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The Impact of Parenting on Risk Cognitions and Risk Behavior: A Study of Mediation and Moderation in a Panel of African American Adolescents
Abstract
Hypotheses concerning the extent to which adolescents' cognitions mediate the relation between parenting behaviors and adolescent substance use were examined in a panel of African American adolescents (N = 714, M age at Time 1 = 10.51 years) and their primary caregivers. A nested-model approach indicated that effective parenting (i.e., monitoring of the child's activities, communication about substances, and parental warmth) was related to adolescent substance use more than 5 years later. The parenting behaviors protected the adolescent from subsequent alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use through associations with two cognitive elements from the prototype/willingness model: favorable risk images (prototypes) and behavioral willingness. Additional analyses indicated that these protective effects were strongest among families residing in high-risk neighborhoods.
... Fewer studies have been conducted on the mediating effects of parental attachment on adolescent substance use. For example, Cleveland et al. (2005) found that parental support was linked to less substance use among adolescents located in high-risk neighborhoods and that this relationship was mediated by negative perceptions of drug users (Cleveland, Gibbons, Gerrard, Pomery, & Brody, 2005). Additionally, Kelly et al. (2011) found that among girls parental closeness was mediated via less association with antisocial peers and that parental disapproval of alcohol consumption had inverse direct effects on alcohol consumption for both sexes. ...
... Fewer studies have been conducted on the mediating effects of parental attachment on adolescent substance use. For example, Cleveland et al. (2005) found that parental support was linked to less substance use among adolescents located in high-risk neighborhoods and that this relationship was mediated by negative perceptions of drug users (Cleveland, Gibbons, Gerrard, Pomery, & Brody, 2005). Additionally, Kelly et al. (2011) found that among girls parental closeness was mediated via less association with antisocial peers and that parental disapproval of alcohol consumption had inverse direct effects on alcohol consumption for both sexes. ...
... Further, in terms of mediation, generally, this study showed that social control variables partially mediated the relationship between bullying experiences and marijuana use. This is consistent with existing studies on the mediating effects of parental attachment on substance use, which have found that parental support is inversely related to adolescent substance use (Cleveland et al., 2005;Kelly et al., 2011;Wills et al., 2014). Seeing at though, only one study has looked at the mediating effect of peer attachment on adolescent substance use and that was not limited to prosocial peer bonds, this study contributions to the existing literature that analyzes the impact of prosocial peer support on adolescent drug use (Wills et al., 2014). ...
This study examines the impact of social control measures (e.g. parental attachment and prosocial peer attachment) on marijuana use among adolescents who were pure bullies, pure victims, and bully-victims. Data from the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children survey was utilized and consisted of a nationwide cross-section of 12,642 adolescents. Results revealed that adolescents who were pure bullies and bully-victims were more likely to use marijuana. Additionally, parental and peer attachments were significant in decreasing the likelihood of marijuana use for two of the bullying statuses (pure bullies and bully-victims). Further, the social control measures partially mediated the relationship between two of the bullying statuses and marijuana use despite having no significant relation of bullying victimization to marijuana use. Considering that parental and peer attachments had significant and direct effects on adolescent marijuana use in the predicted (inverse) direction, prevention programs should focus on building and strengthening these relationships as a means of reducing deviant behaviors such as marijuana use among adolescents.
... Supportive parenting has been highlighted as an important protective factor for African-American adolescents. 8,9 However, African-American adolescents are underrepresented in much of the extant substance use etiological literature, and the role of parenting in the development of mental health problems and substance use is unclear. Although the representation of African-Americans in the substance use etiological literature has steadily increased over the past two decades, [10][11][12] they still remain underrepresented and considerable work remains to address the processes underlying the development of substance use by African-American adolescents and to identify potential avenues for prevention in this group. ...
... 9,[14][15][16][17] Parental support, which refers to behaviors such as warmth and talking with the adolescent about his or her problems, may be particularly important for African American adolescents' development as African American adolescents tend to maintain stronger ties with family members during adolescence and tend to be more parent-than peer-oriented compared to White adolescents. 8,18,19 Parental support has been offered as one explanation for why African-American adolescents often use fewer substances despite relatively high rates of exposure to contextual risk factors. 8 Contextual risks such as exposure to violence and living in poverty are positively associated with adolescent alcohol and marijuana use. ...
... 8,18,19 Parental support has been offered as one explanation for why African-American adolescents often use fewer substances despite relatively high rates of exposure to contextual risk factors. 8 Contextual risks such as exposure to violence and living in poverty are positively associated with adolescent alcohol and marijuana use. 20,21 Similarly, prenatal exposure to substances, cocaine in the case of the current high-risk sample, is a biological risk factor for later use of a variety of substances, including not only cocaine but also alcohol and marijuana. ...
African American adolescents experience disproportionate rates of negative consequences of substance use despite using substances at average or below-average rates. Due to under-representation of African American adolescents in etiological literature, risk and protective processes associated with their substance use require further study. This study examined the effect of parental support on conduct problems, depressive symptoms, and alcohol and marijuana use in a national sample and a high-risk sample of African American adolescents. In both samples, parental support inversely related to adolescent conduct problems, depressive symptoms, and alcohol and marijuana use. Conduct problems, but not depressive symptoms, partially mediated the relationship of parental support with substance use. Results were consistent across the national and high-risk samples, suggesting that the protective effect of parental support applies to African American adolescents from a range of demographic backgrounds.
... As such, it is considered that healthy family functioning in terms of positive family processes and competent-promoting parenting practices may directly contribute to a better development of psychosocial maturity in children, which in turn may result in children's developments of less internalizing and externalizing symptoms (Cleveland et al., 2005;Luthar et al., 2000;Murry & Brody, 1999;Simons et al., 2007). Nevertheless, meager studies that have attempted to explore the above-mentioned mediating mechanism. ...
... Family processes also highlight the central role of family socialization in children's moral developments and psychosocial maturity, which might subsequently exert long-lasting effects on their psychological adjustment, social success and well-being (Cleveland et al., 2005;Kogan et al., 2005;Stuewig & McCloskey, 2005). ...
... showed that poor family relationships in seventh grade was predictive of adolescents' lower self-worth and more negative cognitions in eighth grade, and negative cognitions in eighth grade in turn contributed to less participation in organized and constructive after-school activities. In fact, consistent relationships between negative family functioning and poor cognitive and psychosocial developments in children have also been demonstrated in other studies (Bennett et al., 2005;Brody et al., 1996;Brody & Flor, 1998;Cleveland et al., 2005;Goodman et al., 1994;Ma et al., 2007;McCloskey et al., 1995). Moreover, Schwartz and Finley (2006) investigated the effects of nurturant fathering and paternal involvement on current psychological functioning of college students who came from three different types of family background, namely adoptive, adoptive-stepfather, and nonadoptive-stepfather families respectively. ...
... Of the final twenty articles included in the study, thirteen used cross-sectional study designs [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] and seven had longitudinal study designs [35][36][37][38][39][40][41]. The majority of the studies (12/20) were conducted in the USA [22-26, 29, 31, 33, 34, 38, 40, 41]. ...
... However, one study consisted of an equal split in male/female adolescent respondents [38], while another study had only female caregiver respondents [26]. Four of the twenty studies sought a parent-child dyad for the sample [29,34,36,38,40], all of which were mother-child respondents even though both parents were recruited. ...
... Risk behaviour was measured using the Tucker-Lewis Index [24], which assessed parental support, knowledge, closeness and peer drug use. Other tests used were the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) [36], Drug Involvements Scale (DISA) [38], the University of Michigan Composite International Diagnostic Instrument (assesses problematic alcohol use) [40], Eysenck and Eysenck Inventory (assess risk taking) [40] and the Youth Health Risk Behaviour Inventory [29]. 1 Was the sampling method representative of the population intended to the study? ...
Aim: The aim of the systematic study was to determine the effect of parenting practices on adolescent risk behaviours such as substance use and sexual risk behaviour.
Method: Quantitative research studies were systematically collected from various databases such as Academic Search Complete, MEDLINE (Pubmed), JSTOR, Project Muse and SAGE for the duration of 2003-2013 which was within the 10 year period of relevant literature to the date of study.
Results: Findings established that parental monitoring and communication prevented drug initiation, delayed alcohol initiation, and sexual debut, increased alcohol refusal efficacy, and decreased delinquent behaviour and risk taking behaviours in high risk adolescents.
Conclusion: This review shows that parental practices play significant protective and promotive roles in managing adolescent risk behaviours.
... These young adults are at heightened risk of developing cognitions that increase their likelihood of drug use, such as intentions to use drugs, willingness to use, and positive prototypes or images of drug-using peers. These cognitions start to develop at an early age and continue to develop during young adulthood, serving as proximal risk mechanisms in longitudinal, etiological research forecasting drug use escalation (Chassin, Tetzloff, & Hershey, 1985;Cleveland, Gibbons, Gerrard, Pomery, & Brody, 2005). Behavioral willingness is defined as an openness to using drugs given an opportunity to do so-that which a young adult might do under certain circumstances such as the presence of drugusing friends (Cleveland et al., 2005). ...
... These cognitions start to develop at an early age and continue to develop during young adulthood, serving as proximal risk mechanisms in longitudinal, etiological research forecasting drug use escalation (Chassin, Tetzloff, & Hershey, 1985;Cleveland, Gibbons, Gerrard, Pomery, & Brody, 2005). Behavioral willingness is defined as an openness to using drugs given an opportunity to do so-that which a young adult might do under certain circumstances such as the presence of drugusing friends (Cleveland et al., 2005). Intentions to use drugs predict actual use more strongly with increasing age, as drug use becomes more deliberate and, in some cases, habitual (Pomery, Gibbons, Reis-Bergan, & Gerrard, 2009). ...
... Prototypes are images of a particular type of person, for example, young adults who use drugs (Chassin, Presson, Sherman, Corty, & Olshavsky, 1984). Positive images of drug-using peers predict drug use and other health-risk behaviors on the part of those who hold the images (Cleveland et al., 2005). To maximize predictive power, we formed a construct labeled vulnerability cognitions that comprises willingness, intentions, and prototypes. ...
This study was designed to investigate a genetic moderation effect of dopamine receptor 4 gene (DRD4) alleles that have seven or more repeats (long alleles) on an intervention to deter drug use among rural African American adolescents in high-risk families. Adolescents (N = 291, M age = 17) were assigned randomly to the Adults in the Making (AIM) program or to a control condition and were followed for 27.5 months. Adolescents provided data on drug use and vulnerability cognitions three times after pretest. Pretest assessments of caregiver depressive symptoms, disruption in the home, and support toward the adolescent were used to construct a family risk index. Adolescents living in high-risk families who carried at least one DRD4 long allele and were assigned to the control condition evinced greater escalations in drug use than did (a) adolescents who lived in high-risk families, carried the DRD4 long allele, and were assigned to AIM, or (b) adolescents assigned to either condition who carried no DRD4 long alleles. AIM-induced reductions in vulnerability cognitions were responsible for the Family Risk × AIM × DRD4 status drug use prevention effects. These findings support differential susceptibility predictions and imply that prevention effects on genetically susceptible individuals may be underestimated.
... A family history of substance abuse, combined with low social support from friends, significantly predicted alcohol and drug abuse diagnoses (Ohannessian & Hesselbrock, 1999). Conversely, African American youth who had emotionally-supportive families that closely monitored them and openly communicated with them about substance use used less tobacco, alcohol, and other substances (Cleveland, Gibbons, Gerrard, Pomery, & Brody, 2005). A problematic family system has also been identified as a predictor of age of onset of substance use; those who had used substances younger than 17 years tend to have more psychosocial problems compared to those who had late onset (Poudel, Sharma, Gautam, & Poudel, 2016). ...
... This implies that the improvement of life skills may have a significant effect in preventing substance use. However, this relationship is only approaching statistical significance (p = 0.08), suggesting that this effect of the family on substance use may not be as strong among Filipino adults as compared to adolescents (Cleveland et al., 2005;Ohannessian & Hesselbrock, 1999;Poudel et al., 2016;Rhodes & Jason, 1990). This adds to the findings of existing studies that identify poor family support as predictors of substance use (Soloski & Berryhill, 2015;Tobler & Komro, 2010). ...
Vulnerability to substance use disorders (SUD) vary across individuals; however, there is scant evidence examining how family support is associated with coping skills and substance abuse, especially among adults. This study described how family support moderated the relationship between coping skills and substance abuse among Filipino adults who used drugs. The social influence theory on drug use was used to guide the analysis of data from 340 participants from the Katatagan Kontra Droga sa Komunidad program, a voluntary outpatient substance abuse treatment program held in two cities in the Philippines. Participants answered a survey questionnaire measuring substance use dependence (SUD) symptoms, drug recovery skills, life skills, and perceived family support. Most of the participants were males and mostly used methamphetamine or shabu. Among those with SUD symptoms, moderation analysis showed that life skills were inversely associated with SUD symptoms. Family support moderated the relationship between life skills and SUD symptoms, suggesting that family support is most critical for those with lower life skills. The study concludes that life skills and family support are important factors that contribute to the treatment success among mild-risk persons who use drugs (PWUDs) in the Philippines and therefore need to be prioritized in treatment programs and health promotion initiatives.
