supply nutrients, including lipids, to developing embryos (patrotrophy). We tested the hypothesis that proteins, vital for gene regulation and tissue growth during embryogenesis, are also transported from father to embryos, using the Australian pot-bellied seahorse, Hippocampus abdominalis. We used dry masses and total nitrogen content to estimate the total protein content of newly fertilised egg and neonate H. abdominalis . Neonates contained significantly greater protein mass than newly fertilised eggs. This result indicates that paternal protein transport to developing embryos occurs during H. abdominalis pregnancy. This study is the first to show paternal protein transport during pregnancy in seahorses, and furthers our understanding of paternal influence on embryonic development in male pregnant vertebrates.

A Rhizocephalan Parasite Induces Pervasive Effects on Its Shrimp Host

Article

Feb 2024

Rhizocephalan barnacles are parasites of crustaceans that are known for dramatic effects on hosts, including parasitic castration, feminization, molt inhibition, and the facilitation of epibiosis. Most research on rhizocephalans has focused on carcinized hosts, with relatively little research directed to shrimp hosts that may experience distinct consequences of infection. Here, we describe a high-prevalence rhizocephalan-shrimp system in which multiple host changes are associated with infection: the dock shrimp Pandalus danae infected by the rhizocephalan Sylon hippolytes. In field-collected P. danae, infection by Sylon was associated with development of female sex characters at a smaller size and greater probability of epibiosis. Standardized video observations showed that infected P. danae performed grooming activities at higher rates than uninfected shrimp, suggesting that inhibited molting rather than direct behavioral modification is a likely mechanism for higher epibiosis rates. There was no difference in the composition of grooming behavior types or in general activity between infected and uninfected shrimp. Fatty acid compositions differed with infection, but total lipid concentrations did not, suggesting that parasite-driven shifts in host resource allocation were compensated or redirected from unmeasured tissues. Our results show that Sylon alters its host's role by provisioning an epibiotic substrate and also that it influences host physiology, resulting in feminization and fatty acid shifts. This study lays the groundwork for expanding rhizocephalan-shrimp research and encourages recognition of oft-ignored roles of parasitism in ecological communities.

Inter-individual variability of early life stages of a model marine invertebrate with a bi-phasic life cycle is shaped by contrasting oceanographic conditions

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2022

Inter-individual variability plays a key role in species resilience. This, however, is difficult to assess in marine invertebrates with complex life cycles due to the inherent difficulty of sampling individuals in oceanic environments throughout their ontogeny. This study monitored the effect of contrasting oceanographic conditions, namely downwelling and upwelling, on the inter-variability of embryos and megalopae (the final larval stage) of the model brachyuran crab Carcinus maenas. We assessed i) the heterogeneity of energetic reserves, biomass, elemental composition, and isotopic niche in these early life stages, and ii) the effect of oceanographic conditions (up- and downwelling) on inter-individual variability. Indeed, organisms developing during downwelling consistently exhibited a higher heterogeneity than those developing during upwelling. While this finding suggests a higher resilience during downwelling, the overall condition of individuals was better during upwelling (i.e., higher C:N), irrespective of the developmental stage. Altogether, our data suggests that trophic history experienced under contrasting oceanographic conditions shape the plasticity of C. maenas populations and cascades over different life stages.

Nutritional Quality of the European Spiny Lobster Palinurus elephas (J.C. Fabricius, 1787) (Achelata, Palinuridae) and the Non-Indigenous Northern Brown Shrimp Penaeus aztecus Ives, 1891 (Dendrobranchiata, Penaeidae)

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2021

The European spiny lobster is a species of great commercial value, yet a limited scientific knowledge exists on its biology, ecology, and physiology, especially for the stocks from east Mediterranean waters. The northern brown shrimp, a non-indigenous established species, is commercially exploited in regions of the Mediterranean Sea. Both species’ proximate composition and fatty acid profile were assessed for the first time in the Mediterranean region, exhibiting an overall significant statistical difference. Protein, fat, and energy contents were significantly higher in the northern brown shrimp, whereas moisture and ash contents were significantly higher in the European spiny lobster. The proximate composition for both species was well within the reported range for other lobster and prawn species in the Mediterranean Sea.

Taxonomic, seasonal and spatial variation in the amino acid profile of freshwater macroinvertebrates

Article

Apr 2021

Macroinvertebrates play a key role in aquatic food webs, with amino acids (AA) playing an important role in determining their nutritional value to higher consumers. This study aimed to determine whether AA profile varies among four macroinvertebrate taxa, spatially and seasonally (summer/winter). The freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium australiense; freshwater shrimp, Paratya australiensis; freshwater snail, Physa sp. and caddisfly, Triplectides sp. were collected from seven sites along the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia. Sampling was conducted during summer 2015 (October–December), winter 2016 (May–June) and summer 2016 (October–December). AA profiles were found to be significantly different among the four taxa, with the highest total amino acid content found in decapods (M. australiense and P. australiensis). Based on the total essential AA content from our study, decapods had higher nutritional value compared to Physa. Seasonal variations in AA profiles of decapods were observed, with an increased proportion of the non-essential amino acid glycine and decreased proportion of different essential AAs found in individuals collected during winter compared to summer. No seasonal variation in the AA profiles of Physa sp. or Triplectides sp. was shown. Spatial variation in the AA profile of macroinvertebrates was only recorded in P. australiense during winter 2016. These findings expand the current understanding of the AA profile of freshwater macroinvertebrates showing that AA profiles are taxa specific and vary seasonally and spatially depending on taxa.

Reproductive patterns and energy management strategies of females of the fiddler crab Leptuca uruguayensis with short reproductive seasons

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2020
CAN J ZOOL

Reproduction is a costly process that depends on the management of available resources. Here, we aimed to understand the energetic strategies of females of the fiddler crab Leptuca uruguayensis (Nobili 1901), in a population with short reproductive seasons. For this, we developed an integrated approach to recognize the brooding time, spawning pattern modulated by female size, number of spawns per female, and content of reserves in the ovary and hepatopancreas. Based on the condition of the ovary and hepatopancreas, the reproductive season was divided into three periods. In each of these periods, it was possible to record a spawning event, which was mainly represented by large females. Most of the females had one spawn during the breeding season, and only large females had two spawns, with an interval of approximately two months. We propose that L. uruguayensis presents a mixed capital-income breeding strategy associated with the female size and period of the reproductive season. We conclude that large females make the greatest reproductive effort for the population, because they can have two spawns, whereas medium and small females make a low contribution because they are still investing energy in somatic growth to increase fecundity in the next reproductive season.

Influence of lipid‐enriched diets on the reproductive performance of marine ornamental ‘hinge‐beak’ shrimp Rhynchocinetes durbanensis (Caridea: Rhynchocinetidae)

Article

Nov 2020

The present study was designed to investigate the efficiency of lipid‐enriched brood stock diets on the reproductive performance, such as fecundity, egg volume, fatty acid profile of newly extruded (stage 1) embryos and the starvation threshold of the newly hatched larvae of the marine ornamental ‘hinge‐beak’ shrimp Rhynchocinetes durbanensis Gordon. Three dietary treatments (50, 100 and 150 g/kg lipids) were formulated to understand their influence on the reproduction of R. durbanensis under captive condition and compared with the wild‐caught shrimps carrying embryos in the abdomen. The reproductive parameters varied significantly between the treatments (captive and wild). Further, the fatty acid profile revealed that essential fatty acid levels of newly extruded embryos in the wild collected shrimps were almost like that of embryos produced in 100 and 150 g/kg of lipid‐enriched diets. The results of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) suggest that the fatty acid profile of embryos has confirmed the separation of four centroids indicating comprehensive differences among the embryos of captive‐reared and wild‐caught shrimps. Hence, it is recommended that the commercial diets formulated with essential nutrients would play a major role in enhancing the reproductive performance of marine ornamental shrimps.

Ontogenetic changes in energetic reserves, digestive enzymes, amino acid and energy content of Lithodes santolla (Anomura: Lithodidae): Baseline for culture

Article

Full-text available

May 2020
PLOS ONE

The southern king crab (SKC) Lithodes santolla is an important commercial species in southern South America. Fishing pressure has caused the deterioration of its stocks. Currently, culture techniques are being developed for producing SKC juveniles to enhance the natural population and to recover the fishing stock. Therefore, it is necessary to know about physiology, energetic and nutritional requirements for SKC maintenance in hatchery. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the biochemical and physiological changes in the midgut gland, muscle and hemolymph of juveniles, pre-adults and adults of wild SKC. The energetic reserves, digestive enzymes activity, amino acid profile and energy were quantified in twelve juveniles, ten pre-adult, and ten adult crabs. Juveniles showed high glycogen and low lipids in the midgut gland, and low proteins and low lactate in muscle. In the hemolymph, juveniles had high lipids. Pre-adults had high glycogen and lipids in the midgut gland, and both high protein and lactate in muscle. In the hemolymph, pre-adults had high lipids. Adults had low glycogen and high lipids in midgut gland, and both high proteins and high lactate in muscle. In hemolymph, adults had high glucose and lactate. Juveniles and pre-adults had high proteinase activity, whereas adults had high lipase activity. Major essential amino acids of SKC were arginine, methionine, and tryptophan, and the non-essential amino acids were glycine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid. On another hand, SKC had similar energy in the midgut gland and muscle, regardless of the ontogenetic stage. Moreover, we demonstrated that the biochemical energy calculation underestimates the actual measured values by a calorimeter. Thus, our results help to understand the physiological changes, energetic and nutritional requirements of L. santolla, and this study is a baseline for research on diet formulation for maintaining this species under culture conditions.

Diversification of narrow-clawed crayfish (Pontastacus leptodactylus Eschs- choltz, 1823) populations from different parts of Turkey

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2019

The present study was to evaluate diversification of crayfish populations based on length and weight measurements. Crayfish were collected from natural stock with fyke-net at five different populations of Turkey in the lakes Iznik (IL), Egirdir (EL) and Sera (SL) as well as Hirfanlı Dam Lake (HD) and Keban Dam Lake (KL) from June to July, 2008. The mean length, weight and hepatopancreas moisture content (HM, %) of the individuals sampled from different regions were found in order from largest to smallest as EL>HD>KL>IL>SL, EL>HD>KL>SL>IL and IL>KL>HD>KL>SL, respectively. In this study the median value of b coefficient, describing growth type from length-weight relationship, of five populations was 3.08, and fifty percent of the values were fell between 2.72 and 3.75. The growth types in these populations were determined as isometric, except in Keban Dam Lake (positive allometric). DFA (Discriminant Function Analysis) showed that there were no significant differences among the populations, meanwhile 53.06 % dissimilarities between populations was driven by length and HP with the contribution of 60.18% and 39.82% (based on SIMPER analysis), respectively. Although results from b coefficients, HM values and DF analysis of populations may reveal that their environmental conditions and growth types were similar in a certain extent, many more data taken from at least one-year sampling period is highly recommended for better understanding on factors that influenced the growth of its crayfish structure.

Investigating fecundity and egg loss using a non-invasive method during brooding in European lobster (Homarus gammarus)

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2019
ICES J MAR SCI

This article examines two important components of measurement of fecundity in the European lobster Homarus gammarus: (i) comparing the traditional gravimetric dry weight fecundity method against two non-invasive depth gauge methods initially developed for Homarus americanus and (ii) utilizing the depth gauge method to determine egg loss during the brooding period and its impacts on effective fecundity estimates. No significant difference was observed between fecundity estimates derived using either the traditional or depth gauge methods. Derived fecundity estimates from the two depth gauge methods differed by −0.31% (±2.7 s.e.) for cylinder and −1.1% (±2.4 s.e.) for ellipsoid fecundity estimates compared with the traditional method. This highlights the utility of the depth gauge method for providing fast, reliable and low-cost estimates without sacrificing lobsters or their egg masses. Egg loss is estimated to be as high as 44% from initial extrusion to hatching. The application of the non-invasive methods for estimating fecundity to other fisheries and stocks is discussed along with the importance of understanding egg loss in this commercially valuable fishery.

Losing Reproduction: Effect of High Temperature on Female Biochemical Composition and Egg Quality in a Freshwater Crustacean with Direct Development, the Red Cherry Shrimp, Neocaridina davidi (Decapoda, Atyidae)

Article

Jun 2018

Maternal provisioning is particularly important in invertebrates with abbreviated development because large energy reserves must be provided for the developing embryo. In this context, the objective of the present study was to analyze in an aquatic invertebrate with direct development the effect of temperature on female biochemical composition and reserve allocation to maturing ovaries, which determine egg quality. A decapod crustacean, the freshwater shrimp Neocaridina davidi, was used as experimental model. Newly hatched juveniles were exposed to 28 °C or 33 °C. Females showed mature ovaries and spawned at 28 °C (control ovigerous females), but no ovigerous female was found at 33 °C. After a 200-day period, half of the females at 33 °C were transferred to 28 °C, where they rapidly showed mature ovaries and spawned (transferred ovigerous females). Ovigerous females and females that did not spawn at 28 °C (control non-ovigerous females) and at 33 °C (high-temperature non-ovigerous females) were sacrificed to determine their biochemical composition. The number, volume, weight, and biochemical composition of the eggs from transferred and control ovigerous females were also analyzed as indicators of their quality. Female biochemical composition was not influenced by temperature, because control and high-temperature non-ovigerous females had similar lipid, protein, and glycogen contents. However, ovarian maturation and spawning were inhibited at 33 °C, which indicates a negative effect of this temperature on nutrient transfer to the oocytes. This effect was rapidly reversed after females were moved to 28 °C; the eggs from control and transferred ovigerous females were of similar quality, except for a lower protein content in the latter. The present results provide valuable information on reserve allocation to reproduction under thermal stress.

