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Antinociceptive and anti-infammatory activities of Acacia pennata wild (Mimosaceae)
Abstract
The butanolic fraction of dried leaves of Acacia pennata (Mimosaceae) was tested for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in animal models. It showed significant protective effects against chemical stimuli (acetic acid and formalin) in the mouse. It also produced a significant increase of the threshold of sensitivity to pressure-induced pain in the rats. The extract revealed an inhibitory effect in carrageenin-induced rat paw oedema in the late phase. The results suggested that a peripheral mechanism is involved in the analgesic, associated to anti-inflammatory effect (NSAIDs-like). Among the class of compounds characterized in this fraction, flavonoids may be mainly responsible for the pharmacological activities.
... Bark juice is taken orally in water for stomachache [65,66] Continued Bark Mexico Used against inflammatory diseases [66] Acacia pennivenia Leaf Yemen Leaf paste is used for women with mastitis [67] Acacia pruinocarpa Tindale Seed Australia Seeds are used against headache [29] A. salicina Leaf Tunisia Infusions of fresh or dried leaf are used for treating inflammation, diarrhea, rheumatism, cancer, and improving fertility [68,69] A. senegal Leaf, gum, bark, flower Egypt, North Africa, South Africa, West Africa, Northern Nigeria Gum and leaves are used for pneumonia, boils, leprosy, bleeding, bronchitis, diarrhea, gonorrhea, leprosy, typhoid fever, and sprain. ...
... Three-methoxyflavones appear to be common in Australian species, though few Australian species have been examined. A large number of apigenin (40)(41), catechin (16-26 and 29-33), epicatechin (27)(28), kaempferol (42)(43)(44)(45)(46), naringenin (36)(37)(38)(39), quercetin (56)(57)(58)(59)(60)(61)(62)(63)(64)(65), and myricetin (47-55) derivatives have been identified in both African and Australian Acacia (Table 9.2). Most catechin and epicatechin derivatives are present in South African species such as A. nilotica, A. gerrardii, and A. giraffae, whereas A. catechu is the other African species that contains only catechin (Table 9.2). ...
... For example, A. pennata (leaf ) [65], A. nilotica (pod, leaf, and root bark), [59,75], A. mearnsii (leaf and bark) [289], A. sinuata (Lour.) Merr. ...
Acacia sensu lato is a large and widespread genus of the family Fabaceae with more than 1350 species. Taxonomically, this genus is complex and has undergone substantial controversial revisions recently. Acacia have been used as folk medicines for the treatment of a wide range of disorders including gastrointestinal, respiratory, eye, skin, teeth, blood, uterine, and endocrine problems. Gums (heteropolysaccharides) and condensed tannins (flavan-3-ol derivatives) are the most commonly reported constituents in Acacia. Pharmacological studies, at least in vitro, have demonstrated antioxidant, analgesic, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, anti-Alzheimer's, and antimalarial effects of Acacia extracts. A number of secondary metabolites including phenols, alkaloids, and terpenoids, some with useful biological activities, have been reported in acacias. Very few species have been investigated for their phytochemical composition and biological activities. Hitherto, Acacia is largely an untapped resource of valuable secondary plant metabolites that have not gained enough scientific attention. This review aims to survey and critically appraise current literature on Acacia to provide sufficient baseline information for future work and potential commercial exploitation of Acacia.
... The data presented in Fig. 1 indicate that MEOC significantly reduced acetic acid induced abdominal writhing in mice. These results support the hypothesis that MEOC may act by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis because of the nociceptive mechanism of abdominal writhing induced by acetic acid metabolites via cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin biosynthesis [22,32]. However, an important disadvantage of the acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing test model is that other classes of drugs, including adrenergic receptor antagonists, antihistamines, central nervous system stimulants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, serotonin antagonists, muscle relaxants, and neuroleptics, can also inhibit abdominal writhing, favoring possible false-positive result [22,28,32]. ...
... These results support the hypothesis that MEOC may act by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis because of the nociceptive mechanism of abdominal writhing induced by acetic acid metabolites via cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin biosynthesis [22,32]. However, an important disadvantage of the acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing test model is that other classes of drugs, including adrenergic receptor antagonists, antihistamines, central nervous system stimulants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, serotonin antagonists, muscle relaxants, and neuroleptics, can also inhibit abdominal writhing, favoring possible false-positive result [22,28,32]. Due to the lack of specificity, positive results in the abdominal writhing test should be recognized in the context of results obtained in other experimental models. ...
... Intraplantar injection of formalin has been reported to produce a distinct biphasic nociceptive response [12,21], termed first and second phases [20]. The first phase, commonly denominated early or neurogenic phase (from 0 to 5 min after injection formalin) results from a direct stimulation of nociceptors (predominantly C-fibres) [22,23,27,28,31,32,34]. Substance P, glutamate and bradykinin are thought to participate in this phase, which is believed to be non-inflammatory pain [28]. ...
... The time the mice spent licking or biting the injected paw or leg was recorded. On the basis of the response pattern described by Dongmo et al. (2005), two distinct periods of intensive licking activity were identified. The first period (early phase) was recorded 0-5 min after the injection of formalin, and the second period (late phase) was recorded 20-30 min after the injection. ...
... Paw formalin injection produces two distinct phases of pain-like behavior: the first phase (0-5 min), followed by a second (20-30 min) after formalin injection. The early phase of intensive pain, which starts immediately after formalin injection, seems to be caused predominantly by activation of C-fibers subsequent to peripheral stimulation (Dongmo et al. 2005). The late phase of moderate pain, which started 20 min after formalin injection and lasted 30 min, appears to be caused by tissue and functional changes in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (Coderre et al. 1990). ...
... This model causes an inflammatory response that occurs in three phases: the first phase occurs within the first hour post carrageenan injection and is characterized by the release of histamine and 5-HT. The second phase is mediated by kinins, and finally in a third phase, the mediator is suspected to be prostaglandin (Dongmo et al. 2005). Like indomethacin, EABp (200 mg/kg) was effective against all three phases of carrageenan-induced inflammation. ...
This study was undertaken to assess the analgesic and antiinflammatory activities of the ethyl acetate extract of Cylicodiscus gabunensis stem bark (EACg) in mice and rats. For analgesia, acetic acid, formalin, hot plate, and tail immersion tests were selected, while carrageenan, serotonin and histamine tests were carried out for inflammation. The EACg was administered by oral route at the doses of 100, 200, and 400mg/kg. All the doses, were efficient on pain, with a more potent effect at 200 mg/kg (P<0.01) expressing 61.55% of inhibition in the acetic acid test or 63.11 and 87.09 % respectively during the first and the second phase in the formalin test. For the pain induced by thermal stimuli, the plant at 200 mg/kg expressed 73.09% of inhibition during the first hour in the hot plate test and 70.40% in the tail immersion test during the fourth hour. The effect of EACg (200mg/kg) was partially reversed by naloxone (1 mg/kg) in all the analgesic tests. For inflammation, the oedema volume at all the doses, was significantly reduced with 68.21 %; or 87.09 %; and 87.09 % respectively in the carrageenan, serotonin and histamine tests (one hour post dosing) at the dose of 200mg/kg(P<0.01). These results suggest that the EACg may have components that interact with opioid receptors, or serotonin and histamine pathways. The results from phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins, which may be responsible of the properties of the extract.
... The time the mice spent licking or biting the injected paw or leg was recorded. On the basis of the response pattern described by Dongmo et al. (2005), two distinct periods of intensive licking activity were identified. The first period (early phase) was recorded 0-5 min after the injection of formalin, and the second period (late phase) was recorded 20-30 min after the injection. ...
... Paw formalin injection produces two distinct phases of pain-like behavior: the first phase (0-5 min), followed by a second (20-30 min) after formalin injection. The early phase of intensive pain, which starts immediately after formalin injection, seems to be caused predominantly by activation of C-fibers subsequent to peripheral stimulation (Dongmo et al. 2005). The late phase of moderate pain, which started 20 min after formalin injection and lasted 30 min, appears to be caused by tissue and functional changes in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (Coderre et al. 1990). ...
... This model causes an inflammatory response that occurs in three phases: the first phase occurs within the first hour post carrageenan injection and is characterized by the release of histamine and 5-HT. The second phase is mediated by kinins, and finally in a third phase, the mediator is suspected to be prostaglandin (Dongmo et al. 2005). Like indomethacin, EABp (200 mg/kg) was effective against all three phases of carrageenan-induced inflammation. ...
Bidens pilosa is an Asteraceae widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments including pain and inflammation. The present work was undertaken to assess the analgesic and antiinflammatory properties of the ethyl acetate fraction of methylene chloride/methanol (1:1) extract of leaves of Bidens pilosa at the gradual doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg in mice and rats, respectively. The analgesic properties of Bidens
pilosa were investigated using the acetic acid writhing, hot plate, capsaicin and formalin-induced pain models. This was followed by a study of the antiinflammatory properties using carrageenan, dextran, histamine and serotonin to induce acute inflammation in rat hind paw. The extract provided a significant (p < 0.01) reduction in pain induced by all four models of nociception. It also presented significant (p < 0.05) antiinflammatory activity in all four models of acute inflammation. These results show that the ethyl acetate fraction of methylene chloride/methanol (1:1) of Bidens pilosa has both analgesic and antiinflammatory properties. The qualitative analysis of the fraction by the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint revealed the presence of two flavonoids, namely quercetin and iso-okanin, known to have antiinflammatory and antinociceptive properties, which could be responsible for the analgesic and antiinflammatory effects observed.
... Selvam and Jachak reported that the carrageenan and formalin-induced paw edema models were more effective in evaluating the COX enzyme inhibition activity [30] . The Acacia genus has already been explored extensively for antiinflammatory activity [31][32][33] . On the basis of the above-reported evidence, it could be concluded that the antiinflammatory action of A. auriculiformis extract on the carrageenan and formalin-induced paw edema models could be mediated by the inhibition of COX enzyme. ...
... Besides COX enzyme inhibition, phenolic compounds also inhibited other pro-inflammatory mediators and their activity through gene suppression. Some phenolic compounds in inflammatory and antioxidant pathways can up/downregulate the transcriptional factors like nuclear factor-kB or Nrf-2 [32] . On the basis of the above-reported evidence, it could be summarised that the compounds identified through GC-MS analysis possessed pharmacological significance indicating the antioxidant and antiinflammatory potential of the plant A. auriculiformis. ...
The prime objective of the present study was to evaluate the probable in vivo antiinflammatory potential
of various extracts of the leaves of Acacia auriculiformis Benth. using carrageenan and formalin-induced
inflammation in the rats. Thereafter gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the bioactive
extract was performed to identify the compounds responsible for the antiinflammatory activity. The
in vitro antioxidant potential was determined through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging assay,
hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay and reducing power assay. Overall butanol and methanol leaf extracts
showed significant antioxidant free radical scavenging activity. The methanol and petroleum ether leaf
extracts at a dose of 400 mg/kg showed the highest percent inhibition of 84.88 and 82.12, respectively in
the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model, whereas, in formalin-induced rat paw edema model the
chloroform and methanol leaf extracts showed the highest percent inhibition of 65.68 and 63.34 at a dose
of 400 mg/kg, respectively. In both the antiinflammatory models, indomethacin (standard, 40 mg/kg) was
used for comparison with test extracts. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of bioactive
butanol and methanol extracts showed the presence of compounds like sterols (stigmasterol, β-sitosterol
and γ-sitosterol) and phenolic compounds (phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl),2,4-ditert-butylphenol), which
could be responsible for the pharmacological activities observed. These in vitro and in vivo studies indicated
that the antiinflammatory and antioxidant potential of the methanol leaf extract of Acacia auriculiformis
Benth. could due to the presence of high phenolic and sterol content.
... Mice were treated with methanol extract of A. klaineanum (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg), or vehicle (water, 10 ml/kg) and standard drug (Paracetamol, 50 mg/kg) 30 min before administration of acetic acid. The number of writhings and stretching was recorded and permitted to express the percentage of protection using ratio: (control mean -treated mean) × 100/control mean (Dongmo et al., 2005). ...