... Adolescents are more likely to display open communication with their parents about general topics when they have high PCC (Luk, Farhat, Iannotti, & Simons-Morton, 2010). Parents are more likely to have the opportunity to have frequent conversations and set rules effectively when PCC is high (Cleveland, Gibbons, Gerrard, Pomery, & Brody, 2005;Guilamo-Ramos et al., 2008;Harakeh, Scholte, Vermulst, de Vries, & Engels, 2010;Koning, Van den Eijnden, & Vollebergh, 2014;Maggi et al., 2014). In Chaplin and colleagues' (Chaplin et al., 2014) observational study adolescents' physiological responses were measured during conversations with parents; when parents displayed behaviours suggestive of low PCC, such as criticism and sarcasm, adolescents tended to display higher cortisol levels, which were indicative of greater feelings of discomfort. ...
... While Koning et al. (2014) found no association between quality of communication and alcohol use, they still promote the use high quality conversations. Three studies found that frequent communication was indirectly protective against alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use, only when combined with high quality communication and high PCC (Cleveland et al., 2005;Huansuriya, Siegel, & Crano, 2014;Huver, Engels, Vermulst, & de Vries, 2007). Thus, having frequent conversations with adolescents about substance use is not enough; these conversations must also be of high quality, in which communication is reciprocal and adolescents feel they are participating equally. ...
Previous reviews have highlighted parent?child connectedness and communication as important protective factors against adolescent substance use. However, these reviews focus on single substances such as alcohol. An integrative review of the literature was conducted to examine which elements of parent?child connectedness and substance-use specific communication are effective across adolescent alcohol, tobacco and drug use. Forty-two English language, peer reviewed articles were reviewed. Open communication occurs within the context of high connectedness between parents and their children. Conversations about health risks are associated with lower levels of substance use while more frequent conversations, those about parents? own use, permissive messages and consequences of use are associated with higher levels of use. There are disparities regarding conversations about use of each substance: alcohol and tobacco are easier topics of conversation while drug use is rarely discussed. Parental alcohol and tobacco use can influence the credibility of their communication with their child. Parents should be encouraged to have open, constructive, credible, two-sided conversations with their adolescents about substance use. Interventions to improve parents? communication skills around substance use, particularly drug use, should include the types of approaches and messages highlighted in this review, and, where possible, these interventions should include all family members.
... Parent-child communication is defined as how often in the past year adolescents communicated with their parents about a variety of topics, such as drugs and alcohol, sex and/or birth control, and personal problems or concerns [67,68]. Highly religious parents have been found to be more likely to demonstrate effective parenting practices, such as communication [69,70]. ...
... High quality parent-adolescent communication is important to study because it is associated with positive adolescent outcomes [71]; therefore, establishing an environment that promotes productive parent-child communication is important because it can serve as a protective factor for adolescent problem behavior. For instance, adolescents who talked to their mothers about a problem behavior were engaged in lower levels of risk behaviors, such as substance use [23,67,68], had a lower frequency of sexual intercourse (among females only), and more consistent contraceptive use [72]. Research shows that sex is one of the most salient topics for adolescents to discuss with their parents. ...
In recent years, substantial gains have been made in our understanding of the influence of parenting behaviors and styles on adolescent emotional and behavioral outcomes. Empirical work focusing on the associations between parenting and adolescent outcomes is important because the influence of parenting during adolescence continues to affect behaviors into adulthood. Additionally, there has been considerable attention paid to the mechanisms that shape parenting that then influence adolescent outcomes. For instance, researchers have found that neighborhood conditions moderated the association between parenting and adolescent development. In this paper, several covariates and contextual effects associated with parenting and adolescent outcomes will be discussed. Also, parental behaviors, parental styles and adolescent outcomes are discussed in this literature review. This review provides an assessment of the literature on parenting and adolescent outcomes from the past decade and includes advancements in parenting research. The review concludes with a summary of major research findings, as well as a consideration of future directions and implications for practice and policy.
... The fact that there is a positive correlation between respondents' alcohol use and use by the parents as shown in this study is also supported by Cleveland et al. [31]. We noted that age and socio economic class of subjects have significant relationship to the respondents' lifetime and current use of alcohol. ...
... When multivariate logistic regression was used, we noted that age and socio economic class of subjects have significant relationship to the respondents' lifetime and current use of alcohol, thus, supporting the result of earlier study [31]. ...
Background
Psycho-active substance use among adolescents is a national and global problem and its attendant effects on adolescents cannot be overemphasized.The objectives of this study are to determine the prevalence and pattern of psychoactive substance use among adolescents; the substances involved and the extent of the problem in this locale. Methods
This is a cross-sectional study that assesses the pattern of psychoactive substance use among secondary school adolescents in Enugu, south East, Nigeria. The study was carried out among adolescents attending six secondary boarding schools in Enugu metropolis of Enugu State of Nigeria.The WHO Student Drug Use Questionnaire was adapted for this study.Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences program (SPSS), version 17. Chi-square and multivariate regression were used as a test of significance for qualitative variables. A p-value less than 0.05 were accepted as significant for each statistical test. ResultsOut of 900, a total of 896 respondents, comprising 400 and 82 boys (482) (53.8 %) and 400 and 14 girls (414) (46.2 %) completed the questionnaires. This gave a response rate of 99.6 %.The study revealed that the prevalence of current use for psychoactive substances ranges from 0.4 to 34.9 % while that for life use ranges from 0.8 to 63.5 %. The least being cannabis and the most being kola nuts.Kola nut is the most widely used psychoactive substance both for current use, past year use and the respondents’ life time use. It shows a lifetime prevalence of 63.5 % and a current use prevalence of 34.9 %.More than half of the users of each of the psychoactive substances take it occasionally, using them on 1–5 days in a month. On the other hand, almost one-quarter of the users of each of the substances take it on 20 or more days in a month. Conclusion
The study revealed that the prevalence of current use for psychoactive substances ranges from 0.4 to 34.9 % while that for life use ranges from 0.8 to 63.5 %. The least being cannabis and the most being kola nuts.
... These studies have shown the PWM to be useful in predicting various risk behaviors, such as smoking (Andrews et al., 2008;Blanton et al., 1997;Gerrard, Gibbons, Stock, Vande Lune, & Cleveland, 2005;Hukkelberg & Dykstra, 2009), drinking (Andrews et al., 2008;Blanton et al., 1997;Gibbons et al., 2010;Ouellette, Gerrard, Gibbons, & Reis-Bergan, 1999;Spijkerman, Van Den Eijnden, Overbeek, & Engels, 2007;cf. Dal Cin et al., 2009, for partial exception), substance use (Cleveland, Gibbons, Gerrard, Pomery, & Brody, 2005;Stock et al., 2013), and unsafe sexual practices (Gibbons et al., 1998;Houlihan et al., 2008). Of importance to the present article, using three waves of data, we (Armenta, Hautala, & Whitbeck, 2015) previously showed that perceived drinking norms, favorable drinker prototypes, and previous drinking behavior were each positively and significantly associated with subsequent drinking behavior among North American Indigenous adolescents (i.e., Native American and Canadian First Nations youths). ...
... Moreover, it will be important to consider whether, as suggested by the PWM, behavioral willingness mediates, or perhaps further moderates, any interactive effects on subsequent risk behavior. Such efforts do not necessarily require the collection of new data; rather, data from existing studies provide ample opportunities to verify, disconfirm, or augment our results (e.g., Andrews et al., 2008;Blanton et al., 1997;Cleveland et al., 2005;Gibbons et al., 1998;Hukkelberg & Dykstra, 2009;Ouellette et al., 1999;Rivis et al., 2006;Spijkerman et al., 2007). We urge scholars to consider revisiting those data with a focus on identifying potential interactive effects within the PWM. ...
Drawing on the Prototype/Willingness Model of Adolescent Risk Behavior, we used longitudinal data collected from North American Indigenous early adolescents (ages 10-12 years) to examine the interactive effects of favorable drinker prototypes, perceived drinking norms, and past-year drinking behavior on subsequent drinking behavior (i.e., drinking behavior 1 year later and growth in drinking behavior from 1-5 years later). We found that the positive association between favorable drinker prototypes and drinking 1 year later was strongest for adolescents who were high in past-year drinking and perceived low drinking norms. The interaction pattern for growth in drinking was more complex and suggested an important pattern; specifically, favorable drinker prototypes were positively associated with drinking 5 years later, but only for adolescents who reported no past-year drinking and perceived low drinking norms. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record
... Parental support may be particularly important for African American adolescents' development (Cleveland et al., 2005). Developmental research indicates that African ...
... It may also be more important among those in high-risk contexts as parents increase their supportive behavior in order to attempt to protect their children from dangerous contexts (Rankin & Quane, 2002). Effective parenting has been suggested as one explanation why African American adolescents use fewer substances despite greater exposure to contextual risk factors than White adolescents (Cleveland et al., 2005). ...
The risk for substance use posed by conduct problems (CP) and depressive symptoms (DS) during adolescence has been documented in the developmental psychopathology and epidemiological literatures. However, several crucial questions remain regarding the associations of CP, DS, and alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette use during adolescence. First, research to date has yielded inconsistent evidence regarding the association of DS and substance use, with evidence for positive, negative, and null associations. Second, despite the fact that CP and DS commonly co-occur, the role of their interaction in substance use has not been well characterized. Third, additional research is needed to specify how the associations between CP, DS, and substance use vary by specific substance and between and within demographic subgroups. This dissertation used data from national and high-risk adolescent samples to address these critical questions.
Results indicated that, cross-sectionally and longitudinally, CP was a strong predictor of substance use, DS was a weak but positive predictor, and the interaction of CP and DS was a strong predictor, particularly among younger adolescents, such that adolescents with high levels of both CP and DS used substances most frequently. A within-group analysis of African American adolescents revealed that parental support inversely related to adolescent CP, DS, and alcohol and marijuana use, and that the parent support-substance use association was mediated by CP.
Overall, the results of this work demonstrate that, although CP is often thought to be a primary predictor of substance use, DS can potentiate the relation of CP to substance use. The generalizability of these results is enhanced by the use of both national and high-risk samples and their consistency across multiple samples. The results indicate that substance use prevention efforts should target both CP and DS in early adolescence. In addition, increasing parental support may help to reduce both mental health problems and substance use during adolescence. Strategic investment in prevention of substance use can yield drastic reductions in morbidity and mortality and improvements in health. This work suggests that consideration of the contributions of mental health to adolescent substance use should be integrated into such efforts.
... The model argues that drinking is an outcome of certain developmental relationships and socialization processes that characterize adolescence. The processes and relationships are located in family, school, community, and peers; the influence of peers represents risk factors (Bray, Adams, Getz, & McQueen, 2003;Cleveland, Gibbons, Gerrard, Pomery, & Brody, 2005;Curran, Stice, & Chassin, 1997;Eitle, 2005;Hawkins et al., 1997;Hoffmann & Cerbone, 2002;Simons-Morton, 2004). Peer influence, especially that of peers who drink or are otherwise delinquent, promotes norm violation; deviant peers become a risk factor promoting adolescent alcohol use (Andrade, 2013;Trucco, Colder, Wieczorek, Lengua, & Hawk, 2014;Van Ryzin & Dishion, 2014). ...
... In turn, family influence under the social development model represents protective factors (Bjarnason, Thorlindsson, Sigfusdottir, & Welch, 2005;Bray et al., 2003;Cleveland et al., 2005;Simons-Morton, 2004;Tucker, Ellickson, Collins, & Klein, 2006). Thus, role violation through adolescent drinking reflects weak parental monitoring, parental approval of underage drinking, or the like (Brown et al., 2014;Donovan, 2013;Mrug & McCay, 2013;Randolph et al., 2013;Windle et al., 2009;Yu, 1998). ...
This study examined risk and protective factors at work when adolescents change from a non-drinking alcohol-use pattern to either non-heavy drinking or heavy drinking. Using a sample of 1,725 non-drinkers extracted from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we conducted multinomial logistic regression and found that likelihood of change from non-drinking to non-heavy drinking was associated positively with safe neighborhood, female, peers’ drinking, emotional maltreatment, and delinquent behaviors. We found a negative association between such likelihood and being African American. We found that likelihood of change from non-drinking to heavy drinking was associated positively with peers’ drinking, depressive feelings, drug use, and repeating a grade(s) at school. We found a negative association between such likelihood and having a married mother, being African American or some other non-Hispanic minority ethnicity, and maternal supervision. Implications for intervention and future research are discussed.
... Decades of family research have determined that those most successful at parenting have a warm and caring relationship with the children (3); communicate family values against high-risk behaviors (4); and maintain consistent discipline, supervision, and involvement (5)(6)(7)(8). Parenting that reflects a combination of all of these characteristics may have the strongest positive effect on preventing risk behaviors (9,10). Strong parental control may be particularly important for children living in areas where drugs and violence abound (3,11). ...
... Parents/caregivers changed in two dimensions that both theory and research highlight as key to positive child development (9,12). First, they reported an increase in their "positive parenting" skills in the form of showing more love, appreciation, and interest. ...