Effect of dietary lipid source on expression of lipid metabolism genes and tissue lipid profile in juvenile spiny lobster Sagmariasus verreauxi

Article

May 2017
AQUACULTURE

The spiny lobster Sagmariasus verreauxi is an emerging lobster species for intensive aquaculture. The lack of any nutritional information required for feed development in this species initiated this study to understand the effect of different dietary lipid sources on tissue lipid profiles and expression of selected lipid metabolising genes. Krill oil, marine oil (blend of fish oils), and vegetable oil (combination of linseed and palm oil), were utilised to formulate three experimental feeds with different phospholipid, triacylglycerol and polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles. Experimental feeds were administered to freshly moulted juvenile S. verreauxi for 50 to 55 days, to determine the effect of lipid sources on the nutritional status, fatty acid composition and expression of genes related to fatty acid biosynthesis, β-oxidation, lipid catabolism and regulation of lipid metabolism. While there were no significant differences in terms of weight gain and mortality among different dietary treatments, the fatty acids composition in the hepatopancreas and to some extent, muscle tissues correlated with the fatty acids composition of the respective dietary treatments. Vegetable oil diet resulted in higher expression of genes related to β-oxidation, which indicates selectivity towards utilisation of monounsaturated fatty acids for energy in this species. In tandem, genes related to fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis were upregulated, suggesting their importance in marine lobster diet. This is the first report on the use of formulated feeds to successfully maintain juvenile S. verreauxi.

Original Article Performances, fatty acid profiles and larvae quality of green mud crab, Scylla paramamosain under successive spawning in captive condition

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2016

Understanding the successive reproductive performance and larvae quality of mud crab from a single matting event is crucial for repeated use of the spawner to minimize cost and efforts for searching of new broods. This study assessed the performance and larvae quality of three consecutive spawning of green mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) considering essential fatty acids and hardiness of larvae. Gradual decrease of fecundity, fertilization rate, viable zoea and phototaxis larvae within successive spawnings was noticed. The n-3 HUFA's of alpha linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) showed similarity within first and second spawning event that differed significantly (p<0.05) with third spawning. Elevated levels of n-3 HUFA's in first and second spawned larvae enhanced the vitality to survive longer against starvation with medium death (MD 50) time of 60 hours and 58 hours, respectively. Thus suggested usage of first and second spawning larvae for seed production purposes.

Zebrafish Embryonic Lipidomic Analysis Reveals that the Yolk Cell Is Metabolically Active in Processing Lipid

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2016

The role of lipids in providing energy and structural cellular components during vertebrate development is poorly understood. To elucidate these roles further, we visualized lipid deposition and examined expression of key lipid-regulating genes during zebrafish embryogenesis. We also conducted a semiquantitative analysis of lipidomic composition using liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry. Finally, we analyzed processing of boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) lipid analogs injected into the yolk using thin layer chromatography. Our data reveal that the most abundant lipids in the embryo are cholesterol, phosphatidylcholine, and triglyceride. Moreover, we demonstrate that lipids are processed within the yolk prior to mobilization to the embryonic body. Our data identify a metabolically active yolk and body resulting in a dynamic lipid composition. This provides a foundation for studying lipid biology during normal or pharmacologically compromised embryogenesis.

Female Growth and Offspring Quality over Successive Spawnings in a Caridean Shrimp Neocaridina davidi (Decapoda, Atyidae) with Direct Development

Article

Dec 2015

This study analyzed the quality of recently spawned eggs and of juveniles over five and six consecutive spawns, respectively, in a caridean shrimp Neocaridina davidi with direct development. The potential energetic antagonism between reproduction and somatic growth was also evaluated. The number of eggs per spawn per female was highest in the first spawn, while the number of recently hatched juveniles per spawn per female declined in the sixth spawn. Lower lipid concentration and energy content were detected in eggs of the fourth and fifth spawns, which may indicate for the first time a decrease in maternal provisioning as a result of multiple spawning in a decapod with direct development. This result had no effect on the size of eggs or of recently hatched juveniles, nor on the growth performance of juveniles during a 30-day period following hatching. Lipids were the most abundant biochemical component of eggs, followed by proteins and glycogen; the relative proportion of each component was probably related to embryonic development type. Egg volume was unsuitable as an indicator of nutrient content, as no correlation was found between these variables. The physiological costs of reproduction were evident from the lower energy content of females that reproduced versus females that remained virgin. The lower body weight of the reproductive females at the end of the experiment showed that allocation of resources to reproduction occurred at the expense of somatic growth. To our knowledge, this is the first empirical demonstration of a decapod with direct development.

Amino and fatty acid dynamics of octopus (Octopus vulgaris) early life stages under ocean warming

Article

Nov 2015
J THERM BIOL

Unravelling polar lipids dynamics during embryonic development of two sympatric brachyuran crabs (Carcinus maenas and Necora puber) using lipidomics

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2015

Embryogenesis is an important stage of marine invertebrates with bi-phasic life cycles, as it conditions their larval and adult life. Throughout embryogenesis, phospholipids (PL) play a key role as an energy source, as well as constituents of biological membranes. However, the dynamics of PL during embryogenesis in marine invertebrates is still poorly studied. The present work used a lipidomic approach to determine how polar lipid profiles shift during embryogenesis in two sympatric estuarine crabs, Carcinus maenas and Necora puber. The combination of thin layer chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry allowed us to achieve an unprecedented resolution on PL classes and molecular species present on newly extruded embryos (stage 1) and those near hatching (stage 3). Embryogenesis proved to be a dynamic process, with four PL classes being recorded in stage 1 embryos (68 molecular species in total) and seven PL classes at stage 3 embryos (98 molecular species in total). The low interspecific difference recorded in the lipidomic profiles of stage 1 embryos appears to indicate the existence of similar maternal investment. The same pattern was recorded for stage 3 embryos revealing a similar catabolism of embryonic resources during incubation for both crab species.

Seasonal Variations in Maternal Provisioning of Crepidula fornicata (Gastropoda): Fatty Acid Composition of Females, Embryos and Larvae

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2013
PLOS ONE

Recruitment success of marine invertebrate populations not only depends on the number of recruits but also on their quality which affects their survival. In species characterized by a mixed development (encapsulated embryonic development and release of planktotrophic larvae), the offspring quality depends on both maternal provisioning and larval feeding. Here, we investigated potential changes of maternal provisioning over the whole reproductive period in a gastropod with a mixed development: Crepidulafornicata. In its introduction area, C. fornicata reproduces from February to October, which implies that both adults and larvae are exposed to different food availabilities. Maternal provisioning was assessed by measuring the fatty acid (FA) composition of females, encapsulated embryos and larvae, in February, May, July and September 2009. FA are essential resources for the development of embryos and larvae, and are key biomarkers of offspring quality. Our results showed differences in FA composition between muscles, visceral masses, and encapsulated embryos. In particular, FA composition of embryos was similar to that of the visceral mass. Seasonal variations in FA composition were observed: in the middle of the reproductive season (May and July), female tissues and embryos showed a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids and especially ω3, as compared to the beginning and end of the reproductive season (February and September). This showed that through maternal provisioning the quality of C. fornicata offspring was higher in the middle of the reproductive season. Whether this would result in an increase of recruitment success and juvenile performance would require further investigations.

19.P2. Reproductive cycle of the ghost crab Ocypode quadrata at Rondinha beach (Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil)

Article

Aug 2007
COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A

Population decline of amphipod Monoporeia affinis in Northern Europe: Consequence of food shortage and competition?

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2008
J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL

In the present study, we investigate the effects of food quality (with three distinct algal diets) and quantity (high vs. low carbon and nitrogen contents) and competition (with natural polychaete competitor, Marenzelleria spp) on the semelparous amphipod Monoporeia affinis fitness and reproduction. Contrary to other studies on this species, our results showed that amphipod females have the ability to adjust their offspring investment when conditions were significantly altered before mating in terms of food quantity, while food quality was of less importance. In fact, there was only a low beneficial effect on amphipod reproduction and embryonic development of a presumed high quality diatom diet. Also, the presence of a natural competitor did not affect amphipod reproductive outcome. The results are viewed in the context of a dramatic decline observed on the amphipod populations in the Gulf of Bothnia. Though, several plausible hypotheses have been suggested for the decline, including competition, new anthropogenic substances, hypoxia and predation, we hypothesize that the population decline is related to food shortage and malnutrition due to an increased percentage low quality terrestrial carbon (rich in humus) from river outflow into the Gulf of Bothnia. Concomitantly, the bacterial food web was enhanced, which has a lower trophic efficiency. We also suggest that a secondary effect of malnutrition is an increased susceptibility to other types of stressors such as contaminants and parasites.

Fatty acids dynamics during embryonic development in genus Uca (Brachyura: Ocypodidae), from the mangroves of Inhaca Island, Mozambique

Article

Nov 2008

Variations in egg volume and fatty acid (FA) content through embryogenesis were evaluated in Uca species from Inhaca island, Mozambique. Egg volume increased 96.1%, 93.3%, 84.2%, 92.9%, 96.3%, respectively, in Uca annulipes, Uca inversa, Uca urvillei, Uca chlorophthalmus and Uca vocans (p < 0.05). Fatty acid content decreased through embryogenesis, showing its importance as fuel during embryonic development. Major fatty acids were 16:0, 18:0, 16:1n-7, 18:1n-9, 18:1n-7, 18:2n-6, 20:5n-3 and 20:4n-3. Unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) were used up at a similar rate for U. annulipes and U. inversa contrarily to the other three species. Within the UFA, MUFA were more consumed than PUFA for all species except U. chlorophthalmus. The high values detected for fatty acid trophic markers (essential C18 and C20 PUFAs) and odd-numbered fatty acid suggest that Uca species occupy medium trophic level, primarily omnivores and scavengers/detritivores consuming algae common in the intertidal habitats. The fatty acid consumption pattern during embryonic development was essentially similar between species with some variation as expected, as FA content varies within species mainly due to female feeding ecology, nutritional and physiological conditions, differential demands on resource allocation and geographic and seasonal variations in embryonic development.

Bioenergetics of early life-history stages of the brachyuran crab Cancer setosus in response to changes in temperature

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2009
J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL

In many marine invertebrates, a latitudinal cline in egg size is considered an adaptive response to a decrease in temperature, and enhances the energetic fitness of their larvae at hatching. However, the amount of energy carried over from the egg to the larval stage depends on the metabolic efficiency of egg development. In the present study, eggs of the brachyuran crab Cancer setosus were sampled for their dry mass (DM), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and fatty acid (FA) content throughout development from blastula stage until hatching of zoea 1-larvae at Antofagasta (23°S) and Puerto Montt 41°S (Chile) under different temperature treatments (12, 16 and 19 °C). Hatching zoea 1 larvae contained 60 ± 3% of the initial blastula egg C content, regardless of site or temperature. However, the ontogenetic decrease in egg C content was to a significantly higher extend based on the utilization of energy-rich FA at 12 °C (− 1.16 µg/egg) compared to the 19 °C treatments in Antofagasta and Puerto Montt (− 0.63 to − 0.73 µg FA per egg). At 19 °C egg-metabolism was based to a substantial extend on protein, which allowed for the saving of energy-richer lipids. We conclude that the production of larger eggs with high FA content appears to be adaptive not only to fuel the larval development, but is also a response to the prolonged egg developmental times at lower temperatures.

Biochemical changes during vitellogenesis in the red claw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens)

Article

Mar 2010
AQUACULTURE

Redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) females at different stages of vitellogenesis were sampled to investigate variations in soluble protein, lipid and water content and in the amino acid and fatty acid composition of the hepatopancreas and ovaries. During vitellogenesis, the changes in the content of soluble proteins and lipids in the hepatopancreas and ovaries were dependent on both diet and the reserves from the hepatopancreas. However, in comparison to the ovary, the fluctuation of the amino acid composition in the hepatopancreas suggested that the protein resources mobilized from this organ was compensating for those gained from feeding. Changes in the fatty acid composition of the hepatopancreas showed limited compensatory function as for the quick accumulation of lipids in the ovaries. The proportional amounts of saturated fatty acids/mono-unsaturated fatty acids/poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and the predominant fatty acids in both tissues indicated that the mobilization and utilization of fatty acids in freshwater species are different from that in marine species. Based on the redclaw's feeding habits, the commercial pellets used in this study may not be optimal, and a diet with less PUFA may suffice for its vitellogenesis and reduce the feeding costs.

Dietary Essential Amino Acids Affect the Reproduction of the Keystone Herbivore Daphnia pulex

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2011
PLOS ONE

Recent studies have indicated that nitrogen availability can be an important determinant of primary production in freshwater lakes and that herbivore growth can be limited by low dietary nitrogen availability. Furthermore, a lack of specific essential nitrogenous biochemicals (such as essential amino acids) might be another important constraint on the fitness of consumers. This might be of particular importance for cladoceran zooplankton, which can switch between two alternative reproductive strategies--the production of subitaneously developing and resting eggs. Here, we hypothesize that both the somatic growth and the type of reproduction of the aquatic keystone herbivore Daphnia is limited by the availability of specific essential amino acids in the diet. In laboratory experiments, we investigated this hypothesis by feeding a high quality phytoplankton organism (Cryptomonas) and a green alga of moderate nutritional quality (Chlamydomonas) to a clone of Daphnia pulex with and without the addition of essential amino acids. The somatic growth of D. pulex differed between the algae of different nutritional quality, but not dependent on the addition of dissolved amino acids. However, in reproduction experiments, where moderate crowding conditions at saturating food quantities were applied, addition of the essential amino acids arginine and histidine (but not lysine and threonine) increased the total number and the developmental stage of subitaneous eggs. While D. pulex did not produce resting eggs on Cryptomonas, relatively high numbers of resting eggs were released on Chlamydomonas. When arginine and histidine were added to the green algal diet, the production of resting eggs was effectively suppressed. This demonstrates the high, but previously overlooked importance of single essential amino acids for the reproductive strategy of the aquatic keystone herbivore Daphnia.