... Mice were treated with methanol extract of A. klaineanum (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg), or vehicle (water, 10 ml/kg) and standard drug (morphine, 5 mg/kg) 30 min before administration of algic substance. The percentage inhibition of licking was calculated by was recorded: ( C -T)/T × 100; where C represents the vehicle control group value for each phase and T represents the treat group value for each phase (Dongmo et al., 2005). ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Antrocaryon klaineanum is used by traditional healers to treat many disorders including pain and inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the analgesic and antiinflammatory activities of methanol extract of A. klaineanum in mice and rats.
Materials and methods:
Reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was performed to establish the chromatographic fingerprint and to identify various chemical components of the plant extract. The anti-nociceptive activity of methanol extract of A. klaineanum was assessed using the acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction model, formalin test, capsaicin and cinnamaldehyde induced-neurogenic pain and hot plate test. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed on carrageenan-induced inflammation. Extract was administrated orally at 200, 400 and 600mg/kg.
Results:
Phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of proanthocyanidins, phenolic acids and flavonoids. The results of anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities showed that methanol extract significantly (p<0.01) reduced the pain induced by acetic acid with an inhibition percentage of 45.49% (600mg/kg). In the formalin test, the extract also significantly (p<0.01) reduced linking time in both phase (neurogenic and inflammatory) of the test with inhibition percentage of 56.28 and 60.73% respectively at the dose of 600mg/ kg. The methanol extract of A. klaineanum significantly (P < 0.001) reduced neurogenic pain linking time induced by capsaicin and cinnamaldehyde by 82.54% and 75.94% at the highest dose (600mg/ kg) respectively. More over the extract significantly increase the reaction time in hot plate test. In the inflammatory test, the plant extract significantly reduced the carrageen induced rat paw edema from 30min to 6h with a maximum percentage inhibition of 89.88% (6h) at the dose of 600mg/kg.
Conclusion:
These results demonstrate that the methanol extract of A. klaineanum may possess analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects and provide support of the traditional use of this plant in the treatment of different pain and inflammatory conditions. Further investigation could reveal metabolites of the extract responsible for the observed effects.
... Based on these reports, the inhibitory effect of A. nilotica extract on carrageenan-induced inflammation could be mediated via this mechanism. Similar anti-inflammatory effects have been reported with other species of the Acacia genus (Dongmo et al., 2005; Bukhari et al., 2010). ...
... Based on these reports, the inhibitory effect of A. nilotica extract on carrageenan-induced inflammation could be mediated via this mechanism. Similar anti-inflammatory effects have been reported with other species of the Acacia genus (Dongmo et al., 2005; Bukhari et al., 2010). Phytochemical analysis of A. nilotica revealed the presence of flavonoids, anthraquinones, saponins and polyphenols. ...
p> Methodology: Wistar rats were randomly assigned into eight groups of five animals each: four male groups and four female groups. Each sex group had a control group receiving distilled water and three test groups receiving 200, 500 and 1000mg/kg respectively. Animal’s body weights were recorded on the first day and once a week for the four experiment weeks. The hematological analysis included total WBC count, total RBC count, Hb, %HCT, MCV, MCH and MCHC. Biochemical/serum profile studies include TG, TC, ALT, AST, urea and TP. Tissue specimens of the liver, kidney and lung were subjected to histological examination using standard hematoxylin-eosin staining.
Results: In male rats, aqueous extract showed significant decreases in relative weight of liver with extreme significance P<0.001 at a dose of 200mg/kg (vs. control group), P<0.001 of lung at all the doses, P<0.05 (200 and 500mg/kg) and P<0.01 (1000mg/kg) in heart weight. In relative kidney weight, only the dose of 1000mg/kg showed a significant increase vs. normal control male rats. Unlike male rats, only relative kidney weight in female rats was significantly different from the control group in a dose-dependent manner. The aqueous extract treated male groups showed significant increases P<0.001 (1000mg/kg) of total WBC count and MCHC, significant decreases of %HTC (dose response manner), P<0.05 total RBC count (at doses of 500 and 1000mg/kg) and Hb P<0.01 (500mg/kg) vs. normal male rats. In female rats, the haematological study showed significant increase P<0.01 of total WBC count (at the doses of 500 and 1000mg/kg), significant decreases P<0.05 and P<0.01 of total RBC respectively at the doses of 200 and 1000mg/kg, significant decrease of Hb with extreme significance P<0.001 at the dose 1000mg/kg, %HTC also decrease dose response manner vs. control female rats. Biochemical study showed in male rats significant decreases in level of TG P<0.001 (at the doses of 200 and 500mg/kg) and urea, although it showed any dose-dependent effect vs. control male rats. AST also decreases (P<0.05) in male rats at the dose of 200mg/kg but significantly increase P<0.001 at the dose of 500mg/kg. In the female rats, biochemical study revealed significant increases in level of TG P<0.001 and urea P<0.01 at the dose of 200mg/kg and significant decreases in level of TG P<0.01, AST P<0.05 and urea P<0.05 at the dose of 500mg/kg (vs. control female rats). Microscopically, there were mild hepatic and renal tissue injuries supporting the hematological analysis.
Conclusion: The results indicated that aqueous extract of Alstonia boonei De Wild is toxic in high doses.</p
... Do rozdzielania naftochinonów i flawonoidów z zastosowaniem cienkowarstwowej chromatografii cieczowej najcz ciej wykorzystuje si uk ad faz normalnych lub chromatografi podzia ow ciecz-ciecz z faz stacjonarn generowan dynamicznie, a rzadziej odwrócony uk ad faz. Jako faz stacjonarn najcz ciej stosowano el krzemionkowy [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23], a w przypadku odwróconego uk adu faz, el krzemionkowy modyfikowany grupami oktadecylowymi [18,21]. W normalnym uk adzie faz w postaci fazy ruchomej stosowano mieszaniny takich rozpuszczalników, jak: heksan, octan etylu, chloroform, benzen, eter etylowo-metylowy [14][15][16][17], w warunkach chromatografii podzia owej z dynamicznie generowan faz stacjonarn stosowano heksan, toluen, chloroform, octan etylu, kwas mrówkowy, kwas octowy, metanol [18][19][20][21][22][23], a w odwróconym uk adzie faz stosowano: acetonitryl, metanol, kwas octowy, wod [18,21]. ...
... Jako faz stacjonarn najcz ciej stosowano el krzemionkowy [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23], a w przypadku odwróconego uk adu faz, el krzemionkowy modyfikowany grupami oktadecylowymi [18,21]. W normalnym uk adzie faz w postaci fazy ruchomej stosowano mieszaniny takich rozpuszczalników, jak: heksan, octan etylu, chloroform, benzen, eter etylowo-metylowy [14][15][16][17], w warunkach chromatografii podzia owej z dynamicznie generowan faz stacjonarn stosowano heksan, toluen, chloroform, octan etylu, kwas mrówkowy, kwas octowy, metanol [18][19][20][21][22][23], a w odwróconym uk adzie faz stosowano: acetonitryl, metanol, kwas octowy, wod [18,21]. Rozdzielanie substancji na cienkich warstwach fazy stacjonarnej wykonywano niekiedy wielokrotnie, rozwijaj c chromatogram kilkakrotnie w tej samej lub ró nych fazach ruchomych. ...
Techniki i metody chromatografii cieczowej w rozdzielaniu, oznaczaniu oraz izolowaniu naftochinonów i flawonoidów z ro lin Liquid chromatography techniques and methods in separation, determination and isolation of naphthoquinones and flavonoids from plants Streszczenie: W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono przegl d technik oraz metod chromatografii cieczowej w zakresie rozdzielania, oznaczania oraz izolowania naftochinonów i flawonoidów z ekstraktów ro linnych w szczególno ci z ekstraktów ro lin mi so ernych (ac. plantae carnivo-rae). Przedstawiono techniki najcz ciej wykorzystywane podczas rozdzielania, oznaczania i izolowania metabolitów wtórnych, takie jak cienkowarstwowa chromatografia cieczowa (Thin Layer Chromatography) oraz wysokosprawna chromatografia cieczowa (High Performance Liquid Chromatography). Przeanalizowano metody i warunki rozdzielania w normalnym i od-wróconym uk adzie faz (Normal-and Reversed-Phase) oraz w warunkach chromatografii po-dzia owej ciecz-ciecz z faz stacjonarn generowan dynamicznie LLPC (Liquid-Liquid Partition Chromatography). S owa kluczowe: naftochinony, flawonoidy, ekstrakty ro linne, cienkowarstwowa chromatogra-fia cieczowa (TLC), wysokosprawna chromatografia cieczowa (HPLC), chromatografia podzia-owa ciecz-ciecz z faz stacjonarn generowan dynamicznie (LLPC).
... The extracts (Cl1 and Cl2) demonstrate both central and peripheral analgesic properties. These results align with previous studies conducted on Opuntia, which has also reported its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties (Malainine et al., 2001;Dongmo et al., 2005;Halmi et al., 2016). 3.6. ...
The prickly pear is a plant belonging to the Cactaceae family, and it is the best-known species that has gained significant recognition in recent years. Opuntia sp. cladodes have been traditionally utilized as a functional food and in traditional medicine for treating chronic diseases. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, and pharmacological activities of cladode extracts from Opuntia microdasys (Cl1) and Opuntia macrorhiza (Cl2), as well as to identify their phytochemical compounds. The chemical composition of the cladode extracts was analyzed using spectrophotometric methods, while the antioxidant activity was determined through DNA nicking assays. Microdilution assays were employed to assess the antimicrobial activity. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities were determined using the acetic acid writhing test in mice and the carrageenan-induced Wistar rat paw edema test. The results revealed that the two extracts of cladodes from Cl1 and Cl2 were characterized by a high phenolic content (58.13 and 44.58 GAE/g of extract, respectively). All the tested extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity against the strains tested, with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.312 to 5 mg/mL and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values ranging from 1.25 to 10 mg/mL. The cladode extracts of Cl1 and Cl2 at a dose of 300 mg/kg showed a dose-dependent inhibition of acetic acid-induced writhing in mice, with respective values of 64.76 % and 61.91 %. The maximum anti-inflammatory activity of all doses of cladode extracts was observed 5 h after carrageenan-induced paw edema, and all tested doses significantly inhibited the induced inflammation.
... Traditionally, it has been used in treating rheumatism, headache and fever (Nguyen et al. 2018). Compounds extracted from different parts of the plant have anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antifungal and antioxidant properties (Dongmo et al. 2005;Malabadi and Vijay Kumar 2007;Sowndhararajan et al. 2013). Ananthakrishnan 1962Ananthakrishnan , 1968Amin 1979;Ananthakrishnan & Sen 1980;Mound & Palmer 1981;Sundararaju 1984;Sharma & Kashyap 2002;Kannan et al. 2004;Duraimuragan & jagadish 2011;Tyagi et al. 2015;Rachana & Varatharajan 2016, 2017bSandeep Singh & Rachana 2020;Amit Singh et al. 2021;Singha et al. 2022;Sreerama Kumar & Rachana 2021;Pal et al. 2023 ...
A new species of Scirtothrips is described from India, S. donumdei, collected on leaves of Senegalia pennata (Fabaceae).
Partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (mtCOI) gene sequence of the species was sequenced and the
annotated sequence was submitted to NCBI GenBank.
... Both plants have long been used in folk medicine for their important biological effects, A. auriculiformis was used in the treatment of inflammation, sore eyes, aches, malaria, and skin diseases such as rashes, allergies, and itching [9], as well as A. pennata has been used to treat cough, headaches, rheumatism, and fever [8]. Previous phytochemical studies on both plants reported the isolation of saponin which was found in a unique tridismoside nature in A. auriculiformis [10], as well as the new biologically active saponin from A. pennata [11] and flavonoids as auriculoside, a CNSdepressant flavan glycoside from A. auriculiformis [11], in addition to several reported kaempferol-, apigenin-and quercetin diglycoside, isovitexin, flavanol glycosides isorhamnetin mono-glycoside from A. pennata [12]. Both plants revealed various pharmacological activities including the genoprotective effects. ...