This report describes 1) the evaluation of the Familias Fuertes primary prevention program in three countries (Bolivia, Colombia, and Ecuador) and 2) the effect of program participation on parenting practices. Familias Fuertes was implemented in Bolivia (10 groups, 96 parents), Colombia (12 groups, 173 parents), and Ecuador (five groups, 42 parents) to prevent the initiation and reduce the prevalence of health-compromising behaviors among adolescents by strengthening family relationships and enhancing parenting skills. The program consists of seven group sessions (for 6-12 families) designed for parents/caregivers and their 10-14-year-old child. Parents/caregivers answered a survey before the first session and at the completion of the program. The survey measured two important mediating constructs: "positive parenting" and "parental hostility." The Pan American Health Organization provided training for facilitators. After the program, parents/caregivers from all three countries reported significantly higher mean scores for "positive parenting" and significantly lower mean scores for "parental hostility" than at the pre-test. "Positive parenting" practices paired with low "parental hostility" are fundamental to strengthening the relationship between parents/caregivers and the children and reducing adolescents' health-compromising behaviors. More research is needed to examine the long-term impact of the program on adolescent behaviors.
... Parental monitoring knowledge also has been examined as a protective factor in African American adolescents. For example, those who lived in a high-risk neighborhood reported more high risk behaviors when parental monitoring knowledge was low than adolescents who live in the same high risk neighborhood but reported higher parental monitoring knowledge (Cleveland, Gibbons, Gerrard, Pomery, & Brody, 2005). ...
African American parents’ use of racial socialization messages has been associated with other parenting practices and behaviors as well as adolescent functioning. This study explored the relationships among racial socialization, general parenting practices ( e.g ., parental monitoring knowledge, harsh parental discipline, and parent-child relationship) and three psychological outcomes ( e.g. , scholastic competence, self-esteem, and externalizing behaviors) among 103 African American adolescents. Based on linear regressions, adolescents’ scholastic competence was positively associated with cultural socialization and negatively associated with promotion of mistrust, but self-esteem and externalizing behaviors were not linked to any racial socialization dimension. Further, cultural socialization was found to be related to each of the general parenting practices. Implications for research on African American parenting behaviors and adolescents’ functioning are discussed.
... The first model estimated only a direct path from social values to money demand. The second model retained the direct path from the baseline model and added the indirect influence of social values on money demand (Cleveland et al., 2005). ...
Most research in the Islamic economy on the money demand have employed the Keynesian approach, while in this research money demand functions are derived from a microeconomic approach. Thus, the aim of this study is to test and analyze some of the key factors in Islamic money demand model with the microeconomics-based approach, and then, in accordance with Islamic principles, chooses muzakki as the best sample. The data source for this study is 200 muzakki in Java, with a period of 2020. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) is adopted to examine the relationship between the seven constructs, i.e., zakat, PLS rate, state, regulation, goods and services, conspicuous consumption, and money demand. The systemic relationship between the structures indicates that the integrated model of demand for money has a strong zakat relationship, while reliability and validity have been established. Zakat plays a key role in applying the established paradigm of demand for money in relation to goods and services. Zakat significantly affects both goods and services as well as models of money demand. This proposed new model equation is intended to help each household economic actor increase the demand for philanthropic money. As many muzakki are spread throughout Indonesia, it is expected that the welfare of the poor and the low-income society will gradually improve and, finally, the distribution of income in Indonesia will be on an equal footing.
... Consistent results outlining the benefits of this parenting style have been achieved across differing family structures, ethnicity and social class in the United States of America. (Cleveland et al., 2005;Luthar et al., 2005;Bean et al., 2006;Simpkins et al., 2009) in Iceland (Adalbjarnardotti et al., 2001) India (Carson et al., 1999 the Czech Republic (Dmitrieva et al., 2004) Palestine (Punamaki et al., 1997) Switzerland (Vazsonyi et al., 2003) China (Zhang et al., 2017) and Israel (Mayseless et al., 2003). Martin et al. (2011) and Padilla-Walker et al. (2012) contend that the balance experienced by adolescents with authoritative 49 is linked to high levels of impulsivity in adolescents, in addition to antisocial behaviour, drug and alcohol use and early sexual experimentation (Collins and Steinberg, 2006). ...
Mixed method critical realist researcher into the experiences and understanding of Sexual Harassment among Irish Adolescents over a 12 month period.
... For example, Cleveland and colleagues demonstrated a longitudinal negative association between an aggregate scale of effective parenting and subsequent use of tobacco, alcohol and marijuana in a sample of African American adolescents. 13 A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t Among studies that linked parental influences in adolescence to smoking in young adulthood, Beach et al. suggest an indirect link between early adolescent supportive parenting and lower young adult smoking through epigenetic stress pathways. 9 Interestingly, Otten and colleagues demonstrated that adolescent non-compliance with parental expectations at age 18 was a small but significant predictor of smoking progression between age 18 and age 28. 14 While these studies demonstrate significant longitudinal associations between parenting during adolescence and smoking in young adulthood, neither examined parent strategies intended to specifically address smoking among their children. ...
Introduction
Young adulthood is a critical period for the adoption of risk behaviors like tobacco use. Protective factors in adolescence may promote a tobacco-free transition to young adulthood. We examine associations between the frequency of parental anti-smoking encouragement in adolescence and cigarette and e-cigarette use in young adulthood.
Methods
We analyzed data from Waves 1 (2009-10, 10 th grade, mean age=16.2 years) and 5 (2013-14 mean age=20.3 years) of the U.S. nationally representative NEXT Generation Health Study (n=1,718). At Wave 1, participants reported how often their parents/guardians encourage them to not smoke cigarettes (1=Rarely/never, 7=Frequently). We used separate weighted multiple logistic regressions to model Wave 5 past-30-day cigarette and e-cigarette use as functions of the frequency of parental anti-smoking encouragement at Wave 1, adjusting for sociodemographic and parenting factors, initial substance use, and peer tobacco use.
Results
The average frequency of parental encouragement to not smoke cigarettes was fairly high (mean=5.35). At Wave 5, 24.7% and 14.2% of respondents reported cigarette e-cigarette use in the past 30 days, respectively. Greater frequency of parental anti-smoking encouragement was associated with lower odds of subsequent cigarette smoking (AOR 0.91, 95% CI 0.83, 0.99) but its association with e-cigarette use was not significant (AOR 0.93, 95% CI 0.84, 1.04).
Conclusions
The longitudinal negative association between anti-smoking encouragement and cigarette use suggests that parental anti-tobacco communication could be a long-term protective factor against young adult tobacco use. Our findings may also suggest the importance of product-specific messages in the evolving tobacco use landscape.
Implications
This study builds upon prior investigations of parenting in adolescence as a protective factor against young adult risk behavior. We isolate the frequency of anti-smoking encouragement during adolescence as an actionable factor distinct from other parenting variables. Our findings also suggest that message specificity may be an important factor in parental anti-tobacco communication as youth and young adult tobacco use becomes increasingly dominated by e-cigarettes.
... A previous work 13 , identified social interaction between family and friends to be a significant factor for introduction to PAS use. An earlier study 19 also found a positive relationship between both children and parents' alcohol use. Another significant association was that of parental marital status (p=0.007) ...
The rate of psychoactive substance (PAS) use in the adolescent group is increasing around the world. Drug abuse has a negative impact on students’ education especially that of secondary school students. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of psychoactive substance use and knowledge of the health consequences among secondary school students in Ogun State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 528 consenting students selected using random sampling method. Data obtained using a validated modified World Health Organization’s guidelines questionnaire were analyzed with SPSS 20, p-Value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Majority (78.8%) were within the age group 15-18 years, males were 61.4%. Alcohol (95.0%) ranked first of all the substances been consumed among the current PAS users. Age was highly significantly associated with PAS use. Average knowledge of health consequences of PAS use was 11.5%. There is need for continuous health educational intervention to boost the respondents’ knowledge about health consequences of uses of psychoactive substances. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 19(2): 199-205, 2020 (December)
... The first model estimated only a direct path from social values to money demand. The second model retained the direct path from the baseline model and added the indirect influence of social values on money demand (Cleveland, et al, 2005). ...
In the Islamic economic structure, zakat has been introduced as the main instrument. In the development of the Islamic monetary policy in particular with regard to the amount of money, zakat becomes necessary to investigate its impact. The study focuses in Java, using 200 Muzakki. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) is adopted to examine the relationship among the seven constructs i.e., Social Values, The Rate of PLS, State, Regulation, Goods and Services, Consumption and Money Demand. While the reliability and validity were established, the structural relationship between the constructs reveals that the integrated money demand model has a strong relationship with the social value in many ways. In relation with goods and services, social value has its significant role to assist the amount of consumption to realize developed money demand model. Islamic social values significantly influence each of good and services as well as money demand model. People will increase the motive for holding money if he wishes to donate some for social purposes. In general, if the people are prosperous, the money demand will increase. Specifically, the result shows several constructs have significant impact in promoting money demand model in Islamic perspective. This suggests that the model as well as the instrument should be further implemented in Islamic money demand.
... They developed the program as a prevention activity, without research intention and therefore without a control group, with the sole purpose of documenting the change in behavior among the participants, once the program has been completed, that is, with an evaluation before the intervention and once at the end of the last session. In these three countries, parents/caregivers changed in two dimensions that both theory and research highlight as key to positive child development (Cleveland et al. 2005;Hoeve et al. 2009). First, they reported an increase in their "positive parenting" skills in the way of showing more love, appreciation, and interest. ...
“Strong Families” is a program developed by PAHO/WHO aimed at preventing risk behaviors in adolescents, and it is based on the Strengthening Families Program of Iowa. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of this program in Colombia. For this, a quasi-experimental study involving 376 families was carried out. The families that underwent the intervention attended between five and seven sessions. The groups were evaluated before the intervention and 12 and 18 months later. Intervened parents showed significant changes in parenting after the intervention. No changes were observed with respect to risk behaviors in adolescents undergoing survey and control. It is suggested to review the program to put more emphasis on the prevention of risk behaviors and to refine the proposed instruments to measure these behaviors.
... Among samples with general population youth, positive parenting practices (i.e., parental monitoring, communication regarding substance use, and parental warmth) has been found to reduce willingness and intentions to use substances indirectly through endorsement of less favorable risk images or prototypes of substance use (Cleveland et al. 2005). Although providing some support for the proposed indirect pathway, this study was limited in that substance beliefs or expectancies were not explicitly examined. ...
Juvenile justice-involved youth experience high rates of substance use, which is concerning given associated negative consequences, including health and functional deficits. Family and peer factors are associated with a high risk of substance use among justice-involved youth. It is hypothesized that this risk process operates through pro-drug attitudes. However, limited research has been conducted on the mechanisms through which family and peer factors increase risk for substance use among juvenile justice involved youth. The current study examined both the direct and indirect effects of family and peer substance use on youth’s substance use (alcohol and illicit drug use). We also examined whether this relationship differs by race. Two hundred twenty six detained youth (81.9% male; 74.3% Black) were recruited from an urban county in the Midwest and completed a clinical interview and substance use assessment battery. A direct effect of family/peer risk on illicit drug use was found for all youth, though the effect was stronger among White youth. Results also supported the indirect effect pathway from family/peer risk to both illicit drug use and alcohol use through pro-drug attitudes. This pathway did not vary by race. These findings suggest that interventions should focus on targeting both family/peer risk and pro-drug attitudes to reduce substance use. Given the racial difference in the direct effect of family/peer risk on illicit drug use, there may be other factors that influence risk more strongly for White youth, which warrants further investigation.
... This open communication with mothers allowed adolescents, especially girls, to discuss about issues related to risk behaviours; the most commonly discussed topics included sexual risk behaviour and their implications, followed by issues related to sexuality like reproduction, use of contraceptives, and sexual partners (Miller et al., 1998). Thus, adolescents who could discuss about problem behaviours with their mothers were found to be less involved in risk behaviours (Cleveland et al, 2005;Guilamo-Ramos, et al, 2006). ...
This study tried to explore new avenues in the area of parenting with evidence based review. It focused on multiple layers of three important aspects of in the mother-daughter relationship— parenting styles, communication styles (as parenting practices) of mothers and personality factors of adolescent daughters; it also considered perceived parenting styles as possible mediator in the relationship. Due to the multiple levels in each variable and to restrict the span of analysis, hypotheses were framed considering authoritative parenting style and dominant, relaxed, friendly, attentive and open communication styles of mothers with five major factors of adolescent daughters’ personality, viz. emotional stability, assertiveness, adventurousness, self-assurance and self sufficiency. The analysis was conducted using multi-strategy survey research and the total sample size for quantitative analysis was N=242 (nmothers=121, ndaughters= 121) while for qualitative was N=14 (nmothers=7, ndaughters=7). The Parenting Style Inventory (a two way form to measure perceptions of mothers and daughters), Communication Style Measure, and High School Personality Questionnaire were administered to collect data for analysis. Analysis included initial data scrutiny and cleaning, followed by descriptive and inferential statistical methods. It was found that authoritative parenting was most commonly used parenting style, albeit with some differences. While there was total consensus regarding permissive style, obvious differences were seen in the perception about authoritarian parenting. Mothers seem to be adopting open, dramatic and dominant communication in varying degrees. Relaxed, open, precise, and dramatic, communication styles were most significant predictors to influence daughters’ emotional stability, assertiveness, conscientiousness, adventurousness, self assurance, and self-discipline. Perceived parenting styles contributed in influencing personality factors but were not found to mediate the mother-daughter relationship. Factors such as family environment, perceived role of fathers, communication pattern in the family, mothers’ background and most importantly cultural and societal factors were found to be highly contributing in the mother-daughter relationship through qualitative analysis. Four possible parenting outcomes were proposed after final observations that highlighted the role of culture and background, changing times and role of communication, and idea of imitational parenting.
