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Use Patterns and Knowledge of Medicinal Species among Two Rural Communities in Brazil's Semi-Arid Northeastern Region
Abstract
The present work seeks to quantify the knowledge of two rural communities in the semi-arid region of the state of Pernambuco (northeastern Brazil) concerning two species of native medicinal plants: "aroeira do sertão", Myracrodruon urundeuva (Engl.) Fr. All. (Anacardiaceae) and "angico", Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan (Mimosaceae). Semi-structured interviews were carried out, combined with a checklist/inventory method, which yielded different indexes for quantifying knowledge and use of these species. In addition, the reliability of local knowledge was tested using analytical techniques to determine actual tannin concentrations. Although both communities possess knowledge concerning these two species, one of them stood out in terms of the diversity of information presented (P < 0.05), a difference that may be related to its lower degree of modernization. In general, older people had a greater variety of information about these plants, although both men and women demonstrated similar knowledge. Of the 101 people interviewed in Riachão, 85% stated that they knew of uses for both species studied; in Ameixas, of the 55 interviewees, 63% responded that they knew of uses for Myracrodruon urundeuva, and 45% knew of uses for Anadenanthera colubrina. A total of 97 different uses were reported by all informants for the two species studied. Of these, 62 were mentioned in only a single community, confirming our hypothesis of differences in knowledge between them. Informants from both communities knew of a great variety of uses for these plants as well as a number of different collection techniques. We expected that knowledge about the two species would differ in relation to both gender and age, but this was only true for one of the communities. Greater concentrations of tannins were expected to be found consistently in the tree bark, but experimental data demonstrated that tannin concentrations can vary among plant parts during the year.
... To highlight which part of the species is used most often, the consensus value for plant part (CPP) was considered (Table 1). It measures the degree of agreement among informants concerning the plant part used (Monteiro et al., 2006). In addition, the relative frequency of citation (RFC) for use categories was calculated to identify the most common uses. ...
... Parameters Formula Significations 1 Consensus value for plant part (CPP) CPP = P x /P t Number of times a given plant part was cited (P x ), divided by the total number of citations of all parts (P t ). Measures the degree of agreement among the informants concerning the plant part used (Monteiro et al., 2006). 3.2 | Use patterns of Detarium species according to sociodemographic characteristics ...
... However, the impact of modernisation and development seems to be affecting traditional knowledge systems concerning the use of multipurpose species in the region. Monteiro et al. (2006) explained how progress in modernisation has influenced the dynamics of plant use, potentially diminishing the transmission and application of indigenous knowledge concerning these species. ...
Understanding local perceptions and the different uses of multipurpose plant species is essential for their sustainable management. Despite this, anthropogenic factors such as deforestation, overexploitation of natural resources, extension of agricultural lands, overgrazing, and bushfires, coupled with the adverse effects of climate change, are contributing to the loss of these species. This study analyses the perceptions of local communities in Burkina Faso regarding the threats to Detarium microcarpum and Detarium senegalense and their implications, aiming to contribute to the effective management and conservation of such species. Through individual semi‐structured and focus group interviews with 465 local people, data were collected on sociodemographic characteristics, plant parts used, use categories, threats and their effects, proposed solutions, and perceived conservation strategies. Descriptive statistics (consensus for plant part and relative frequency of citation), component analysis, and non‐parametric analyses were used for data analysis. Results indicated that ethnicity, age, education level, and occupation were the most influential sociodemographic factors in relation to the use of these species. Six plant parts from both Detarium species are used across seven use categories, with fruits (0.40), trunks (0.16), and bark (0.27) being the most exploited. There was consensus among local populations regarding areas of abundance. Threat factors, their effects, and conservation solutions varied significantly according to site status. This study highlights the multipurpose uses of Detarium species throughout Burkina Faso and reveals that threats to these species are linked to the occupation and the status of each site. Sustainable use, effective conservation, and domestication of Detarium species should be considered to promote and sustain the exploitation of non‐timber forest products.
... Estudos têm demonstrado algumas propriedades farmacológicas dos extratos de A. colubrina, a título de exemplo, a utilização da casca do caule como intervenção terapêutica de complicações do fígado, infecção dos ovários e no tratamento de bronquite (ARAÚJO et al., 2015;MONTEIRO et al., 2006). Além disso, foi relatado potencial antifúngico de A. colubrina relacionando sua ação à presença de polifenóis, capazes de inativar enzimas essenciais para o crescimento de fungos (LIMA et al., 2020). ...
... Estudos adicionais mostraram que o teor de taninos na casca da árvore de A. colubrina poderia variar de 3,21% a 11,07% na amostra vegetal (MONTEIRO, 2006), uma vez que a concentração dos compostos é dependente da interação ambiental, e em resposta a fatores biológicos e químicos, bem como de nutrientes disponíveis (FREITAS et al., 2004). Além disso, foi relatado não haver diferença significativa de taninos presentes na casca e nas folhas da A. colubrina (MONTEIRO, 2006). ...
... Estudos adicionais mostraram que o teor de taninos na casca da árvore de A. colubrina poderia variar de 3,21% a 11,07% na amostra vegetal (MONTEIRO, 2006), uma vez que a concentração dos compostos é dependente da interação ambiental, e em resposta a fatores biológicos e químicos, bem como de nutrientes disponíveis (FREITAS et al., 2004). Além disso, foi relatado não haver diferença significativa de taninos presentes na casca e nas folhas da A. colubrina (MONTEIRO, 2006). Fato este que motiva a realização de pesquisas, fundamentando sua importância. ...
... Different parts of the plant are used to prevent and treat diseases, as well as entheogens. A. colubrina is popularly used for various purposes such as for the treatment of bronchitis and infections, also for flu symptoms, cough and wound healing (Monteiro et al., 2006a). The seeds are also used in indigenous rituals (Schultes et al., 2001). ...
... The bark of this tree is exceptionally tough, termiteresistant, and a fantastic source of tannin (Viana et al., 2014). At the technological level, wood is used in the manufacture of objects for domestic use and to make various artefacts and furniture such as pipes, pencil holders, fence posts, sleepers, tables, rafters, slats, frames, ceilings, wheels, among others (Monteiro et al., 2006a(Monteiro et al., , 2006bLucena et al., 2007). In some areas of the rural community, the energy needed for cooking depends largely on forest resources, which reveals a significant dependence on these local natural resources, being plants, more precisely the wood of some species such as A. colubrina, which is a source energy source for these communities (Monteiro et al., 2006b;Lucena et al., 2007). ...
... This ointment has its use indicated for antiseptic activity, being registered with ANVISA, regulatory agency of the Ministry of Health of Brazil, but it also has healing potential since the topical application in rats between 6 and 16 days after wound induction, indicated that the ointment reduces the area of the open wound, which means that Sanativo® has a healing activity in the healing of open skin lesions (Lima et al., 2006). Also, it is expected that the extract alone also has wound healing potential, as it is used popularly for wound healing (Monteiro et al., 2006a) and the commercial ointment with four extracts promoted the contraction of open wounds (Lima et al., 2006). ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan is an endemic tree to South America and different parts of it are used by the population for the treatment of various diseases, as well as in indigenous rituals. This species has high pharmacological potential but may present toxic potential due to the presence of psychotropic compounds.
Aim of the study
To review published studies with the species A. colubrina regarding ethnobotanical, phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological aspects, as well as discuss perspectives for new research and protection of this species.
Materials and methods
A literature review was performed by accessing published articles on databases such as: PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scielo, Scopus, Taylor and Francis online, Springer Link, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), ACS Publications, Chemspider and Google Scholar. The keywords used were: “Anadenanthera colubrina” or “Mimosa colubrina” or “Piptadenia colubrina” or “Piptadenia macrocarpa” or “Piptadenia grata” or “Anadenanthera macrocarpa” and “medicinal plants” or “pharmacological” or “phytochemicals” or “traditional use” or “toxicological” or “ethnobotanical” or “pre-clinical trial” or “clinical”. Articles found by database searches and search engines were screened at four stages: (i) title screening, (ii) locality screening, (iii) abstract screening, and (iv) full text. Other articles found through supplementary searches were screened in the full text whenever available. Each article was assessed by three reviewers at the title and abstract screening stages, except for those found in Portuguese databases that were assessed by the native reviewer.
Results
This robust tree has been popularly useful for agroeconomic, medicinal and as a hallucinogen in religious rituals. According to the published studies, the main parts of the plant are the bark and seeds that are mostly used for respiratory conditions and as entheogens, respectively. It is a rich traditional herbal medicine with many pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antidiarrheal, wound healing, antimicrobial, antitumoral, antioxidant, antiaddictive, insecticide and allelopathic that were described in in vitro and in vivo assays, and approximately 56 compounds were identified, suggesting a therapeutic potential for this species. Although most relate to medicinal uses, these are preliminaries and do not show the mechanism of action. The phytochemical assays showed the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, triterpenes, steroids and alkaloids. Some of the compounds are anadanthoflavone, which is exclusive to this species, and no pharmacological or toxicological studies have yet demonstrated this compound. Another important compound is bufotenine which was isolated from seeds and is related to hallucinogenic and antiviral activity. The extracts made from leaves, bark, gum, and fruits appear to be safe, according to both in vivo and in vitro toxicology testing, which all shown low toxicity. Due to the presence of bufotenine in the seeds, it can be toxic, however, it was not found in toxicological assays with the seed extracts.