In the present review article, the two genoprotective species Acacia auriculiformis and A. pennata, which are native to Australia and Southeast Asia, respectively, are the subjects of the phytochemical and pharmacological investigations gathered and summarized in the current review paper. Acacia is the largest genus of the family Leguminosae with myriad valuable medicinal plants. Both of them have been employed for various ailments in traditional medicine such as headaches, rheumatism, dry cough, and fever. They possess major pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anti-genotoxic, hepatoprotective, antiviral, and antifungal properties which were previously reported for both. A. Auriculiformis possessed antimalarial, cestocidal, anti-filarial, and spermicidal activities, whereas A. pennata showed anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and anti-transcription activity. Triterpenoid saponin and flavonoids are the primary phytochemical compounds isolated from different parts of A. auriculiformis and leaves of A. pennata, respectively. This review will increase the potential nutraceutical applications of both plants and their future anticipation in the area of clinical medicine.
... Both plants have long been used in folk medicine for their important biological effects, A. auriculiformis was used in the treatment of inflammation, sore eyes, aches, malaria, and skin diseases such as rashes, allergies, and itching [9], as well as A. pennata has been used to treat cough, headaches, rheumatism, and fever [8]. Previous phytochemical studies on both plants reported the isolation of saponin which was found in a unique tridismoside nature in A. auriculiformis [10], as well as the new biologically active saponin from A. pennata [11] and flavonoids as auriculoside, a CNSdepressant flavan glycoside from A. auriculiformis [11], in addition to several reported kaempferol-, apigenin-and quercetin diglycoside, isovitexin, flavanol glycosides isorhamnetin mono-glycoside from A. pennata [12]. Both plants revealed various pharmacological activities including the genoprotective effects. ...
... Regarding the analgesic study effects of Triumfetta cordifolia root extract in mice, intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid causes pain in animals characterized by abdominal contortions and abdominal stretching [25]. Indeed, acetic acid indirectly generates inflammatory pain related to stimulation of peripheral nociceptive neurons by endogenous mediators such as serotonin, histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins that activate the nociceptors responsible for the transmission of pain impulses by cell trauma [26,27]. Pretreatment with the extract significantly reduced (p˂0.0001) ...
Objective: Triumfetta cordifolia is a terrestrial plant of the Tiliaceae family used traditionally for the treatment of many diseases. Different parts are traditionally used for the treatment of diseases that cause pain and inflammation. This study aims to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the methanol/dichloromethane extract of T. cordifolia roots in animal models. Methodology: Phytochemical screening and the toxicity study of methanol/dichloromethane extract of Triumfetta cordifolia roots were performed. Antinociceptive activity was evaluated using acetic acid and formalin tests. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using the bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation method and In vivo on carrageenan-induced oedema. The extract was given orally at doses of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg of body weight. Results: The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoïds, polyphenols, reducing sugars, tannins, coumarins and steroids. No signs of toxicity were observed after 14 days experiment. Regarding antinociceptive activity, Triumfetta cordifolia (200 mg/kg) has decreased significantly (P ˂ 0.0001) the number of abdominal contortions and also significantly inhibited the formalin-induced neurogenic pain at the dose of 50 mg/kg body weight. In anti-inflammatory tests, the extract inhibited oedema (P˂ 0,001) at 50mg/kg at the fourth hour and also protected the serum albumin bovine denaturation (P <0.05) at a concentration of 50 μg/ml. Conclusion: The results obtained indicate that the methanol/dichloromethane extract is without acute toxicity and has peripheral and central analgesic properties, as well as anti-inflammatory properties In vivo and In vitro.
... The leaf, stem, and roots are valued as herbal medicines for treating body aches, snake venom and fish poisoning, and stomach pain, respectively (Pullaiah, 2006;Khare, 2008;Lalchhandama, 2013). The anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-parasitic activities of A. pennata have been documented (Dongmo et al., 2005;Sowndhararajan et al., 2013). Very recently, Lalnunhluva et al. (2019) have been evaluated the effect of aqueous extracts of Parkia timoriana, A. pennata and Trevesia palmata on four understory crops for selecting suitable crop combinations in agroforestry systems. ...
Acacia pennata (L.) Willd (Mimosaceae), a woody climbing plant, is used as a traditional medicinal plant in the South and Southeast Asia regions and has been documented to have various pharmacological effects. However, the allelopathy of this plant still remains unclear. Thus, the allelopathic potential of A. pennata leaf extracts was examined against the seedling growth of dicot plants [alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), cress (Lepidium sativum L.), and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)] and monocot plants [barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), and timothy (Phleum pratense L.)] at six different concentrations. The results showed that the A. pennata leaf extracts inhibited the seedling growth of all the test plant species at concentrations ≥3 mg dry weight (D.W.) equivalent extract mL-1. The inhibitory activity of the extracts against both shoot and root growth varied with concentration and tested plants. The concentrations required for 50% inhibition of the test plant shoots and roots were 1.5-16.1 and 1.4-8.6 mg D.W. equivalent extract mL-1, respectively. The root growth of all the test plant species was more sensitive to the extracts than their shoot growth, except alfalfa. The results of the present study indicate that the A. pennata leaf extracts may have allelopathic potential and may contain allelopathic substances. Therefore, further studies are required for isolation and identification of the growth inhibitory substances which are responsible for the allelopathic effect of A. pennata.
... Abdominal writhings or stretching of the body which begin 5 minutes following injection, were counted for 30 minutes. The percentage of pain inhibition was calculated by the following formula [8]: ...
Background: Pseudospondias microcarpa (P. microcarpa) is a tree belonging to the family Arnacardiaceae. This species is used in traditional medicine to treat pain, inflammation, malaria, and skin diseases. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of the aqueous extract of P. microcarpa roots. Methods: Swiss mice and Wistar albino rats were used for the study. The aqueous extract (100, 300, and 600 mg/kg), standards, and water were administered by intragastric route. Pain was induced by intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid (1%, 10 mL/kg) or formalin paw injection (1%, 20 μL) solutions. Anti-inflammatory activity was carried out in experimental animals’ models of acute inflammation using carrageenan (1%, 0.1mL) and arachidonic acid (0.1 mL, 0.2 M) Results: The results showed that aqueous extract significantly inhibited (P < 0.001) the pain induced by acetic acid with 60.77% at the dose of 600 mg/kg. This dose of 600 mg/ kg also significantly reduced (P < 0.01) the neurogenic phase (50.81%) and the inflammatory phase (63.87%) of formalin-induced pain. In the inflammatory test, the aqueous extract of the roots of P. microcarpa significantly reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema at all hours with a maximum inhibition percentage of 79.40% (4h) at the dose of 600 mg/kg. Arachidonic acid-induced paw edema was significantly inhibited (P ˂ 0.001) by the aqueous extract. The maximum inhibition was 82.35% at 600 mg/kg Conclusion: These results sufficiently demonstrate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory power of the aqueous extract of P. microcarpa. It should be noted that the analgesic property is both central and peripheral and the anti-inflammatory effect would be exerted by the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. This justifies the use of this plant in traditional medicine for the treatment of pain and inflammation. Keywords: Arnacardiaceae; analgesic; anti-inflammatory; Pseudospondias macrocarpa.
... Our results were consistent with previous studies that Acacia pennata contained a high content of flavonoid and phenolic compounds [46,47]. Acacia pennata had various biological activities such as antinociception against pain [48], anti-inflammation through inhibition of cyclooxygenases-1 and -2 enzyme activities due to the flavonoid compositions [49], anti-cancer of pancreas and prostate [50], prevention of liver damage after acetaminophen-induced genotoxicity [51], and anti-Alzheimer disease by prevention of β-amyloid aggregation [52]. In addition, Acacia pennata crude extract at 245 mg/L could kill the larvae and pupae of Aedes aegypti mosquito, which is a potent dengue vector [53]. ...
As Thailand moves toward an aging society, frailty has become a concern amongst northern Thai elderly. The causes of frailty are multifactorial and include genetic, environmental, and socio-economic factors; diet is of particular interest. A cross-sectional study was conducted from September to October 2017 to investigate what kind of diets normally consumed by 350 Thai elders were associated with frailty using a questionnaire and frailty determination by Fried’s phenotype followed by phytochemical analyses of the diets. The multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated a significant positive association between certain foods and lower frailty. Guava fruit and Acacia pennata vegetable consumption had lower odds of frailty, which were 0.52 times (95% CI 0.28–0.96, p = 0.037) and 0.42 times (95% CI 0.21–0.83, p = 0.012) when adjusted for the potential confounders. The phytochemical analyses of guava fruit showed a significantly higher amount of total flavonoids (p < 0.001), total phenolic compounds (p = 0.002), and antioxidant capacity, including DPPH (p < 0.001), ABTS (p < 0.001), and FRAP (p = 0.002) when compared to those of banana. Acacia pennata vegetable contained a significantly higher amount of total phenolic compounds (p = 0.012) when compared to those of lettuce. These findings may assist in health promotion programs of frailty prevention by encouraging an increase in consumption of either guava fruit or Acacia pennata vegetable among Thai elderly.
... The total time spent licking the injected paw considered as indicative of pain, was recorded in two different time periods (from 0 to 5 min for the early acute phase and from 20 to 30 min for a late phase). The percentage inhibition of licking was calculated by the following ratio: (C -T)/T x 100 Where C represent the vehicle control group value for each phase and T represent the treated group value for each phase [21]. ...
Background: Ficus exasperata Vahl. (Moraceae) is widely used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. The present study is undertaken to assess the anti-oedematous and antinociceptive activities of the stem bark aqueous extract of Ficus exasperata in mice and rats. Methods: The anti-oedematous activity was investigated following carrageenan or histamine-induced rat paw oedema models. Antinociceptive activity was evaluated using acetic acid induced writhing test (1 %, 10 ml/kg), capsaicin-induced neurogenic pain (32 µg/mL, 30 µL) and formalin-induced test (1%, 20 µL). Extract was administrated orally at 37.5, 75 and 150 mg/kg. Results: Pre-treatment of rats with Ficus exasperata stem bark aqueous extract exhibited significant inhibition of paw oedema during all the phases of both carrageenan and histamine induced edema in rat. The maximum inhibition percentages were 94.75 % (3 h) and 30.64 % after one hour at the dose of 37.5 mg/kg, respectively, in carrageenan or histamine models. Antinociceptive activity showed that aqueous extract reduced significantly (p < 0.001) the pain induced by acetic acid with an inhibition percentage of 70.8% (150 mg/kg). In the formalin-induced test, the extract also reduced significantly (p < 0.001) licking time during neurogenic phase and inflammatory phase with inhibition percentages of 44.75% and 52.78% respectively at the dose of 75 and 150 mg/kg. In addition, aqueous extract of F. exasperata reduced significantly (p < 0.001) neurogenic pain induced by capsaïcin by 71.28 % at the highest dose (150 mg/kg). Conclusion: This finding suggests that the stem bark aqueous extract of Ficus exasperata possess potent anti-oedematous and antinociceptive activities.
... The total time spent licking the injected paw considered as indicative of pain, was recorded in two different time periods (from 0 to 5 min for the early acute phase and from 20 to 30 min for a late phase). The percentage inhibition of licking was calculated by the following ratio: (C -T)/T x 100 Where C represent the vehicle control group value for each phase and T represent the treated group value for each phase [21]. ...