... Vplyvu rodinných faktorov na rizikové správanie sa venovalo viacero výskumov u nás i v zahraničí. Cleveland, Gibbons, Gerrard, Pomery, Brody (2005) uvádzajú, že záujem o svoje deti, rodičovská vrelosť a podpora pôsobia ako ochranné faktory vzniku rizikového správania. Parker a Benson (2004) zistili, že u adolescentov, ktorí vnímajú svojich rodičov ako podporujúcich, sa v menšej miere vyskytuje problémové správanie, delikvencia a zneužívanie návykových látok. ...
Katedra pedagogickej a školskej psychológie, Pedagogická fakulta, UKF v Nitre, Slovensko, ajuhasova@ukf.sk
Abstrakt: Príspevok ponúka krátky exkurz do histórie a súčasnosti uplatnenia seba-výpoveďových štúdií v prostredí škôl. Načrtáva možnosti použitia danej metodiky pri záchyte a včasnej prevencii sociálno-patologických javov detí a mládeže a sprostredkováva základné charakteristiky prípravnej fázy medzinárodnej štúdie parciálne realizovanej na Slovensku.
Abstract: The paper offers a short history and application of self-report study in the school environment. Outlines the possibilities for the use of the methodology for the detection and early prevention of socio-pathological phenomena of children and youth, and conveys the essential characteristics of the preparatory phase of an international study carried out on the Slovak area.
1 Úvod V porovnaní so šesťdesiatymi rokmi 20. storočia, kedy sa väčšina štúdií týkajúcich sa kriminality a delikvencie opierala o oficiálne štatistiky, sa situácia v nasledovných desaťročiach obrátila v prospech seba-výpoveďovej techniky zberu dát (Junger-Tas, Marshall 1999, Krohn et al. 2010). Navzdory pochybnostiam a kritikám, s ktorými sa táto metóda za viac ako pol storočie od svojho vzniku stretla, nemožno poprieť jej pevné etablovanie v oblasti kriminologického výskumu. Metóda seba-výpovede zohráva v súčasnosti kľúčovú rolu v utváraní súčasného pohľadu na rozšírenie delikvencie v spoločnosti, fungovanie inštitúcií trestnej spravodlivosti (Thornberry, Krohn, 2000) a je chápaná ako nezastupiteľný zdroj informácií o korelátoch a etiológii kriminálneho a delikventného správania (Piquero, Macintosh, Hickman, 2002). Rozvoj a používanie seba-výpoveďového prístupu bolo preto označené za jednu z najdôležitejších inovácií kriminologického výskumu v priebehu 20. a 21. storočia. V budúcnosti je očakávaný ďalší rozvoj a zdokonaľovanie tejto metódy. Napriek tomu, že metóda seba-výpovede zaznamenala po metodologickej stránke od svojho vzniku a prvých aplikácií v kontexte výskumu kriminality a delikvencie značné zlepšenie, objavujú sa vyjadrenia, že jeho meracím kvalitám nebola venovaná dostatočná pozornosť. Piquero, Macintosh a Hickman (2002) sa napríklad domnievajú, že v rozpore s významom, ktorý je metodologickým štúdiám self-reportu priznávaný, bol takýto výskum realizovaný zriedka. Podobne i Farrington (Farrington et al. 1996, Farrington 1999) upozorňuje, že od kľúčovej štúdie Measuring Delinquency Hindelanga, Hirschiho a Weisa (1981), ktorá dospela k záveru, že validita seba-výpoveďového merania je uspokojivá, bol metodologický výskum v tejto oblasti utlmený. Pri pohľade na množstvo štúdií zaoberajúcimi sa hodnotením rôznych aspektov seba-výpoveďového merania sa síce podobné tvrdenia môžu javiť ako mierne nadsadené, avšak stále platí, že problematika seba-výpovede nie je celkom uzatvorená, najmä v otázkach validity. Aj keď sa miera validity seba-výpovede v oblasti kriminality a delikvencie javí s ohľadom na citlivosť tejto témy prijateľná, porovnanie s kritériami premenných smeruje k poznaniu, že značné množstvo kriminálnych a delikventných skutkov sa v seba-výpovediach neuvádza (Thornberry, Krohn 2000). Celkový výskyt týchto činov oproti realite však v seba-výpovediach podhodnotený nemusí byť (Huizinga, Elliott 1986), a vylúčená nie je ani opačná možnosť(Marquis et al. 1981, Tourangeau, McNeeley 2003), pretože vo výpovediach respondentov sa zároveň prejavuje skreslenie opačným smerom. Vzniknuté chyby tak nemusia nutne ohrozovať validitu súhrnných odhadov prevalencie kriminálneho a delikventného správania, pokiaľ nie sú tendencie k systematickému skresľovaniu nezávislé na charakteristikách respondentov, ktoré , ak sú dávané do súvislosti s kriminalitou a delikvenciou, môžu ovplyvňovať analýzu korelátov týchto javov. Problém diferenciálnej validity 6 Príspevok bol realizovaný v rámci projektu VEGA č. 1/0462/14 pod názvom: Delikvencia mládeže Slovenskej republiky v kontexte vybraných špecifických faktorov-národná self-reportová výskumná štúdia.
... According to (Rees, Stein, Leslie, & Sarah, 2011) who cited the work of (Barnes, Reifman, Farrell, & Dintcheff, 2000) evidence points to a strong link between parenting practices and risky behaviors. Cleveland, Gibbons, Gerrard, Pomery, and Brody (2005) posited that parenting styles are likely to affect young people's health and well- being. Parenting practices according to Hoskins (2014), who cited the work of Baumrind (1967), embodies parenting styles and behaviour including: authoritative, authoritarian and permissive. ...
Effective Parenting experiences of individuals during childhood years within micro-ecological environments are pivotal to cultivating good parenting practices in later adulthood. This study explored the parenting practices based on upbringing and the connections these practices had on children’s’ proclivity to wayward and wandering behaviours. The study employed a qualitative exploratory design through a phenomenological approach. It utilized semi-structured interviews to gather data from ten Guyanese parents of juveniles who had wandered away from home or reported as wayward to the social services in Guyana. The findings suggest that authoritarian parenting style is predominant among this cohort of parents. However a combined authoritarian and permissive style materialized as an unanticipated outcome. Punishment and harsh discipline were the major forms of maintaining behavioural control. Lack of knowledge of child developmental stages and computer illiteracy emerged as key themes which have implications for appropriate parenting interventions. The findings offer credibility to a strong link between ineffective parenting practices and negative juvenile behavioural outcomes
... There are a number of reasons for an adolescent to feel stressed. Cleveland et al. (2005) tried to see the impact of parenting on risk cognitions and risk behaviour: a study of mediation and moderation in a panel of African-American adolescents (N = 714) and their primary caregivers. He found that the parenting behaviours protected the adolescent from subsequent alcohol, tobacco and marijuana use through associations with two cognitive elements from the prototype/willingness model: favourable risk images (prototypes) and behavioural willingness. ...
Adolescents at crossroads of their life, engage in experimenting with lots of unknown queries and in the venture they engage in risk behaviours and feel their inquisitiveness and eagerness will get rewarded in the process. They take risks to be psychologically rewarded. On the contrary, they fall in prey to greater risks in life. The present study aimed to probe into the nature of risk behaviour, psychological stress, level of depression and adjustment among the male and female adolescent students. A group of 450 adolescents (230 boys and 220 girls) from various schools and colleges were covered in the present study and they were all selected following multistage random sampling method. Data was collected with the help of semi-structured questionnaires on risk behaviour, adolescent stress inventory and standardised scales as those of Beck Depression Inventory, adjustment component of multidimensio nal personality inventory. The study found the presence of considerable amount and frequency of risk behaviour among adolescents and they tend to have high scores on depression and adolescents at crossroads are also marked by adjustment problems and psychological stress.
... There are a number of reasons for an adolescent to feel stressed. Cleveland et al. (2005) tried to see the impact of parenting on risk cognitions and risk behaviour: a study of mediation and moderation in a panel of African-American adolescents (N = 714) and their primary caregivers. He found that the parenting behaviours protected the adolescent from subsequent alcohol, tobacco and marijuana use through associations with two cognitive elements from the prototype/willingness model: favourable risk images (prototypes) and behavioural willingness. ...
Adolescents at crossroads of their life, engage in experimenting with lots of unknown queries and in the venture they engage in risk behaviours and feel their inquisitiveness and eagerness will get rewarded in the process. They take risks to be psychologically rewarded. On the contrary, they fall in prey to greater risks in life. The present study aimed to probe into the nature of risk behaviour, psychological stress, level of depression and adjustment among the male and female adolescent students. A group of 450 adolescents (230 boys and 220 girls) from various schools and colleges were covered in the present study and they were all selected following multistage random sampling method. Data was collected with the help of semi-structured questionnaires on risk behaviour, adolescent stress inventory and standardised scales as those of Beck Depression Inventory, adjustment component of multidimensional personality inventory. The study found the presence of considerable amount and frequency of risk behaviour among adolescents and they tend to have high scores on depression and adolescents at crossroads are also marked by adjustment problems and psychological stress.
... [62][63][64]) or with a specific focus on ethnic minorities (e.g. [65,66]), more research is required across a broad range of developed and developing countries with differing cultural attitudes to alcohol to examine the similarities and differences in the role of parenting in adolescent alcohol use. ...
Background and aims:
Adolescent alcohol misuse is a growing global health concern. Substantial research suggests that parents have an important role in reducing young people's risk for early initiation of alcohol and alcohol-related harms. To facilitate research translation, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analyses of longitudinal studies examining the range of modifiable parenting factors that are associated with adolescent alcohol initiation and levels of later use/misuse.
Methods:
A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, PsycINFO and Embase. Studies were included if they (i) used a longitudinal design; (ii) were published in English; (iii) measured any modifiable parenting factors in adolescence as predictors; (iv) assessed any alcohol-related outcome variables in adolescence and/or alcohol-related problems in adulthood; and (v) had a follow-up interval of at least 1 year. Parental behaviours were categorized into 12 parenting factors. Stouffer's P analyses were used to determine whether the associations between variables were reliable; when there were sufficient studies available, meta-analyses were also conducted to estimate mean effect sizes.
Results:
Based on 131 studies, three risk factors (parental provision of alcohol, favourable parental attitudes towards alcohol use and parental drinking) and four protective factors (parental monitoring, parent-child relationship quality, parental support and parental involvement) were identified as longitudinal predictors of both alcohol initiation and levels of later alcohol use/misuse, based on their significant results in both Stouffer's P analyses and meta-analyses. The mean effect sizes were mainly small (rs = -0.224 to 0.263).
Conclusions:
Risk of adolescent alcohol misuse is positively associated with parental provision of alcohol, favourable parental attitudes towards alcohol use and parental drinking. It is negatively associated with parental monitoring, parent-child relationship quality, parental support and parental involvement.
... What can be surmised from the available research is that neglect can be linked to problems during adolescence with mental or emotional health (Vazsonyi et al, 2003;Arata et al, 2007;Brooks and Flower, 2009), safety (eg early involvement in risky behaviours -see Wight et al, 2006); becoming the victim of bullying (Claes et al, 2005;Cleveland et al, 2005); the increased likelihood of running away from home (Rees and Lee, 2005); education (Williams and Kelly, 2005;Aunola et al, 2000); antisocial behaviour and offending (eg Reitz et al, 2006). ...
... What can be surmised from the available research is that neglect can be linked to problems during adolescence with mental or emotional health (Vazsonyi et al, 2003;Arata et al, 2007;Brooks and Flower, 2009), safety (eg early involvement in risky behaviours -see Wight et al, 2006); becoming the victim of bullying (Claes et al, 2005;Cleveland et al, 2005); the increased likelihood of running away from home (Rees and Lee, 2005); education (Williams and Kelly, 2005;Aunola et al, 2000); antisocial behaviour and offending (eg Reitz et al, 2006). ...
Child neglect has become topical in recent years with a burgeoning of research studies and the development of new policy and practice initiatives.
This may be because neglect continues to be the main type of maltreatment recorded in official data on safeguarding and because it leads to negative outcomes, sometimes being the precursor of serious
harm. It may be because neglect continues to be regarded as being complex and intractable, sometimes not identified by professionals, and often not adequately responded to.
This fresh interest in neglect has centred on young children, driven by a concern that poor parental care during the early years will inevitably lead to poor outcomes for individuals and for society in general. But do
we fully understand what young people need from their parents during adolescence, and what constitutes ‘adolescent neglect’? And how harmful is neglect during adolescence? Will it have a long term impact or are young people resilient enough to be able to make the transition to adulthood relatively unscathed?
This report is about the first project in a new research programme which will explore these and other issues to bring adolescence on to the agenda and re-balance the debate on neglect.