Conclusions
Therefore, part of the studies confirms the popular use of A. colubrina, however, more assays with isolated compounds and with the different extracts are necessary to corroborate other uses and the mechanism of action of their pharmacological effects needs to discuss in more detail. Therefore, the present review would be identified the gaps and suggests further studies oriented to validate the popular use. Thus, it must be noted that the use of this species must be controlled in order to minimize the environmental impact, as most of the pharmacological potential was shown with the bark and seeds. Due to its wide use in folk medicine, it is part of the Brazilian medicinal species with priority for conservation.
... Sa formule est FRC = ( / ) x 100, avec n = nombre de personnes ayant fourni une réponse à une utilisation donnée ; N = nombre total de personnes enquêtées. La fréquence relative de citation permet d'apprécier l'importance locale de l'espèce (Monteiro et al., 2006). L'indice de diversité de l'enquêté (ID) mesure le nombre d'usages du bois de vène par enquêté et comment ces usages sont distribués entre les enquêtés. ...
... L'indice de diversité de l'enquêté (ID) mesure le nombre d'usages du bois de vène par enquêté et comment ces usages sont distribués entre les enquêtés. Sa formule est ID=Ux/Ut, où Ux est le nombre d'utilisations citées par un enquêté et Ut est le nombre d'utilisations citées par l'ensemble des enquêtés (Monteiro et al., 2006). Sa valeur varie entre 0 et le nombre d'utilisations. ...
... la valeur est faible si l'espèce est très utilisée dans une ou deux catégories d'usage et élevée lorsque l'espèce est à usage multiple. L'indice de diversité de l'enquêté permet de mesurer les différentes catégories d'usages de l'espèce et présente comment les informations sont partagées parmi les enquêtés (Monteiro et al., 2006). L'indice d'équitabilité de l'enquêté (IE) mesure le degré d'homogénéité des connaissances des enquêtés. ...
Pterocarpus erinaceus (P. erinaceus) est une espèce éminemment utile aux populations. La présente étude visait à contribuer à une meilleure connaissance du bois de vène en Côte d’Ivoire. Pour ce faire, des enquêtes ethnobotaniques ont été conduites auprès des populations de dix localités dans la zone rurale de Béoumi et la périphérie de la réserve de faune et de flore du Haut Bandama. Le profil des enquêtés et les pourcentages de réponses sur P. erinaceus ont été analysés à travers des histogrammes et des indices de diversité. Quatre catégories d’usages ont été relevées, médicinale, artisanale, fourrage et bois d’oeuvre. La connaissance des usages de l’espèce est inégalement répartie entre les populations. Les feuilles, l’écorce et les racines sont les organes les plus utilisés. Les populations locales ont une bonne connaissance des causes de régression des peuplements naturels de P. erinaceus. Selon elles, la pratique du charbon de bois, le défrichement des terres pour l’installation des cultures, l’abattage des arbres par les scieurs, les feux de végétation et le non-respect des mesures gouvernementales, constituent les causes de disparition de l’espèce. A cet effet, il devient urgent de mettre en place une stratégie de gestion durable en intégrant les besoins des populations locales.
... These are (1) Empirical researches have been conducted in different parts of the world (see Zent & Maffi, 2009 for detailed information) focusing on dynamics of IK (Rajasekaran et al.,1991;Byg & Balslev, 2001;Lykke et al., 2004;Zarger & Stepp, 2004;Case et al., 2005;Godoy et al., 2005;Lozada et al., 2006;Monteiro et al., 2006;Gray et al., 2008;Turner & Turner, 2008;and Godoy et al., 2009a;Gómez-Baggethun, 2009;Gomez-Baggethun et al. ,2010;Gómez-Baggethun & Reyes-Garcia, 2013;McCarter & Gavin, 2013;Reyes-García et al., 2013 and others). The study of variation of IK among and within generational group and among individuals goes back to early 1900's. ...
... Many of these empirical researches have been conducted on different aspects of IK, such as cultural transmission, loss of IK and factors behind the loss of IK. Some of these research accounts reported gradual loss of IK (Leonard, 1996;Zent, 2001;Case et al., 2005;Godoy et al., 2005;Reyes-García et al., 2005;Gomez-Baggethun et al., 2010) due to factors such as change in socio-cultural values, demography, economic condition, and institutional setup (Rajasekaran et al.,1991;Case et al., 2005;Lozada et al., 2006;Monteiro et al., 2006;Turner & Turner, 2008;and Gomez-Baggethun et al. 2010). Some of these research accounts reported contrasting result regarding the relationship between IK and drivers for its changes and continuities. ...
... For instance, in the longitudinal study conducted by Zarger & Stepp (2004), prevailing biophysical, socio-cultural and economic changes reported to have no significant impacts on IK changes. On the other the study conducted by Rajasekaran et al. (1991), Case et al.( 2005), Lozada et al. (2006), Monteiro et al.( 2006), Turner & Turner, (2008), Gomez-Baggethun et al. (2010) and others reported the loss of IK due to the prevailing changes in biophysical, socio-cultural and economic. ...
... In general, the use of visual stimuli applied to the ethnobotanical research has been applied more frequently by researchers because of its use as an auxiliary tool in the process of gathering information [2,5]. In a study done in Caruaru, in northeastern Brazil, Monteiro et al. (2006) [5] researched two useful plants in two rural communities and started the interviews using the checklist/inventory method [6], which consisted in offering photographs of the species pertinent to the research. ...
... In general, the use of visual stimuli applied to the ethnobotanical research has been applied more frequently by researchers because of its use as an auxiliary tool in the process of gathering information [2,5]. In a study done in Caruaru, in northeastern Brazil, Monteiro et al. (2006) [5] researched two useful plants in two rural communities and started the interviews using the checklist/inventory method [6], which consisted in offering photographs of the species pertinent to the research. The authors found that no more than 5% of informants recognized a species from the stimuli offered. ...
... In general, the use of visual stimuli applied to the ethnobotanical research has been applied more frequently by researchers because of its use as an auxiliary tool in the process of gathering information [2,5]. In a study done in Caruaru, in northeastern Brazil, Monteiro et al. (2006) [5] researched two useful plants in two rural communities and started the interviews using the checklist/inventory method [6], which consisted in offering photographs of the species pertinent to the research. The authors found that no more than 5% of informants recognized a species from the stimuli offered. ...
This study aimed to verify the efficiency of photographs as visual stimuli and the knowledge of the Santo Antonio community, Piauí, Northeast Brazil, on two species widely used in local therapy. Semi-structured interviews were conducted using the checklist/inventory method which consisted in offering clear pictures to informants. Furthermore, local knowledge was also analyzed using quantitative measurements. The present study cited 16 uses for amburana (A. cearenses) and ten uses for mangabeira (L. replicata); moreover, the use of visual stimuli proved to be inefficient with respect to the recognition of these two tree species (A. cearenses and L. replicata) in the studied community. The results obtained, despite the knowledge of only two species, can add to the information provided about the specific domain of knowledge regarding the medicinal plants, because the selected species are very popular in the region.
... For ethnobotanical data analysis, the following indices were used: (1) Shannon Diversity Index (H) (Shannon [58]), (2) Pielou evenness (Eq) (Pielou [59]), (3) use diversity value (UD), (4) use equitability value (UE), (5) consensus value for plant parts (CPP) and (6) consensus value for the form of use (CMU) (Byg [60]; Monteiro [61]; Koura [62]). The structuring proposed by Monteiro [61] and Koura [62] assumed that young people are those under 40-year-old while those who are older than 40 years are considered as old people. ...
... For ethnobotanical data analysis, the following indices were used: (1) Shannon Diversity Index (H) (Shannon [58]), (2) Pielou evenness (Eq) (Pielou [59]), (3) use diversity value (UD), (4) use equitability value (UE), (5) consensus value for plant parts (CPP) and (6) consensus value for the form of use (CMU) (Byg [60]; Monteiro [61]; Koura [62]). The structuring proposed by Monteiro [61] and Koura [62] assumed that young people are those under 40-year-old while those who are older than 40 years are considered as old people. [63]. ...