Paternal nutrient provisioning during male pregnancy in the seahorse Hippocampus abdominalis

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2020
J COMP PHYSIOL B

Vertebrates that incubate embryos on or within the body cavity exhibit diverse strategies to provide nutrients to developing embryos, ranging from lecithotrophy (solely yolk-provided nutrition) to substantial matrotrophy (supplemental nutrients from the mother before birth). Syngnathid fishes (seahorses, pipefishes and sea dragons) are the only vertebrates to exhibit male pregnancy. Therefore, they provide a unique opportunity for comparative evolutionary research, in examining pregnancy independent of the female reproductive tract. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the most complex form of syngnathid pregnancy involves nutrient transport from father to offspring. We compared the dry masses of newly fertilised Hippocampus abdominalis eggs with those of fully developed neonates to derive a patrotrophy index. The patrotrophy index of H. abdominalis was 1, indicating paternal nutrient supplementation to embryos during gestation. We also measured the lipid content of newly fertilised eggs and neonates and found that there was no significant decrease in lipid mass during embryonic development. Since lipids are likely to be the main source of energy during embryonic development, our results suggest that lipid yolk reserves being depleted by embryonic metabolism are replaced by the brooding father. The results of our study support the hypothesis that nutrient transport occurs in the most advanced form of male pregnancy in vertebrates.

Daphnia magna metabolic profiling as a promising water quality parameter for the biological early warning system

Article

Aug 2019
WATER RES

The inclusion of omics data into water quality monitoring programs is being considered to help alleviate the growing threat to water resources and ecosystem services. Despite the increasing need, the biological early warning system (BEWS), the widely used real-time water quality monitoring system, does not currently incorporate omics information, despite that metabolomics is a highly sensitive indicator of organism health and stress. We examined Daphnia magna metabolomics, which is the analysis of small molecules in living D. magna, as a potential water quality parameter for incorporation in the BEWS. The concentrations of 24 metabolites were measured with changes in water quality and variation of metabolite abundances was compared within and between conditions. Age-dependent monitoring revealed that matured individuals older than 8 days are appropriate model organisms for monitoring based on their low metabolomic variation as compared to younger daphnids. Hourly monitoring of metabolic variability and regulation under ambient and starved conditions demonstrated the rapid and sensitive detection of nutritional changes. Moreover, the metabolomic dysregulation due to exposure to the pollutant propranolol was also observed. By integrating all the observations, we found that the D. magna metabolome is a sensitive and useful parameter for detecting water quality changes and how these alter the function of keystone organisms. As such, this metabolomics-based framework is applicable to BEWS and highlights the beneficial advantages of integrating biomolecular and apical endpoint observations for enhanced performance in biomonitoring programs.

Lipid and carotenoid metabolism in the developing embryos of the intertidal anomuran crab, Emerita asiatica (Milne Edwards)

Article

Apr 2019

Lipids and lipid-soluble carotenoids play a pivotal role in the embryonic development of decapod crustaceans. The present study describes the progressive changes in the lipid and carotenoid composition of the embryos of the intertidal anomuran crab, Emerita asiatica during development. Major lipid classes in the embryos include triglycerides (TG), phospholipids and cholesterol which show a steady decrease during embryogenesis. Utilization of TG results in the release of free fatty acids (FFA) that constitute ultimate source for energy metabolism during embryogenesis. The important fatty acids are Saturated fatty acids (SFA) 16:0 and 18:0, Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) 16:1n7 and 18:1n9, and the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) 20:5n3 and 22:6n3. MUFA are used at a higher rate (66%) than SFA (58%) and PUFA (56%). The decline in the cholesterol level especially during later part of embryogenesis could be related to its utilization as precursor in the de novo synthesis of ecdysteroids by the developing Y organ. Steady decline of phospholipid during embryonic development suggests its role in the formation and stabilization of cellular membrane structures. Glycolipids, conjugated to lipovitellin, showed a significant decline during embryogenesis. E. asiatica eggs accumulate carotenoid pigments such as β-carotene and astaxanthin, along with canthaxanthin showed significant fluctuations. In crustaceans, carotenoids form the precursors in eye pigments and chromatophores formation.

Seasonal variations of nutritional components in cockles (Tegillarca granosa) processed from the Southern Coast of Korea

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2017

Cockles (Tegillarca granosa) species that found throughout the IndoPacifc region and this study was conducted in South Korea from late autumn (November 2015) through early spring (April 2016). The proximate composition, mineral content, free amino acid, and fatty acid (FA) profles and the nutritional quality of the cockles were studied at diﬀerent stages during the processing. The contents of protein (11.7–13.9/100 g), lipids (1.1–2.5/100 g) and ash (1.6–2.7/100 g) varied signifcantly (p < 0.05) based on seasonal variations and processing steps. Taurine, glutamic acid, lysine and arginine were the most abundant amino acids in the amino acid profles. All samples contained limited concentrations of Cr, Pb, Cd, As, and Co. The FA profles showed that n-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) were the major fatty acids (28.7–37.0% of total FA, which was predominantly DHA and EPA (7.9–17.4%). Saturated FA (SFA) and monounsaturated FA (MUFA) levels were also observed throughout the experiment, as well as n − 3/n − 6 and PUFA/SFA ratios. The data obtained from this study may be useful to indicate the periods of the harvest season more suitable for consumption and the importance of processing chain on quality of cockle.

Effect of Maternal Size, Reproductive Season and Interannual Variability in Offspring Provisioning of Carcinus maenas in a Coastal Lagoon

Article

Mar 2017

Maternal effects and larval experience are considered the most important sources of variability in offspring phenotypes in marine invertebrates. Maternal provisioning during oogenesis is the first of a series of processes that will ultimately affect offspring phenotype and population dynamics. The keystone species of several European estuarine environments, Carcinus maenas, was used as a model to analyse the effect of female size and reproductive season on the fatty acid (FA) profile of newly extruded (stage 1) and ready-to-hatch (stage 3) embryos, as proxies for maternal investment and quality of newly hatched larvae, respectively. A total of 60 ovigerous females of two different sizes (carapace width [CW]: small CW <40 mm; large CW ≥40 mm) from Ria de Aveiro (Portugal) were sampled during three different reproductive periods: early reproductive season (ERS, late March/early April) 2012, ERS-2013 and late reproductive season (LRS; July) 2013. Maternal size was not a reliable indicator of maternal provision or larval quality at hatching. The interannual comparison (ERS-2012 vs. ERS-2013) revealed that the FA profile of stage 3 embryos was likely shaped by environmental conditions in the coastal lagoon during incubation. The seasonal comparison (ERS-2013 vs. LRS-2013) showed that embryos in the LRS had higher quality lipid content than embryos in the ERS, suggesting an increase of energetic reserves destined for reproduction in females in the LRS. Studies on maternal investment that overlook temporal variability should be interpreted with caution, especially in species inhabiting highly dynamic environments such as coastal lagoons and estuaries.

Identification of Phosphoethanolamine and Phosphoserine in the Brain of the Pond Fish Perccottus Glehni (Eleotridae, Perciformes, Dyb. 1877)

Article

Apr 2015
Fiziol Z Im M Sechenova

Margarita Karanova

Considerable modifications of the pools of free amino acid and some other compounds in the body ectothermic animals in response to the decrease in temperature are a consequence of the complexity of their adaptation mechanisms. There is no data in the literature on the contribution of such free connections in the low-temperature adaptation of brain ectothermic animals. In a previous study, it was found that as a result of exposure to acute cold shock in the brain eurothermal fish in large numbers appear two ninhydrinpositive compounds of unknown nature. In this paper, found that by the beginning of the winter period in the brain are accumulated the same connection also. Found that these are metabolites of phospholipids, phosphoethanolamine and phosphoserine. Phosphoethanolamine pool 94 times more in winter than in summer, and phosphoserine is only in the winter. Assumes that the accumulation of phosphoethanolamine and phosphoserine related to adaptation and modification of membrane phospholipid at low temperatures.

Using embryo and reproductive abnormalities in amphipods to assess the impact of an ironwork

Article

Jul 2008
MAR ENVIRON RES

Development of a set of core indicators: Interim report of the HELCOM CORESET project. PART B: Descriptions of the indicators PART B: Descriptions of the indicators

Book

Full-text available

Jan 2012

Phosphoethanolamine in brain of the euritherm lake fish Perccottus glehni (Eleotridae, Perciformes, Dyb. 1877) as a phenomenon depending on temperature factor

Article

May 2013

Margarita Karanova

Effects of a seasonal decrease of environmental temperature and cold shock on pools of free amino acids (FAA) was studied in brain of the eurythermal pond fish P. glehni. It is for the first time that in the brain of eurythermal animals the nonprotein amino acid phosphoethanolamine (PEA) was revealed. It was found there in a large amount only under conditions of near-zero temperatures. It was shown that in the P. glehni brain, as a result of the seasonal decrease of temperature, the PEA pool rose intensively from 0.3 % at the summer period to 33.6 % in winter. On the contrary, the brain taurine pool that in the summer was the highest as compared with other FAA (29.0% of the total pool) decreased to 8.9% by the beginning of the winter period. The same negative correlation of the taurine and PEA amounts was found under action of acute cold shock (+1 degree C): throughout 4 days the taurine level also decreased from 32.2 to 14.5% of the total pool, whereas the PEA level rose swiftly (from 2.1 to 15.3%). Both kinds of the low temperature action led, apart from PEA, to an intensive increase of the serine pool and accumulation of phosphoserine. Role of PEA in biochemical evolution and adaptation of brain to low temperatures is discussed. It is suggested that accumulation of PEA, phosphoserine, and serine is associated with a change of the status of phospholipids of membrane at low temperatures.

Changes in Biochemical Composition and Digestive Enzyme Activity During the Embryonic Development of the Marine Crab, Charybdis japonica (Crustadea: Decapoda)

Article

Mar 2013

In this study, we investigated the biochemical composition and digestive enzyme activity during embryonic development in the marine crab, Charybdis japonica. Water, protein, and ash content increased, while levels of lipids and carbohydrates decreased significantly during embryonic development, and a marked correlation between water content and egg volume (r = 0.97; P < 0.01) was recorded. The utilization percentages of lipids and carbohydrates were 32.72% and 91.56%, respectively. The predominant essential amino acids (EAA) were lysine, leucine, arginine and valine, and the major nonessential amino acids (NEAA) were glutamic acid and aspartic acid. From the fertilized egg stage to the protozoea stage, total amino acid (TAA) concentration increased from 52.18% to 55.11% on a dry weight basis, but the ratio of EAA/TAA decreased from 52.57% to 48.90%. The quantitatively more important fatty acids were C16:0, C18:1n-9c, C16:1, C22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA), and C22:2. Polyunsaturates (PUFA) and monounsaturated (MUFA) were consumed at similar rates (34.20% and 36.70%, respectively); both were consumed at higher rates than saturates (SFA) (26.56%). In particuler, n-3 fatty acids decreased significantly, with a high consumption rate of 43.74%. Activities of trypsin and pepsin increased during both the early and later embryonic stages, but decreased during the middle stages. Lipase activity increased gradually during embryonic development, except in the protozoea stage with a significant decrease, while activities of amylase and cellulase showed an ascending trend after an initial decline. The activity of all digestive enzymes increased, except for that of lipase, from the heartbeat stage to the protozoea stage.