... Thus, there is accumulative evidence to support the protective effect of parental support against the negative impact stressful life events, more broadly (Ozer & Weinstein, 2004;Zimmerman, Ramirez-Valles, Zapert, & Maton, 2000), and racial discrimination, more specifically, on African American youth health outcomes (Broman, Reckase, & Freedman-Doan, 2006;Cleveland, Gibbons, Gerrard, Pomery, & Brody, 2005). For example, Brody and colleagues (2014) found that perceived racial discrimination predicted increases in allostatic load (i.e., physiologic effects on the body due to chronic stress exposure) among their sample of African American youth and that this effect was not observed for those participants who received high emotional support. ...
African American youth who experience racial discrimination are at heightened risk to use drugs as a coping response to distress. Based on the buffer-stress hypothesis, we proposed that parental support would attenuate this effect. Participants were 1,521 African American youth between 4th and 12th grade. As hypothesized, a mediation pathway was observed among racial discrimination, depression symptoms, and drug use. This effect was observed for both genders, although the pathway was partially mediated for males. In addition, as hypothesized, parental support buffered the negative effect of depression symptomatology on drug use as a consequence of discrimination. Our findings highlight the impact racial discrimination has on health outcomes for African American youth and the importance of managing youths’ emotional responses to discrimination. Moreover, findings illuminate the protective role of supportive parenting within the risk model and should thus be considered as an important component within prevention programming for this population of youth.
... In light of the conceptualization of parental monitoring, it is noted that some studies have employed undifferentiated measures of parental monitoring (e.g., confounding parental monitoring and parental knowledge; Cleveland, Gibbons, Gerrard, Pomery & Brody, 2005), instead of using key parenting constructs (i.e., parental knowledge, youth's disclosure, parental control, and solicitation; Laird, Marrero, & Sentse, 2010). The inconsistent results found in the literature suggest the need for further examination of key parenting constructs in relation to academic outcomes, taking into account contextual factors (Racz & McMahon, 2011). ...
African-American adolescents exposed to neighborhood disadvantage are at increased risk for engaging in problem behavior and academic underachievement. It is critical to identify the mechanisms that reduce problem behavior and promote better academic outcomes in this population. Based on social disorganization and socioecological theories, the current prospective study examined pathways from parental monitoring to academic outcomes via externalizing behavior at different levels of neighborhood disadvantage. A moderated mediation model employing maximum likelihood was conducted on 339 African-American students from 9th to 11th grade (49.3% females) with a mean age of 14.8 years (SD ± 0.35). The results indicated that parental monitoring predicted low externalizing behavior, and low externalizing behavior predicted better academic outcomes after controlling for externalizing behavior in 9th grade, intervention status, and gender. Mediation was supported, as the index of mediation was significant. Conversely, neighborhood disadvantage did not moderate the path from parental monitoring to externalizing behavior. Implications for intervention at both community and individual levels and study limitations are discussed.
... Parent-child relationships are fundamental for healthy child development. Relationships characterized by high warmth and low conflict foster better school performance, higher selfesteem, lower depression, and fewer behavior problems among children of diverse racial/ ethnic backgrounds (Amato & Fowler, 2002;Cleveland, Gibbons, Gerrard, Pomery, & Brody, 2005;Mogro-Wilson, 2008;Stanik, Riina, & McHale, 2013;Stormshak, Bierman, McMahon, & Lengua, 2000). Parenting is determined by multiple contexts (Belsky, 1984;Bronfenbrenner, 1986;Pinderhughes, Nix, Foster, & Jones, 2001); however, extrafamilial factors that exist in settings such as neighborhoods have been examined less often. ...
From a social disorganization standpoint, neighborhood residential instability potentially brings negative consequences to parent-child relationship qualities, but family social support and racial/ethnic identity may modify this association. Using data (n=3,116) from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, this study examines associations between neighborhood residential instability and parent-child warmth and conflict, whether family social support moderates associations between residential instability and parent-child relationships, and variation by race/ethnicity. Multilevel models reveal that residential instability undermines parent-child relationship qualities, particularly for non-White individuals. Family support is a protective factor for families in less stable neighborhoods and specifically buffers the association between neighborhood residential instability and reduced parent-child warmth. Among Hispanics, family support mitigates the association between residential instability and heightened parent-child conflict. Findings highlight residential instability as a detriment to parent-child relationships; families in unstable neighborhoods may benefit from family social support.
... For instance, Resnick et al. [5] found parent-family connectedness (e.g., shared activities or parental presence) to be protective for tobacco use. Additionally, parental monitoring (e.g., parents who knew what their children were doing, parents who tell a friend's parents if the child was smoking, etc.) also have been found to be protective for tobacco use behavior [6][7][8]. However, previous work has not examined susceptibility items, particularly as they relate to tobacco use. ...
Family engagement has been shown to play a crucial role in youth cigarette use prevention and uptake. We examine cross-sectional and longitudinal data to determine whether changes in parental monitoring factors influence changes in smoking susceptibility.
Two cross-sectional surveys of Florida youth (12–17 years) were conducted in 2009, with a follow-up survey in 2010. Multivariable analyses examined demographics, parent characteristics, family engagement, and parental monitoring on youth susceptibility to smoke.
Cross-sectional data show eating together 6+ times/week and doing something for fun 5+ times/week were related to an increased likelihood of Very Low and decreased likelihood of High susceptibility, respectively. Parental monitoring factors and parents tell on a friend who smokes was significantly related to having Very Low susceptibility in both surveys. Mother’s education, parent smokes, family engagement factors, and parental monitoring were significant in both survey rounds. Longitudinal analyses showed change in eating together did not significantly affect the odds of change in smoking susceptibility; however, change in the frequency of doing things for fun with a parent showed decreased odds of susceptibility (OR = .63 [.49–.82]), opposite of the hypothesized direction. Lastly, as youth aged, they were more likely to experience a greater odds of decreased susceptibility (OR 14-15y = 1.47 [1.08–1.99] and OR ≥16y = 1.40 [1.05–1.84], respectively) and less likely to experience an increased odds of susceptibility (OR 14-15y = .65 [.49–.86] and OR ≥16y = .72 [.56–.93], respectively).
We found mixed results for family engagement and parental monitoring on changes in youth smoking susceptibility. Cross-sectional data showed general associations in the expected direction; however, longitudinal analyses showed family engagement variables had significance, but in the opposite hypothesized direction.
... As observed by Dini Rahiah (2008), to inhibit adolescents from being involved in negative consequences such as substance abuse, there should be a strong family bond and the community should set positive standards for behavior for students to follow. Research (Bahr et al. 2005;Cleveland et al. 2005;Dick et al. 2007;DiClemente et al. 2001) has shown that there is a reduction in substance abuse among adolescents when parents have increased knowledge of adolescent behaviours. What this means is that schools should consider involving the students' families and the community when organizing school level substance abuse prevention programmes. ...
... Protective parenting. At T1, parents completed a 14-item scale about three aspects of protective parenting practices that have been linked with adolescent adjustment and risk behavior in previous research (Brody et al., 2014;Cleveland, Gibbons, Gerrard, Pomery, & Brody, 2005). The measure included items about parental monitoring (4 items; e.g., "How often do you know when your teen gets in trouble at school or someplace else away from home?" and "How often do you know who your teen is with when he/she is away from home?"), nurturant parenting (5 items; e.g., "How often does your teen talk to you about things that bother him/her?" and "How often do you ask your teen what he/she thinks before making decisions that affect him/her?"), and parental academic involvement (5 items; e.g., "How often do you talk about the importance of finishing high school?" ...
The present investigation extends research on Gene × Environment interactions and youth risk behavior by linking multilevel contextual factors, such as community disadvantage and protective parenting practices, to both parental and youth dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) genotypes. We expected community disadvantage to influence youth risk behavior via a series of indirect effects involving protective parenting and youth's planful future orientation when both parents' and youth's DRD4 status was considered. Genetic moderation processes also were tested to determine whether they conformed to a diathesis-stress or a differential susceptibility model. Hypotheses were investigated with data from 361 rural African American youth and their parents assessed 3 times when youth were ages 16 to 19. Community disadvantage interacted with parental DRD4 status to predict low levels of protective parenting. Protective parenting, in turn, interacted with youth DRD4 status to forecast increases in youth's planful future orientations, a proximal influence on changes in risk behavior. The Parental DRD4 × Community Disadvantage interaction, but not youth DRD4 × Protective Parenting, conformed to a differential susceptibility model. Indirect effect analyses revealed a significant indirect path linking community disadvantage to youth risk behavior through a series of multilevel Gene × Environment interaction processes.
... Zowel het onberedeneerd risico's nemen als het nog niet hebben aangeleerd van bepaalde risicogedragingen passen volgens Gibbons en Gerrard erg goed bij het risicogedrag van jongeren. Zij hebben het model al succesvol toegepast op onder andere risicogedragingen zoals roken, alcohol drinken en onveilig sexueel contact (Gibbons, & Gerrard, 1995;Blanton, Gibbons, Gerrard, Jewsbury Conger, & Smith, 1997;Gibbons, Gerrard, Blanton, & Russell, 1998;Gerrard, Gibbons, Reis-Bergan, Trudeau, Vande Lune, & Buunk, 2002;Cleveland, Gibbons, Gerrard, Pomery, & Brody, 2005;Gerrard, Gibbons, Stock, Vande Lune, & Cleveland, 2005;Gibbons, Gerrard, Lane, Mahler, & Kulik, 2005). Ook andere onderzoekers hebben het Prototype/Willingness model succesvol toegepa del nog niet toegepast op risicovol lijngedrag. ...
... Our results are consistent with previous findings that in emerging adulthood the influence from deviant peers was a stronger predictor of substance use (Van Ryzin et al., 2012) and risky driving behaviors (Bingham & Shope, 2004b) compared to family factors. This result was somewhat surprising given previous research indicating the protective influence of African American families on youth risk behaviors, particularly in high risk contexts (Cleveland, Gibbons, Gerrard, Pomery, & Brody, 2005;Wallace & Muroff, 2002). One explanation for the relatively small role of family factors is that, in the current study, only negative family influences were included as predictors. ...
... Although behavioral willingness and behavioral expectations are conceptually distinct, and have at times shown to account for unique variance in behavioral outcomes, the two constructs are nonetheless strongly correlated and have often shown to be highly collinear in explaining behavioral outcomes (see Gibbons et al., 1998). In addition, Blanton et al. (1997) suggested that behavioral willingness and expectations may not be easily distinguishable for early adolescents, and Gibbons, Gerrard, and their colleagues have often used behavioral willingness and behavioral expectations as indicators of a behavioral willingness or behavioral vulnerability latent variable (e.g., Blanton et al., 1997;Cleveland, Gibbons, Gerrard, Pomery, & Brody, 2005;Gibbons, Gerrard, Cleveland, Wills, & Brody, 2004). For these reasons, we believe that drinking expectations served as an acceptable proxy for willingness to drink in our study. ...
In the present study, we considered the utility of the prototype/willingness model in predicting alcohol use among North-American Indigenous adolescents. Specifically, using longitudinal data, we examined the associations among subjective drinking norms, positive drinker prototypes, drinking expectations (as a proxy of drinking willingness), and drinking behavior among a sample of Indigenous adolescents from ages 12 to 14 years. Using an autoregressive cross-lagged analysis, our results showed that subjective drinking norms and positive drinker prototypes at 12 years of age were associated with increased drinking expectations at 13 years of age, and that greater drinking expectations at 13 years of age were associated with increased drinking behavior at 14 years of age. Our results provide initial evidence that the prototype/willingness model may generalize to Indigenous adolescents, a population that has received little attention within the psychological sciences. Our results also highlight some potential ways in which existing prevention efforts aimed at reducing substance use among Indigenous adolescents may be enhanced. (PsycINFO Database Record
(c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved).
... An association between parental knowledge and substance use has been identified (Lac and Crano, 2009). Not every longitudinal study supports a direct relationship between parental knowledge and use (Tebes et al., 2011), but such a relationship has been indicated (Abar et al., 2014) and indirect effects have been reported by Cleveland et al. (2005), who found an effect of parental knowledge and reduced substance use through reduced susceptibility. Further, although focused on parental monitoring (i.e., parental tracking and surveillance) rather than the more global construct of knowledge (i.e., awareness of the child's activities; e.g., Crouter and Head, 2002;Stattin and Kerr, 2000), Pinchevsky et al. (2012) reported a negative relationship between parental monitoring in high school and marijuana offers when students attended university (also see Chen et al., 2005). ...
Background and objectives:
Limited research has examined mechanisms, including parenting behaviors, contributing to tobacco use disparities among sexual minority young adults (SMYAs). © 2023 The American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry (AAAP).
Methods:
Participants were 644 young adult (ages 18-29; 36.5% racial/ethnic minority) women (N=416; 44.7% bisexual, 7.2% lesbian, 48.1% heterosexual) and men (N=288; 11.0% bisexual, 13.2% gay, 75.9% heterosexual). Bivariate analyses examined differences among sex-by-sexual identity subgroups in perceived parenting (psychological control, behavioral control, knowledge, autonomy support, warmth, communication), past 30-day cigarette, e-cigarette, and cigar use, and likelihood of future use. Multivariable regression examined associations of sexual identity subgroup and parenting behaviors to tobacco use outcomes among women and men.