... Anadenanthera genus has a wide variety of synonyms reported in the literature, as well as several popular and indigenous names (Weber et al., 2011) [41] . Stems of species like Anadenanthera falcata are reported to exert antiinflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, based on the identification of steroids, flavonoids and tannins (Monteiro et al., 2006;Svetaz et al., 2010) [42,43] . Solon et al., (2012) [44] identified the following secondary metabolites from a hydroethanolic extract from the root of C. regium: ellagic acid, gallic acid, dihydrokaempferol-3-O-βglucopyranoside, pinoresinol, dihydrokaempferol, excelsin, dihydrokaempferol-3-O-β-(6 "-galloyl) glucopyranoside, coclospermin A and B. Castro and collaborators (2004) [45] identified flavones naringenin and aromadendrin, 1hydroxytetradecanone-3, 3-O-glycosyl dihydrokaempferol and flavonoids. ...
... Anadenanthera genus has a wide variety of synonyms reported in the literature, as well as several popular and indigenous names (Weber et al., 2011) [41] . Stems of species like Anadenanthera falcata are reported to exert antiinflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, based on the identification of steroids, flavonoids and tannins (Monteiro et al., 2006;Svetaz et al., 2010) [42,43] . Solon et al., (2012) [44] identified the following secondary metabolites from a hydroethanolic extract from the root of C. regium: ellagic acid, gallic acid, dihydrokaempferol-3-O-βglucopyranoside, pinoresinol, dihydrokaempferol, excelsin, dihydrokaempferol-3-O-β-(6 "-galloyl) glucopyranoside, coclospermin A and B. Castro and collaborators (2004) [45] identified flavones naringenin and aromadendrin, 1hydroxytetradecanone-3, 3-O-glycosyl dihydrokaempferol and flavonoids. ...
The Brazilian biome Cerrado is a big source of obtaining plants for the research of new bioactive compounds with antibacterial potential. In this study, methanolic extracts of the leaves from Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart) Coville and Solanum lycocarpum A. St-Hil; and ethanolic extracts of Anadenanthera falcata (Benth.) Speg. Stem and Cochlospermum regium (Mart. ex Schrank) Pilg. Tuberous roots were submitted to phytochemical prospecting and determination of antibacterial activity against four bacterial cultures Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by the Kirby-Bauer method of plate diffusion. Diverse groups of secondary metabolites and some constituents were identified, suggesting bioavailability of alkaloids, anthraquinones, catechins, coumarins, steroids and triterpenoids, phenols and tannins, flavonoids, anthocyanins and anthocyanidins, flavonols, flavonones, flavanonols and xanthones, quinones and saponins. Likewise, all extracts presented antibacterial potential, especially Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart) Coville extract at the concentration of 10 mg/mL against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
... Those uses must be involved in the species conservation strategies with the collaboration of local populations (Monteiro et al. 2006). But the widespread use of the wood of this species due to its quality induced several threats on its population viability. ...
... Indeed, the mature trees, which provide seeds for the species regeneration, are selected for wood harvesting. To resolve this problem, Albuquerque and Andrade (2002) and Monteiro et al. (2006) show the need to develop sustainable management of threatened plants species which must involve both scientists and traditional dignitaries. ...
Background: The ethnobotanical uses of Diospyros mespiliformis was assessed in the classified forest of Wari-Maro located in the Sudano-Guinean area of Benin. This study aimed to contribute to the sustainable management of the population of D. mespiliformis. Methods: The data were collected from one hundred and seventy-nine (179) local population surveyed. Quantitative ethnobotanical indices have been calculated. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used with R version 3.2.3 software to describe the relationships between the organs, the forms of use and the ethnic groups. Results: The species is well known and differently used according to the sex, age and ethnic groups. Nagot old men revealed more knowledge (ID = 0.19; IE = 0.32), followed by Bariba old men (ID = 0.13; IE = 0.21), Nagot young men (ID = 0.12; IE = 0.20) and Waama men old (ID = 0.10; IE = 0.16). The ethnics Bariba and Nagot use the fruits, wood and roots much more than the Waama, while Waama use more leaves, bark and twigs. Bariba use more the fruits for the juice and direct consumption, the firewood, forage and decoction as forms of use, while Nagot use more technology wood, service wood and powder. Conclusion: The ethnobotanical knowledge of D. mespiliformis recorded in this study will contribute to improve and disseminate its use in traditional medicine and its use as technical wood. Furthermore, strategies for its conservation have been suggested, like assisted regeneration. Keywords: Diospyros mespiliformis, forest reserve of Wari-Maro, ethnobotany, Benin Résumé Contexte: Les utilisations ethnobotaniques de Diospyros mespiliformis ont été évaluées dans la forêt classée de Wari-Maro située dans la zone soudano-guinéenne du Bénin. Cette étude vise à contribuer à la gestion durable des populations de D. mespiliformis. Méthodologie: Les données ont été collectées à partir d’une enquête de cent soixante-dix-neuf (179) personnes des villages riverains. Des indices ethnobotaniques quantitatifs ont été calculés et l’Analyse en Composantes Principales (ACP) a été utilisée grâce au logiciel R version 3.2.3 pour décrire les relations entre les organes, les formes d’usage et les groupes ethniques. Résultats: L'espèce est bien connue et diversement utilisée selon le sexe, l’âge et l’ethnie. Les vieux ou les vieilles Nagot détiennent plus de connaissances (ID = 0,19 ; IE = 0,32), suivis des vieux Bariba (ID = 0,13 ; IE = 0,21), des jeunes hommes Nagot (ID = 0,12 ; IE = 0,20) puis des vieux Waama (ID = 0,10 ; IE = 0,16). Les Bariba et Nagot utilisent beaucoup plus les fruits, les bois et les racines tandis que les Waama accordent plus d’importance aux feuilles, à l’écorce et aux brindilles. Les Bariba utilisent plus les formes d’usage «jus de fruit», «consommation directe des fruits», «bois de feu», « ourrage» et «décoction» alors que les Nagot utilisent plus le bois d’œuvre, le bois de service et la poudre. Conclusion:Les connaissances ethnobotaniques recensées sur D. mespiliformis dans cette étude sont utiles pour mieux comprendre ses utilisations en médecine traditionnelle et comme bois d’œuvre et pour une meilleure vulgarisation. En outre, des stratégies pour sa conservation ont été suggérées, comme la régénération assistée
... The versatility and intensity of palm uses suggest a diverse, dynamic and place specific knowledge about these species (Monteiro et al., 2006;C amaraÀLeret et al., 2014;Martins de Andrade et al., 2015). The knowledge and use of palms is subject to the influence of the same factors that affect knowledge and use of other plant resources, namely: i) the floristic diversity of a given area (de la Torre et al., 2009); ii) characteristics of the exploited species, for instance, abundance, seasonality and morphology (Hoffman and Gallaher, 2007;de la Torre et al., 2009;Macía et al., 2011); iii) socio-economic characteristics of users (Byg and Balslev, 2001a;Paniagua-Zambrana et al., 2017;Martins de Andrade et al., 2015); iv) cultural and traditional values (Hoffman and Gallaher, 2007;de la Torre et al., 2009;Martins de Andrade et al., 2015) and v) accessibility of markets as well as infrastructure and services such as roads, commerce and health (Paniagua-Zambrana et al., 2007;de la Torre et al., 2009;Martins de Andrade et al., 2015). ...
... A Mann-Whitney U-test was also used to compare the above-mentioned indices between gender and age within each species. Following Hanazaki et al. (2000), Begossi et al. (2002) and Monteiro et al. (2006), the age comparison was done between respondents that were 40 years old or younger and the ones that were over 40 years. A Chi-square test for equality of proportions was used to compare the importance value for a given use between the two species. ...
Hyphaene coriacea and Phoenix reclinata are two abundant palm species in the Maputaland coastal plains of southern Mozambique. They provide an array of subsistence and commercial non-timber forest products. This research characterizes the ethnobotanical knowledge and uses of these species. Using structured interviews we assessed the knowledge, past and current uses, cultural importance and the determinants of the knowledge and current uses of these species. The knowledge about the uses of these two palms is widespread , however only 32% of respondents are engaged in palm exploitation. Thirteen palm products are used in the area with palm wine production from the sap of both species being the dominant activity, followed by broom production from Phoenix reclinata stems and basket production from Hyphaene coriacea leaves. The cultural importance of these species includes the production of anklets and skirts used during traditional dances and the use of palm wine in the traditional ritual of libation. Village of residency, gender and migration status are correlated with levels of knowledge and use of these species. Palm wine, broom and basket production can play an important role for income generation and therefore should be considered in future local development initiatives.
... It measures the degree of concordance between respondents with respect to the uses made of the species ( [18], [19]). The following formula is used: ...