Background: Ficus exasperata Vahl. (Moraceae) is widely used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. The present study is undertaken to assess the anti-oedematous and antinociceptive activities of the stem bark aqueous extract of Ficus exasperata in mice and rats. Methods: The anti-oedematous activity was investigated following carrageenan or histamine-induced rat paw oedema models. Antinociceptive activity was evaluated using acetic acid induced writhing test (1 %, 10 ml/kg), capsaicin-induced neurogenic pain (32 µg/mL, 30 µL) and formalin-induced test (1%, 20 µL). Extract was administrated orally at 37.5, 75 and 150 mg/kg. Results: Pre-treatment of rats with Ficus exasperata stem bark aqueous extract exhibited significant inhibition of paw oedema during all the phases of both carrageenan and histamine induced edema in rat. The maximum inhibition percentages were 94.75 % (3 h) and 30.64 % after one hour at the dose of 37.5 mg/kg, respectively, in carrageenan or histamine models. Antinociceptive activity showed that aqueous extract reduced significantly (p < 0.001) the pain induced by acetic acid with an inhibition percentage of 70.8% (150 mg/kg). In the formalin-induced test, the extract also reduced significantly (p < 0.001) licking time during neurogenic phase and inflammatory phase with inhibition percentages of 44.75% and 52.78% respectively at the dose of 75 and 150 mg/kg. In addition, aqueous extract of F. exasperata reduced significantly (p < 0.001) neurogenic pain induced by capsaïcin by 71.28 % at the highest dose (150 mg/kg). Conclusion: This finding suggests that the stem bark aqueous extract of Ficus exasperata possess potent anti-oedematous and antinociceptive activities. Keywords: Aqueous extract; anti-oedematous; antinociceptive; Ficus exasperata.
... Traditionally, it has been used in rheumatism, headaches and fever treatment (Nguyen et al. 2018). Several biological reports have been performed on different plant parts, leaves possessed anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory (Dongmo et al. 2005) and antifungal effects particularly towards C. albicans and K. polysporus (Malabadi and Vijay Kumar 2007) as well as anti-transcription activities (Rifai et al. 2010). The twigs were beneficial in the Alzheimer's disease prevention, from which tetracosane and 2-(heptyloxy)-octadecane were isolated and reported to be potent inhibitors of β-amyloid aggregation (Lomarat et al. 2015), whereas the bark showed antioxidant effect (Sowndhararajan et al. 2013). ...
From the phenolic profile of Acacia pennata L. leaves hydromethanolic extract, nine flavonoids were tentatively characterized (liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry), of which Kaempferol 3,7-di-O-hexoside, Apigenin 6,8-di-C-hexoside, Luteolin-6-C-pentoside-8-C-hexoside, Apigenin-6-C-hexoside-8-C-pentoside and Apigenin-6-C-pentoside-8-C-hexoside were detected for the first time from the plant. Three doses of the plant extract (12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg bw/d, four weeks treatment) were used to assess its protective effect against acetominophen induced genotoxicity in hepatic cells of male rats (2 g/kg bw twice per week). A. pennata extract and Acetominophen treated animal groups attenuated DNA damage rates (Comet assay) by 5.6, 6.2 and 6.4% for the three doses, respectively, compared with the acetaminophen treated and untreated groups by 21.2% and 5.8%, respectively. It also decreased DNA fragmentation, significantly down-regulate the expression of p53 tumour suppressor gene and mdr1b multidrug resistance gene [real-time PCR (qPCR)] and ROS generation rates induced by Acetaminophen by 715.4, 453.8 and 376.9% in rats in a dose dependant effect. The results highlighted the DNA protection potential of A. pennata phytoconstituents from drug abuse harmful effects.
... positive control) mice received paracetamol (100 mg/kg, po) and then acetic acid solution was injected intraperitoneally (1%, 10 mL/kg, ip).The number of writhing movements was counted for 15 min and the percentage of protection was expressed using the equation of Dongmo et al.16 (iii) [(Control mean -treated mean ) / Control mean ]× 100. (iii) ...
... The anti-inflammatory activity was examined in-vivo with the carrageenan induced paw edema. Swiss albino mice and Wistar albino rats were used for the said purpose where the butanolic fraction showed positive effects [43]. Later in the year 2007, Dongmo et al. concluded that flavonoids from A. pennata inhibits COX enzyme validating the possible mechanism of action for the analgesic and anti-inflammatory property of A. pennata [44]. ...
Background: Acacia pennata is a widely used vegetable and medicinal plant by a number of tribes worldwide. However, it has limited scientific evidences to support the traditional claims. Further, the negligence of study on this plant obstructs its growth in the world of natural medicine. Objective: The review article aims to explore and compile all relevant phytochemical and pharmacological information which will enhance it as an effective nutraceutical. This investigation will give a distinct feasible site to broadly highlight the importance and efficacy. Methods: An extensive search for appropriate literatures were carried out from February 2019 to August, 2019 using key words 'Acacia pennata' in combination with 'phytochemical' and/or 'biological activity' and/or 'ethnobotany' on search engines viz., Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Science Direct. Discussion: The findings revealed that Acacia pennata has 26 traditionally claimed medicinal properties, 14 scientifically investigated pharmacological actions and 30 confirmed phytoconstituents. Conclusion: The current textual analysis hands out evidences to reinforce the nutraceutical potency of Acacia pennata, which might help in holistic exploration of the same, and may provide a novel/new nutraceutical/drug-candidate for the benefit of human health.
... All year round Household processing Functional properties: anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial (Sukantha et al. 2012); Anti-diabetic (Geethalakshmi et al. 2010a, b) Active components: phenols (Sukantha et al. 2012), terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins (Geethalakshmi et al. 2010a, b) -Musatti kodi Argyreia kleiniana Jun-Aug Household processing Functional properties: cures headaches (Rao 1988); promotes lactation in cattle (Hosagoudar and Henry 1996) -Seengai keerai Acacia pennata Aug-Oct Household processing Functional properties: anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory (Dongmo et al. 2005), anti-oxidant (Sowndhararajan et al. 2013) Active components: phenols, flavonoids (Sowndhararajan et al. 2013) Proteins Feb-May 600/kg Household processing Functional properties: anti-microbial (Sivaraj et al. 2011); anti-fungal (Balakumar et al. 2011);anti-diabetic (Arumugam et al. 2008); cytoprotective (Vinodhini and Narayanan 2009) hepatoprotective (Singanan et al. 2007); anti-fertility (Sathiyaraj et al. 2010); anti-arthritic (Trivedi et al. 2011) Active components: alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids (Venkatesan et al. 2009) ...
Aim
This paper aims to understand the dietary diversity in the selected tribal population, identify and document the available non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and locally available food resources (LAFRs) in the selected tribal area, review the functional and nutritional properties of the food resources, and promote them as functional foods in achieving food and nutrition security.
Subjects and methods
The selected Irula tribes were located at the base of the Western Ghats region of Southern India. Background information was collected using a pre-tested questionnaire and a direct interview schedule. A dietary survey was carried out using the 24-h recall method and a food frequency questionnaire for individuals in the 18–65 year age group (n = 400) in consultation with senior women in the families. A scientific review process was adopted to identify the functional properties and nutritional values of the NTFPs and LAFRs.
Results
The review process of the NTFPs and LAFRs revealed the presence of active compounds, including enzymes, pigments, and polyphenols, and anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, immune-boosting, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, gastroprotective, anti-anaemia, and anti-diarrheal functional properties. For the past few decades, a simultaneous reduction in tribal dietary diversity has been observed, with acute shortcomings in macro and micronutrients in the most vulnerable age groups.
Conclusion
Efforts to document and promote the best utilization of NTFPs and LAFRs with functional food and nutritional value will help to achieve food and nutrition security in the selected population. Promotion of NTFPs and LAFRs through education and dietary interventions would be a possible solution.
... From the leaves of A. pennata, two diterpenoids, a flavonoid glycoside together with another compounds were discovered: taepeenin D (156) (Figure 13 [122]. Biological activities of A. pennata were reported to include anti-parasitic [117] anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory [123,125], and antioxidant effects [126]. The phytochemical constituents and biological activities of A. pennata have been reported, however, further pharmacological studies are still needed to scientifically prove the basis of their actions. ...
Medicinal plants are a reservoir of biologically active compounds with therapeutic properties that over time have been reported and used by diverse groups of people for treatment of various diseases. This review covers 15 selected medicinal plants distributed in Myanmar, including Croton oblongifolius and Glycomis pentaphylla. Investigation of the phytochemical constituents, biological and pharmacological activities of the selected medicinal plants is reported. This study aims at providing a collection of publications on the species of selected medicinal plants in Myanmar along with a critical review of the literature data. As a country, Myanmar appears to be a source of traditional drugs that have not yet been scientifically investigated. This review will be support for further investigations on the pharmacological activity of medicinal plant species in Myanmar.
... Diferentes estudios sustentan la propiedad antiinflamatoria de los compuestos encontrados en los extractos acetónico, metanólico, acuoso y metanólico:acuoso de AF, por ejemplo, Dongmo et al. (2005) trabajaron con una fracción butanólica de hojas secas de Acacia pennata, en ese estudio [79] realizaron ensayos para determinar las actividades analgésicas y anti-inflamatorias en modelos animales, donde se mostraron efectos protectores significativos frente a estímulos químicos como ácido acético y formalina en el ratón, los resultados sugirieron que un mecanismo periférico está involucrado en el efecto analgésico, asociado a efectos antiinflamatorios debido a flavonoides presentes en esta especie. Los estudios mostraron que la actividad antiinflamatoria de los flavonoides es mediada por la inhibición de enzimas en el metabolismo del ácido araquidónico, la ciclooxigenasa y la lipoxigenasa, así como por sus propiedades antioxidantes. ...
... [(control mean treated mean)/control mean] 100 [29]. ...
Objective: In the present work, we aim to investigate the acute toxicity and to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities of the methanol extract (UDME) of Urospermum dalechampii (L.) Scop. ex F.W.Schmidt.
Methods: Total phenolics, total flavonoids, and condensed tannins content were estimated by colorimetric methods. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by various antioxidant assays, including DPPH free radical scavenging, β-carotene bleaching test, and metal chelating ability. The acute oral toxicity study was conducted where the limit test dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight was used. The analgesic activity was estimated peripherally using the writhing test and the anti-inflammatory activity was established with the carrageenan-induced pleurisy model. Moreover, the antipyretic activity was estimated using brewer’s yeast-induced hyperthermia assay in rats.
Results: Total phenolic content determination showed that UDME is rich in phenolic compounds and it exhibited a good antioxidant activity. A single dose of the extract did not cause any signs of acute toxicity in rats. Significant antinociceptive effect (68.4 and 80.6%) was found in the writhing test at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o. respectively. Both doses also significantly decreased the neutrophil migration to the pleural cavity. Furthermore, no antipyretic activity was observed.
Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the aerial parts of Urospermum dalechampii exhibited potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities which proved the use of this species in folk medicine.
... It's apparent that the aqueous extract of cladods of Opuntia ficusindica possesses the central and peripheral analgesics properties. Similar results have been obtained by others authors on opuntia indicated has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties [18], [17]. ...
The purpose of this work is the study of the peripheral and central analgesic activity of the Opuntia ficus indica cladods extract. Different concentrations are tested: 1000 mg/kg; 2000 mg/kg and 3000 mg/kg of body weight on rats by three different methods: the tail flick, the hot-plate and the writhing test to the acetic acid. The results obtained show that the aqueous extract of the cladods has an peripheral and central analgesic activity comparable to that of the Aspirin after administration to rats. The phytochemical analysis of the extract reveals the presence of tannins, coumarins, flavonoids, steroids and anthocyanins whose properties can be used to advantage in the treatment of pain. Our results confirm the traditional use of Opuntia ficus-indica cladods as an analgesic.
... [13,14] The paw volume was recorded at 1 h after histamine injection and 30 min after serotonin injection. [15,16] The drugs ( aqueous extract, Promethazin and Cortencyl) were administered orally 1 h before eliciting paw oedema and the percentage of inhibition evaluated as above mentioned in carrageenan induced rat paw oedema test. ...
... The time of onset of writhing action and the no. writhing were observed for 15 min after the onset of writhing, counted and compared to the response with the control group (Kulkarni, 2007;Ghosh, 2003;Yu-Ling et al., 2003;Ramasamy et al., 1998;Dongmo et al., 2005). "Percentage of writhings inhibition = mean value of control group writhingsmean value of control group writhings/mean value of control group writhings X 100". ...
Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists (ARAs) are widely used compounds in various cardiovascular disorders like Hypertension, Stroke prophylaxis, Heart failure. In addition, they are approved for the treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy. It is reported to produce analgesia on intracerebro-ventricular administration that could be blocked by naloxone. Angiotensin II has been reported for its pronociceptive activity. Angiotensin receptor antagonists block the action of angiotensin II by inhibiting its binding with its receptor hence, they exerts analgesic activity. The analgesic activity of angiotensin antagonists Losartan, Irbesartan and Valsartan evaluated by tail immersion, tail flick and tail clip methods have shown significant increase in basal reaction time. Pentazocine, a kappa receptor agonist exerted a significant analgesic effect (p<0.001). In comparison to control, angiotensin antagonists Losartan, Irbesartan and Valsartan show significant reduction in time for onset of writhing and also number of writhing. The % inhibitions of writhing for Losartan, Irbesartan and Valsartan at a dose of 20 mg/kg were 74, 68 and 73% respectively, whereas Aspirin (100 mg/kg) has 83% inhibition. All the three drugs have shown significant p value (p<0.001) which is comparable to standard control.
... Piles, rheumatism, asthma, head ache, gastric ulcer Acetic acid-induced writhing, xylene-induced ear edema [32][33][34][35] Dracaena cinnabari Balf Resin Flavonoids, trepenoids, sterol Gastric sores, diarrhea, dysentery, analgesic, skin and mucosal diseases Acetic acid test, tail fl ick, carrageenan-induced paw edema, trauma-induced paw edema [15,[36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43] Kaempferia galanga Rhizomes Volatile oils: Eucalyptol, carvone ...
The sensation of pain is an indication that something is wrong somewhere in the body. Pain and inflammation may be linked by cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes most especially COX 2 , which help in the synthesis of prostaglandins (PGs) precisely PGE2 and PGF2a, found in high concentration at the inflammatory site. The released PGs either stimulate pain receptor or sensitized pain receptors to the action of other pain producing substances such as histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT), bradykinin which initiate and cause the nerve cells to send electrical pain impulse to the brain. In the present review, an attempt is made to unveil the treatment approach adopted in the management of pain and inflammation as well as animal models used in evaluating herbal plants with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. The choice of the use of herbal medicine have been encouraged due to it availability, affordability, accessibility, and little or no side effect associated with it. However, the question remains can herbal therapy serves as an alternative to available conventional drugs. Different treatment options in the management of pain and inflammation have been highlighted.
... 4 Numerous biological activities for Acacia species have been reported, covering a wide gamut of beneficial effects. [5][6][7][8] Among the various Acacia species, Acacia ferruginea (subfamily: Mimosaceae) is used for several medicinal purposes. In the traditional system of medicine, A. ferruginea bark decoction in conjunction with ginger is used as an astringent for the teeth, 9 as an anti-diarrheal, and for the treatment of mucous discharges, itching, hemorrhage, stomatitis, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). ...
In the present study, we evaluated the protective effect of A. ferruginea extract against ulcerative colitis (UC). Male Wistar rats received A. ferruginea extract (10 mg/kg body weight) or sulfasalazine (100 mg/kg body weight) for 5 consecutive days before inducing UC via intrarectal acetic acid (3%) administration. Colonic mucosal injury was assessed by macroscopic scoring, vascular permeability testing, and histopathological examination. The mucosal contents of glutathione, lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, and nitric oxide were evaluated as parameters for the redox state. Inflammatory response was determined by measuring inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclo-oxygenase (COX-2) expression. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), lactate dehydrogenase assay (LDH), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and interleukins (IL-1β and IL-6) were measured using ELISA. Transcription factor profiling of nuclear factor (NF)-κB subunits (p65/p50) was also conducted using ELISA. All of the relevant parameters were altered in rats with UC, and these parameters improved in animals that received A. ferruginea extract. Colonic mucosal injury parallels antioxidant and anti-inflammatory evaluations, and A. ferruginea extract was considered comparable to the standard treatment drug sulfasalazine. Histopathological studies confirmed these findings. A. ferruginea extract inhibited the activation and translocation of transcription factors, that is, NF-κB subunits (p65/p50). The results of our investigation clearly indicate that treatment with A. ferruginea extract exerted a marked protective effect against experimental UC via modulation of oxidant/anti-oxidant balance and inhibition of inflammatory mediators.
... 6 Antiinflammatory effects of M. pudica have been reported. 7,8 The flavonoids present in the extract have been reported to block the release of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) as well as significantly suppress leukocytosis, eosinophilia and mucus hypersecretion in asthmatic lung. 9 Although there is emerging scientific evidence of the antiinflammatory properties of these plant extracts, much clinical application is anecdotal. ...
This study examined the phytochemical composition and antiinflammatory activity of methanolic extracts of Cimicifuga racemosa roots and Mimosa pudica seeds. The antiinflammatory effect was assessed using the carrageenan-induced paw oedema model in Wistar rats. Indomethacin (20 mg/kg P0) was used as a positive control and negative controls received no treatment. Both C. racemosa and M. pudica extracts contain flavonoids and other constituents. Both C. racemosa and M. pudica extracts showed an antiinflammatory effect greater than indomethacin, with the effect of M. pudica being more consistent across oral dosing protocols. Based on the conditions of this experimental study, both C. racemosa and M. pudica show some antiinflammatory effects that can be measured by quantifying oedema. Further clarification of this effect and investigation into dosing may be warranted.
... Based on these reports, the inhibitory effect of A. nilotica extract on carrageenan-induced inflammation could be mediated via this mechanism. Similar anti-inflammatory effects have been reported with other species of the Acacia genus (Dongmo et al., 2005;Bukhari et al., 2010). Phytochemical analysis of A. nilotica revealed the presence of flavonoids, anthraquinones, saponins and polyphenols. ...
Acacia nilotica (L.) Del. (Fabaceae) is traditionally used in Northern Cameroon to treat various inflammatory affections, such as asthma, cough, gastric ulcers, hemorrhoids, fever, etc. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute and chronic anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous extract of A. nilotica pods. The anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous extract of A. nilotica pods, administered orally at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, were evaluated in vivo using various models of both acute and chronic inflammations. Xylene-induced ear oedema in mice and carrageenan-induceda paw oedema were used to evaluate the acute effect of the plant extract. Chronic inflammation was evaluated using cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats. The aqueous extract of A. nilotica pods decoction produced a significant inhibition (44.16%) of xylene-induced ear swilling in mice as compared with untreated mice. On the other hand, the plant extracts also inhibited rat paw oedema induced by carrageenan and the granuloma formation induced by the cotton pellets in rats in a dose dependant manner. The highest dose of A. nilotica extract (100 mg/kg) produced a maximum inhibition of 64.41 and 25.62% respectively for the carrageenan-induced paw oedema and the cotton pellet-induced induced granuloma in rats. Preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of flavonoids, anthraquinones, saponins, tannins, polyphenols and alkaloids. Based on these results, the aqueous extract of A. nilotica pods may contain orally effective anti-inflammatory principles, justifying its use in folklore medicine.
The prickly pear is a plant belonging to the Cactaceae family, and it is the best-known species that has gained significant recognition in recent years. Opuntia sp. cladodes have been traditionally utilized as a functional food and in traditional medicine for treating chronic diseases. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and pharmacological activities of cladode extracts from Opuntia microdasys (Cl1) and Opuntia macrorhiza (Cl2), as well as to identify their phytochemical compounds. The chemical composition of the cladode extracts was analyzed using spectrophotometric methods, while the antioxidant activity was determined through DNA nicking assays. Microdilution assays were employed to assess the antimicrobial activity. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities were determined using the acetic acid writhing test in mice and the carrageenan-induced Wistar rat paw edema test. The results revealed that the two extracts of cladodes from Cl1 and Cl2 were characterized by a high phenolic content (58.13 and 44.58 GAE/g of extract, respectively). All the tested extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity against the strains tested, with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.312 to 5 mg/mL and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values ranging from 1.25 to 10 mg/mL. The cladode extracts of Cl1 and Cl2 at a dose of 300 mg/kg showed a dose-dependent inhibition of acetic acid-induced writhing in mice, with respective values of 64.76 % and 61.91 %. The maximum anti-inflammatory activity of all doses of cladode extracts was observed 5 h after carrageenan-induced paw edema, and all tested doses significantly inhibited the induced inflammation
More than 1300 species of the vast genus Acacia are found in tropical habitats. They are crucial economic plants since they produce traditional medicines, timber, and gum. The pharmacological uses of the Acacia genus include anti-diarrheal, anti-malarial, chronic pain relief, wound healing, anti-cancer, anti-rheumatism, and anti-diabetes activities. It is also used for treating various illnesses such as gastroenteritis, allergies, Alzheimer′s disease, cough, and cardiovascular disease. The present review aims to summarize the antimicrobial activities including the antibacterial and antifungal activity of the Acacia genus. The literature was searched in books and online databases including SciFinder, Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and scientific journals using the most relevant keywords: Acacia+antimicrobial, Acacia+antibacterial, and Acacia+antifungal.
A pair of novel trimeric indole alkaloid enantiomers [(±)-8], five new bisindole alkaloids [4–7 and (±)-9], and three pairs of new monomeric indole alkaloid enantiomers [(±)-1–(±)-3], together with seven known alkaloids (10–16), were isolated from the bark of Acacia confusa. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic methods, especially by NMR data analyses combined with single-crystal X-ray diffraction and electronic circular dichroism analyses. Compounds 4 and 11–16 exhibited significant antinociceptive activities in an acetic acid-induced writhing test. Compounds (+)-9 and (−)-9 displayed anti-inflammatory activities through the inhibition of the NF-κB pathway, with inhibitory rates of 68.9% and 59.5%, respectively, at a concentration of 10 µM.
Abstarct
Background
Chronic inflammatory diseases, such as chronic respiratory diseases, stroke, cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes and obesity, kill six out of every ten people in the worldwide. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used to relieve inflammation and pain, but they have a long list of side effects. Anti-inflammatory capabilities of medicinal plants can help in the development of remedies for chronic inflammatory diseases. Among them, the roots, leaves and fruits of Acacia species have been linked to medicinal effects in numerous studies. Unfortunately, no review has been published to date on the anti-inflammatory properties of Acacia species from all over the world.
Methods
A comprehensive research in the literature was organized based on the databases SciFinder (American Chemical Society), Google Scholar, Springer Link, Science Direct PubMed Science and Saudi digital Library, in addition to doctoral and master's dissertations, books, and official website.
Results
The search yielded more than 700 articles were published. More than 280 articles published between 1945 and 2022 were included. Sixty-nine reports, for 54 species, from ethnopharmacological evaluation. Twenty nine reports For 19 species, for phytochemical studies. More than Two hundered reports, for 22 species, for anti-inflammatory activities of the genus Acacia related to various chronic diseases. Seven reports, for 2 species, for Acacia genus impact on the chronic inflammatory disease by the human clinical trials. More than twenty reports, 8 species, for toxicological risk assessment of genus Acacia. Mostly species originated from Africa, Australia, Egypt, India, Mali, Morocco, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Yemen, Highest use report was noted for leaves, stem bark, root bark, root, seeds, stems, pods, twinges, gums, flowers and whole plant. Regarding pharmacological evaluation most studied species were: A. catechu, A. nilotica, A. senegal, A. tortilis, A. seyal, A. ferruginea. A. dealbata A. confusa A. hydaspica, A. siebriana, A. farnesiana, A. gerrardii and A. etbaica. These species of genus Acacia display the highest use convergence. In vivo models of chronic antiinflammatory were more relevant than in vitro models or chemical models inducing acute inflammation for pharmacological assessment. This review study also highlights the most promising experimental findings on Acacia extracts and pure compounds active in clinical trials and animal models of chronic inflammatory diseases.