Results:
Bisexual (vs. heterosexual) women reported greater parental psychological control and less autonomy support, warmth, and communication. Bisexual (vs. heterosexual) women had greater odds of past 30-day cigarette and cigar use and greater likelihood of future cigarette and e-cigarette use, and parenting behaviors were associated with past 30-day cigarette (knowledge, warmth), e-cigarette (psychological control, autonomy support, warmth), and cigar use (behavioral control, warmth) and likelihood of future cigarette (psychological control, warmth) and e-cigarette use (autonomy support, communication). Gay (vs. heterosexual) men reported greater parental behavioral control, less knowledge, autonomy support, warmth, and communication. Sexual identity and parenting behaviors were largely not associated with tobacco use among men.
Discussion and conclusions:
Findings highlight the role of parenting behaviors as potential mechanisms contributing to tobacco use disparities among SMYA women.
Scientific significance:
Tobacco prevention/cessation programs should be tailored toward specific SMYA subgroups, combinations of parenting behaviors, and patterns of tobacco use. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على دور المناخ الأسري في العلاقة بين التفكير الأخلاقي والاتجاه نحو التطرف الفكري لدى عينة من طالبات جامعة الملك خالد، شملت الدراسة على (250) طالبة من تخصصات علمية وأدبية مختلفة، وتم تطبيق كل من الأدوات التالية: مقياس كل من المناخ الأسري إعداد عفراء ابراهيم خليل (2006). ومقياس التفكير الأخلاقي من إعداد تامر أحمد حسن (2014) ومقياس الاتجاه نحو التطرف الفكري من إعداد محمد أبو دوابة (2012). وأسفرت الدراسة عن النتائج التالية: يوجد مستوى التفكير الأخلاقي مرتفع لدى طالبات جامعة الملك خالد. ويوجد مستوى الاتجاه نحو التطرف الفكري متوسط لدى طالبات جامعة الملك خالد . كما توجد علاقة ارتباطية موجبة ذات دلالة إحصائية بين المناخ الأسري والتفكير الأخلاقي. وعلاقة ارتباطية موجبة ذات دلالة إحصائية بين المناخ الأسري والتطرف الفكري لدى عينة الدراسة، كما أسفرت النتائج عن وجود علاقة ارتباطية سلبية ذات دلالة إحصائية بين التفكير الأخلاقي والاتجاه نحو التطرف الفكري لدى عينة الدراسة. كما أنه لا توجد فروق دالة إحصائياً بين طالبات الجامعة على في المناخ الاسري والتفكير الأخلاقي الاتجاه نحو التطرف الفكري تعزى لمتغير التخصص (علمي – أدبي ) كما أن حجم الارتباط تغير لدى أفراد عينة الدراسة بين التفكير الأخلاقي والاتجاه نحو التطرف الفكري بعد العزل الإحصائي للمناخ الأسري. وتم استخدام المعاملات الإحصائية المناسبة للتحقق من صحة فروض الدراسة، وكانت أهم التوصيات هي الاستمرار في العناية بالجانب الأخلاقي لدى طالبات الجامعة.
Objective:
An ongoing issue in the study of adolescent drug use is the impact of family and the peer group on the problem of adolescent substance use. The present study has examined relative effects of these contexts as well as personality variables on drug use outcomes.
Method:
A test battery measuring various psychological variables was administered to a representative sample of 1652 secondary school students (grades 9 and 11), 876 male (mean age=17,61, SD=0.99) and 789 female (mean age=16.73, SD=1.31). Data about relationship to parents and association with deviant peers were collected, personality dimensions such as Neuroticism and Sensation Seeking were measured. Regressional and discriminant analyses were conducted, then a decision tree model was created.
Results:
Sensation seeking arose as the most significant predictor of substance use. Fatheradolescent relationship had the highest predictive value primarily in male sensation seekers. Peer effects were stronger in comparison to parental influences. In adolescent boys, contact with deviant friends and sensation seeking constituted two independent pathways to drug use.
Conclusions:
Our study highlights the necessity to give consideration to sensationseeking in prevention initiatives during adolescence, as well as the need for education of parents about parenting techniques recommended during adolescence.
Patterns and correlates of substance use among urban African American young women (ages 18–19, n = 459) were examined. Four patterns were identified: no/infrequent alcohol and marijuana use (64.9%); recent alcohol only use (18.2%); recent marijuana only use (7.9%); and recent alcohol and marijuana use (9.0%). Having a recent male sexual partner and a history of sexual coercion were associated with increased odds of marijuana-only and dual use. Greater family support and childhood sexual abuse were associated with increased odds of alcohol-only use. Results suggest that sexual relationships and history of abuse/coercion are important factors in young African American women’s substance use.
This study examined parents' knowledge about their pre-adolescent children (where they are, who they are with, what they are doing), sources of knowledge, their safety practices, and children's injury history scores. The 92 parent-child dyads (9–13 years) independently completed questionnaires. Results revealed that parental knowledge was obtained primarily through targeted questioning of the child, with direct control strategies (supervision, requiring the child to check in) and clandestine strategies (snooping) also used sometimes. Parents had poorest knowledge of children's activities, and this was associated with children's frequency of medically-attended injuries. Children who engaged in greater risk taking and kept more secrets experienced more medically-attended injuries. For children who experienced more injuries, parents implemented more control strategies limiting freedom. To keep pre-adolescents safe, parents used predominantly teaching strategies, though these were not associated with fewer injuries. Active monitoring predicted fewer medically-attended injuries. Findings did not vary with child age or gender.
Background
We examined how mothers' protective parenting and alcohol use influenced changes in offspring's heavy drinking among a sample of African American youth. The conceptual model also tested indirect effects of mothers' behaviors, through changes in the youths' social images (i.e., prototypes) of heavy drinkers, derived from the prototype willingness (PW) model.
Methods
Participants were 686 emerging adults (55% female) from the Family and Community Health Study (FACHS), an ongoing prospective study of African American families. Three waves of FACHS data were used as follows: T3 during 10th grade (M age = 16.3 years), T4 shortly after high school (M age = 19.4 years), and T5 3 years later (M age = 22.1 years). Mothers' self‐reports of protective parenting and alcohol use were assessed at T4. Two separate path models tested the study hypotheses. The first model specified direct and indirect effects of mothers' protective parenting and alcohol use. The second model added interaction terms between the protective parenting behaviors and mothers' alcohol use. The analyses were first conducted using the full sample and then repeated separately for female and male participants.
Results
Maternal alcohol use had a positive and direct effect on offspring's alcohol use. Mothers' endorsement of alcohol‐related rules inhibited normative increases in the favorability of the offspring's social image of heavy drinkers (prototype) while her warmth was positively related to these increases. Maternal alcohol use amplified the positive association between mothers' warmth and the daughters' increased drinking. For sons, maternal alcohol use increased the positive association between alcohol‐related rules and increased prototype favorability.
Conclusions
Results indicated clear gender differences in how mothers' behaviors influence her offspring's alcohol use during the transition to emerging adulthood. Interventions that target culturally specific risk and protective factors within the family environment are needed to reduce health disparities among this vulnerable population of youth.
African American adolescents tend to use substances at a lower rate than adolescents of other racial/ethnic groups. However, that pattern tends to change later in life, as African American young adults tend to exceed other young adults in terms of rates of problematic use. Several factors have been suggested as contributors to this racial cross-over in use patterns. This chapter concerns one of those factors: perceived racial discrimination. We report results of survey and experimental research examining the discrimination a substance use relation, with a focus on mediators of the relation (e.g., anger, diminished self-control), as well as moderators, including buffers (effective parenting, racial identity) and risk factors (coping style, neighborhood integration). Implications for intervention are also discussed.
In this chapter, we describe the process through which adolescent development, ethnic minority status, and the context of rural poverty influenced an NICHD-funded program of research in which we identified the risk and protective processes forecasting rural African American youths' developmental trajectories, then translated this research into an efficacious program to prevent alcohol use. The Strong African American Families (SAAF) program, a family-centered intervention for rural youth, was designed to capitalize on naturally occurring protective processes that buffer African American youth from poverty and other hardships that compromise positive development and promote behavior problems in rural communities. The process of translating longitudinal research findings into prevention programming was guided by the Institute of Medicine's prescriptions for prevention development.
Objective:
To assess the independent relation between parental restrictions on mature-rated media (M-RM) and substance use among South American adolescents.
Methods:
Cross-sectional school-based youth survey of n=3,172 students (mean age 12.8 years; 57.6% boys) in three large Argentinian cities. The anonymous survey queried tobacco, alcohol, and drug use using items adapted from global youth surveys. Adolescents reported M-RM restriction for internet and videogames use, television programming and movies rated for adults. Multivariate logistic regression models assessed the association between parental M-RM restriction and substance use after adjusting for hourly media use, measures of authoritative parenting style, sociodemographics, and sensation seeking.
Results:
Substance use rates were 10% for current smoking, 32% for current drinking alcohol, 17% for past 30-day binge drinking, and 8% for illicit drug use (marijuana or cocaine). Half of respondents reported parental M-RM restriction (internet 52%, TV 43%, adult movies 34%, videogame 25%). Parental M-RM restriction was only modestly correlated with authoritative parenting measures. In multivariate analyses M-RM restriction on all four venues was strongly protective for all substance use outcomes. Compared with no restriction, odds ratios for substance use for full restrictions were 0.32 (0.18-0.59), 0.53 (0.38-0.07), 0.36 (0.22-0.59), and 0.49 (0.26-0.92) for current smoking, drinking, binge drinking, and illicit drug use respectively. The most important single M-RM venue was movies.
Conclusion:
This study confirms the protective association between parental M-RM restriction during adolescence and multiple substance use outcomes, including illicit drugs. M-RM restriction is independent of traditional parenting measures. The preponderance of the evidence supports intervention development.
Unlabelled:
Background The purpose of this study was to identify unmediated associations of early sexual debut (ESD) on the current safer sex practices of young Black men (YBM).
Methods:
A cross-sectional study of YBM (n=697) attending clinics treating sexually transmissible diseases (STIs) in three cities was conducted. ESD was dichotomised at the age of 13 years and under. A series of regression models were used to test the moderating effects of ESD and perceived parental monitoring (PPM). A regression model also tested the effect of years of sexual experience (YSE) on sexual risk behaviours, while controlling for ESD.
Results:
Mean age of debut was 13.95 years. ESD results varied with significance for pregnancy (P<0.001), sexual partners (P<0.001), and ever having chlamydia (assessed by self report), but this final association was only found for older males (P=0.03). PPM held no moderating effect on any of the sexual risk outcomes. YSE was correlated with an increase in recent unprotected vaginal sex (AOR=1.19, 95%CI=1.10-1.27) and having a pregnant partner at the time of enrolment (AOR=1.30, 95%CI=1.17-1.43).
Conclusions:
The findings provide mixed evidence for unmediated associations of ESD among young Black males. The study strongly posits that ESD may actually be a mediating variable rather than a causal explanation for sexual risk. The findings also suggest that advancing YSE foster diminishing vigilance in safer sex practices. These outcomes should be utilised to inform intervention development.
Research dealing with various aspects of* the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1985,
1987) is reviewed, and some unresolved issues are discussed. In broad terms, the theory is
found to be well supported by empirical evidence. Intentions to perform behaviors of different
kinds can be predicted with high accuracy from attitudes toward the behavior, subjective
norms, and perceived behavioral control; and these intentions, together with perceptions of
behavioral control, account for considerable variance in actual behavior. Attitudes, subjective
norms, and perceived behavioral control are shown to be related to appropriate sets of salient
behavioral, normative, and control beliefs about the behavior, but the exact nature of these
relations is still uncertain. Expectancy value formulations are found to be only partly
successful in dealing with these relations. Optimal rescaling of expectancy and value
measures is offered as a means of dealing with measurement limitations. Finally, inclusion of
past behavior in the prediction equation is shown to provide a means of testing the theory*s
sufficiency, another issue that remains unresolved. The limited available evidence concerning
this question shows that the theory is predicting behavior quite well in comparison to the
ceiling imposed by behavioral reliability.
There appears to be general agreement among social psychologists that most human behavior is goal-directed (e. g., Heider, 1958 ; Lewin, 1951). Being neither capricious nor frivolous, human social behavior can best be described as following along lines of more or less well-formulated plans. Before attending a concert, for example, a person may extend an invitation to a date, purchase tickets, change into proper attire, call a cab, collect the date, and proceed to the concert hall. Most, if not all, of these activities will have been designed in advance; their execution occurs as the plan unfolds. To be sure, a certain sequence of actions can become so habitual or routine that it is performed almost automatically, as in the case of driving from home to work or playing the piano. Highly developed skills of this kind typically no longer require conscious formulation of a behavioral plan. Nevertheless, at least in general outline, we are normally well aware of the actions required to attain a certain goal. Consider such a relatively routine behavior as typing a letter. When setting this activity as a goal, we anticipate the need to locate a typewriter, insert a sheet of paper, adjust the margins, formulate words and sentences, strike the appropriate keys, and so forth. Some parts of the plan are more routine, and require less conscious thought than others, but without an explicit or implicit plan to guide the required sequence of acts, no letter would get typed.