Biochemical composition and digestive enzyme activities during the embryonic development of the redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus

Article

Sep 2008

The biochemical composition and the activity of five digestive enzymes of embryos were studied during embryonic development in the redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus (Von Martens, 1868), in order to investigate the relationship between embryonic development and the utilization of yolk. Carbohydrates remained a minor constituent of the yolk as a whole. The contents of total proteins and total amino acids (TAA) were all observed to decrease. Among the essential amino acids (EAA), the contents of leucine and arginine were relatively high, while of the non-essential amino acids (NEAA), the most important components were glutamine and aspartic acid. The contents of total lipids (TL) decreased during embryonic development, and the predominant fatty acids of both neutral lipids (NL) and polar lipids (PL) were C16:0, C18:0, C18:1ω9, and C18:3ω3. The five digestive enzymes tested all showed changes in their activities. The specific activities of pepsin and trypsin gradually increased in the earlier stages of embryonic development, pepsin decreased rapidly in later stages, while trypsin still kept a high level of activity. The specific activity of amylase changed in a "V" shape and reached high values again in later stages. The specific activities of cellulase and lipase showed relatively low values. It is shown that carbohydrates may play an important role in synthesizing many specific compounds to participate in signal transmission and in forming the carapace. Proteins and lipids were the dominating construction and energy substances; proteins were primarily consumed in the early stages, as against lipids in later stages. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) (16:0 and 18:0) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (16:1ω7 and 18:1ω9) were always used for energetic purposes and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (20:5ω3 and 22:6ω3) were important as structural components of cell membranes and in the development of the central nervous system. The activities of the digestive enzymes were controlled by their genes and expressed sequentially during embryonic development. They hydrolyse the yolk and provide construction substances and energy sources for the formation of tissues, organs, and various systems in general. French La composition biochimique et l'activité de cinq enzymes digestives d'embryons ont été étudiées au cours du développement embryonnaire de l'écrevisse à patte rouge, Cherax quadricarinatus (Von Martens, 1868), dans le but d'investiguer les inter-relations entre le développement embryonnaire et l'utilisation du vitellus. Les glucides représentent un constituant mineur du vitellus. Les contenus en protéines totales et en acides aminés totaux (TAA) diminuent. Parmi les AA essentiels (EAA), les contenus en leucine et arginine ont été relativement élevés, tandis que parmi les acides aminés non-essentiels (NEAA), les composés les plus importants ont été la glutamine et l'acide aspartique. Les contenus en lipides totaux (TL) diminuent au cours du développement embryonnaire, et les acides gras prédominants parmi, à la fois les lipides neutres (NL) et les lipides polaires (PL), étaient C16:0, C18:0, C18:1ω9, et C18:3ω3. Les cinq enzymes digestives testées montrent toutes un changement dans leur activité. Les activités spécifiques de la pepsine et de la trypsine augmentent progressivement au cours des premiers stades du développement embryonnaire, la pepsine décroît rapidement dans les derniers stades, tandis que la trypsine conserve un degré d'activité élevé. L'activité spécifique de l'amylase change selon une forme en V et atteint à nouveau un niveau élevé dans les derniers stades. Les activités spécifiques de la cellulase et de la lipase montrent des valeurs relativement basses. Il est montré que les glucides pourraient jouer un rôle important en synthétisant de nombreux composés spécifiques pour participer au signal de transmission et à la formation de la carapace. Les protéines et les lipides ont été les substances dominantes pour la construction et l'énergie; les protéines ont été prioritairement utilisées dans les jeunes stades et les lipides dans les derniers stades. Les acides gras saturés (SFA) (16:0 et 18:0) et les acides gras mono-unsaturés (MUFA) (16:1ω7 et 18:1ω9) ont toujours été utilisés pour les besoins énergétiques, et les acides gras poly-unsaturés (PUFA) (20:5ω3 et 22:6ω3) ont été important comme composés structurels des membranes cellulaires et dans le développement du système nerveux. Les activités des enzymes digestives ont été contrôlées par leur gênes et exprimés séquentiellement au cours du développement. Elles hydrolysent le vitellus et fournissent les substances de construction et la source d'énergie pour la formation des tissus, des organes et des différents systèmes.

Change in Biochemical Composition During Development of Snow Crab, Chionoecetes Opilio, Embryos

Article

Jan 2009

Adult oveigerous female snow crab, Chionoecetes opilio, were obtained approximately bimonthly from the eastern Bering Sea for embryonic sampling and biometric information. Biochemical analysis of embryo samples included determination of moisture, ash, total lipid, protein content, fatty acid profile, and lipid profile. Moisture increased as the embryos matured. Protein content remained unchanged, ash content increased, and lipid content decreased on a dry weight basis coincident with embryonic development indicating that lipids were the main energy source of developing embryos. The utilization of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acid categories during development was similar but individual fatty acids within each category varied considerably. Over 75% of the C14:0, C18:4(n-3), and C20:1(n-11) fatty acids were consumed during the embryonic development from nauplius to pre-hatch while C22:5(n-3), C20:5(n-3), and C18:1(n-9)cis fatty acids were utilized at 49%, 57%, and 48% respectively. Docosahexaenoic acid, DHA, C22:6(n-3), was among the least utilized fatty acid at 36%. Forward stepwise general discriminant analysis of fatty acid profiles indicated that determination of fatty acid profiles could be used to distinguish between embryos at the nauplius stage and the prehatching stage of development but not among embryos at intermediate stages. Triacylglycerides provided the energy source during development. This research highlights the potential nutrient requirements critical to early life-history development of Bering Sea snow crabs.

Variability of the total free amino acid (TFAA) pool in Mytilus galloprovincialis cultured on a raft system. Effect of body size

Article

Apr 2011
AQUACULT NUTR

Variability of total free amino acid (TFAA) pool in Mytilus galloprovincialis was analysed following raft culture of growing mussels. With the aim to ensure the actual effect of animal’s size, a mussel population was sampled in laboratory covering the field size (15- to 60-mm shell length). TFAA showed a constant profile regardless size increase of individuals in both field and laboratory experiments. Environmental salinity and temperature varied within a relatively narrow range in the field (34–35 g L−1 and 14–19 °C, respectively). Despite the narrow variability of TFAA, significant differences were reported for the most representative amino acids. Specifically, taurine content significantly dropped with soft tissues increase in both field and laboratory experiments. Up to 40% of taurine drop in growing individuals was counterbalanced by the increase in alanine as main protein free amino acid (PFAA), whereas glycine showed high variability and inconsistency. PFAA increased linearly with the endogenous condition of individuals and were inversely correlated with protein content. In summary, TFAA pool of M. galloprovincialis remained unchanged with animal’s size, which might ensure optimal protein turnover rates during growth and establish a significant link between energetic status (condition) and PFAA, values that are equilibrated by a significant drop of the most abundant taurine.

Free amino acids and reducing sugars in the freshwater shrimp Gammarus lacustris (Crustacea, Amphipoda) at the initial stage of preparation to winter season

Article

Aug 2010

A peculiarity of amino acid profile of the cold-resistant freshwater shrimp Gammarus lacustris in the beginning of autumn is a high level of ornithine, the second after alanine (17.0 ± 1.4 and 22.6 ± 1.4 μmol/ml of homogenate, respectively). The amount of alanine and ornithine accounts for 39.8% of the total pool of free amino acids and together with lysine and leucine—55%. Free glucose is the major reducing sugar (6.42 ± 0.78 μmol/ml). Key wordscold-resistance-adaptation-crustaceans-ornithine

Effect of unfavorable trophic scenarios on amylase and protease activity of Nephrops norvegicus (L.) larvae during their fi{dotless}rst vertical migration: A laboratory approach

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2011

In Portuguese waters, Nephrops norvegicus larvae hatch at 400–800m depth and need to perform a vertical migration to food-rich shallower waters to find suitable prey. The effect of suboptimal feeding on digestive enzymes activity of N. norvegicus larvae during this early period of their larval life remains unknown. Protease and amylase activities were investigated ex situ using flurometry in laboratory-hatched larvae exposed to different feeding and/or starving scenarios in the 24h following hatching, the period during which they typically accomplish their upward vertical migration. Amylase activity was very low in comparison with protease activity, indicating that carbohydrates are not a primary energy reserve. Larvae starved for 12h and subsequently fed displayed no increase in amylase activity, which suggests that feeding may be required before 12h post-hatch to trigger amylase activity. Protease activity was high under all feeding conditions, and the increase in protease activity under sustained starvation indicated the catabolism of protein reserves. The ability of first-stage N. norvegicus larvae to metabolize protein reserves may play a decisive role for their survival during their first vertical migration, as it enables them to overcome the deleterious effects of short-term starvation and/or suboptimal feeding.

Effects of Production Factors and Egg-Bearing Period on the Antioxidant Activity of Enzymatic Hydrolysates from Shrimp (Pandalopsis dispar) Processing Byproducts

Article

Jun 2012
J AGR FOOD CHEM

The effects of production factors (protease used, percent enzyme, hydrolysis time, and water-to-substrate ratio) on the antioxidant activity of hydrolysates produced from shrimp processing byproducts (SPB) were assessed using Taguchi's L(16) (4(5)) fractional factorial design. SPB hydrolysates showed excellent ABTS radical scavenging activity, metal ion chelating capacity, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation, but weak DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power. The protease used significantly influenced antioxidant activities while hydrolysis time and percent enzyme affected radical scavenging activities and inhibition of lipid peroxidation, respectively. Differences in the lipid and amino acid contents observed between SPB collected early and late in the egg-bearing period may have contributed to the slight variance in antioxidant activities displayed by their hydrolysates. Nevertheless, SPB hydrolysates produced using Alcalase or Protamex had high antioxidant activity regardless of production factors and egg-bearing period.

Lipid dynamics during early development of Hippocampus guttulatus seahorses: Searching for clues on fatty acid requirements

Article

Sep 2010
AQUACULTURE

The biochemical composition of eggs and the nutrient dynamics during early ontogeny can provide better understanding on the nutritional requirements of both broodstock and first-feeding fish, thus constituting a valuable tool for improvement of aquaculture procedures. This study constitutes the first record of lipid composition and fatty acid dynamics during early development of seahorses. Lipid content and fatty acid profile were determined for Hippocampus guttulatus eggs and newborn juveniles, and their patterns of consumption were analyzed during embryonic development. H. guttulatus produced small broods (426 ± 128 juveniles) but invested in the production of large eggs (2.44 ± 0.37 mm) that resulted in large fingerlings (15.53 ± 1.28 mm), which may have a high survival capacity. The total lipid content of seahorse eggs (17.6% DW) was within the typical range of marine fish eggs. Eggs were dominated by PUFA (43.9%), mainly n−3 HUFA (17.4% of DHA and 13.2% of EPA), and showed a lower MUFA content (22.5%). Extremely low AA levels (0.6%) and particularly high EPA concentrations resulted in a low DHA:EPA ratio (1.3) and high EPA:AA (22.3) and n−3:n−6 (12.2) ratios. Fatty acid consumption during embryonic development was considerably high (67.8%), reflecting the high requirements of seahorse embryos. Fatty acids were depleted at different rates, with PUFA being preferentially consumed (75.2%), while SFA were selectively retained (59.2%). PUFA constituted the major source of metabolic energy and the fatty acids 16:0, EPA and DHA were the main fatty acids to fulfill the energetic demands of seahorse embryos. Essential fatty acids (AA, EPA and DHA) were not preferentially retained, with EPA being catabolized at a particularly high rate (88.0%). These patterns of embryonic consumption resulted in newborn juveniles with an exceptionally low lipid content (5.0% DW), a predominance of SFA (41.0%) and extremely low EPA levels (5.0%). Fatty acid composition of H. guttulatus eggs and juveniles provided important clues to determine seahorse requirements, so that suitable feeding protocols could be developed. The use of broodstock and juvenile diets that reflect the lipid profile of eggs will allow the accomplishment of nutritional requirements and improvement of seahorse production.

Seasonal Variation in the Biochemical Composition of the Embryos of Callinectes Sapidus Rathbun

Article

Full-text available

Nov 1984

The biochemical composition of the embryos of Callinectes sapidus, spawned early in the reproductive season in North Carolina waters (water temperature 12-16°C), is compared with embryos spawned later in the reproductive season (water temperatures greater than 24°C). Embryos spawned early in the season (cultured at 16°C) have initially greater lipid levels, an equivalent amount of protein, and a lower carbohydrate and caloric content than embryos spawned later in the season (cultured at 26°C). During development of the 26°C embryos, lipids are utilized at a significant rate, but in the 16°C embryos protein is utilized to a greater extent. Overall, 45% of the lipid and 35% of the protein is utilized during the development at 26°C versus 55% lipid and 34% protein in the 16°C embryos. In the final stage before hatching the embryos at both temperatures have equivalent lipid, protein, and caloric contents. These results are compared with the results of previous studies on crustacean chemical embryology and possible explanations are given for the variations in substrate utilization with respect to seasonal temperature.

The Biology of Decapod Crustacean Larvae

Book

Full-text available

Jan 2001

Klaus Anger

About 90% of the extant species of the Decapoda live in oceans and adjacent coastal and estuarine regions, and most of them pass through a complex life history comprising a benthic (juvenile-adult) and a planktonic (larval) phase. The larvae show a wide array of adaptations to the pelagic environment, including modifications in functional morphology, anatomy, the molting cycle, nutrition, growth, chemical composition, metabolism, energy partitioning, ecology, and behavior. Due to these adaptive traits, which are the principal subject of this volume, decapod larvae are more like unrelated holoplanktonic organisms rather than resembling the conspecific benthic juveniles and adults. Emphasis is here on the lesser known anatomical, bioenergetic, and ecophysiological aspects of larval life, because morphology has already extensively been documented in the literature. Changes in biological parameters (e.g. rates of feeding, growth, metabolism) are shown in successive developmental stages, within individual stages, and as repsonses to environmental factors. Particular attention is paid to interrelationships between intrinsic phenomena (molting cycle, organogenesis, growth) and the overlaying effects of extrinsic factors (e.g. food, temperature, salinity, pollution). Concluding from the available data, we may identify major bias and gaps in our present knowledge of larval biology. For instance, biochemical, physiological, and anatomical aspects have been investigated much less than larval morphology, ecology, and behavior, and bioenergetic parameters have largely been studied as isolated physiological traits rather than attempting to quantify the overall partitioning of chemical energy. Little is known also about intraspecific variability within or between separate populations. This remains a major challenge for larval biologist, because knowledge of phenotypic plasticity and genetical divergence, e.g. in larval morphology or stress tolerance, is of utmost importance for the understanding of evolutionary adaptation and speciation. In particular, early ontogenetic adaptations to extreme or unpredictable ecological conditions are important in the evolutionary transitions from marine to limnic or terrestrial environments. We also need more comparisons between field and laboratory observations in order to ”calibrate” data from the field with those obtained under controlled conditions; inversely, those comparisons should help to identify ”domestication effects” and other artifacts that are potentially pertinent to laboratory data. Furthermore, future research should increasingly consider effects which persist through successive life-history phases, e.g. those of embryonic acclimatization on larval stress tolerance, or the significance of larval condition for later settlement and recruitment success.