Tylophora cameroonica est une liane robuste à port
grimpant appartenant à la famille Apocynaceae. Elle
fait partie des plantes utilisées pour différentes
affections et symptômes au bas-bénin. Actuellement,
on constate sa raréfaction et l’anthropisation de ses
habitats. Cependant, des travaux antérieurs ont
rapporté son utilisation dans la composition de
savons, de parfum ou bain de chance, d’attraction et
de protection. Or, ces connaissances peuvent varier
suivant les groupes socioprofessionnels et
sociolinguistiques. L’objectif de ce travail est de
réaliser une étude ethnobotanique et des essais de
multiplication de Tylophora cameroonica dans le
Sud du Bénin. A cet effet, les connaissances
ethnobotaniques de l’espèce en fonction du groupe
socioculturel, socioprofessionnel, l’âge et le sexe ont
été évaluées ; les taux de reprise végétative du
marcottage aérien et du bouturage de l’espèce ont été
déterminés ; de même que le taux de reprise des
plants sous semenciers. Ainsi, l’étude a inclus 330 personnes (182 hommes et 148 femmes ; 64 jeunes,
150 adultes, et 116 vieux), réparties dans trois
groupes socioprofessionnels et appartenant à six
groupes socioculturels au cours d’une enquête
quantitative et à l’aide d’un questionnaire
semi-structuré. A l’issu de cette étude, vingt-trois
usages spécifiques ont été recensés et repartis en
trois catégories d’usage : médicinale (30,43%),
médico-magique (47,82%) et cultuelle (21,73%).
Tylophora cameroonica est très utilisée par les
tradi-praticiens (VUE=5,93) et par les Fon, les Aïzo,
les Holli, Nagot/yoruba > 2,61 qui est la valeur
moyenne des usages spécifiques. Par ailleurs, le
bouturage s’est révélé plus approprié avec un taux de
reprise de 87,77 % et la propagation par plants sous
semenciers avec un taux de reprise de 97,5 %.
L’étude a permis de savoir que l’espèce Tylophora
cameroonica est une plante à grande valeur
ethnobotanique, à usage multiples et peut être
multiplier. Elle se veut d’être valorisée dans des
espaces verts et dans nos habitats pour ses multiples
vertus.
Mots-clés : Tylophora cameroonica, diversité
d’usages, multiplication végétative, conservation,
Bénin.
... It measures the degree of concordance between respondents with respect to the uses made of the species ( [18], [19]). The following formula is used: ...
Tylophora cameroonica is a robust liana with a climbing habit belonging to the Apocynaceae family. It is one of the plants used for different diseases and symptoms in lower Benin. Currently, we are seeing its scarcity and the anthropization of its habitats. However, previous works have reported its use in the manufacture of soaps, perfume or bath for luck, attraction and protection. Yet, these knowledge can vary according to socio-professional and sociolinguistic groups. The aim of this work is to carry out an ethnobotanical study and multiplication trials of Tylophora cameroonica in south of Benin. For this purpose, ethnobotanical knowledge of the species according to socio-cultural, socio-professional group, age and sex were evaluated; vegetation recovery from air layering and cuttings of the species were determined; as well as the recovery rate of plants under seed. To this end, the study approached 330 people (182 men and 148 women; 64 young people, 150 adults, and 116 old people), distributed in three socio-professional groups and belonging to six socio-cultural groups through a quantitative survey and using of a semi-structured quiz. At the end of this study, twenty-three specific uses were identified and divided into three categories of use: medicinal (30.43%), medico-magical (47.82%) and cultural (21.73%). Tylophora cameroonica is widely used by traditional practitioners (VUE=5.93) and by the Fon, the Aïzo, the Holli, Nagot/Yoruba > 2.61 which is the average value of specific uses. Furthermore, cuttings proved to be more appropriate with a recovery rate of 87.77% and propagation by plants under seeds with a recovery rate of 97.5%. The study revealed that the Tylophora cameroonica species is a plant of great ethnobotanical value, with multiple uses and can be multiply. It wants to be valued in green spaces and in our habitats for its multiple virtues. Tylophora cameroonica est une liane robuste à port grimpant appartenant à la famille Apocynaceae. Elle fait partie des plantes utilisées pour différentes affections et symptômes au bas-bénin. Actuellement, on constate sa raréfaction et l’anthropisation de ses habitats. Cependant, des travaux antérieurs ont rapporté son utilisation dans la composition de savons, de parfum ou bain de chance, d’attraction et de protection. Or, ces connaissances peuvent varier suivant les groupes socioprofessionnels et sociolinguistiques. L’objectif de ce travail est de réaliser une étude ethnobotanique et des essais de multiplication de Tylophora cameroonica dans le Sud du Bénin. A cet effet, les connaissances ethnobotaniques de l’espèce en fonction du groupe socioculturel, socioprofessionnel, l’âge et le sexe ont été évaluées ; les taux de reprise végétative du marcottage aérien et du bouturage de l’espèce ont été déterminés ; de même que le taux de reprise des plants sous semenciers. Ainsi, l’étude a inclus 330 personnes (182 hommes et 148 femmes ; 64 jeunes, 150 adultes, et 116 vieux), réparties dans trois groupes socioprofessionnels et appartenant à six groupes socioculturels au cours d’une enquête quantitative et à l’aide d’un questionnaire semi-structuré. A l’issu de cette étude, vingt-trois usages spécifiques ont été recensés et repartis en trois catégories d’usage : médicinale (30,43%), médico-magique (47,82%) et cultuelle (21,73%). Tylophora cameroonica est très utilisée par les tradi-praticiens (VUE=5,93) et par les Fon, les Aïzo, les Holli, Nagot/yoruba > 2,61 qui est la valeur moyenne des usages spécifiques. Par ailleurs, le bouturage s’est révélé plus approprié avec un taux de reprise de 87,77 % et la propagation par plants sous semenciers avec un taux de reprise de 97,5 %. L’étude a permis de savoir que l’espèce Tylophora cameroonica est une plante à grande valeur ethnobotanique, à usage multiples et peut être multiplier. Elle se veut d’être valorisée dans des espaces verts et dans nos habitats pour ses multiples vertus.
... Brenan), in the northeastern semi-arid region, in Pernambuco, in two communities called "Riachão" and "Ameixas, " was assessed. [42] In the first community, 101 people were interviewed, and in the second village, 55 were. Both communities had the same type of knowledge regarding the medicinal application of these two species, with aroeira-do-sertão most used in respiratory problems and angico for issues in the skin and subcutaneous tissues and undefined pain. ...
The research and development of herbal medicines used in Veterinary Medicine are still incipient. The present study pursued the status of ethnoveterinary research in Brazil based on a narrative review of the literature. Medicinal plants, animals, and minerals are used to treat companion and production animals in urban and rural areas. In urban areas, using plants to treat infectious diseases and digestive problems in companion animals is frequent. In contrast, plants to treat livestock are accessed to control bacteria involved in cattle mastitis and pathogens involved in hemorrhagic enteritis in small ruminants, such as Haemonchus spp. Nonetheless, reports describing the use of animal tissues as fat, animal products as honey, and mineral products were described and commented on. Much has yet to be done in terms of systematizing ethnoveterinary in Brazil so that the therapeutic potential of the fauna and flora of Brazil can be accessed. Brazil has the most extraordinary biodiversity in the world, and it is the country that has enormous potential for the development of medicines obtained from natural sources to be used in veterinary, in addition to human medicine, despite being one of the most significant animal protein exporting countries. The One World, One Health concepts are fundamental to support the development of ethnoveterinary, to effectively contribute to building the necessary knowledge to sustain animal welfare, which is essential for the development of a sustainable world based on the preservation of natural resources associated with the promotion of global health.
... O presente trabalho trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, com o objetivo de abordar a composição bioativa do extrato-base dos produtos farmacêuticos sanativo®, bem como elucidar as suas possíveis aplicabilidades na área odontológica. JAIN et al., 1995;COUTINHO et al., 2006;LUCENA et al., 2006;MONTEIRO et al., 2006;DESMARCHELIER et al., 1999;DUARTE, 2013;TUAN ANH et al., 2021;DUTRA et al., 2018. 334 R.S.A, M.K.G.D, A.S.C. ...
... Age also influences TEK. Studies show that younger people tend to have less knowledge of plant diversity for medicinal uses than older people (see Monteiro et al., 2006;Weckmüller et al., 2019;Souza et al., 2021), which may be the result of a longer interaction between older people and natural resources. Elderly people may know certain resources that are no longer available to younger people because of environmental variation, whereas young people may only refer to resources available in the current environment, leading to differences in knowledge about these resources (Torres-Avilez et al., 2016a,b). ...
... Comparative analysis of informants' knowledge was performed from five quantitative measures (Byg and Baslev, 2001): informant diversity value (IDV), informant equitability value (IEV), usage diversity value (UDV), Consensus Value for Collection Location (CVCL), and Consensus Value for Usage Types (CVUT) ( Table 1). For this analysis we considered age classes (adults ≥ 40 and <40 years old) and gender (Byg and Baslev, 2001;Monteiro et al., 2006). In order to verify the significance of the differences between the indices, the normality of the data was tested (Shapiro-Wilk test). ...