Conclusion
This review will be useful to current researchers in the field who want to learn more about the Acacia genus potential role in chronic inflammatory diseases. Species with the highest use report were not those with pharmacological evaluation. Genus Acacia was found to have the most clinical evidence in a variety of chronic inflammatory illnesses. Acacia species have been demonstrated to regulate numerous molecular pathways implicated in chronic inflammatory disorders. To date, clinical trials conducted with genus Acacia are limited. More clinical research with larger participants and meta-analysis could help to resolve some of the conflicts. The involvement of the polyphenols indicating potential use in the treatment of chronic inflammatory illnesses. More comprehensive and methodologically research is needed to identify the dose and length of treatment to demonstrate the efficacy and effectiveness of Acacia species in chronic inflammatory illnesses. The use of Acacia species in traditional medical practice for treatment of various ailments is usually regarded as safe and harmless in humans.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disorder associated with several metabolic derangement and comorbidities. The constant increase in the global population of diabetic patients coupled with some prevailing side effects associated with synthetic antidiabetic drugs has necessitated the urgent need for search for alternative antidiabetic regimens. This study investigated the antidiabetic, antioxidant and pancreatic protective effects of Acacia pennata (APE) against nicotinamide/streptozotocin (NICO/STZ) induced DM in rats. The antidiabetic activity of APE was evaluated investigated at doses of 100 and 400 mg/kg body weight, while metformin (150 mg/kg bw) was used as a standard drug. APE markedly decreased blood glucose level, HOMA-IR, serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase levels. Additionally, treatment with APE increased the body weight gain, serum insulin concentration and high-density lipoprotein. Moreover, activities of pancreatic superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were increased, while the altered pancreatic architecture in the histopathological examination was notably restored in the treated rats. UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS analysis of APE showcase the prevailing presence of polyphenolic compounds. Conclusively, this study showed the beneficial effects of the Acacia pennata in controlling metabolic derangement, pancreatic and hepatorenal dysfunction in diabetic rats.
There is growing evidence that some species of wild nonhuman primate, like Gorillas and chimpanzees, take herbal and clay medicines to treat and prevent disease. Such a primate pharmacopoeia may be a missing link in our understanding of the relationship between primates foraging and ranging strategies and plant chemistry. Self medication is evident in some primate species. But there is lack of knowledge for the pharmacological importance of the plant species consumed by Colobine monkeys. Among the Asian Colobine, Golden langur (Trachypithecus geei) eats several plant species claimed by traditional healers to 28 Ethno-Pharmacology, Biodiversity and Conservation cure diseases. However, the behavior leading to ingest these plant species is not clearly understood. Some of the items consumed by the primates have low nutritional value, and there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that health might be improved or regulated by such ingestion. Observations concerning the diet of Golden langur in Chirang RF, Assam, India are discussed in relation to the ethnomedicinal utilization of plant species reviewed in literature. In this paper we have reported 30 food plant species of Golden langur for their medicinal importance. This may hint at drugs useful in treating human diseases too.
Mimosoideae are a dominant plant clade in Australia with more than 1000 taxa recognised. Most species belong to genus Acacia s.s. Mill. and evolved in Australia during the post-Gondwanan isolation. Very few species (<20) belong to genera that evolved outside Australia (Vachellia Wight & Arn., Senegalia Raf.; until quite recently both included under Acacia s.l.) and have subsequently invaded into Australia (Chapter 2). Most of these are descended from individuals that immigrated into Australia and New Guinea prior to European migrations (hereafter pre-colonial species), while a few were either accidentally or deliberately introduced by Europeans (hereafter colonial species). The relative abundance and distribution of the species varies significantly between early and later invaders: the later colonial invaders show wider or rapidly expanding distributions and superior dominance status in the communities where they are found (Table 3.1; Australian Biological Resources Study 2001; Kriticos et al. 2003). The early colonial species range from being (more usually) abundant to locally dominant, in some instances (Table 3.1). This suggests that either trait differences between the species have affected their relative performance under modern, post-colonial systems of native vegetation management, or that human activities have particularly favoured the spread of post-colonial species.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the health benefits of plants used in Thai food, specifically Acacia pennata Willd., in Alzheimer's prevention. A. pennata twigs strongly inhibited β-amyloid aggregation. Bioactivity-guided separation of the active fractions yielded six known compounds, tetracosane (1), 1-(heptyloxy)-octadecane (2), methyl tridecanoate (3), arborinone (4), confertamide A (5) and 4-hydroxy-1-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-carboxylic acid (6). The structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis. Biological testing revealed that tetracosane (1) was the most potent inhibitor of β-amyloid aggregation, followed by 1-(heptyloxy)-octadecane (2) with IC50 values of 0.4 and 12.3 μM. Methyl tridecanoate (3), arborinone (4) and 4-hydroxy-1-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-carboxylic acid (6) moderately inhibited β-amyloid aggregation. In addition, tetracosane (1) and methyl tridecanoate (3) weakly inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE). These results suggested that the effect of A. pennata on Alzheimer's disease was likely due to the inhibition of β-amyloid aggregation. Thus A. pennata may be beneficial for Alzheimer's prevention.
Many conservationists argue that invasive species form one of the most important threats to ecosystems the world over, often spreading quickly through their new environments and jeopardising the conservation of native species. As such, it is important that reliable predictions can be made regarding the effects of new species on particular habitats. This book provides a critical appraisal of ecosystem theory using case studies of biological invasions in Australasia. Each chapter is built around a set of 11 central hypotheses from community ecology, which were mainly developed in North American or European contexts. The authors examine the hypotheses in the light of evidence from their particular species, testing their power in explaining the success or failure of invasion and accepting or rejecting each hypothesis as appropriate. The conclusions have far-reaching consequences for the utility of community ecology, suggesting a rejection of its predictive powers and a positive reappraisal of natural history.
Dracaena Cinnabari balf is species plant in agavaceae family. It is tree endemic to the Island Socotra (Yemen). The resin of this tree, dragon's blood is known in Arabia as « dammalachawin » or Cinnabari. It has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of gastric sores diarrhea, dysentery, as haemostatic and as anti ulcer remedy, and anti spasmodic, analgesic and anti inflammatory. In the present study, we evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of ethanolic extract obtained from Dracaena cinnabari balf resine, using chemical and thermal models which will induce acute pain and inflammation in animal models. The results showed the ethanolic extract has analgesic potential with 56.93% at 50mg/kg and with 67.79% at 150mg/kg as compared to aspirin 44.11% at 200 mg/kg body weight. As well as significant reduction in inflammation at the doses (50 and 150 mg/kg, p.o) (P<0.001) at 3 hours by two method. The results show that the ethanolic extract have not central analgesic effect and have peripheral analgesic as anti -inflammatory activities, supporting the traditional application of this plant in treating various diseases associated with inflammation and pain.
Phytochemical investigations of the aerial parts of Acacia pennata (Mimosaceae) from Myanmar led to the isolation of five flavonoid glycosides and six known compounds. The new compounds were identified as (2R,3S)-3,5,7-trihdyroxyflavan-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside, (2S)-5,7-dihydroxyflavan-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside-(4α→8)-epiafzelechin-3-O-gallate, (2R)-4',7-dihydroxyflavan-(4α→8)-(2R,3S)-3,5,7-trihdyroxyflavan-3″-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside, 5,7-dihydroxyflavone 6-C-β-boivinopyranosyl-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, and 5,7-dihydroxyflavone 7-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-8-C-β-boivinopyranoside based on interpretation of spectroscopic data.
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Oxysophocarpine is an alkaloid extracted from Sophora alopecuroides. We investigated the analgesic effect of oxysophocarpine on carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain in mice, in order to explore its possible mechanisms. Mouse ear swelling tests and carrageenan-induced paw edema tests were used to investigate the effects of oxysophocarpine on inflammatory pain in mice. Morphological changes on inflamed paw sections were measured by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The mRNA and protein expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6 and prostaglandin E2 were investigated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, western-blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In our results, oxysophocarpine shows a significant anti-inflammatory effect in the mouse ear swelling test. Oxysophocarpine also significantly reduced the paw edema volume and improved mechanical allodynia threshold value on carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain, as well as relieved paw tissues inflammatory damage and reduced the numbers of neutrophils in mice. Oxysophocarpine significantly suppressed over-expression of cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6 and prostaglandin E2, and inhibited the over-phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. Based on these findings we propose that oxysophocarpine attenuates inflammatory pain by suppressing the levels of phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E2, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.
We evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of leaves of Boswellia elongata balf methanolic extract an experimentally induced acute inflammation in rats. This study was carried out by using male and female Swiss mice (20–30 g) and Wister male rats (180–220 g). The methanolic extracts were prepared by using maceration at room temperature (25°C) over period 48 h. The effects of methanolic extracts of B. elongata balf was investigated for anti-inflammatory properties by using carrageenan and experimental trauma-induced hind paw oedema in rats. The analgesic activities were performed by using chemical and thermal models which will induce acute pain in animal models. The anti-inflammatory properties oral administration of extract at the dose of (50, 100 mg/kg p.o., respectively) showed significant reduction (P≤0.001) and inhibition of oedema induced by carrageenan and experimental trauma in hind paw of rats when compared with control and standard drug (Indomethacin). We can conclude that, B. elongate balf methanolic extract have not central analgesic effect and have peripheral analgesic as anti-inflammatory activities, supporting the traditional application of this plant in treating various diseases associated with inflammation and pain.
In this paper a miniature microstrip disk antenna with a superstrate is studied for implantable antennas application. The performances of two antenna designs, one loaded with a superstrate of different thicknesses t, and another also loaded with superstrate but of a reduced size have been investigated. It is shown that the further miniaturized antenna with superstrate provided acceptable results for the magnitude of the reflection coefficient and the radiation efficiency.
We can conserve cultural heritage and gain extensive knowledge of plant species with pharmacological potential to cure simple to life-threatening diseases by studying the use of plants in indigenous communities. Therefore, it is important to conduct ethnobotanical studies in indigenous communities and to validate the reported uses of plants by comparing ethnobotanical studies with phytochemical and pharmacological studies.Materials and methods: This study was conducted in a Tamang community dwelling in the Makawanpur district of central Nepal. We used semi-structured and structured questionnaires during interviews to collect information. We compared use reports with available phytochemical and pharmacological studies for validation.
A total of 161 plant species belonging to 86 families and 144 genera to cure 89 human ailments were documented. Although 68 plant species were cited as medicinal in previous studies, 55 different uses described by the Tamang people were not found in any of the compared studies. Traditional uses for 60 plant species were consistent with pharmacological and phytochemical studies.
The Tamang people in Makawanpur are rich in ethnopharmacological understanding. The present study highlights important medicinal plant species by validating their traditional uses. Different plant species can improve local economies through proper harvesting, adequate management and development of modern techniques to maximize their use.
New naturally occurring spirostane saponin (25S)-5β-spirostan-3β-yl-3-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl(1 → 3)-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl(1 → 4)-β-d-galactopyranoside (6) and biflavonoid glycoside myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside (C7-O-C7) myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside (4) along with a series of known compounds erythrodiol (1), 3β-O-trans-p-coumaroyl-erythrodiol (2), quercetin-3-O-α-l-rhamnoside (3) and myricetin-3-O-α-l-rhamnoside (5) were separated from the leaves of Acacia saligna (Labill.), H.L. Wendl. Compounds 1 and 2 were separated for the first time from genus Acacia. The structures of compounds 1-6 were established on the basis of extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques in combination with EI-MS and HR-ESI-MS. These compounds were screened for their antioxidant and cytotoxic activities against HEPG2 (liver cancer) cell line and significant results were obtained.