The nutrition of prawns and shrimp in aquaculture - A review of recent research

Chapter

Full-text available

Jan 1994

Composition of eggs in relation to embryonic development and female size in giant crabs Pseudocarcinus gigas (Lamarck)

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2001

Caleb Gardner

The size and composition of eggs from 22 giant crabs Pseudocarcinus gigas were monitored over 165 days to determine trends through embryogenesis. Egg composition was most stable during the early stages of embryogenesis so additional sampling (n=143) was conducted during this period to assess the effect of female size, sampling location (east and west Tasmania), and successive broods between moults, on egg composition. During embryogenesis, eggs increased in diameter and moisture content while organic dry mass declined. Total carotenoid and lipid content per egg did not change significantly while protein declined (as ash-free dry mass per egg). This indicates that protein was used preferentially to lipid, which may be an adaptation to the deeper water habitat of P. gigas . Females with heavy and intermediate carapace wear were considered more likely to have produced previous clutches and they produced eggs with significantly less carotenoid. The eggs of larger females contained significantly more water, less protein, and less carotenoid while there was no effect on total lipid (P<0.05). Although the effects of female size on egg composition were significant, the magnitude of the effect was small (highest for carotenoid, r2=0.17). Consequently, it is unlikely that larval viability is affected, or that larger females contribute more to recruitment than predicted by fecundity.

Patterns of growth and chemical composition in decapod crustacean larvae

Article

Full-text available

Jan 1998

Klaus Anger

In meroplanktonic larvae, growth is accompanied by developmental changes in physiological, biochemical, morphological, behavioural, and ecological traits, and these patterns are further modified by variations in the physico-chemical environment. This paper reviews patterns of growth and chemical composition in planktotrophic marine decapod larvae developing under constant close to optimal conditions, as well as some alterations imposed on these patterns by nutritional, thermal, osmotic, or other stress. Different suboptimal conditions such as food limitation, unsuitable temperatures, or low salinity stress may exert similar bioenergetic effects which, in general, can be measured as a decline in the rates of development and growth or in changing proportions of chemical constituents of larval biomass. The fractions of carbon (C), total lipids, triacylglycerides (TAG), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), RNA, and ratios of carboninitrogen (C:N), lipid:protein, TAG:total polar lipid, and RNA:DNA have been used as chemical indicators of physiological condition. Quantitative relationships between elemental (C, N) and proximate biochemical fractions (lipid, protein) may vary with nutritional condition, developmental mode (planktotrophy vs. lecithotrophy), clade, and possibly, between field-caught and laboratory-reared larvae (“domestication effects”). Besides further comparative laboratory investigations, more field data are necessary to increase the realism of our models of larval growth and development in the Decapoda and other crustaceans.

Lipid, fatty acid and protein utilization during lecithotrophic larval development of Lithodes santolla (Molina) and Paralomis granulosa (Jacquinot)

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2003
J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL

During the larval development of the subantarctic king crab, Lithodes santolla, and stone crab, Paralomis granulosa, we compared changes in the carbon, fatty acid and protein contents of larvae reared under constant conditions from hatching to metamorphosis, either in presence or absence of food (Artemia spp. nauplii). In both species the feeding condition had no influence on any of the chemical parameters studied, indicating a fully lecithotrophic (i.e. non-feeding) mode of development from hatching of the first zoea to metamorphosis of the late megalopa. Dry mass and carbon contents at hatching were similar in the larvae of both species, but L. santolla contained initially higher total amounts of fatty acids and protein than P. granulosa. Both species utilized considerable portions of their total fatty acid pool which decreased logarithmically throughout the time of development. At metamorphosis, it was almost exhausted in P. granulosa, while L. santolla had consumed only about 60%. Protein utilization, in contrast, was higher in L. santolla (40%) than in P. granulosa (20%). Triacylglycerol was the principal storage lipid in both species, accounting initially for about 75% of the lipid fraction; it was strongly utilized during larval development. Phospholipid constituted the second largest lipid class; it also decreased in P. granulosa, but to a lesser extent in L. santolla. The major fatty acids of both species were 18:1(n−9), 20:5(n−3) and 16:0 as well as, in lower proportions, 18:1(n−7), 22:6(n−3), 16:1(n−7) and 18:0. Monounsaturated fatty acids represented the dominant group in L. santolla, whereas P. granulosa contained similar amounts of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. In L. santolla, monounsaturated fatty acids, especially 16:1(n−7), were preferentially utilized as compared to polyunsaturates. Due to a particularly strong lipid utilization in P. granulosa, all individual fatty acids were largely depleted at metamorphosis, showing similar extents of consumption. L. santolla had higher initial lipid and protein stores that seem to be used more economically as compared to P. granulosa.

Nutritional and Bioenergetic Considerations in the Development of the American Lobster Homarus americanus

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2011
CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI

To better understand the early life history stages of the American lobster Homarus americanus, nutritional and bioenergetic aspects of development have been investigated. These studies focused on physiological and biochemical processes during transitional periods between extrusion of the eggs, hatching, larval development, molting, metamorphosis, and attainment of the juvenile stage. Biochemical changes during embryogenesis reflect catabolism of various substrates for energy. Exposure to different thermal regimes resulted in considerable variation in the rates of utilization of energy substrates during embryogenesis. Embryos raised at elevated temperatures had yolk remaining at the time of hatching. The first three larval stages have similar energy requirements. Lipid is of prime importance and the turnover rate for lipid can be rapid. Weight-specific metabolism increases with successive larval stages, in stage IV lobsters, the dependency on lipid as a substrate is diminished and lipid reserves serve a storage function. Metabolic rates of premolt stage IV lobsters are decreased in comparison with earlier stages. These changes in physiology correlate with changes in the developing midgut gland, specifically with the appearance of droplets of lipid in the lipid-storing cells of the midgut gland of stage IV lobsters. By stage VI, lobsters have energy storage and metabolic patterns similar to those of adults, and the midgut gland has the adult morphology. The transitions from hatching to attainment of the juvenile form are reflected in differences in physiological and biochemical processes that influence food selection and diet.

Lipid composition and utilization in developing eggs of two tropical marine caridean shrimps (Decapoda: Caridea: Alpheidae, Palaemonidae)

Article

Full-text available

Dec 1998
Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol

Changes in biomass and lipid biochemistry during egg development were studied in the tropical shrimps, Alpheussaxidomus and Palaemonetesschmitti, from Pacific Costa Rica. Freshly-laid eggs of P. schmitti were substantially smaller than those of A. saxidomus; dry mass decreased during embryogenesis in the former species but remained almost constant in the latter one. Water content of eggs close to hatching were similar among both species (roughly 75%). Newly-produced eggs of the two species contained ≈20% fatty acids per egg dry mass; a comparison with data concerning decapods inhabiting tropical and temperate waters revealed that eggs produced by shrimps inhabiting tropical waters tend to have a higher lipid egg content per dry mass than those from temperate regions. Major lipid classes in the eggs of both species were phospholipids and triacylglycerols which increased and decreased during the incubation period, respectively. The predominant fatty acids of P. schmitti eggs were 16:0, 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3) whereas eggs of A. saxidomus showed high amounts of 16:0, 20:5(n-3) and 16:1(n-7), and remarkably low values of 22:6(n-3) fatty acid. Lipid utilization was more pronounced in P. schmitti; in A. saxidomus, eggs close to hatching still contained 70% of the initially deposited fatty acid content which may indicate an enhanced independence of the newly-hatched larvae on external energy resources. The observed differences may partially be related to different habitat preferences, however, the role of adaptation and phylogeny as determinants of egg lipid biochemistry in caridean shrimps remains to be clarified.

An historical overview of the Republic of Ireland's lobster (Homarus gammarus Linnaeus) fishery, with reference to European and North American (Homarus americanus Milne Edwards) lobster landings

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2001

Historical developments of the Republic of Ireland''s Homarus gammarus fishery are reviewed and compared in the context of landings in Europe and the North American H. americanus fishery. H. gammarus fishing has provided essential income for over a century to many Irish coastal communities. There have been significant fluctuations (greater than 460%) in recorded landings over this time and the relative importance of H. gammarus fishing has changed with the establishment of ancillary crustacean fisheries. In 1994, H. gammarus landings reached an all-time high of 714 tonnes, with a landed value of IR 6.3 million; in 1999 landings were 597 tonnes valued at IR 6.15 million. Current Republic of Ireland lobster fishery regulations are: (a) minimum carapace length of 85 mm, (b) ban on landing lobsters that have been `V-notched'' or have a mutilated tail fan, and (c) prohibition of capturing lobsters by SCUBA diving. Chronological details on recent legislation, regulations and landings relating to Ireland''s lobster fishery sector are reviewed. In the last 40 years landings of H. gammarus in the Republic of Ireland exhibit signs of an overexploited stock characterised by a reduction in catch per unit effort and there has been a general decline of total landings for H. gammarus throughout Europe. This contrasts with North America, where many regulations govern the H. americanus fishery and landings appear to be in a healthier state.

Lipid and fatty acid composition of Antarctic shrimp eggs (Decapoda: Caridea)

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2003

Eggs of the decapod shrimps, Chorismus antarcticus, Nematocarcinus lanceopes and Notocrangon antarcticus were taken to analyse their morphometric, lipid and fatty acid composition. Almost all females carried undifferentiated eggs (stage I). The average number of recently extruded eggs was lowest in C. antarcticus with 163 eggs, and highest in Nematocarcinus lanceopes with 1,220 eggs, while Notocrangon antarcticus produced on average 350 eggs. The lipid content (% of dry mass) of the eggs was 18.8% for C. antarcticus, 14.3% for Notocrangon antarcticus and 18.1% for Nematocarcinus lanceopes. Dominant lipid classes in eggs of all species were phospholipids and triacylglycerols. The storage lipid, triacylglycerol, was slightly elevated in the eggs of Nematocarcinus lanceopes (mean of 52.7%) compared to the other two species. The fatty acid compositions of the decapod eggs were similar in the three species. Dominant fatty acids were 20:5(n-3), 18:1(n-9), 16:1(n-7), 16:0 and 18:1(n-7), comprising 75.8-78.4% of total fatty acids. Among the species, the eggs of C. antarcticus had the highest proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (39.6%), dominated by 20:5(n-3), and the lowest percentage of monounsaturates (41.8%). The eggs of Nematocarcinus lanceopes and Notocrangon antarcticus contained almost the same proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (28.0% and 28.4%, respectively), whereas Nematocarcinus lanceopes had the highest amount of monounsaturates due to the dominance of 18:1(n-9). Based on our findings, we assume that eggs produced by polar decapod crustaceans do not contain substantially more lipids than related species from temperate or tropical regions. However, additional studies are necessary to substantiate any general conclusion about the relationship of egg lipid content and composition with climatic zones.

Performance of Macrobrachium rosenbergii broodstock fed diets with different fatty acid composition

Article

Full-text available

Sep 1999
AQUACULTURE

The effect of linoleic acid (18:2n−6) and n−3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) on the reproductive performance and offspring quality of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii was evaluated in a 180-day trial. Three isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets containing different levels of fatty acids, high 18:2n−6 and n−3 HUFA concentrations, high 18:2n−6 and low n−3 HUFA, and low 18:2n−6 and n−3 HUFA, were fed ad libitum to three groups of six females. Fecundity was improved by the addition of higher amounts of 18:2n−6 (from 3 to 13 mg g−1 DW). As a consequence of higher fecundity, smaller eggs were obtained most likely because the number of oocytes competing for a limited amount of yolk was higher. The higher gonado-somatic index of females fed diets with high levels of 18:2n−6 and n−3 HUFA levels further supports this hypothesis. The fatty acid composition of the eggs reflected to some extent the composition of the diets. Eggs of females fed high levels of 18:2n−6 and n−3 HUFA had the highest n−3 HUFA content and had increased hatchability. Eight-day-old larvae from females fed high levels of 18:2n−6 and n−3 HUFA tended to present a better stress tolerance when exposed to 100 mg l−1 total ammonia for 24 h. No other differences were detected among larval characteristics from the different offspring groups. Results demonstrate that feeding M. rosenbergii broodstock with high levels of 18:2n−6 and n−3 HUFA (13 and 15 mg g−1 DW, respectively) improved fecundity, egg hatchability, and the overall quality of the larvae.

Lipid nutrition of marine fish during early development: Current status and future directions

Article

Full-text available

Sep 1999
AQUACULTURE

Research on the dietary requirements of marine fish larvae has evolved from considerations of optimal dietary levels of n−3 HUFA to considerations of optimal dietary ratios of the two principal HUFAs, 22:6n−3 and 20:5n−3, and more recently to considerations of optimal dietary levels and ratios of all three dietary essential fatty acids, 22:6n−3, 20:5n−3 and 20:4n−6. Our present understanding of the requirements and optimal dietary balance of 22:6n−3, 20:5n−3 and 20:4n−6 is reviewed. Limitations of enriching live feed are considered, particularly from the point of view of achieving an optimal balance between levels of phospholipids and triacylglycerols in enriched live feeds that generate an optimal blend of essential fatty acids and energy-yielding fatty acids. It is concluded that the ideal marine fish larval diet is one containing circa 10% of the dry weight as n−3 HUFA-rich, marine phospholipids with less than 5% triacylglycerols, as exemplified by the lipid compositions of marine fish egg yolk, marine fish larvae themselves and their natural zooplankton prey. Such diets provide 22:6n−3, 20:5n−3 and 20:4n−6 in the desired levels and ratios and simultaneously satisfy known requirements for phospholipids, inositol and choline. Approaches to developing marine fish larval diets more closely resembling this “gold standard” diet are considered.