The aim of this study was to verify the relationships between the forms of use and management adopted by extractivists of the palm Syagrus coronata (Mart.) Becc., as well as their knowledge about it, and to relate ethnobotanical parameters to phenotypic traits in a caatinga area located at the Jiboia settlement in Senhor do Bonfim, Bahia. Licuri is considered a resource of high commercial importance for residents of the Jiboia Settlement. Thirty-five interviews were conducted with the extractivists from April to November 2018. Five categories of use were reported, with emphasis on human food, trade and animal feed. There was a significant relationship between the informants' age, oldest people, and the extractivism of S. coronata. Women's knowledge was also significant. To evaluate the relationship between the residents of the settlement and the Licuri, semi-structured interviews were applied. Phenotypic characterization was performed with selected S. coronata palms in the managed and unmanaged areas. From ethnobotanical and phenotypic data, it was possible to understand the population dynamics and the cultural universe surrounding the use and management of S. coronata, a native species from the northeastern semi-arid region of Brazil and currently under searched regarding this last aspect.
... Regarding CI index, UR grouping are summed by uses (the sum of the interviewers who cited each use) and then sum all these UR. However, in the case of the UV index, we first sum the UR grouping by informants (the sum of the uses cited by each informant) and then sum all these data Estomba et al., 2006;Monteiro et al., 2006). However, the Spearman linear correlation coefficient was used to compare the various indices since all the variables considered are not distributed normally (Tardyo & Santayana, 2007;Shaheen et al., 2017). ...
Ethnobotany has improved dramatically in recent decades and become a widely recognized scientific discipline after the usage of mathematical methods. Cultural importance index (CI) is considered a tool for evaluating the use-value (UV) of plants. It become an essential quantitative method in many ethnobotanical studies. The present study evaluates the cultural significance of different Egyptian endemics using four indices (UR: number of use reports, RFC: relative frequency of citation, RI: relative importance and CV: cultural value) depend on informant report. Each index intends to evaluate the CI of plant taxa and its statistical analysis. Ethnobotanical information was collected from summer 2018 to Spring 2020 through monthly visits to the study area. CI was applied on 41 endemic plants recorded in the Egyptian flora. Medicinal species were the most represented group (40 taxa), then grazing (25), and human food (14). Ranking of CI index according to the contribution of each species indicating that Rosa arabica was the first-ranking (6 out of 9 groups), followed by Origanum syriacum subsp < em>. sinaicum (5 groups) and Sonchus macrocarpus (3 groups). High positive linear correlation was detected between CI-RFC (0.96), CI-RI and CI-CV (0.98); while weak correlation between number of uses (NU) and RFC (0.47) at p <0.05 (n=41).
... For the complementary data analysis, the consensus value or fidelity level (FL) for the uses that farmers mentioned was estimated (adapted from Monteiro et al. 2006, Albuquerque et al. 2010. Being: ...
Background: The Deciduous Seasonal Forest (DSF) is one of the most abundant phytophysiognomies in Santa Catarina State / Brasil. However, it is severely impacted by fragmentation and introduction of invasive exotic species. In this scenario, the Hovenia dulcis is a species with a high degree of biological invasion, including in protected areas as the Fritz Plaumann State Park/Santa Catarina. Our objective was to understand the history of introduction of this invasive species in the park area, as well as to identify plant species with the potential to replace H. dulcis. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were carried out with informants residing in the Park's Buffer Zone (BZ). As base data for analysis, we use citations of use and the potential replacement species. For the complementary analysis, the consensus value or level of fidelity for the uses was estimated. To investigate the introduction history of the species in the study region, a literature search was conducted on the use of H. dulces. Results: Twenty-four informants were interviewed. The uses related to H. dulcis comprised thirteen citations. In the analysis of rapid ordering, firewood (23.25) was the most cited use. A total of thirty-four cited species with the potential to replace H. dulcis was obtained. The species' introduction history confirmed the technical indication as one of the main stimulators of the species' expansion in the region. Conclusions: Results demonstrate that the species is considered, by farmers, technically suitable for cultivation in the BZ of the Park. Hence the importance of highlighting other species with a greater or equal level of biological characteristics to replace H. dulcis. Keywords: Invasive alien species; ethnobotany, protected areas Resumo Antecedentes: A Floresta Estacional Decidual (DSF) é uma das fitofisionomias mais abundante no Estado de Santa Catarina/Brasil. Contudo, é severamente afetada pela fragmentação e introdução de espécies exóticas invasoras. Neste cenário, a Hovenia dulcis é uma espécie com um alto grau de invasão biológica, inclusive em áreas protegidas como o Parque Estadual Fritz Plaumann/Santa Catarina. O nosso objetivo foi compreender a história da introdução desta espécie invasora na área do parque, bem como identificar espécies vegetais com potencial para substitui-la. Métodos: Foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com informantes residentes na Zona de Amortecimento do Parque (ZA). Como dados de base para as análises utilizamos citações de uso e de espécies com potencial de substituição. Para a análise complementar, foi estimado o valor consensual ou o nível de fidelidade para os usos. Para investigar o histórico de introdução da espécie na região de estudo, foi conduzida busca bibliográfica sobre o uso da H. dulces. Resultados: Foram entrevistados vinte e quatro informantes. Os usos relacionados com H. dulcis compreenderam treze citações. Na análise de ordenamento rápido, a lenha (23,25) foi a utilização mais citada. Foi obtido um total de trinta e quatro espécies citadas com potencial para substituir a H. dulcis. A história de introdução da espécie confirmou a indicação técnica como um dos principais estimuladores da expansão da espécie na região. Conclusões: Os resultados demonstram que a espécie é considerada, pelo agricultores, tecnicamente adequada para o cultivo na ZA do Parque. Daí a importância de destacar outras espécies com maior ou igual nível de características biológicas desejáveis para substituir H. dulcis. Palavras chave: Espécies exóticas invasoras; etnobotânica, áreas protegidas
... The study of TEK has argued for an effort to enhance environmental sustainability by learning how the indigenous population adapts to natural changes. However, numerous studies have reported the changes and losses of TEK, especially in medicinal, nutritional, and agricultural knowledge, in small societies [5][6][7][8]. In addition, since TEK formed a philosophical concept, there are difficulties in implementing landscape design to measure its work. ...
Research into traditional ecological knowledge has become a reference in environmental
management. This is followed by ecological wisdom that has emerged and has become a new discourse in landscape planning and design. However, traditional ecological knowledge and wisdom are similar in research and confounding when determining the research scope. Therefore, this study aims to define the distinction between traditional ecological knowledge and ecological wisdom in research through a systematic review of research articles, book chapters, and reviews published from 2017 to 2021. The selected primary studies were analyzed using bibliometric analysis run by VOS Viewer, followed by comparative analysis towards thematic codes. The coding process for the comparative analysis was conducted using NVivo. This study found that research on traditional ecological knowledge and ecological wisdom converges, especially on the topic of indigenous cultural capital, ecosystem services, and sustainability. The distinction between TEK and EW lies in their definition, agent, source, and scope. We propose a conceptual framework to understand the relationship between TEK and EW in the cultural landscape and clarify the scope of the analysis in this research. This study would help scholars develop research on both topics precisely and avoid bias in the theoretical discussion.
... Research in the Caatinga (semi-arid) region in North-eastern Brazil found that the species and plant parts that are available throughout the year are the most important medicinal species. Stembark was the most commonly used plant part [92]. The authors reported that herbaceous plants and leaves, which are only available for a few months of the year, are less commonly used in the same study. ...
This study explores ethnobiological and bioprospecting research through the lens of Carissa Spinarum L., using it as a case study to examine wider trends in such research. Hunn’s Phasing in Ethnobiology is used as a framework, analysing the extensive research of a species used in healing, diet and other domains. Most reported studies are illustrative of Phase I Ethnobiological research based on the lack of basic context, emic or ecological detail, or a sense of collaboration with participants or across disciplines. Elements of Phases II, III and IV are evident in some studies highlighting ethnographic context, ecological issues or indigenous knowledge and rights. The extractive character of Phase I research, usually used for bioprospecting purposes, decontextualises plant use and may contribute to the historically poor results from ethno-directed bioprospecting. The widespread marginalisation of the social sciences in bioprospecting research can invalidate the whole research project and in turn ethnomedical plant use itself. A species such as Carissa Spinarum L., emerging from Phase I research, can become a mere collection of its phytochemical parts, invalidated if those parts do not meet scientific measures of value. The collaborative character of Phase IV and V Ethnobiology would reward with more ethical and effective research with healing plants.
... Use Worldwide, forests provide a large variety of products and services to humans (Monteiro, et al., 2006, Lucena, et al., 2008, Peres, et al., 2011, Isaza, et al., 2013. However, the exploitation of these resources has had negative impacts, such as forest fragmentation and habitat loss, affecting biodiversity and promoting the local extinction of species (Wessels, et al., 2011, Zanela, et al., 2012. ...