Aloe perryi Baker est une plante endémique du Yémen utilisée traditionnellement pour le traitement de diverses pathologies comme l’inflammation et la douleur. La DL50 de cet extrait de jus de feuille d’Aloe perryi est évaluée à 3 067 mg/kg v.o., avec des limites de confiance à 95 %, ce qui lui confère une absence de toxicité par voie orale. L’effet analgésique périphérique a été étudié par le test de Koster sur les souris et l’effet analgésique central par le test de Tail Flick sur les rats. Ces tests accordent à l’extrait éthanolique un effet analgésique périphérique avec un pourcentage de protection vis-à-vis des crampes abdominales de 25,90 % à 100 mg/kg v.o. et 59,22 % à 250 mg/kg v.o., en comparaison avec l’acide acétylsalicylique 200 mg/kg v.o., analgésique périphérique de référence de pouvoir de protection estimé à 50,1 %. Le temps maximum de réaction de l’inhibition de la douleur dans l’étude analgésique centrale est de 5,39 ± 0,14 secondes à 45 minutes de l’administration de l’extrait à 250 mg/kg v.o., en comparaison avec la morphine analgésique centrale de référence 5 mg/kg s.c. révélant un temps de réaction au même temps de 7,49 ± 0,25 secondes. Ces résultats indiquent que l’extrait éthanolique possède une action analgésique périphérique et est dénué d’action analgésique centrale morphine-like.
Rumex nervosus Vahl est une plante utilisée traditionnellement au Yémen comme anti-inflammatoire et en traitement de la douleur. Notre étude se propose d'évaluer la toxicité aiguë et le pouvoir analgésique et central de l'extrait méthanolique de ses feuilles.
La DL50 a été évaluée à 1028 mg/kg VO, avec des limites de confiance à 95 % (723,6<DL50<1416). L'extrait révèle un effet analgésique périphérique par le test de Koster avec un pouvoir de protection notoire vis-à-vis de crampes abdominales, estimé à 32 % à 50 mg/kg VO et à 43 % à 100 mg/kg VO. Par ailleurs, un faible analgésique central morphine-like est enregistré par le test de Tail Flick à 100mg/kgVO.
Injection of formalin into the hind paw evokes a biphasic flinching of the injured paw. Pharmacological characterization of this behavior has implicated the spinal release of excitatory amino acids (EAAs) and cyclooxygenase (COX) products. To address this hypothesis, we examined the effect of paw formalin injection on release of EAAs and prostaglandin E2-like immunoreactivity (PGE2-LI) from the spinal cord in unanesthetized rats using a dialysis probe placed in the lumbar subarachnoid space. To assess the contribution of spinal COX products, the effects of S(+)- and R(-)-ibuprofen (active and inactive COX inhibitors) were examined. Paw formalin injection evoked a biphasic spinal release of PGE2-LI with an increase above resting concentrations of 110% in the 0-10 min sample, and of 83% in the 20-30 min sample. Significantly increased release of glutamate (Glu; 110%) and aspartate (Asp; 112%) was only observed in the 0-10 min sample. Saline injection into the paw had no effect on behavior, PGE2-LI, or EAA release. Intraperitoneal administration of 10 mg/kg, but not 1 mg/kg, S(+)-ibuprofen reduced paw flinching, blocked the elevated levels of PGE2-LI, and suppressed Glu and Asp release to 50% of control. Intrathecal delivery of 10 micrograms, but not 1 microgram, S(+)-ibuprofen also suppressed formalin-induced behavior, PGE2-LI, Glu, and Asp release. R(-)-ibuprofen showed no effect on formalin-induced behaviors or spinal release. These data demonstrate that paw formalin injection produces spinal release of PGE2-LI corresponding to the biphasic behavioral response and that the evoked release is blocked by antinociceptive doses of COX inhibitors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
An ethnopharmacological survey showed that home remedies prepared with flowers, fruits and roots of Psychotria colorata (Wild. ex R. & S.) Muell. Arg. (RUBIACEAE) are used by Amazonian caboclos as pain killers. These data led to the evaluation of analgesic activity of extracts of P. colorata, using the formalin, writhing and tail-flick methods. This paper reports the Naloxone reversible opioid-like analgesic activity of alkaloids present in leafs and flowers of P. colorata.
The aim of this study was to investigate the neurotransmissions involved in the antinociceptive effect of tramadol in the formalin test, which is an animal model of acute and tonic pain. A subcutaneous injection of formalin produces a biphasic nociceptive response: phase 1 (0-10 min-acute pain) and phase 2 (21-60 min-tonic pain). Nociceptive activity is reduced greatly during the 10 min between these two phases. We measured in mice the effects of (+/-)-tramadol, and of (+)- and (-)-tramadol administered before the induction of pain by formalin, in the presence and absence of drugs that act on the opioidergic, serotonergic and noradrenergic systems (naloxone, ketanserin, fluoxetine, maprotiline). With respect to animals treated with formalin alone, (+/-)-tramadol and its enantiomers significantly reduced the duration of nociceptive behaviours (lifting, licking, favouring, shaking, and flinching of the formalin-treated paw) during phase 2. This effect was prevented by the 5-HT(2) receptor antagonist ketanserin, but not by naloxone which, on the contrary, was able to prevent the antinociceptive effect of morphine. Naloxone and ketanserin did not affect the duration of nociceptive behaviour in animals not treated with tramadol. Fluoxetine (a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) reuptake inhibitor), but not maprotiline (a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor), potentiated the antinociceptive effect of (+/-)-tramadol. In conclusion, we demonstrate that the serotonergic pathway is responsible for the antinociceptive effect of tramadol in phase 2 of the formalin test, and that this effect is mediated by 5-HT(2) receptors.
In this study, in vitro inhibitory effects of 33 ethanol extracts obtained from 24 plant species (representing 11 different families) on cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) were evaluated. The plant materials selected for this study have been used in aboriginal medicine in Australia and traditional medicine in China for the treatment of various diseases that are considered as inflammation in nature, e.g. asthma, arthritis, rheumatism, fever, edema, infections, snakebite and related inflammatory diseases. All of the selected plants, with one exception, showed inhibitory activity against COX-1, which supports their traditional uses. The most potent COX-1 inhibition were observed from the extracts of Acacia ancistrocarpa leaves (IC(50)=23 microg/ml). Ficus racemosa bark, Clematis pickeringii stem, Acacia adsurgens leaves, Tinospora smilacina stem and Morinda citrifolia fruit powder exhibited inhibition of COX-1 with the IC(50) of 100, 141, 144, 158 and 163 microg/ml, respectively. Aspirin and indomethacin used as the reference COX-1 inhibitors in this study inhibited COX-1 with IC(50) of 241 and 1.2 microg/ml, respectively. The findings of this study may explain at least in part why these plants have been traditionally used for the treatment of inflammatory conditions in Australian aboriginal medicine and traditional Chinese medicine.
Previous studies demonstrated that the formamidine pesticide chlordimeform (CDM) reversibly inhibited prostaglandin biosynthesis and prevented the late (PG-mediated) phase of carrageenin-induced hind paw edema. This study emphasizes antagonism by CDM of the early (5HT and histamine-mediated) phase of carrageenin edema. CDM and cyproheptadine both antagonized paw edema induced by albumin (5HT and histamine-mediated) and by the direct injection of 5HT and histamine, whereas aspirin and the PG antagonist, SC-19220, were ineffective. As expected, cyproheptadine selectively reduced the early phase, whereas aspirin and SC-19220 selectively reduced the late phase of carrageenin-induced edema. These results are thus consistent with earlier studies demonstrating PG mediation of the late phase of carrageenin edema, and 5HT and histamine mediation of albumin edema and the early phase of carrageenin edema. In addition, they indicate that CDM possesses multiple acute anti-inflammatory, actions not exhibited by aspirin, by SC-19220 or by cyproheptadine alone.
Flavonoids are natural products widely distributed in the vegetable kingdom and currently consumed in large amounts in the daily diet. Flavonoids are capable of modulating the activity of enzymes and affect the behaviour of many cell systems, suggesting that the compounds may possess significant antihepatotoxic, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antiosteoporotic and even antitumor activities. This review summarizes available data on these beneficial effects of flavonoids.
Little is known about the chemistry of most species of the genus Acacia, although the genus is quite large and widespread in the warm subarid and arid portions of the world. As presently defined, Acacia is a cosmopolitan genus containing in excess of 1350 species. Taxonomic relationships and identification of Acacia species are difficult; new studies of the genus confirm that Acacia is an agglomeration of at least five discrete groups. The major elements of this ‘genus’ are the groups now recognized as the subgenus Acacia, the genus Faidherbia, the subgenus ‘Aculeiferum’, relatives of Acaciacoulteri, Bentham’s series Filicinae, the subgenus Phyllodineae, and possibly others, each with somewhat distinct chemistry. A number of secondary metabolites have been reported from various Acacia species including amines and alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, cyclitols, fatty acids and seed oils, fluoroacetate, gums, non-protein amino acids, terpenes (including essential oils, diterpenes, phytosterol and triterpene genins and saponins), hydrolyzable tannins, flavonoids and condensed tannins. The most evident and best known are polysaccharides (gums) and complex phenolic substances (condensed tannins).
The formalin test for nociception, which is predominantly used with rats and mice, involves moderate, continuous pain generated by injured tissue. In this way it differs from most traditional tests of nociception which rely upon brief stimuli of threshold intensity. In this article we describe the main features of the formalin test, including the characteristics of the stimulus and how changes in nociceptive behaviour may be measured and interpreted. The response to formalin shows an early and a late phase. The early phase seems to be caused predominantly by C-fibre activation due to the peripheral stimulus, while the late phase appears to be dependent on the combination of an inflammatory reaction in the peripheral tissue and functional changes in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. These functional changes seem to be initiated by the C-fibre barrage during the early phase. In mice, the behavioural response in the late phase depends on the ambient temperature. We argue that the peripheral tissue temperature as well as other factors influencing the peripheral inflammation may affect the response, possibly confounding the results obtained with the test. Furthermore, we discuss the methods of recording the response and the value of observing more than one aspect of behaviour. Scoring of several behavioural variables provides a means of assessing motor or sensorimotor function as possible causes for changes in behaviour. In conclusion, the formalin test is a valuable addition to the battery of methods available to study nociception.
Lyophilised aqueous extract of Euphorbia hirta L. (Euphorbiaceae) has been evaluated for analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties in mice and rats, in order to complete its activity profile, after the confirmation of the existence of a central depressant activity particularly expressed by a strong sedative effect, associated with anxiolytic effects. This study leads us to the conclusion that this plant extract exerts central analgesic properties. Such a dose-dependent action was obtained against chemical (writhing test) and thermic (hot plate test) stimuli, respectively, from the doses of 20 and 25 mg/kg and it was inhibited by a naloxone pretreatment, a specific morphinic antagonist compound. An antipyretic activity was obtained at the sedative doses of 100 and 400 mg/kg, on the yeast-induced hyperthermia.
Finally, significant and dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effects were observed on an acute inflammatory process (carrageenan-induced edema test in rats) from the dose of 100 mg/kg. On the other hand, plant extract remained inactive on chronic processes such as Freund's adjuvant-induced rheumatoid arthritis, after a chronic treatment during fourteen days at the daily dose of 200 or 400 mg/kg; however, if inefficacy was observed on rat backpaws edema and on loss of weight, the aqueous extract reduced the inflammatory hyperalgia.
A mixture of two partially triterpenoid saponins (Tg), isolated from Acacia auriculiformis was tested for sperm immobilizing activity by using in vitro system. The lowest concentration (ED) required for an obvious immobilization of human sperm by using a modified Sander-Cramer test was found to be 0.35 mg/ml in physiological saline. The ability of the compound as a sperm immobilizing agent was compared with that of Triton X-100 and found to be more potent. Cervical mucus penetration test was also performed and the ED successfully prevented sperm entry in human cervical mucus. Supra-vital staining with eosin-nigrosin indicated death of the treated sperm. Electron microscopic study of Tg-treated sperm showed plasma membrane disintegration and dissolution of acrosomal cap which is presumably the cause for the spermicidal effect of the saponins. No permanent lesion was observed after application of 1.25 mg/ml Tg solution in physiological saline to the eye of rabbits for ten consecutive days.