This study investigated 3 broad classes of individual-differences variables (job-search motives, competencies, and constraints) as predictors of job-search intensity among 292 unemployed job seekers. Also assessed was the relationship between job-search intensity and reemployment success in a longitudinal context. Results show significant relationships between the predictors employment commitment, financial hardship, job-search self-efficacy, and motivation control and the outcome job-search intensity. Support was not found for a relationship between perceived job-search constraints and job-search intensity. Motivation control was highlighted as the only lagged predictor of job-search intensity over time for those who were continuously unemployed. Job-search intensity predicted Time 2 reemployment status for the sample as a whole, but not reemployment quality for those who found jobs over the study's duration. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
A Monte Carlo simulation assessed the relative power of 2 techniques that are commonly used to test for moderating effects. 500 samples were drawn from simulation-based populations for each of 81 conditions in a design that varied sample size, the reliabilities of 2 predictor variables (1 of which was the moderator variable), and the magnitude of the moderating effect. The null hypothesis of no interaction effect was tested by using moderated multiple regression (MMR). Each sample was then successively polychotomized into 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 subgroups, and the equality of the subgroup-based correlation coefficients (SCC) was tested. Results show MMR to be more powerful than the SCC strategy for virtually all of the 81 conditions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Prior research and theory suggest that adolescents often experiment with substances to acquire desired social images. However, little research has addressed the developmental precursors leading to favorable evaluation of substance users. This study tested a model of parental and peer influence on adolescent prototypes using a longitudinal data set of 463 rural adolescents. For both drinking and smoking, positive prototypes of substance users were best predicted by peer affiliations. Adolescents who affiliated with peers who practiced and encouraged substance use developed more positive prototypes of people who drink and smoke. These social images, in turn, predicted subsequent use of alcohol and cigarettes. In contrast to peers, parents had little direct influence on prototypes but did indirectly affect images through the adolescents' choice of peers. Unexpectedly, there was evidence of a negative modeling effect of parental substance use, such that parental smoking predicted more negative prototypes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This study explored the unique contributions of children's temperaments, parents' and siblings' alcohol use norms, and parent–child discussions to 10- to 12-year-old children's alcohol use norms. Independent assessments of each family member's alcohol use norms, mother- and father-reported child temperament assessments, and child reports of the frequency and nature of parent–child discussions were obtained for 171 families. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed a moderational effect: Children whose temperaments placed them at greater risk for alcohol problems in adolescence and early adulthood reported alcohol use norms that became more liberal as other family members' norms became liberal. Frequent and bidirectional parent–child discussions were linked with less liberal alcohol use norms. The results support a transactional model of norm development that features interplay among children's temperaments and family processes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This report represents the perspective that adolescent substance use is best understood as an adaptation to an ecology defined jointly by families and peers. Hypotheses were tested on a sample of 206 boys in the Oregon Youth Study. The analyses proceeded in four steps. First, it was found that the transition from middle to high school was a period of rapid growth in smoking for boys with a prior history of low sociometric status. Second, a structural equation model was tested showing that deviant peer association in early adolescence mediated the relation between peer and family experiences in middle childhood and later substance use. Third, an observational study of the boys with their best friends revealed that active support for rule breaking and substance use was associated with immediate escalation in substance use during the transition to high school. Finally, it was found that ineffective parental monitoring practices were highly associated with the boy's involvement in a deviant peer network. In fact, a high degree of similarity was found between boys and their best friends for substance use when parental monitoring was low. These analyses show that substance use in adolescence is embedded within the proximal peer environment, which in turn, emerges and is amplified within a context of low adult involvement and monitoring.
A series of studies was conducted to compare group differences in the goal orientations of delinquent, at-risk, and not-at-risk adolescents. An Importance of Goals Scale was developed by examining the item responses of 230 high school students and validated by administering the revised scale to 80 delinquent, 90 at-risk, and 90 not-at-risk adolescents. Results identified differences in the importance attributed to different goals by the 3 groups. Delinquent and at-risk adolescents attached significantly more importance to goals associated with developing a social image (e.g., delinquency, freedom-autonomy), whereas not-at-risk adolescents were more concerned with goals associated with an academic image (e.g., educational, interpersonal). Results are discussed in terms of their implications for school achievement, peer relations, and future life paths.
We propose a family process model that links economic stress in family life to prosocial and problematic adolescent adjustment. Employing a sample of 205 seventh-grade boys aged 12 to 14 years (M = 12.7) and living in intact families in the rural Midwest, the theoretical constructs in the model were measured using both trained observer and family member reports. In general, results were consistent with the proposed model. Objective economic conditions such as per capita income and unstable work were related to parents' emotional status and behaviors through their perceptions of increased economic pressures such as the inability to pay monthly bills. These pressures were associated with depression and demoralization for both parents, which was related to marital conflict and disruptions in skillful parenting. Disrupted parenting mediated the relations between the earlier steps in the stress process and adolescent adjustment. The emotions and behaviors of both mothers and fathers were almost equally affected by financial difficulties, and disruptions in each parent's child-rearing behaviors had adverse consequences for adolescent development.
Peer influence is generally believed to be a major cause of adolescent drug behavior. This paper reviews research findings on friend selection and projection to suggest that the magnitude of friend influence may be overestimated. This paper also observes that, although adolescent drug use is assumed to begin in response to peer group influence, peer groups have rarely been measured in studies of drug behavior. Social network analysis is identified as a promising method for measuring peer groups. The implications of this review for research and programs are considered.
The accurate identification of risk factors is central to the development of effective efforts to prevent young people from using alcohol, tobacco and other substances. To date, a key limitation of the prevention literature has been the paucity of research that examines the extent to which substance use risk factors identified in studies of white adolescents generalize to African American (and other non-white) youth. In the absence of research on race differences in risk factor exposure and vulnerability, current preventive interventions are based on the implicit assumptions that 1) the risk factors for African American and white adolescents' substance use are identical; and 2) that African American and white adolescents are equally exposed and equally vulnerable to these risk factors. The purpose of the present study was to begin to examine empirically the “equal exposure and vulnerability” assumption. Specifically, the paper used Hawkins, Catalano and Millers' widely cited 1992 article on risk and protective factors for adolescent and young adult substance use as a framework within which to review past risk factor research and as a guide to identify risk factors to examine for race differences in exposure and/or vulnerability. Based upon our review of the existing literature and our analysis of data from the University of Michigan's Monitoring the Future study, we conclude that the simple assumption that African American and white youth are equally exposed and vulnerable to the same risk factors is not correct. In fact, we found that African American and white seniors' differed significantly in their exposure to more than half of the 55 risk factors examined. Similarly, nearly one third of the 165 tests for race differences in vulnerability were highly significant (i.e., p Keywords: alcohol; attitudes; family; marijuana; neighborhoods; peers; racial and ethnic differences; religion; risk factors; school; substance use; tabacco; trends Document Type: Regular Paper Affiliations: 1: School of Social Work, Department of Sociology and Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan; johnwall@isr.umich.edu 2: School of Social Work, Department of Psychology and Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan Publication date: January 1, 2002 $(document).ready(function() { var shortdescription = $(".originaldescription").text().replace(/\\&/g, '&').replace(/\\, '<').replace(/\\>/g, '>').replace(/\\t/g, ' ').replace(/\\n/g, ''); if (shortdescription.length > 350){ shortdescription = "" + shortdescription.substring(0,250) + "... more"; } $(".descriptionitem").prepend(shortdescription); $(".shortdescription a").click(function() { $(".shortdescription").hide(); $(".originaldescription").slideDown(); return false; }); }); Related content In this: publication By this: publisher By this author: Wallace Jr., J.M. ; Muroff, J.R. GA_googleFillSlot("Horizontal_banner_bottom");
An important research finding is that parent–adolescent communication is related to adolescent adjustment. However, when using self-report measures with multiple reporters, adolescent and parent reports do not correlate highly, and within-rater reports correlate higher than cross-rater reports. This limits the utility of traditional methods of aggregation across raters. The present study used canonical correlation to examine if and how mother and adolescent reports for communication and problem behaviors are related. With reports from 161 adolescents and their mothers, the results indicated that the relationship between mother and adolescent reports differed by problem behavior area. Within-rater reports dominated the dimensions for communication related to aggressive behaviors. For anxious/depressed behaviors, both mother and adolescent reports contributed to the dimensions, with 1 dimension reflecting opposite perceptions of communication and adjustment by mothers and adolescents.
Three studies examined the relative influence of two social-cognitive processes, risk perception and prototype perception, on the willingness of young adults to engage in unprotected sex. In the first two studies, despite participants' expressed intentions to engage in protected sex, perceived risk and prototype perception processes were independently predictive of their willingness to engage in unprotected sex. In a third study, prototype perception and risk perception independently predicted willingness to engage in unprotected sex, which, in turn, predicted actual contraceptive behavior 6 months later. Although the two constructs have some commonality reflecting a social comparison basis, results from all three studies suggest that they embody some unique or independent processes that can be differentially elicited. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are considered.
We examine three family influences identified 8.s risk factors for adolescent alcohol abuse, parental alcohol consumption, poor family management practices, and parental norms permissive of alcohol use by adolescents. To sort out the unique effects of these influences on alcohol use by Black and White adolescents, we present data from a longitudinal study and compare current alcohol users with noninitiators at ages 14 to 15. Data collected when the youths were 12 to 13 years old show parental drinking frequecy as a predictor of current alcohol use at ages 14 to 15 for both ethnic groups. This effect appears to be mediated by family management practices and proscriptions against involving children in other family members' alcohol use. Good family management practices decreased the likelihood of current adolescent alcohol use. Parental attitudes regarding adolescent alcohol use did not predict current adolescent use over and above the effects of parental drinking and family management practices, but a norm-...
The purpose of this study was to clarify parents' role in the initiation of alcohol use of young adolescents. Subjects included 413 adolescent-parent dyads in which the youth had not begun drinking at the end of 6th grade. All dyads were participants in Project Northland (PN), an adolescent alcohol use prevention trial. A proposed etiologic model including parent norms related to underage drinking, household alcohol-related problems, family problems, and potential mediators of parent influence was tested using structural equation modeling techniques. To explore model differences between intervention conditions, separate models were estimated for intervention and reference samples. Among the parent constructs modeled, parent norms around underage drinking exhibited the strongest relationships with 7th- and 8th-grade alcohol use. Parent norms were directly related to adolescents' alcohol-related cognitions, and thereby had a significant indirect relationship with teenagers' alcohol use. No significant differences were found between intervention and reference groups in model-specified pathways to alcohol use.
Reviews the books, Using LISREL for structural equation modelling: A researcher’s guide and Principles and practice of structural equation modelling by E. Kevin Kelloway (see record 1998-08130-000) and Principles and practice of structural equation modelling by Rex B. Kline (see record 1998-02720-000). Structural equation modeling (SEM) is one of the most rapidly growing analytic techniques in use today. Proponents of the approach have virtually declared die advent of a statistical revolution, while skeptics worry about the widespread misuse of complex and often poorly understood analytic methods. The two new books under review are therefore timely. Both are valuable, but differ in important ways. Kevin Kelloway's book is directed at the researcher with little knowledge of structural equation modeling and is intricately linked to one of the more popular structural equation modeling programs, LISREL. For researchers keen to begin analyzing data quickly, this book is an invaluable resource that will speed one's introduction to SEM. On the other hand, the volume written by Rex Kline represents one of the most comprehensive of available introductions to the application, execution, and interpretation of this technique. The book is written for both students and researchers who do not have extensive quantitative background. It is especially attentive to quantitative issues common to most structural equation applications. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Estimates of the relative influence of peers and parents on adolescents' drug use and other forms of deviance have inflated the importance of peers and underestimated the influence of parents. Following a brief review of major findings in research on parental-peer linkages, sources of distortion and overestimation in peer effects are identified: reliance on cross- sectional designs, which confound selection and socialization effects; reliance on perceptual reports of friends' behaviors, which reflect projection and attribution; failure to take into account parental contributions to children's peer selection; and failure to consider genetic contributions to observed parental effects. Selected empirical studies that have estimated peer and parental effects on drug use and delinquency from relational and longitudinal designs are utilized to develop correction factors. These are incorporated in equations designed to estimate biases in peer estimates and the effects of parental contributions to peer selection. Within the limitations of the available data, I conclude that peer effects based on cross-sectional data and perceptions of peer behavior are overestimated at least by a factor of five.
Multilevel data are used to assess how three interrelated contexts-family, peer group, and neighborhood-influence the social functioning of urban African-American adolescent youth, a group believed to be especially "at-risk" due to high rates of exposure to contextual disadvantage and its associated ills. The analysis is designed to test the various pathways that neighborhoods influence, both directly and indirectly (via their impact on families and peers), two adolescent outcomes-prosocial competency and problem behavior. Neighborhood effects are relatively modest, operate indirectly via their effect on parenting and peer groups, and are transmitted through neighborhood social organization (i.e., collective efficacy), rather than neighborhood structure. Parental monitoring and peer quality are higher in neighborhoods with greater collective efficacy, which also moderates the effect of parental monitoring on both youth outcomes.
This research examined the relation between adolescents' perceptions of the prototypical unwed pregnant teenager (or her boy-friend) and their willingness to engage in unprotected sexual intercourse. Two samples of 13- to 15-year-old adolescents were asked how willing they were to engage in unprotected sex with their boy/girlfriend (the criterion variable), their perceptions of the prototypical person who has engaged in the risky behavior, and their intention to use effective contraception. Perceptions of the unwed-parent prototype and perceived similarity to that prototype significantly predicted willingness to engage in unprotected sex, independent of intentions to use effective contraception. A prototype-based model of onset and cessation of risky behavior is discussed.