The Tropical dry forests cover large regions of the world and have been extensively altered by human activities. This study was aimed at characterizing and comparing the density, diversity and structural parameters of a human-altered secondary dry within an interval of five years of regeneration. Two hundred plots were established in the forest and two monitoring surveys were carried out, with interval of five years between them. All individuals in each plot with diameter at the ground level ≥ 3 cm were measured. After five years, no differences were observed in the number of species. Total density and mean basal area decreased, as a result of the maturation of the forest and possibly due to a prolonged drought in 2012. In 2008, the total basal area was 10.59 m².ha-1, increasing to 11.01 m².ha-1 in 2013. The mean height of the community did not increase significantly, from 3.59 m in 2008 to 3.65 min 2013. The number of individuals in the larger diameter classes reduced between 2008 and 2013, while the opposite was observed for smaller classes. Some structural parameters increased or decreased depending on the group of species analyzed and there was still a group that did not present significant changes. Therefore, age since abandonment can affect the regeneration process and the resilience of the forest. We realized, the speed in which these alterations occurred in an interval of five years can be considered slow and changes in the recovery process of a 16-year-old forest may not be detected.
... It is a measure that indicates the degree of agreement amongst informants regarding the plant part used (31). The following is the formula: ...
The "Nalike" community, also known as Panar, is one of the tribal communities in the Bantwala taluk in Karnataka's Dakshina Kannada district. In addition to the practise of ritual dance, the majority of the families in this community embrace traditional medication as a source of income. For the eth-nobotanical survey, a total of 25 informants were chosen and documented 160 medicinal plant species from 65 families including their botanical name, trivial name, family name, plant parts used and medicinal uses. The most frequent families are Leguminosae (17 species), Rubiaceae (9 species), Apocynaceae (7 species), Myrtaceae (7 species) and Lamiaceae (7 species). To cure various disorders, different portions of medicinal plants are employed in the manufacture of various types of traditional medicine such as decoction, infusion, paste or powder. A total of 39 diseases were identified and classified into nine disease categories. All informants treat paralysis with Syzygium aromaticum, Cinnamomum verum and Glycyrrhiza glabra, as well as other medicinal plants in various combinations, in the category of neurological illnesses.
... This defines the difference between species "known" and those that are "used." Choice of fuelwood species is noted to reveal traditional knowledge of the local communities and is argued to be influenced by sociocultural factors (Matavele and Habib, 2000;Amorozo, 2004;Monteiro et al., 2006) especially age, gender, and education (Luoga et al., 2000;Shanley and Rosa, 2004;Ramos et al., 2008). Consequently, documenting and analyzing traditional knowledge, especially from remote areas of the Himalaya that are highly fragile and undergoing rapid transformations, is much desired. ...
The present study was conducted among the Bhangalis, a resident community of Chhota Bhangal (Himachal Pradesh), to document their fuelwood use and knowledge variations with sociocultural factors. For this, recordings were carried out with the Bhangalis (n = 240, from 6 villages) who were selected in a stratified manner to be representative of gender, age, and education of the community. A total of 29 fuelwood species were mentioned by the Bhangalis; however, only 22 of these were used as fuel. A significant difference in the mean number of species known to the Bhangalis (10.02 ± 0.2) and those used by them (4.99 ± 0.1) was revealed (Z = − 13.252; p < 0.001). The highest Informant Consensus Factor was recorded for Picea smithiana Boiss. (0.88) followed by Cedrus deodara G. Don (0.85). Seasonal variations in the quantity of fuelwood collected and used were recorded. Besides, we noted that larger families used significantly more quantity of wood than smaller families (p = 0.02). Also, males possessed significantly more knowledge of fuelwood species in comparison to females (H = 15.016; p < 0.05). Further, age of the informants significantly correlated with the number of fuelwood species known (rs = 0.284; p < 0.05) and used (rs = 0.179; p < 0.05). Thus, there is a need for creating awareness and devising locally driven conservation policies based on the traditional knowledge of the community.
... Conhecida popularmente como "aroeira" ou "aroeira do Sertão", a espécie possui grande valor econômico, principalmente devido à durabilidade de sua madeira, empregada sobretudo na construção civil (Rizzini, 1995;Lorenzi, 2008;Nunes, Fagundes, Almeida & Veloso, 2008). A árvore é utilizada também na arborização urbana, na indústria de curtimento de couro, para a construção de cercas, na apicultura e como planta medicinal devido as suas atividades analgésica, antibacteriana, anti-inflamatória, antiulcerosa e antioxidante (Viana et al., 2003;Monteiro, Albuquerque, Freitas Lins-Neto, Araújo & Amorim, 2006;Souza et al., 2007;Albuquerque & Oliveira, 2007;Guedes et al. 2011;Lucena et al. 2011;Trentin et al., 2013;Mota et al., 2015). ...
O objetivo com esta pesquisa foi avaliar a germinação e viabilidade dos diásporos de Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão mantidas em geladeira, sob diferentes períodos e recipientes de armazenamento. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com tratamentos sob arranjo fatorial 5 x 4, correspondendo, respectivamente aos cinco períodos de acondicionamento (0, 90, 180, 270 e 360 dias) e aos quatro recipientes de armazenamento em geladeira (saco de papel, saco plástico, pote de vidro e garrafa plástica), o qual inclui também as sementes recém-colhidas. Para cada período e recipiente de armazenamento, foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: teor de umidade, germinabilidade, índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) e a sincronia da germinação das sementes. Os testes de germinação foram conduzidos em placas de Petri em câmara de germinação do tipo B.O.D., em quadruplicatas de 50 sementes cada, e avaliados durante 10 dias, para cada período de armazenamento. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância sendo as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5 % de probabilidade. Os resultados evidenciaram que o teor de umidade das sementes não apresentou variação em nenhum dos tratamentos analisados. Observou-se que a porcentagem de germinação dos diásporos de M. urundeuva se manteve acima de 80% em todos os tempos e recipientes de armazenamento, sofrendo uma redução a partir dos 270 dias, em sementes armazenadas em saco plástico, pote de vidro e garrafa plástica. Verificou-se que, em todos os recipientes utilizados para acondicionamento, o IVG e a sincronia da germinação foram afetados em todos os tempos de armazenamento, quando comparado as sementes recém-colhidas. A melhor condição para conservação de sementes de M. urundeuva se deu com o acondicionamento em sacos de papel no ambiente de geladeira (6 ± 2ºC), por 360 dias, sem a perda da viabilidade.
... In addition, empowerment enables people to realize value, ability and confidence in themselves, making them brave to face with problems and situations vigorously as they are confident that they will be able to manage and address problems arising in their lives in a pleasant way. Such feeling will occur when people find out that they have power to control and handle things around them in an efficient manner (Monteiro et al., 2006;Katz et al., 2000). Therefore, the researcher views that the idea of empowerment in this study will be useful for developing Khon Kaen to become a smart city because it will help design the process of potential development to communities appropriately, consistent with a study conducted by Suree Khemthong & Anothai Ngamwichaikit (2018), on development of hospitality potentiality of staff in small-sized hotel business: a case study of hotels in Loei province. ...
This mixed methods research aimed 1. To analyze the operation status and problems of community organization council in the northeast region, 2. To develop a model for potential development of community organization council in the northeast region, 3. To evaluate a model for potential development of community organization council in the northeast region. The sample in the study consisted of 351 persons. The research instrument included a questionnaire, interview, and on-site experiment. Descriptive content analysis was used to analyze data. The findings from the study revealed the following: 1. The operations of community organization council in the northeast region as a whole needed development, PNI modified was 0.31. 2. Operations problems included being unaware of individual role and duty, people’s involvement, application of good governance, and communication between community organization networks. 3. The model for potential development of community organization council in the northeast region consisted of 3 aspects of developing procedures, namely, learning skills and work skills according to roles and duties, participatory planning process, and networks. 4. Seventeen experts gave their opinions that the model for potential development of community organization council in the northeast region was at the highest level with regard to appropriateness and usefulness.
... In order to identify the key socio-economic factors that affect the use pattern of termites and termite mounds, GLM was implemented on informants' diversity index and equitability value related to termite and the termite mound uses. The indices vary from 0 to 1 [33,34], and their importance was revealed accordingly. Assess the evenness of knowledge [33] Source: [35] A pairwise ranking was implemented on the chosen threat factors to determine the factor that most in uence use knowledge of termites and termite mounds. ...
Background: Termites are social insects filling many ecological functions and ecosystem services in tropical ecosystems, and are also used differently for human well-being in several parts of the world. Documenting their use knowledge and associated threats are fundamental for their sustainability. Thus, this study aimed at analysing use knowledge patterns and threat factors of termites within the local communities around Pendjari biosphere reserve (PBR).
Methods: Semi-structured questionnaire was administrated to 151 informants to collect socio-demographic data, use-types and use-categories of termites and their threat factor levels. Fidelity indexes, informant diversity and equitability indexes were computed and compared regarding socio-demographic traits by using a generalized linear models. A pairwise ranking of threat factors followed by series of ordinal logistic regression were performed to assess how informants’ socio – demographic traits do influence the perceived effect of threats on termite species. The statistical analyses were done by using R programming language in Rstudio.