The influence of 22 flavonoids was studied on the arachidonic acid metabolism in sonicated sheep platelets. Flavones and flavonols possessing catechol groups inhibited 12-lipoxygenase. Sideritoflavone and quercetagetin-7-O-beta-D-glucoside were more selective than quercetin. Cirsiliol, hypolaetin, hypolaetin-8-O-beta-D-glucoside, gossypetin, gossypin, hibifolin and leucocyanidol were also 12-lipoxygenase inhibitors with some differences in potency and selectivity. Xanthomicrol was a weak cyclooxygenase inhibitor. These results suggest that lipoxygenase inhibition can play a role in the anti-inflammatory activity of hypolaetin-8-O-beta-D-glucoside, sideritoflavone, gossypin and hibifolin. On the other hand, the presence of sideritoflavone, hypolaetin-8-O-beta-D-glucoside, cirsiliol and xanthomicrol in several species of Sideritis may provide a basis for the use of such plants as anti-inflammatory agents.
Evidence is presented which suggests that central neural changes occur during the brief early phase after subcutaneous formalin injection that are essential for the expression of pain during the long-lasting (tonic) later phase. First, tonic pain responses to subcutaneous formalin injections are abolished only if the injected hindpaw is locally anesthetized at the time of injection as well as the time of testing (30-60 min later). Second, tonic formalin pain is substantially reduced by brief spinal anesthesia given 5 min before, but not 5 min after the formalin injection.
The formalin test in mice is a valid and reliable model of nociception and is sensitive for various classes of analgesic drugs. The noxious stimulus is an injection of dilute formalin (1% in saline) under the skin of the dorsal surface of the right hindpaw. The response is the amount of time the animals spend licking the injected paw. Two distinct periods of high licking activity can be identified, an early phase lasting the first 5 min and a late phase lasting from 20 to 30 min after the injection of formalin. In order to elucidate the involvement of inflammatory processes in the two phases, we tested different classes of drugs in the two phases independently. Morphine, codeine, nefopam, and orphenadrine, as examples of centrally acting analgesics, were antinociceptive in both phases. In contrast, the non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs indomethacin and naproxen and the steroids dexamethasone and hydrocortisone inhibited only the late phase, while acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and paracetamol were antinociceptive in both phases. The results demonstrate that the two phases in the formalin test may have different nociceptive mechanisms. It is suggested that the early phase is due to a direct effect on nociceptors and that prostaglandins do not play an important role during this phase. The late phase seems to be an inflammatory response with inflammatory pain that can be inhibited by anti-inflammatory drugs. ASA and paracetamol seem to have actions independent of their inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and they also have effects on non-inflammatory pain.
The effects of chalcone derivatives on 12-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase of mouse epidermis were investigated. The chalcone derivatives which have 3,4-dihydroxycinnamoyl structure in the molecule, such as 3,4-dihydroxychalcone, 3,4,2'-trihydroxychalcone, 3,4,4'-trihydroxychalcone and 3,4,2'4'-tetrahydroxychalcone, potently inhibited epidermal 12-lipoxygenase activity. Although some of them also inhibited cyclooxygenase activity at relatively high concentrations, the inhibitory effects of these chalcone derivatives on 12-lipoxygenase were 10 times or more potent than their effects on cyclooxygenase. The chalcone derivatives which have cinnamoyl or 4-hydroxycinnamoyl structure, instead of 3,4-dihydroxycinnamoyl structure, in the molecule, showed little or no inhibitory effects on either 12-lipoxygenase or cyclooxygenase activities. The inhibitory effects of chalcone derivatives on 12-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase of mouse epidermis are dependent on the particular structure, i.e. 3,4-dihydroxycinnamoyl structure, of the chalcone derivatives.
Until now only few data have been reported on biochemically explicable pharmacological effects of flavonoid structures. When tested against arachidonic acid metabolism many flavonoids were found to be effective against the lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase pathways. Some flavonoids were predominant inhibitors of either cyclo-oxygenase or lipoxygenase, others were equally effective against both enzymes. Therefore, these compounds proved to be useful tools to elucidate fatty acid peroxidation problems.
Previous studies demonstrated that the formamidine pesticide chlordimeform (CDM) reversibly inhibited prostaglandin biosynthesis and prevented the late (PG-mediated) phase of carrageenin-induced hind paw edema. This study emphasizes antagonism by CDM of the early (5HT and histamine-mediated) phase of carrageenin edema. CDM and cyproheptadine both antagonized paw edema induced by albumin (5HT and histamine-mediated) and by the direct injection of 5HT and histamine, whereas aspirin and the PG antagonist, SC-19220, were ineffective. As expected, cyproheptadine selectively reduced the early phase, whereas aspirin and SC-19220 selectively reduced the late phase of carrageenin-induced edema. These results are thus consistent with earlier studies demonstrating PG mediation of the late phase of carrageenin edema, and 5HT and histamine mediation of albumin edema and the early phase of carrageenin edema. In addition, they indicate that CDM possesses multiple acute anti-inflammatory actions not exhibited by aspirin, by SC-19220 or by cyproheptadine alone.
The active principle, isolated from the funicles of A. auriculiformis, consisted of two triterpenoid saponins, acaciaside A and acaciaside B which killed in vitro 97% microfilaria of Setaria cervi in 100 min at 4mg/ml concentration and 100% of adults in 35 min. The drug, when administered orally at 100 mg/kg on rats, in which S. cervi adults were implanted intra-peritoneally, increased the blood mf count by 1.5-fold after the first phase of treatment for 10 days. Following the third phase of treatment and thereafter, the mf density was reduced by more than 80%. No toxic effect of the saponins was observed in rats. The rise in mf count indicated that the drug induced a very high physiological stress on the adult worms which increased the rate of discharge of the mf before impending death. The treated rats on autopsy did not show any adult worms.
The anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of a water-soluble fraction (WSF), extracted with 0.1 M ammonium bicarbonate, pH 8.0, from shark cartilage were studied in several experimental models. Orally administered WSF (10 mg/kg) caused 25.7 and 23.6% inhibition of the paw edema produced in female Wistar rats (200-250 g) by carrageenan and dextran, respectively, after 3 h, as compared to controls. WSF administered orally had no effect on acetic acid-induced writhings in male Swiss mice (25-30 g) at the dose of 0.01 mg/kg but caused 52.8 and 61.4% inhibition at the doses of 0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively, compared to controls (No. of writhings/20 min, means +/- SEM: treated groups = 18.6 +/- 2.5, N = 12 and 15.2 +/- 1.4, N = 12, respectively; controls = 39.3 +/- 1.3, N = 77). In the formalin test (male Swiss mice, 25-30 g), orally administered WSF (0.5 and 1 mg/kg) caused 12.0 and 46.6% inhibition of licking time, respectively, only in the 2nd phase (inflammatory) of the test (licking time, means +/- SEM: treated group = 18.3 +/- 4.4 sec, N = 7 and 11.1 +/- 3.4 sec, N = 13; controls = 20.8 +/- 2.4 sec, N = 44). The results suggest that a molecule of a protein nature in shark cartilage is probably responsible for the effects observed.
Spinally delivery of the non-specific cyclooxygenase inhibitor, S(+)-ibuprofen, reduces the second phase of the formalin test and the evoked release of prostaglandin E2 (prostaglandin E2) from rat spinal cord in vitro. Using two selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, SC58125 (1-[(4-methysufonyl)phenyl]-3-tri-fluoromethyl-5-(4-fluorophenyl)p yrazole) and SC-236 (4-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzenesulfon amide), we observed that neither agent at the highest dose/concentration employed altered the second phase of the formalin test after intrathecal delivery or K+-evoked prostaglandin E2 release from spinal cord in vitro, although ibuprofen was effective in both models. These observations suggest that cyclooxygenase-2 may not be associated with spinal prostanoid synthesis acutely or with facilitated nociception which occurs within the limited time frame of the formalin test.
While acute pain has a fundamental role to operate a protective system, chronic pain associated with inflammation and nerve injury often outlasts its biological usefulness. Therefore, there has recently been great interest in the neurochemical mechanisms of hyperalgesia to noxious stimuli and tactile pain (allodynia) to innocuous stimuli with a hope to relieve persistent, intractable pain. Over several decades non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids have been employed for clinical management of pain. The introduction of molecular biology to pain research has enabled us to describe the mechanism of pain at the molecular level and to develop analgesics with selectivity for targets and with less adverse effects. This review focuses on current knowledge concerning mechanisms and pathways for pain induced by prostaglandins and their interactions with novel neuropeptides nociceptin/orphanin FQ and nocistatin derived from the same opioid precursor protein.
Mitragyna ciliata is widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation, hypertension, headache, rheumatism, gonorrhoea and broncho-pulmonary diseases. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of the stem bark extract of M. ciliata were investigated. The stem bark of this plant was extracted over Soxhlet with hexane followed by another extraction with methanol. The resulting methanol extract was used for the pharmacological test. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated on the basis of the inhibitory effect of the extract on 5-lipoxygenase, and carrageenin-induced hind paw oedema in the rat. The methanol extract, at a dose of 19.2 microg/ml, exhibited no inhibition on 5-lipoxygenase. However, this extract administered per os (50 mg/kg) produced about 70% inhibition of carrageenin-induced paw oedema 1 h after administration. This inhibition was maintained to about 50% 2 h after administration. The dose of 50 mg/kg of MeOH extract significantly decreased sensitivity to pain from 78.75 to 107.5 g These findings suggest that extracts of the bark of M. ciliata, possess potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Chemical analysis of the extract showed the presence of alkaloids and kaempferol derivative which may be responsible for the anti-inflammatory properties.
3beta-Acetoxy-17beta-hydroxy-androst-5-ene was isolated from aerial parts of Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd (Mimosaceae). The structure of this compound was established by spectral analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The steroid showed dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity against TPA-induced mouse earedema.
A method is presented for measuring the edema induced by injection of 0.05 ml of 1% solution of carrageenin, an extract of Chondrus, into the plantar tissues of the hind paw of the rat. Peak edema develops within the first 3 to 4 hours, and is inhibited by pretreatment of the animals by single oral doses of antiinflammatory agents, steroid or non-steroid. Log dose responses to drugs are linear and parallel, and yield potency ratios with relatively narrow confidence limits. The potency ratios obtained for aspirin, phenylbutazone and hydrocortisone are fairly close to the ratios of their respective daily doses in the treatment of rheumatic disease. A potent antihistaminic-antiserotonin compound, cyproheptadine, is without effect on carrageenin-induced edema.
From the rhizomes of Dioscorea cayenensis Lam.-Holl (Dioscoreaceae), the new 26- O- beta- D-glucopyranosyl-22-methoxy-3 beta,26-dihydroxy-25( R)-furost-5-en-3- O- alpha- L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->4)- alpha- L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->4)-[ alpha- L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)]- beta- D-glucopyranoside ( 1) was isolated together with the known dioscin ( 2) and diosgenin 3- O- alpha- L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->4)- alpha- L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->4)-[ alpha- L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)]- beta- D-glucopyranoside ( 3). Their structures were established on the basis of spectral data. Compound 2 exhibited antifungal activity against the human pathogenic yeasts Candida albicans, C. glabrata and C. tropicalis (MICs of 12.5, 12.5 and 25 micro g/mL, respectively) whereas 3 showed weak activity and 1 was inactive.
Isolation of a dual COX-2 and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor from Acacia. US Patent 2,003
- Q Jia
- T C Nichols
- E E Rhoden
- S Waite
Jia, Q., Nichols, T.C., Rhoden, E.E., Waite, S. 2003. Isolation of a dual COX-2 and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor from Acacia. US Patent 2,003,180,402.
Inhibition of mammalian 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase by flavonoids and phenolic dieteary additives
- M J Laugton
- P J Evans
- M A Moroney
- J R S Hoult
- B Halliwell
Laugton, M.J., Evans, P.J., Moroney, M.A., Hoult, J.R.S., Halliwell, B., 1991. Inhibition of mammalian 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase by flavonoids and phenolic dieteary additives. Biochemical Pharmacology 42, 1673–1681.
Inhibition of mammalian 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase by flavonoids and phenolic dieteary additives
- Laugton