The fatty acid composition of phospholipids from the eyes of the northern deepwater prawn, Pandalus borealis

Article

Full-text available

Nov 1990

Volume and composition of echinoderm eggs: Implications for use of eggs size in lifehistory models

Article

Jan 1979

Effect of Dietary Phospholipids and n-3 Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids on Ovarian Development of Kuruma Prawn

Article

Jan 1993

The influence of diets complete in or free from either phospholipid (soybean lecithin) or n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA. squid liver oil) on the gonadosomatic index (GSI) and tissue lipid composition of ablated female Penaeus japonicus (mean weight=20,2±0.9 g) were determined. Bilateral eyestalk ablation was performed 31–37 days after feeding on experimental diets and GSI was examined after 20 days of each prawn’s ablation. Supplementation of both phospholipid and n-3 HUFA resulted in the highest GSI (3.0±0.8, P<0.05). The absence of either phospholipid or n-3 HUFA significantly retarded GSI develop-ment (1.3±0.6 and 1.4±0.5, respectively). The complete diet produced higher total lipid in ovaries, hepatopancreas, and muscle than the incomplete diets. Regardless of diets, ovaries and muscle had greater polar lipid deposits, in contrast to the hepatopancreas wherein neutral lipid was dominant. Triglycerides and phosphatidylcholine were the dominant lipids in the ovaries. © 1993, The Japanese Society of Fisheries Science. All rights reserved.

Energy Metabolism During Anoxia and Recovery in Shell Adductor and Foot Muscle of the Gastropod Mollusc Haliotis lamellosa: Formation of the Novel Anaerobic End Product Tauropine

Article

Aug 1988

Gerd Gäde

Energy Metabolism During Anoxia and Recovery in Shell Adductorand Foot Muscle of the Gastropod Mollusc Haliotis lamellosa: Formation of the Novel Anaerobic End Product Tauropine

Article

Aug 1988

Gerd Gäde

Metabolic responses to experimental anoxia and subsequent recovery, and to exercise were investigated in two different muscular tissues of the ormer, Haliotis lamellosa. The tissues are employed for different tasks by the animal. The foot is mainly responsible for slow gliding movements. The shell adductor muscle pulls down the shell for protection and in righting an animal which has been dislodged from the rocks. Tissue-specific differences in anaerobic energy metabolism occur. During 6 h of experimental anoxia, energy for both muscles was provided by arginine phosphate and co-fermentation of glycogen and aspartate. Glycolysis in the shell adductor muscle led mainly to the formation of the novel end product tauropine; D-lactate production predominated in the foot. This pattern is consistent with observed enzymatic profiles in the two muscles and with the equilibrium constants of the respective enzymes, tauropine and D-lactate dehydrogenase. Recovery from anaerobiosis was characterized by a rapid return of the phosphagen pool and the energy charge to the aerobic state. A protracted time-course was observed for the clearance of glycolytic end products. Exercise, primarily powered by the shell adductor muscle, was mainly fueled by glycolysis resulting mostly in the accumulation of tauropine.

Biostatistical Analysis. 3rd Ed

Book

Jan 1999

Jerrold H. Zar

Separation of lipid classes from marine particulate material by HPLC on a polyvinyl alcohol-bonded stationary phase using dual-channel evaporative light-scattering detection

Article

Apr 1998
MAR CHEM

Using gradient HPLC and evaporative light-scattering (ELS) detection, a variety of lipid classes from marine particulate material have been separated on a polyvinyl alcohol bonded stationary phase in a single run. These classes, which cover the entire polarity range, include a nonpolar group (e.g., hydrocarbons, sterol esters, wax esters), sterols, triacylglycerols, chlorophyll a, monogalactosyldiacylglycerols, digalactosyldiacylglycerols, sulphoquinovosyldiacylglycerols, phosphatidylglycerols and phosphatidylcholine. An extract from a spring bloom sample in combination with separate lipid standards were used to optimize the chromatographic parameters. Nine classes could be identified and quantified in this extract, the major classes being triacylglycerols and nonpolar lipids. Detection limits attainable were in the range 16 ng for cholesterol to 820 ng for sulphoquinovosyldiacylglycerols. In an extract of the cyanobacteria Aphanizomenon sp. the dominating classes were found to be chlorophyll a, sulphoquinovosyldiacylglycerols, monogalactosyldiacylglycerols and nonpolar lipids. In a separate study, significant differences in lipid composition and concentrations were found between samples from various depths in the water column. The accuracy of the method was tested by comparing with gravimetric determinations. It was found to be acceptable provided that the main lipid classes can be identified and quantified. The ELS detector was modified electronically in such a way that two chromatograms with different gain factors could be obtained from the same run, thus halving the time for analysis for the majority of samples since evaluation of various lipid concentration levels often require that a sample is run twice with different gain factors. The time between injections, including column equilibration, was 55 min.

Effect of environmental conditions on fatty acid composition of the red alga Porphyridium cruentum: Correlation to growth rate

Article

Sep 1988

The lipid and fatty acid composition of Porphyridium cruentum was determined as a function of light intensity, temperature, pH, and salinity. In cultures cultivated at the optimal temperature under non-limiting light conditions, eicosapentaenoic acid was the main polyunsaturated fatty acid. When growth rate was reduced by decreased light intensity, increased cell concentration, suboptimal temperature, suboptimal PH, or increased salinity, the content of eicosapentaenoic acid decreased and that of arachidonic acid increased, the latter becoming the major polyunsaturated fatty acid. Key index words: arachidonic acid; eicosapentaenoic acid; environment effects, microalgal mass cultivation; Porphyridium

Nutrition of Penaeus japonicus

Article

Mar 1998

Shin-Ichi Teshima

This article provides an overview of the nutritional requirements of larval and juvenile Penaeus japonicus, referring to past studies briefly and focusing on recent studies on proteins, lipids, and other essential nutrients. Also, the quantitative requirements of nutrients in crustacean species were critically evaluated in relation to net nutrient intake in P. japonicus. Like fish and other vertebrates, larval and juvenile P. japonicus require 10 essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals for their normal development, growth, survival, and reproduction. In contrast to fish and other vertebrates, however, both larval and juvenile prawns require dietary sources of sterols and some phospholipids as indispensable nutrients. Metabolic studies on juvenile P. japonicus using radioactive lipids suggested that dietary phospholipids take part in the transport of dietary lipids, especially cholesterol, through the hemolymph in their body. In nutritional studies, leaching or loss of dietary nutrients into the water is an obstacle to development of valid conclusions on nutrient requirements of P. japonicus, particularly the larvae.

Nutritional Requirements of the Black Tiger Shrimp: Penaeus monodon

Article

Mar 1998

Houng-Yung Chen

This article presents an overview of recent progress in the nutrition of Penaeus monodon and its implications in feed formulation. Recently published results of many dietary trials with P. monodon have helped build the basic framework of knowledge concerning the dietary requirements of the species. These advances will undoubtedly upgrade P. monodon feed formulation that in the past, depended heavily on limited information and requirements derived from other species. Key subjects dealt with in this review are assessed under the headings digestion and digestibility, protein and essential amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids and sterols, and vitamins. Other dietary components such as energy, minerals, feeding stimulants, pigmentation, and immunostimulants are briefly reviewed. Recent attention has focused on essential amino acid and vitamin requirements. Studies using different dietary preparations and feeding methods have established the dietary requirements of juvenile P. monodon for arginine, lysine, methionine (+cystine), threonine, and valine. These requirements are comparable to the known requirements of many finfish. Requirements of P. monodon for almost all major vitamins have been established and are not much higher than those suggested for warmwater finfish such as channel catfish, despite the shrimp's unique aspects of metabolism.

Biostatistical Analysis (Fourth Edition)

Article

Jan 1999

Jerrold H. Zar

In Biostatistical Analysis

Article

Jan 1999

J. H. G. Zar

Survival and growth of hatchery-reared individuals of the European lobster, Homarus gammarus (L.), in field-based nursery cages on the Irish west coat

Article

Jul 2002
AQUACULTURE

At present, one of two strategies is employed by fisheries managers for enhancing wild stocks of homarid lobsters using hatchery-reared individuals. The first is repeated releases of large numbers (>5000 at a time) of postlarvae (stage IV and V; carapace length [CL]=5–7 mm) to selected bottom locations. This option exists primarily because these programs lack space, time, and/or the finances to rear animals to larger sizes that would most likely have initially higher survival rates. The second is to rear animals in the laboratory for 5–8 months to stage XII+ (CL=12–16 mm) and then release small numbers (<1000) of these relatively large juveniles. To date there has been no attempt to release large numbers of relatively large juveniles because the costs are too prohibitive.

Free amino-acids and ninhydrin-positive substances in fish—I. muscle and skin of the rainbow trout (salmo gairdnerii richardson)

Article

Dec 1978
Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol

1.1. Free amino acids and ninhydrin-positive substances of rainbow trout muscular tissue and skin were studied using ion-exchange automatic chromatography.2.2. In both tissue, 35 compounds were located and identified on the data. Identification was not performed for two other related substances.3.3. 1-methylhistidine and 3-methylhistidine were revealed together in muscular tissue. The last compound exists in large amounts and represents an important cellular effector.4.4. Quantitatively, glycine and alanine were found to be the two most important amino-acids measured in muscle. Their role in osmotic pressure regulation was considered.5.5. Skin total amino acid content is very low. High taurine and low proline concentrations are the main characteristics of this tissue.

Interannual variations of lipids and fatty acids during larval development of Crangon spp. In the German Bight, North Sea

Article

Jan 1994
Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol

Eggs and larval stages of the caridean shrimps Crangon crangon and C. allmanni were collected to determine their lipid and fatty acid compositions. Specimens were sampled after the extremely mild winter of 1989/1990 and during the following year, 1991. The fatty acid composition of the zoeal stages of both C. crangon and C. allmanni from 1991 were predominated by the polyunsaturated fatty acids which are typical for marine organisms. In contrast, unsaturated fatty acids were absent in the early larval stages of C. crangon collected in 1990; however, advanced larval stages showed a similar fatty acid composition compared to larvae from 1991. The major phospholipid of eggs and larvae was phosphatidylethanolamine. Eggs contained also phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine, which are probably utilized during embryonic development until hatching because in the early larval stages, only phosphatidylethanolamine was found. In stage VII, again phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine occurred. The lipid and fatty acid composition seems to be an indicator for the survival chances of the planktonic stages. The absence of unsaturated fatty acids may be interpreted as a consequence of unfavorable nutritional conditions during the early developmental phase of the shrimps.

Changes in Volume, Biomass, and Fatty Acids of Developing Eggs in Nauticaris magellanica (Decapoda: Caridea): A Latitudinal Comparison

Article

Aug 1998
J CRUSTACEAN BIOL

The hippolytid shrimp Nauticaris magellanica, with a known geographical distribution covering approximately 35 degrees of latitude, was selected to conduct a latitudinal comparison regarding volume, biomass, and fatty acid changes during embryogenesis. Ovigerous females were collected from populations in northern (Guanaqueros) and central-southern Chile (Metri and Putemun). Recently produced eggs from the 3 populations sampled wen: similar in size (ranging from 0.031-0.038 min(3)). Embryos close to hatching, however, were considerably larger in central-southern Chile (Metri: 0.072 mm(3); Putemun: 0.091 mm(3)) compared with those from Guanaqueros (0.054 mml). Egg volume increase during the incubation period varied between 74% (Guanaqueros) and 160% (Putemun). Wet mass and water content of embryos increased, while dry and ash mass decreased during embryogenesis. Analyses of fatty acids revealed similar results for eggs from the 3 study sites and different developmental stages. The overall utilization of fatty acids, however, was elevated in embryos from the most southern location (Putemun) compared with that found in embryos from the other sampling sites. Main fatty acids of eggs and newly hatched larvae were the polyunsaturates 20:5 (n-3) and 22:6 (n-3), and the saturate 16:0, comprising 21, 16, and 15%, respectively, of the total. The pattern of fatty acid utilization during embryogenesis is characterized by a sharp decline of the 16:1 (n-7) fatty acid. Our results confirm a latitudinal dine in egg volume in N. magellanica. The differences observed among populations may be attributed, however, to differences in the ambient conditions (e.g., temperature, salinity, feeding) of the habitats rather than simply to its northern and southern location. In addition, the lipid biochemistry of developing eggs seems to be unaffected by latitude.

Biochemical changes during embryonic development of Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (Crustacea: Decapoda)

Article

May 2003
AQUACULTURE

The objectives of the present study were to investigate the total and free amino acid profiles and lipid dynamics (lipid classes and fatty acids) during embryogenesis of Nephrops norvegicus, in order to understand the early larval protein and lipid requirements. There was a significant increase in total essential (EAA) and nonessential amino acid (NEAA) contents during embryonic development (P<0.05). The major EAA were arginine, histidine and leucine, while the most important NEAA were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glycine and proline. The higher percent increase occurred in respect to NEAA (19.9%), mainly due to the significant increase of glycine (51.8%) and alanine (35.1%). The free amino acid (FAA) content, especially the free nonessential amino acids (FNEAA), also increased significantly, being the quantitatively most important glycine, proline, taurine and glutamic acid. The free essential amino acids (FEAA) also revealed significant variations and the most important were arginine, lysine and leucine. A higher percent increase was attained with FNEAA (66.8%) in comparison to FEAA (49.6%), mainly due to the significant increase of homocystine (87.7%), valine (83.5%), glutamine (82.5%) and glutamic acid (76.1%). The absorption of dissolved organic compounds from seawater can explain the increase in free and total amino acid (FAA and TAA) contents, because a significant increase in the water content during development was observed (P<0.05). A substantial decrease in all neutral lipid classes (P<0.05) was observed during embryonic development, namely diacylglycerols (DAG) (97.9% of utilization), triacylglycerols (TAG) (93.2%), sterol esters (StE) (91.3%) and monoacylglycerols (MAG) (90.4%). The quantitatively most important fatty acids were the saturates (SFA) 14:0, 16:0 and 18:0, the monounsaturates (MUFA) 16:1n-7, 18:1n-9 and 18:1n-7, and the polyunsaturates (PUFA) 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3, 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3. The unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) are used up at a higher rate (54.5% of utilization) than SFA (42.8%); within the UFA, MUFA are more consumed than PUFA (59.3% and 52.7%, respectively). In terms of the utilization of individual fatty acids, there was a preferential consumption of 20:4n-3, 22:6n-3, 18:1n-9, 22:5n-3 and 16:1n-7. It is evident that N. norvegicus depends primarily on lipid reserves of the egg during early ontogeny. On the contrary, this species tends to conserve EAA and increase NEAA and FNEAA contents during embryonic development.