Adolescents' self-perceptions (real and ideal), perceptions of their ideal date, and perceptions of stereotypic male and female smokers and nonsmokers were assessed. These perceptions were related to subjects' smoking status and to their intentions to smoke. Subjects who smoked differed from nonsmokers in having real self-concepts and ideal dates that more closely matched the stereotypic smoker. Most important, nonsmoking subjects who had self-concepts, ideal dates, and certain aspects of ideal selves that were close to the smoker stereotype were most likely to intend to smoke.
This article is concerned with measures of fit of a model. Two types of error involved in fitting a model are considered. The first is error of approximation which involves the fit of the model, with optimally chosen but unknown parameter values, to the population covariance matrix. The second is overall error which involves the fit of the model, with parameter values estimated from the sample, to the population covariance matrix. Measures of the two types of error are proposed and point and interval estimates of the measures are suggested. These measures take the number of parameters in the model into account in order to avoid penalizing parsimonious models. Practical difficulties associated with the usual tests of exact fit or a model are discussed and a test of “close fit” of a model is suggested.
Tested a model in which predictions were advanced about children's internalization of their parents' alcohol-use norms and their own subsequent alcohol-use behavior. The sample included 132 families with a child who was 10–12 yrs old at the Time 1 assessment. Data were obtained in 3 waves at 1-yr intervals. Parents' alcohol-use norms were assessed at Time 1, children's alcohol-use norms at Time 2, and children's drinking behavior at Time 3. The link between parents' alcohol-use norms and children's drinking behavior was mediated through the children's own norms. Father–child relationship processes moderated the links between fathers' and children's norms and between children's norms and subsequent alcohol use. The findings highlight a need for further research on internalization processes using samples large enough to detect moderational effects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA )
Like other images, health images can be favorable or unfavorable, and they can have positive as well as negative effects on behavior. Sometimes they facilitate healthy behavior; often, however, they seem to interfere with a healthy lifestyle. Our aim in this chapter is to present and discuss research that examines health images and the impact they have on health behavior. We also present a model of how images influence behavior. A fundamental assumption of the model is our belief that images influence behavior through a process of social comparison. Our own research, as well as most of that conducted by others, has focused on adolescents and young adults, and so most of our discussion deals with these age groups. We believe that the processes remain essentially the same as people age, however, even though preliminary analyses of our data suggest that the impact of images probably diminishes later in life. Finally, we present some thoughts on types of interventions, that might help alter risk-taking behavior among adolescents and young adults. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
given that real data often fail to satisfy the underlying scaling and normality assumptions, there has been growing interest in determining the robustness of structural equation modeling techniques to violations of scaling the normality assumptions and in developing alternative remedial strategies when these assumptions are seriously violated / these topics are the focus of the present chapter
overview of normal theory estimation / effects and detection of nonnormality / remedies for multivariate nonnormality (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The specific goal of this volume is to bring together various perspectives and approaches that share a common theme: applying social comparison theory to health-related issues. It also illustrates the broad range of health-related issues to which social comparison theory is applied. Some of these issues and topics are health protective behaviors, such as condom use, and health impairing behaviors, such as smoking and drinking; perceptions of risk; coping with serious diseases, such as cancer and chronic pain disorders; preparation for surgery and postoperative recovery; stress coping during adolescence; seeking medical care; occupational stress and burnout; and depression and well-being. We are hopeful that the present volume will contribute not only to the continued development of health psychology but to the evolution of social comparison theory as well. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Develops a conception of black adolescent social relations which contrasts sharply with the normative portrait of adolescent friendships as particularly intimate and influential, at the time that autonomy from family is negotiated. This normative view has been developed largely through research on White adolescents. As a result, a compensation argument has developed, which states that Black youths are believed to be even more peer oriented than their White counterparts because of (presumed) family deficits. Data for this study are based on personal interviews with 942 adolescents, and lend support to an alternative portrait of Black youth. The authors studied family relationships and looked at peer pressure. They find that Black youths maintain a more intimate stance than Whites toward family, while friendship relations are characterized by a lower level of intensity. Further, Black adolescents, in contrast to Whites, perceive significantly lower levels of peer pressure, and appear more tolerant of behavioral differences in their friendships. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Examined the relationships between adolescent drug abuse and the SES of the Toronto neighborhoods in which students lived. Data on students in Grades 11 and 13 were analyzed from 79 observations, each representing a postal code area. Cluster analysis demonstrated that the largest number of alcohol and drug problems were found in areas with the lowest socioeconomic characteristics; the highest areas of substance abuse had the highest rates of single parent and low overall income families and were characterized by low cost substandard and government-subsidized housing with social and racial problems and delinquency. The more middle-class area had a high rate of alcohol abuse, but much lower rate of drug use than other areas. It is suggested that research is needed on the aspects of poverty related to type of adolescent drug abuse. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Describes some troubling behaviors of young adolescents in the context of the affective significance of intellectual processes, derived from the work of Jean Piaget. Young adolescents often overlook what is obvious to others and seek complex reasons for simple occurrences. Such behavior can be related to the fact that young adolescents do not have formal operations, which appear at about 11–22 yrs, fully under control. They are able to conceive different alternatives without having learned to assign priorities and make the most appropriate choice. While the acquisition of formal operations gives them the ability to think about other people's thinking, they fail to distinguish what is of interest to others from what is of interest to themselves. The hypocrisy of young adolescents represents a combination of the newly acquired capacity to express ideals and formulate general principles of behavior with an incapacity to recognize the practical difficulties involved in realizing ideals and applying the general principles to concrete behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This study examined the joint association between mothers’ and adolescents’ ratings of parental behavioral control and adolescents’ and observers’ ratings of mother – adolescent communication with adolescent problem behaviors in a sample of 86 middle-class African American early adolescent boys and girls (age: M= 13.08 years, SD= 1.32) and their mothers. Consistent with hypotheses, greater adolescent-rated parental behavioral control and better observer-rated mother – adolescent communication were associated with lower levels of adolescent problem behavior, as examined using structural equation modeling. Furthermore, interrelationships between age and adolescent problem behavior were partially mediated by adolescents’ reports of parental behavioral control and observers’ ratings of positive mother – adolescent communication, which both decreased with adolescents’ age. Although the sample was primarily middle class, higher socioeconomic status was associated with more positive mother – adolescent communication, as rated by observers. Problem behavior was greater among boys than girls, but the hypothesized indirect effect of gender on problem behavior through associations with parenting was not observed. The findings demonstrate the utility of conceptually distinguishing between parenting and parent – adolescent relationships, and suggest that both have unique influences on middle-class African American adolescents’ problem behavior.
Parent-child communication about tobacco and alcohol use is assumed to be critical to child use of these substances, but it rarely has been systematically described and related to adolescent use. This study included a national sample of 537 adolescent-parent pairs interviewed by telephone at baseline and again 1 year later. Factor analysis of parent reports of communication identified 3 domains: rules and discipline, consequences and circumstances, and media influences. Communication in these domains varied by family characteristics, including parents' substance use and mother's education level. Contrary to assumptions, parent-child communication was not related to initiation of smoking or drinking. Additional analyses suggested, however, that parent-child communication about rules and discipline predicted escalation of use.
Alcohol use increases throughout adolescence. Based on family socialization theory, it was hypothesized that family factors, particularly parental support and monitoring, would influence individual trajectories in the development of alcohol misuse. Six waves of data were analyzed, based on interviews with 506 adolescents in the general population of a northeastern metropolitan area. Using growth-curve longitudinal analysis, results show that parenting significantly predicts adolescents' initial drinking levels (intercepts) as well as their rates of increase in alcohol misuse (slope). This study provides evidence that effective parenting is an important factor in preventing alcohol misuse.
Social scientists have often assumed that parental influence is sharply curtailed at adolescence because of the rising counterinfluence of peer groups, over which parents have little control. The present study tested a conceptual model that challenged this view by arguing that parents retain a notable but indirect influence over their teenage child's peer associates. Data from a sample of 3,781 high school students (ages 15–19) indicated that specific parenting practices (monitoring, encouragement of achievement, joint decision making) were significantly associated with specific adolescent behaviors (academic achievement, drug use, self-reliance), which in turn were significantly related to membership in common adolescent crowds (jocks, druggies, etc.). Findings encourage investigators to assess more carefully parents' role in adolescents' peer group affiliations.
Various hypotheses were identified regarding the manner in which community context might influence the association between two dimensions of parenting—control and corporal punishment—on child conduct problems. The authors used hierarchical linear modeling with a sample of 841 African American families to test these hypotheses. Consistent with the evaporation hypothesis, the results indicated that the deterrent effect of caretaker control on conduct problems becomes smaller as deviant behavior becomes more widespread within a community. The findings for corporal punishment supported the normative parenting argument. Although there was a positive relationship between caretaker corporal punishment and child conduct problems in communities where physical discipline was rare, there was no association between the two variables in communities where physical discipline was widely prevalent. These results suggest that a particular parenting strategy may be more effective in some neighborhood environments than others. The theoretical implications of this view are discussed.
This study focused on hypotheses about the contributions of neighborhood disadvantage, collective socialization, and parenting to African American children's affiliation with deviant peers. A total of 867 families living in Georgia and Iowa, each with a 10- to 12-year-old child, participated. Unique contributions to deviant peer affiliation were examined using a hierarchical linear model. Community disadvantage derived from census data had a significant positive effect on deviant peer affiliations. Nurturant/involved parenting and collective socialization processes were inversely associated, and harsh/inconsistent parenting was positively associated, with deviant peer affiliations. The effects of nurturant/involved parenting and collective socialization were most pronounced for children residing in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods.
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Individually measured factors and neighborhood context were related to juvenile delinquency in a community sample of 506 urban, public-school boys. Neighborhood context was measured with an objective, census-based score that classified neighborhoods as underclass or not underclass. When African American youths and white youths were compared without regard to neighborhood context, African American youths were more frequently and more seriously delinquent than white youths. When African American youths didnot live in underclass neighborhoods, their delinquent behavior was similar to that of the white youths. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that boys' hyperactivity and parental supervision were the strongest correlates of delinquency. Single-parent status and poverty/welfare use were not related to delinquent behavior. Once individually measured factors were accounted for, residence in underclass neighborhoods was significantly related to delinquent behavior while ethnicity was not. This study points to the importance of including the neighborhood context when addressing the social problems of African American youths.
Social psychologists have extensively researched behavioral intention and its relation to future behavior, usually within the framework of M. Fishbein and I. Ajzen's (1975, Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley) theory of reasoned action. However, the field has confounded two separate constructs while investigating intention: behavioral intention (BI) and what P. R. Warshaw, B. H. Sheppard, and J. Hartwick (in press, in R. Bagozzi (Ed.), Advances in marketing communication, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press) have coined behavioral expectation (BE), which is the individual's self-prediction of his or her future behavior. In this paper we define both constructs and explain how they differ in terms of the processes by which they are formed, their roles in determining behavior, and their utilities as behavioral predictors. We propose that behavioral expectation is the more accurate overall predictor since many common behaviors are unreasoned (i.e., mindless or habitual) behaviors, goal-type actions, or behaviors where the individual expects his or her intention to change in a foresseable manner. These are all cases where present intention (BI) is not the direct determinant of behavior but where the individual may be capable of appraising whatever additional determinants exist and of including them within his or her behavioral expectation. A study (N = 197) is reported in which student subjects received either a BE (n = 113) or a BI (n = 84) version of a questionnaire pertaining to their performance of 18 common behaviors. Overall, behavioral expectation was the better predictor of self-reported performance.
To examine early risk factors for initiation of hard drug use by 10th grade in a sample of adolescents drawn from diverse high schools and communities, compares the results across different racial/ethnic groups, and to evaluate the predictive performance of a user-friendly risk scale against the more complex logistic model.
Using longitudinal data from 4347 adolescents from California and Oregon, we developed and cross-validated logistic and additive prediction models for non-Hispanic white students (the largest group) and assessed how well each model worked for black, Hispanic, and Asian adolescents. We also developed a best logistic model for each group. Predictor variables were measured at Grade 7; the hard drug use outcome was measured at Grade 10.
Major risk factors for initiation of hard drug use included early marijuana and cigarette use, deviant behavior, poor parent-child communication, being offered drugs, and prodrug attitudes and intentions. White adolescents had the most risk factors, followed by Hispanics, Asians, and Blacks. Specific risk factors played more important roles for some groups than others. Early marijuana use provided the strongest warning signal for all groups except Blacks, while exposure to drug offers increased the risk for all but Hispanic youth. Poor communication with parents was particularly important for Hispanic and Asian adolescents, whereas doing poorly in school was a key predictor only for Asians. Social influences to use drugs and intentions to use them were the only predictors for Blacks. Although family disruption and limited parental education were associated with an increase in risk for white adolescents, the latter had the opposite effect for Hispanics and Blacks. The simple additive model worked almost as well as the most complicated logistic model in predicting hard drug use for each group except Blacks.
These results suggest that curbing early initiation of marijuana and cigarettes and reducing prodrug influences and attitudes may dampen initiation of other substances for most youth. They also suggest that drug prevention programs need to be sensitive to differences across racial/ethnic groups and that using social background characteristics as indicators of risk can be very misleading. Carefully constructed risk scales based on simple additive models could help guide program development and provide clinicians with useful information about a troubled adolescent's likely trajectory.