Results: Twenty five use-types of termites and termite mounds were recorded. Ethnicity and gender have significant (P-value < 0.05) influence on the use knowledge pattern of termites, with Gourmantche and Berba the most knowledgeable ethnics of termite and termite mound uses, while women are more knowledgeable than men. Ethnicity and age category have significant (P-value < 0.05) influence on perceived threats of agricultural activities and bush fire, while the reported global use values and age category have significant (P-value < 0.05) influence on the perceived threat of climate change on termites. Old informants are likely to perceive the influence of bushfire, agricultural activities and climate change threats than adult and young informants. Berbas are likely to perceive the influence of agricultural activities and bushfire threats than Gourmantche, Waama and other ethnics.
Conclusion: The findings were therefore supported by gender, age and dynamic of knowledge hypothesis, with gender and ethnicity, the two factors that have significant influence on the uses’ diversity and use knowledge pattern of termite and termite mounds. Thus, the sustainable management of termites will be achieved by sensitizing indigenous communities to adopt sustainable agricultural practices associated with the creation of alternative activities to reduce pressure on termites.
... Found greater amounts of tannins in the leaves than in the bark of M. urundeuva [32]. The antimicrobial action of tannins is well known [33], and it has already been found that aqueous and acetone extracts lose their activity against Gram-positive bacteria when their tannin content is eliminated [34]. ...
The plants popularly used in the treatment of various diseases, such as Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão, have been investigated about the action on microorganisms, aiming the discovery and use of new natural additives. This research aimed to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of the aqueous extract of Myracrodruon urundeuva leaves and its fractions on pathogenic bacteria associated with foodborne diseases. The aqueous extract was obtained by decoction of the fresh leaves and fractionated by high-speed counter-current chromatography. The antimicrobial activity was performed using microdilution in a plate. The aqueous extract of “aroeira-do-sertão” leaves was effective against all tested microorganisms. Antimicrobial activity was verified for Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes (0.2 and 0.8 mg/mL, respectively) and for Salmonella Enteritidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli (6, 10 and 16 mg/mL respectively). Twenty-four secondary compounds were isolated, distributed in six fractions. The fractions showed antimicrobial activity on Gram-positive bacteria at low concentrations (0.011 to 0.095 mg/mL) and at higher concentrations (2.4 to 33 mg/mL), two fractions showed activity on Gram-negative bacteria. The union of the compounds in the extract was favorable for antimicrobial activity on all the studied bacteria, demonstrating that the susceptibility of the microorganisms to the extract varied according to the chemical compounds present.
... Un número creciente de estudios han informado sobre el cambio y pérdida en el conocimiento tradicional (p.ej. en conocimiento médico - Begossi et al., 2002;Case et al., 2005;Lozada et al., 2006;Monteiro et al., 2006;conocimiento nutricional -Turner y Turner, 2008, y conocimiento agrícola -Benz et al., 2000Stone, 2007;Gómez-Baggethun et al., 2010). ...
Los Chácobo pertenecen al grupo lingüístico Panoan, que incluye unas doce tribus (Chácobo, Pacahuara, Matis, Matses, Yaminahua, Ese Eja y otros) en toda Sudamé-rica. A finales de la década de 1890 vivían como cazadores semi-nómadas y culti-vadores de yuca y maíz, probablemente distribuidos en dos grupos en el norte de Bolivia. Durante el auge del caucho, a principios del siglo XX, fueron forzadas por tribus más agresivas a trasladarse al norte. Su primer contacto permanente con el mundo exterior ocurrió solo en 1953 con miembros de las Misiones de las Tribus, y en 1954 el Gobierno boliviano estableció una agencia a unos 15 km de la ubicación actual de Puerto Limones. El lingüista misionero Gilbert Prost llegó en 1955 bajo el auspicio del Instituto de Lingüística de Verano (SIL por sus siglas en inglés). El primer estudio del grupo fue realizado en 1911 por el antropólogo europeo Erland Nordenskiöld (1922), seguido por un antropólogo en 1956, que publicó el último relato de la vida de los Chácobo antes de que la tribu estuviera bajo la influencia de los misioneros evangelistas estadounidenses (Haenke, 1958).
... M e d i c i n a l p l a n t k n o w l e d g e a n d socioeconomic variables have been observed to increase with age, where generally older people cite a greater number of plants than younger people (Monteiro et al. 2006;Voeks 2007;Oliveira et al. 2012). This is generally attributed to the accumulation of experience with illness and family responsibility, which often implies having to take care of a child's health (Voeks 2007;Silva et al. 2010), as well as dealing with landscape changes. ...
Local medicinal plants knowledge varies in relation to factors as age, gender, education, and income. Understanding this variation enables the identification of weaknesses in local medical systems, since access to knowledge is well distributed in different social classes. Socioeconomic variables can influence the quantity of known medicinal plants, and therefore, there may be a qualitative variation in the plant and disease repertoire of different social groups. Thus, we aimed to identify if socioeconomic variables influence the set of known medicinal plants and diseases by people in the Boa Vista community, São José of Tapera, Alagoas. A total of 33 semi-structured interviews were conducted, using the free-listing technique for data collection. There were no significant differences between the knowledge of men and women from a quantitative point of view. We observed that older interviewees knew more medicinal plants than younger, and there was a significant difference between the medicinal plants known to older and younger people. In terms of cited diseases, there was no difference between gender or age. Therefore, making inferences about qualitative-quantitative aspects of medicinal plant and disease knowledge requires understanding the social structure of the studied community, since people with similar social roles tend to have homogeneous knowledge.
Background: The use of medicinal plants for primary health care is still prevalent in southern Africa, but the decline in indigenous traditional knowledge is cause for concern as this could lead to a loss of valuable indigenous cultural knowledge. Many ethnobotanical studies have been conducted amongst rural communities, however limited information is available on the indigenous cultural knowledge amongst mixed tribal urban communities Methods: This study was conducted in the diverse urban township of Tembisa, located in the eastern parts of Gauteng Province in South Africa. Through the use of structured questionnaires (n=2724), the Zulu, Tsonga, and Pedi ethnic groups' knowledge of 17 regularly used medicinal herbs was assessed. Results: Our findings indicated that indigenous traditional knowledge is still prevalent in this urban setting, although the extent of this knowledge was significantly influenced by cultural group, participant age, residency period and age of migration into this urban environment. Two plant species Artemisia afra and Helichrysum odoratissimum, were particularly well known amongst all cultural groups, but knowledge on other plants varied. Generally, the younger generation had less knowledge than the elders with the exception for the Tsonga people. Conclusion: Although it was refreshing to find that cultural knowledge about medicinal plants still exists in an urban environment, the perceived lack of knowledge among the younger generation can be viewed as a risk to the continued existence of this knowledge, especiaaly if the opportunities to relay this knowledge becomes less, as influenced by modern urban living. Keywords: ethnobotany, medicinal plants, cultural knowledge, urban environment
The environment plays an important role in resource selection by human groups. For example, the same environment shared by different cultures tends to have a greater similarity of useful plants. The present study departs from an innovative perspective, analyzing the factors that influence species richness and their versatility and utilitarian redundancy in a precipitation gradient in an area of Caatinga in the semi-arid region of Pernambuco, Brazil. There was no difference in richness along the precipitation gradient, and the utilitarian redundancy model (URM) indicated no relationship between the proportion of species used and total richness. The versatility hypothesis test showed that environments with lower species richness are more versatile and have a greater number of uses for the same species. The URM led us to the interpretation that the availability of species in the environment cannot be considered a decisive factor in the selection of useful plant resources. One differential of this study was the possibility of testing our hypotheses and verifying the effect of a gradient over a relatively short geographic range.
O uso de plantas medicinais acompanha a história das civilizações, sendo consideradas ervas benéficas no tratamento de doenças e até na sua cura. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um levantamento na literatura sobre plantas medicinais utilizadas popularmente no estado de Pernambuco. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, do tipo revisão integrativa de literatura. Foram selecionados 15 artigos para compor esta revisão. Foram identificadas 921 espécies nos trabalhos avaliados, contudo apenas as espécies citadas em pelo menos três estudos estão compondo a revisão, chegando a um total de 105 espécies medicinais. As plantas com maior número de citação são: Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Aroeira), Hymenaea courbaril L. (Jatobá), Anacardium occidentale L. (Caju vermelho\Roxo), Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf (Capim-santo), Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir (Jurema preta), Chenopodium ambrosioides L (Mastruz) e Sideroxylon obtusifolium roem. E Schult (Quixaba). Pode-se observar que o uso popular de espécies vegetais é uma prática comum no estado. A escolha pelo uso de plantas medicinais pode estar relacionada à manutenção do conhecimento popular ou a limitação de recursos financeiros, que impulsiona a busca por tratamentos alternativos. Constata-se que as plantas citadas nos trabalhos apresentam propriedades farmacológicas, evidenciadas por outros autores, corroborando com o conhecimento popular.