Some non-protein constituents of the tissues of the lobster

Article

Jul 1955

Lipid dynamics during the embryonic development of Plesionika martia martia (Decapoda; Pandalidae), Palaemon serratus and P. elegans (Decapoda; Palaemonidae): Relation to metabolic consumption

Article

Oct 2002
MAR ECOL-PROG SER

The present study examines the changes in volume and lipid biochemistry during the embryonic development of 3 temperate caridean species - Plesionika martia martia, Palaemon serratus and P. elegans-with similar reproductive strategies but occupying different ecological niches. Egg volume, water content and lipid embryonic metabolism are analysed and discussed in relation to early life history and environmental conditions. An increase in egg volume and water content during embryogenesis was noted in all species, although it was larger in P. serratus. F serratus also had the largest eggs, followed by P. elegans and P. martia martia. The quantitatively most important fatty acids (FA) in the eggs are the saturates (SFA) 14:0, 16:0 and 18:0, the monounsaturates (MUFA) 16:1(n-7), 18:1(n-9) and 18:1(n-7), and the polyunsaturates (PUFA) 18:2(n-6), 18:3(n-3), 20:4(n-6), 20:5(n-3) (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) and 22:6(n-3) (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA). Looking at the predominant FA, there appears to be a higher similarity between P. martia martia and P. serratus. The eggs of these species present similar levels of SFA, highly unsaturated (HUFA) and (n-3) FA but P. martia martia eggs have an extremely elevated MUFA and a low PUFA content. P. elegans has high levels of SFA, PUFA, HUFA and (n-3) FA. R serratus and particularly R martia martia eggs are characterised by a higher DHA:EPA ratio than P. elegans. The similarity between the FA profile of P. martia martia and P. serratus eggs may suggest that these 2 species are exposed to more comparable environmental conditions than P. elegans. As for the utilisation of FA classes during embryonic development, all species showed the same trend - MUFA were found to be the major energetic fuel during embryonic development while SFA and HUFA seemed to be conserved. A steady decrease in total lipids, particularly tri- (TAG) and diacylglycerol (DAG), and FA contents was noted in the 3 species. The utilisation of these lipid classes during the incubation period was comparatively low in P, martia martia and P. elegans in relation to P. serratus eggs. This may suggest a higher dependence of the newly hatched larvae of P. martia martia and P, elegans on their lipid reserves and has been interpreted as an adaptation to the early life history of these species, during which there might be a reduced availability of food.

Maximizing lobster, Homarus gammarus (L.), egg and larval viability

Article

Jun 2008
AQUAC RES

The viability of batches of larvae reared to produce lobsters, Homarus gammarus (L.), for stock-supplementation experiments varied widely and rendered the timing and numbers of juveniles available for release unpredictable. Egg lipid reserves, time of hatching, exposure to low salinity during incubation and the influence of feeding regimes on water quality during larval culture were among the factors judged most likely to have affected viability. There was considerable variation in the lipid content of eggs from different females captured in 1989 and 1990. The proportion of lipid in eggs from females caught in 1990 was higher (10-20%) than that in eggs from females caught in 1989 (6-11%). The fatty acid content of eggs declined 72-80% during development although the overall proportions of fatty acids remained similar. Analysis of eggs and larvae from a single brood showed that rapidly developing eggs and the larvae that hatched from them contained greater triacylglyceride lipid reserves (by 49% and 15% respectively) than those which developed more slowly and hatched later. Exposure to reduced salinity (below 29 psu) prolonged development (by 30%), increased losses (to > 50%) and reduced the ratio of n-3:n-6 fatty acids (from 35-48 to 18-29) of eggs being incubated by captive, wild-caught, female lobsters. Larvae hatching from eggs held in reduced salinity (23 psu) survived less well (3% compared with 15%) than those incubated in sea water of 29 psu. The rate and degree to which fouling organisms became attached to larvae was related to feeding regime but not to development rate. A diet of mysids supplemented with mussel produced most fouling, generally poorer growth and a higher incidence of moulting abnormalities than a diet of mysids supplemented with Artemia nauplii. Among larvae fed Artemia, those developing early were significantly larger at instar 4 than late developers (56.4 mg cf. 49.8 mg, P < 0.05), but such differences in weight were not maintained by juveniles during the following 31 days of culture. The ecological and aquacultural implications of the results are discussed.

Survival and growth of juvenile lobster Homarus gammarus L. raised for stock enhancement within in situ cages

Article

Dec 2001
AQUAC RES

The growth of juvenile lobster Homarus gammarus L. reared on sandy sediments under laboratory conditions was compared with the growth of lobsters reared within in situ cages in the wild. The caged lobsters, left without any attention or care for 3 months, achieved an average size similar to that attained under optimal laboratory conditions. (8.8 mm carapace length; CL). Growth was positively correlated to cage size and depth. Overall average survival was 66%, ranging from 0% to 90% for clusters of 30 individually caged juveniles.

Effect of environmental conditions on fatty acid composition of the red algaPorphyridium crientum: correlation to growth rate. J. Phycol. 24: 328-332

Article

Mar 2008
J PHYCOL

The lipid and fatty acid composition of Porphyridium cruentum was determined as a function of light intensity, temperature, pH, and salinity. In cultures cultivated at the optimal temperature under non-limiting light conditions, eicosapentaenoic acid was the main polyunsaturated fatty acid. When growth rate was reduced by decreased light intensity, increased cell concentration, suboptimal temperature, suboptimal pH, or increased salinity, the content of eicosapentaenoic acid decreased and that of arachidonic acid increased, the latter becoming the major polyunsaturated fatty acid.

Chemical and Physiological Changes During the Embryonic Development of the Spider Crab, Hyas araneus L. (Decapoda: Majidae)

Article

Jun 1997
Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol

During embryogenesis of the spider crab, Hyas araneus, four developmental phases were distinguished microscopically: cleavage, gastrula, embryo differentiation, prehatching phase. Changes in fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), ash-free dry weight (AFDW), water, carbon (C), nitrogen (N), total lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and respiration rates were measured in developing eggs. The percentage of water increased from 52% to 87% of FW, most rapidly after the beginning of organ differentiation and during hatching. The accumulation of minerals followed a similar pattern, with ash increasing from 3% to 7% of DW in the eggs, and to 26% at hatching. Inverse (decreasing) patterns were observed in organic matter (AFDW, C, N, lipids, proteins). During development from the undivided egg to the freshly hatched zoea larva, 69% of the initial lipid and 35% of protein were depleted. Carbohydrates represented a minor constituent of yolk (1% to 2% of DW). In spite of a decreasing protein content, N remained almost constant. This suggests a final increase in low-molecular nitrogenous substances, which are not quantitatively detected by the Lowry method (probably free amino acids); we suspect that these may play a role in the hatching process. In the gastrula, and from about 3 months after the onset of organ differentiation until 1 or 2 months before hatching, low embryonic respiration rates as well as microscopical observations indicated the existence of developmental resting periods. Such diapause-like intervals may coordinate the time of hatching with a short season of planktonic food production in high latitudes. The relative importance of lipids and proteins as fuel for embryogenesis is compared with that in other crustacean taxa.

Osmotic regulation in late embryos and prelarvae of the American lobster Homarus americanus H. Milne-Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea, Decapoda)

Article

Aug 1987
J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL

Osmotic regulation of embryos, hatching prelarvae, and free prelarvae was studied in Homarus americanus H. Milne-Edwards, 1837. Adaptation time in dilute media was much longer in embryos than in hatchlings and prelarvae. Regulation in dilute media was hyperosmotic in embryos and hyperosmoconforming in hatchlings and prelarvae. The change in type of osmoregulation that occurred during the hatch is due to the rupture of the relatively impermeable outer egg membrane.RésuméChez Homarus americanus H. Milne-Edwards, 1837 la régulation osmotique a été étudiée chez des oeufs intacts, des prélarves en cours d'éclosion et des prélarves libres après l'éclosion. Le temps d'adaptation en milieux dilués est beaucoup plus long pour les oeufs intacts que pour les prélarves en cours d'éclosion et libres. La régulation en milieux dilués est hyper-osmotique chez les oeufs intacts et hyperosmoconformatrice chez les prélarves en cours d'éclosion et libres. Le changement de type d'osmorégulation qui se produit durant l'éclosion est dû à la rupture de la membrane externe peu perméable de l'oeuf.

Yolk utilization and hatching time in the Canadian lobster Homarus americanus

Article

Nov 1970

T. J. Pandian

During the course of its embryonic development, the Canadian lobster Homarus americanus Milne-Edwards exhibits steady increases in water content (56.2 to 86.8%) and ash (5.8 to 21.2%), and a progressive decrease in energy content from 6636 to 4292 cal/g dry weight. Mean dry weight of a single egg is 965 g, equivalent to 6.4 cal; a freshly hatched egg. The lobster hatches about 1,500 larvae per night over a period of 4 to 5 days. Dry weight, ash and calorific contents of larvae hatched on different days show considerable variations. After larvae hatch on the first day, continuous salt absorption by eggs to hatch on subsequent days leads to a steady increase in ash content from 143 g/larva hatched on the first day to 255 g/larva hatched on the fourth day, and consequently, to an increase in dry weight from 854 to 956 g/larva. Metabolism of embryos (0.1 cal/day), which are yet to be hatched on subsequent days, depletes the calorific content per unit weight (from 4637 to 3837 cal/g dry weight) as well as per larva (from 3.98 to 3.67 cal).

The fate of some 14C-labelled dietary lipids in the tiger prawn Penaeus esculentus

Article

Aug 1993

Penaeus esculentus Haswell were collected from Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia, by trawling during 1987–1988. After standardisation for nutritional state and moult stage (C to D0), prawns were fed one of three 14C labelled lipids: a non-essential fatty acid (FA: palmitic acid, 16:0); an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA: eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5n-3); and the essential sterol, cholesterol. The diet was not deficient in any of these lipids. Experiments were run for 24 and 72 h, the rate of production and radioactivity of CO2 was determined, and at the end of each experiment lipid classes of the neutral (NL) and polar lipid (PL) fractions of the digestive gland, abdominal muscle and integument were separated and the 14C counted. Approximately 34% of the 14C16:0 and 14C20:5n-3 was oxidised to CO2 at similar rates up to 72 h, both reacing a peak at 12 h; cholesterol was not oxidised to CO2. The distribution in the tissues of 14C from all three labels was similar: digestive gland > muscle > remainder > blood > gills > proventriculus > hindgut. This was not due to mass of the tissue or its lipid content. Most of the label from the FA was in PL (digestive gland > 50%, muscle and integument > 80%). In the NL, most of the label was in free FA; in the PL classes, 14C was predominant in phosphatidylcholine (PC), especially in the muscle and integument. The data indicate that the digestive gland is a major site of lipid synthesis, as well as assimilation and storage. The distribution of the 14C20:5n-3 label differed appreciably from that of 14C16:0 only in the PL fraction, where it was more evenly distributed. It was concluded that, when in excess, the fate of this essential PUFA is similar to that of non-essential FA. Labelled cholesterol was distributed readily through the tissues, but appeared to be mostly retained as such.

Maturation performance, offspring quality and lipid composition of Macrobrachium rosenbergii females fed increasing levels of dietary phospholipids

Article

Jan 2000

The effects of increasing levels of dietaryphospholipids (PL) on the reproductive performance,egg and larval quality, and lipid composition offemales of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachiumrosenbergii were investigated. Three isolipidic dietscontaining similar amounts of highly unsaturated fattyacids but varying levels of PL (0.8, 2.4 and 4.6%)were fed during 180 days to three groups of eightfemales originating from Thai ponds. No significantdifferences were observed for fecundity, egg size andhatchability, starved larvae size, and size, survivaland tolerance to stress of 8 day-old larvae.Similarly, no major differences in the lipidcomposition of the midgut gland, ovaries and muscletissue of females could be detected. Results indicatethe lack of need of dietary supplementation of PL forM. rosenbergii broodstock, as previouslyreported for earlier life stages. It is suggested thatthe basal level of 0.8% dietary PL was sufficient tomeet the dietary demands of the prawn broodstock. ThePL requirements of M. rosenbergii broodstock, ifany, may be satisfied in commercial feeds through theinclusion of ingredients containing some phospholipidsendogenously.

