... Hassan et al. (2014) also revealed that cannabidiol increased the expression of TRPV2 and TRPV1 proteins and caused a translocation of TRPV2 to the microglial BV-2 cell membrane which produced a sustained increase in intracellular Ca 2+ concentration upregulated and was abolished by TRP channel blocker ruthenium red and the TRPV1 antagonists capsazepine and AMG9810 leading to enhanced phagocytosis of BV-2 cells (Hansen et al., 2018a). Mizoguchi et al. (2014) found that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is a neurotrophin well known for its roles in the activation of microglia as well as in pathophysiology and/or treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, induces sustained intracellular Ca 2+ elevation through the up-regulation of microglial surface TRPC3 McLarnon et al., 2005;Kettenmann et al., 2011;Siddiqui et al., 2012;Heo et al., 2015;Michaelis et al., 2015;Gilbert et al., 2016) transient receptor potential (TRP) channels/TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV4, TRPC3, TRPC6, TRPM2 Ca 2+ entry ruthenium red, capsazepine, AMG9810, 2-APB, SKF, RN1734 TRP channels mostly are nonselective Ca 2+ -permeable cation channels involved in cellular processes such as cytokine production, proliferation, and migration, all of which are important cellular activities in microglia production of proinflammatory cytokines, an increase in TNF-α and IL-β expression and release neuropathic pain, AD, vibroacoustic disease (Venkatachalam&Montell, 2007;Haraguchi et al., 2012;Shi et al., 2013a;Echeverry et al., 2016;Mizoguchi&Monji, 2017b;Alawieyah Syed Mortadza et al., 2018;Hansen et al., 2018b;Shirakawa&Kaneko, 2018) voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels (VGCCs)/Cav1.2, Cav2.2/NCX ...