Changes in yolk total proteins and lipid components and embryonic growth rates during lobster ( Homarus americanus) egg development under a simulated seasonal temperature cycle

Article

Jun 2004

From August 2000 to June 2001, seven egg-carrying female lobster (Homarus americanus) from the les de la Madeleine population (Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada) were held under a simulated seasonal temperature cycle to monitor egg development from extrusion to hatching. For the first time, changes in the yolk components (total lipids and major lipid classes, total proteins) and embryo growth of single eggs were monitored separately over the entire development period. Under the controlled temperature conditions, egg development proceeded in three phases. (1) Autumn, from extrusion to early December, was marked by a rapid increase in the Perkinss eye index and rapid declines in yolk total proteins and triacylglycerols (TAG). Embryo daily growth rate was estimated between 1 and 2g proteins day–1. (2) Winter, from late December to early April (temperature stable at ca. 1C) was characterized by a stationary phase in the evolution of the eye index and yolk lipid use, and embryo growth slowed significantly. (3) Spring, from late April to hatching in June was the period with the most rapid changes in yolk TAG and embryo growth rates >6g proteins day–1 were recorded. Almost 65% of the live biomass (total proteins) of the hatching larvae was accumulated during the last few weeks of development. An index of embryo growth efficiency was estimated as the slope of the relationship between embryo total proteins and yolk TAG during egg development. A relationship was found between the initial mean egg dry weight and the embryo growth efficiency index suggesting that under the same experimental conditions bigger eggs used yolk lipids more efficiently and sustained faster embryonic growth than smaller eggs. The relationship may also explain why larger larvae originate from larger eggs.

Biochemical changes during the reproductive cycle of the deep-sea decapod Nephrops norvegicus on the south coast of Portugal

Article

Dec 2002

The objectives of the present study were to characterize the changes in the proximate chemical composition, lipid classes, fatty-acid profiles, glycogen and cholesterol contents of the muscle, ovary and hepatopancreas of Nephrops norvegicus (L.), during the reproduction cycle of this species. The gonadosomatic index increased significantly in May and June and during maturation, suggesting that spawning may start in late spring or summer. The hepatosomatic index also increased throughout the ovarian maturation, suggesting that the hepatopancreatic resources are not depleted. Positive correlations between lipid levels in the ovary and the gonadosomatic index (r=0.51, P<0.05) and the hepatopsomatic index (r=0.27, P<0.05) were found. In fact, ovarian lipid levels increased with maturation, but no concomitant decrease occurred in hepatopancreatic lipids. The muscle showed very low lipid levels (mainly polar lipids), presenting a significant increase during May and June (P<0.05). Higher proportions of neutral lipids, mainly triacylglycerols, were observed in the ovary and the hepatopancreas. Since both ovarian and hepatopancreatic cholesterol increased with maturation, the mobilization of hepatopancreatic cholesterol stores to build up ovarian cholesterol was not clear. On the other hand, protein and glycogen contents in the muscle, ovary and hepatopancreas did not vary as a function of ovary maturity stage. Among the various tissues analysed, the glycogen was mainly stored in the hepatopancreas and to a lesser extent in the muscle. In both ovary and hepatopancreas the major fatty acids were 16:0, 18:1(n-7), 18:1(n-9), 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3), and significant increases (P<0.05) in the levels of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were observed in the ovary during sexual maturation, which indicates these compounds are the major sources of energy during embryonic and early larval development. It was evident that reproduction has profound effects upon the biochemistry of this species, because there are large associated energy costs, owing to the increase in biosynthetic work, which will support the lecithotrophic strategy of the embryos and first larval stages.

Effect of highly unsaturated fatty acids, α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid in broodstock diet on egg composition and development of Penaeus indicus

Article

Nov 1995
Comp Biochem Physiol Physiol

Experiments were conducted by feeding Penaeus indicus broodstock with compound diets containing different concentrations of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid. In the range of dietary HUFA concentration, from 1.4% to 2.5% of dry matter, the HUFA concentration in eggs was maintained at a constant value, 3.8% of dry matter, promoting embryonic development. Eggs with poor HUFA concentration (2%/dry matter) were obtained by feeding broodstock with low dietary HUFA content, resulting in low ability to develop. These results suggest that this concentration is insufficient to sustain membrane development during embryogenesis. The α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid concentrations in broodstock diet affected their concentration in eggs and hatchability. The action of these two vitamins in preventing HUFA oxidation in developing eggs is discussed.

The significance of lipids at early stages of marine fish: A review

Article

Sep 1997
AQUACULTURE

The present work reviews the significance of lipids at different early stages of marine fish larvae. Lipids in broodstock nutrition are considered to be important for the quality of the larvae. Lipids affect the spawning and the egg quality of many fish species and a deficiency in (n−3) highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) in broodstock negatively affects fecundity, fertilization rate and hatching rate of the species studied. Lipids as a source of energy at the embryonic and larval stage (before first-feeding) are evaluated in relation to other sources of energy such as protein and carbohydrates. After hatching and prior to first-feeding, some marine species show a preference in catabolizing phosphatidylcholine, whereas phosphatidylethanolamine tends to be synthesized. The effect of long-term (LT) and short-term (ST) enrichment techniques on the lipid composition of rotifers has been documented using various marine oils/emulsions. The quantitative and qualitative lipid class and fatty acid composition of diets influenced the lipid and fatty acid composition of both LT- or ST-enriched rotifers. The nutritional improvement of Artemia is also important and may follow the general methods used for rotifers. The functions of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) during early stages of marine fish larvae are apparently different. High amounts of EPA in relation to DHA may create an imbalance in the structural composition of the phospholipids, which could affect the normal growth and the quality of the larvae. Turbot larvae tended to exhibit lower pigmentation success with lower DHA:EPA ratio in the total lipid fraction of the larvae, especially when the absolute amounts of EPA were high compared to those of DHA (in the total lipid and phospholipid fraction of the larvae). Considerable research is necessary to clarify many aspects regarding the function of these fatty acids, especially how their content at the egg stage can affect further requirements for normal growth and survival.

Arachidonic acid in aquaculture feeds: Current status and future opportunities

Article

Mar 2003
AQUACULTURE

The importance of arachidonic acid (20:4n−6, ARA) in fish nutrition has tended to be overlooked in preference to eicosapentaenoic (20:5n−3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (22:6n−3, DHA), probably due to the predominance of the latter two HUFA in fish tissues. However, despite the abundance of EPA and DHA in fish tissues, the importance of ARA as the primary eicosanoid precursor has been recognised for some time. Only very recently has the relative importance of ARA been given due acknowledgement and already the potential benefits to fish physiology and biochemistry of optimising the ARA nutrition of fish are becoming clear. In the coming decade, the role of dietary ARA should be the focus of considerably more research activity than has occurred to date. The results will undoubtedly emphasise why this ubiquitous HUFA cannot be underestimated in fish nutrition.

The biochemical composition of eggs from Macrobrachium rosenbergii in relation to embryonic development

Article

Dec 1990
Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol

1.1. The proximate (water, protein, lipid, mineral ash) and elemental (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus) composition of eggs of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man, 1879) (Crustacea, Decapoda) were determined in relation to embryonic development. Eggs were sampled at four intervals during development, ranging from day 1 (newly spawned) to day 16 (about to hatch).2.2. Egg dry mass, lipid and carbon content all decreased during development as reserves were utilized; at the same time both water and mineral ash content increased. Although the mean content of both nitrogen and protein declined during development these were not statistically significant due to a high variance. Egg phosphorus content remained constant throughout development.3.3. In the lipid fraction triacylgycerol fatty acids provided the major fuel, although phospholipid was also utilized. The most important substrates were 16:0 and 18:1 fatty acids.4.4. There were strong suggestions of an initial increase in egg lipid content during the first 5 days of development, though this was not statistically significant and the source of the extra material is unknown.

Variation in lipid classes and fatty acid content in tissues of wild Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) females during maturation

Article

Feb 2001
AQUACULTURE

This study describes the variations in total lipid, lipid classes and fatty acids in the midgut gland (MG), ovary, and muscle tissue of wild-caught Macrobrachium rosenbergii to elucidate the importance of these components during sexual maturation. Mature females were captured in the Mae Klong River, Thailand, from July to September 1998, and divided into five groups according to their ovarian development. Total lipid levels in the ovary increased with maturation, but no concomitant decrease in MG lipids was observed. Thus, the lipid requirements of the developing ovary are thought to be more dependent on the immediate ingestion of dietary lipid than on MG reserves. Higher proportions of neutral lipids (NL), mainly triacylglycerols (TG), were observed in both MG and ovary, whereas polar lipids (PL) predominated in muscle. In the ovary, total NL increased significantly along with maturation mainly due to an increase of TG and sterols. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) formed the bulk of ovarian PL and also increased significantly as maturation progressed. Major fatty acids in both MG and ovary were 14:0, 16:0, 18:0, 18:1n−9, 18:2n−6, 18:3n−3, 20:4n−6, 20:5n−3 and 22:6n−3. Significant increases in the levels of saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids were observed in both MG and ovary. The levels of n−3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), particularly 20:5n−3, decreased in the MG as ovarian development proceeded. In contrast, an increase in the ovarian contents of n−3 HUFA was detected.

Fish larval nutrition: A review of recent advances in the roles of amino acids

Article

Jul 1999
AQUACULTURE

Marine pelagic fish eggs from various latitudes contain up to 50% of the total amino acid pool as free amino acids (FAAs). The FAA pool is established during final oocyte maturation and seems to derive from the hydrolysis of a yolk protein. During yolk resorption, the FAA pool is depleted and reaches low levels at first feeding. The FAA are predominantly used as metabolic fuel, but they are also utilized for body protein synthesis. Amino acids are also important catabolic substrates after the onset of first feeding and may account for 60% or higher of the energy dissipation. Since growth is primarily an increase in body muscle mass by protein synthesis and accretion and fish larvae have very high growth rates, they have a high dietary requirement for amino acids. Fish larvae that develop stomachs late in development have a low proteolytic and absorptive capacities of the digestive systems at first feeding. In vivo studies have shown higher absorption of FAA than peptides and protein bound amino acids from the larval gut in the early stages of marine fish larvae. In the ocean, marine fish larvae obtain a large supply of FAA by consuming plankton after first feeding. The FAA composition of live feed used in aquaculture may to some extent be manipulated within rearing conditions and species and strain selection. While microdiets are a promising feed for larval fish, no satisfactory techniques have at present been developed that allows delivery of high contents of FAA. New techniques using liposomes have the potential to alleviate this problem.

Influence of dietary lipid sources on fecundity, egg hatchability and fatty acid composition of Chinese prawn (Penaeus chinensis) broodstock

Article

Feb 1994
AQUACULTURE

The effect of feeding four semi-purified diets containing different lipid sources (anchovy oil, linseed oil, corn oil and pork lard) on fecundity, egg hatchability and egg and spent gonadal tissue fatty acid composition of Chinese prawn (Penaeus chinensis) broodstock was compared with a fresh clam diet in a 60-day feeding trial. Broodstock prawn fed the diet containing pork lard showed poor fecundity and low egg hatchability. Broodstock fed the diets containing linseed or corn oil showed improved egg production (P<0.05); however, no significant improvement in hatchability was observed. When broodstock were fed the diet containing anchovy oil, both fecundity and egg hatchability were significantly improved (P<0.01).Eggs from broodstock fed anchovy oil as sole dietary lipid had a higher n−3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) content (27.6%) compared with those of prawn fed diets containing linseed oil (19.5%), corn oil (14.0%) or pork lard (12.8%). Good correlations between the 20:5n−3 content of the egg lipid and fecundity and between 22:6n−3 content and hatchability were observed. The results suggest that each of these n−3 HUFAs may play different and specific roles in crustacean reproduction and that either or both must be included in the broodstock diet.

Influence of phospholipid and highly unsaturated fatty acids on SR and egg and tissue composition in Penaeus vannamei fed semi-purified diets

Article

Sep 1994
AQUACULTURE

In order to study the influence of dietary phospholipids (PL) and highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) on spawning rate and egg and organ lipid composition of P. vannamei, three batches of eyestalk-ablated spawners were fed semi-purified diets for a period of 45 days. The semi-purified diets differed only in their lipid composition: diet HR had high HUFA and PL concentrations, diet HD had low HUFA and high PL concentrations, while diet PLD had low PL and HUFA concentrations. Control spawners were fed fresh mussel. The spawning rate of the PLD group was one-third of that obtained in the other three groups. Egg numbers per spawning were similar in groups fed the semi-purified diets but significantly inferior (P<0.05) to the number observed in the control group. A large lipid deposition, mainly due to neutral lipid (NL), was observed in the hepatopancreas of animals fed semi-purified diets. The total lipid concentration of eggs did not significantly change with the different diets, but PL concentration of eggs was affected by that of diet. Fatty acid composition of both PL and NL of hepatopancreas, muscle and eggs was widely affected by dietary fatty acid composition. The time course variation of egg fatty acid composition during the feeding period notably showed that the HUFA concentration in eggs of HD and PLD groups fell below 2.5% dry matter after 20 days while it was maintained at up to 4% in eggs of the control group. The ability of eggs containing such a low level of HUFA to sustain lecitotrophic development is discussed with reference to previous studies.

Pyruvate reductases catalyze the formation of lactate and opines in anaerobic invertebrates

Article

Dec 1986
Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol

The recent discovery of several enzymes, other than lactate dehydrogenase, with pyruvate reductase activity together with studies on the formation of end products of glycolysis during environmental and functional anaerobiosis have made it clear that anaerobic glycolysis in invertebrates is more important than previously thought. The presence of pyruvate reductase activity guarantees the continuous flux of glycolysis and, consequently, a constant supply of ATP by maintaining a low NADH/NAD+ ratio during exercise and hypoxia as well as in the subsequent recovery period. This review summarizes distribution, physicochemical, catalytic and regulative parameters of lactate-, octopine-, strombine- and alanopine dehydrogenase. In the second part, details are given on the formation of the end products lactate, octopine, strombine and alanopine as well as an evaluation of the biological role of the pyruvate reductases.

Changes in amino acids and lipids during embryogenesis of European lobster, Homarus gammarus (Crustacea: Decapoda)

Abstract

No full-text available

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