Ecology and evolution are the core disciplines that investigate the processes that generate and maintain biodiversity in space and time. The theoretical and applied studies produced in these two disciplines represent pivotal information to set conservation biology priorities. Because humans represent one of the main factors contributing to land-use changes in world ecosystems, it is essential to include them in theoretical and applied studies. However, most of the current literature in ecology, evolution, and conservation (hereafter called “biodiversity disciplines”) uses the variable “human” basically as the negative driver causing biodiversity loss. On the one hand, by including humans as the source of biodiversity loss, this literature provides relevant information to be broadly used in biodiversity management and conservation. On the other hand, disregarding that local populations depend on biodiversity for a living could hamper our ability to produce socially inclusive theories.
Currently, mankind are responsible for modifying our planet's conditions, which are usually catastrophic, and does not prevent strategies development to reduce their impacts. Species present in Brazilian Cerrado, Astronium urundeuva, very economically logged, has known landscape distribution, but without information regarding climate changes. This research aimed to verify A. urundeuva silvicultural behavior under current environmental conditions. Progenies from three populations (Cerrado and Atlantic Forest/Cerrado transition) were measured for silvicultural characters: height (HT) and diameter at breast height (DBH), in 2019. Climatic data (temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration and soil available water, averages and accumulated) were also measured between 1996 and 2018. Descriptive and sequential water balance analysis, descriptive statistics, collinearity tests and a multiple linear regression were performed. There was water deficit in all years (-12.7 mm) researched, which showed an irregular rainfall distribution in Selvíria-MS, concentrated mostly in summer. Height averages ranged from 8.02 m to 10.69 m, while DBH averages ranged from 0.10 m to 0.12 m, with high variability (CVs between 21.99% to 34.77%). There was significant correlation between HT, DAP, Tm, Etom and Etoa and between Etom, Etoaand H2Od, which highlighted environmental water available importance. Multiple linear regression showed Etom has a direct and negative relationship with silvicultural characters, implying productivity losses while evapotranspiration increases. Even though it is not a typical Cerrado species, A. urundeuva may have adapted to phytogeographic domain conditions, with slow growth due to water deficit for its survival, considering that, in Brazil, climate change has resulted from annual variations.
Dans l'objectif de recenser les usages de Annona squamosa et d'évaluer les effets des traitements sur la germination des graines, une enquête ethno-botanique a été réalisée dans la commune d'Allada au Bénin auprès de 150 personnes aléatoirement choisies. Ensuite, les graines issues des sujets adultes ont été non traitées (T0), ébouillantées (5 mn) puis trempées dans l'eau (24 heures) (T1) ou subies une fragilisation de la coque (T2) puis germées dans des substrats de terre arable (S1), de litière (S2), de litière plus sciure de bois (S3), de litière plus bouse de vache (S4), de compost de litière de forêt plus bouse de vache plus sciure de bois (S5), de terre arable plus sciure de bois (S6) et de terre arable plus bouse de vache (S7). Les résultats ont montré la prédominance des usages alimentaire (100%) et médicinal (30%). Les graines fragilisées ont donné les meilleurs taux de germination (51,0%) après 30 jours par rapport aux témoins (35,7%) et celles ébouillantées (0%). Les traitements ont été très significatifs sur la croissance des plantules. Les substrats S6 et S7 ont donné les meilleurs taux de croissance des plantules. Des recherches ultérieures et en milieu réel donneraient des résultats comparatifs et vulgarisables. Abstract In order to identify the uses of Annona squamosa and to evaluate the effects of seed treatments on germination, an ethno-botanical survey was carried out in the municipality of Allada in Benin with 150 randomly selected persons. Seeds from adult trees were untreated (T0), boiled (5 min) and then soaked in water (24 hours) (T1) or hull weakened (T2) and then germinated in substrates of arable soil (S1), litter (S2), litter plus sawdust (S3), litter plus cow dung (S4), forest litter compost plus cow dung plus sawdust (S5), arable soil plus sawdust (S6) and soil arable plus cow dung (S7). Results showed the predominance of food (100%) and medicinal (30%) uses. The weakened seeds gave the best germination rate (51.0%) after 30 days compared with the controls (35.7%) and those boiled (0%). The treatments were very significant on seedling growth. The substrates S6 and S7 gave the best seedling growth rates. Subsequent, real-world research would yield comparative and disseminable results.
The need to find alternatives to existing antibiotic drugs and to cure cancer increases every day. Medicinal plants contain a vast array of substances that indicate antimicrobial and anti-proliferative activity. Therefore, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anti-proliferative effects of ethanol extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Pistacia atlantica were evaluated. Antibacterial effect was measured using agar well diffusion and microtiter plate dilution methods. Antioxidant effect was assessed using DPPH and ABTS assays. Anti-proliferative effects were assessed using the MTT assay against K562 leukemia cell line. Eucalyptus camaldulensis fruits and leaves extracts and P. atlantica leaves extract had strong antibacterial activity against Bacillus megaterium, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus aureus, except P. atlantica leaves extract did not have an antibacterial effect against Corynebacterium diphtheria. Pistacia atlantica leaves extract had strong antifungal activity against Aspergillus alliaceus, Aspergillus niger, Rhizoupus stolonifer, and Cunninghamella elegans while it was insensitive against Aspergillus flavus, which was the only tested fungi affected by E. camaldulensis fruit extract. Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves extract had strong antifungal activity against A. alliaceus. Pistacia atlantica petioles extract had strong cytotoxic activity against K562 cell line while the cytotoxic effect of E. camaldulensis fruits and leaves extracts were moderate. All plant extracts had low cytotoxic effects against normal skin fibroblast cell line. Pistacia atlantica leaves extract had the highest total phenolic content followed by E. camaldulensis leaves extract; then, E. camaldulensis fruit extract had the highest total flavonoids content followed by P. atlantica leaves extract then E. camaldulensis leaves extract.
The search for natural products as an alternative to synthetic products has increased. This trend is mainly due to the health concerns of people searching for a better quality of life. In this context, obtaining bioactive compounds from vegetable matrices is a promising strategy for industrial applications like pharmaceuticals and food. Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville (popularly known as Barbatimão in Brazil) is a tree used in folk medicine due to its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiseptic, and wound healing properties. Its barks and leaves present a wide range of bioactive compounds, mainly phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins. The extraction of such compounds can be performed using various methods. However, specific knowledge to select the technique to obtain and concentrate the compounds is essential to obtain an extract of high purity. In addition, there is a current necessity to describe the whole production chain as sustainable. Therefore, this review aims to bring updated information on current research with Barbatimão extracts. The biological activities of the extracts are related to the extract composition. Additionally, the extraction techniques used for different parts of Barbatimão, as well as their chemical composition, are also discussed. Finally, future perspectives are provided to demonstrate the current gaps in scientific research with Barbatimão and encourage future investigations to open possibilities for the use of this species.
O uso de plantas medicinais acompanha a história das civilizações, sendo consideradas ervas benéficas no tratamento de doenças e até na sua cura. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um levantamento na literatura sobre plantas medicinais utilizadas popularmente no estado de Pernambuco. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, do tipo revisão integrativa de literatura. Foram selecionados 15 artigos para compor esta revisão. Foram identificadas 921 espécies nos trabalhos avaliados, contudo apenas as espécies citadas em pelo menos três estudos estão compondo a revisão, chegando a um total de 105 espécies medicinais. As plantas com maior número de citação são: Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Aroeira), Hymenaea courbaril L. (Jatobá), Anacardium occidentale L. (Caju vermelho\Roxo), Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf (Capim-santo), Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir (Jurema preta), Chenopodium ambrosioides L (Mastruz) e Sideroxylon obtusifolium roem. E Schult (Quixaba). Pode-se observar que o uso popular de espécies vegetais é uma prática comum no estado. A escolha pelo uso de plantas medicinais pode estar relacionada à manutenção do conhecimento popular ou a limitação de recursos financeiros, que impulsiona a busca por tratamentos alternativos. Constata-se que as plantas citadas nos trabalhos apresentam propriedades farmacológicas, evidenciadas por outros autores, corroborando com o conhecimento popular. Palavras-chave: Plantas medicinais. Terapêutica. Etnobotânica.
Studies that compile local ecological knowledge (LEK) on some of the various species of living beings observe biological data and are notably fundamental for effectively managing fisheries, supporting management strategies for protected areas, species conservation, and other factors. In this study, ethnoecological approaches were used to focus on the octopus Callistoctopus furvus (Gould, 1852), recently re-described and re-presented to the academic community more than a century after its discovery. The LEK of octopus fishers from different marine ecoregions of Brazil was compared to identify the distribution limits of the species along the Brazilian coast. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in 16 municipalities across four marine ecoregions located between the states of Ceará (northern limit) and Santa Catarina (southern limit), between March 2018 and August 2019. The results of the 187 interviews indicated a traditionality of fishing among artisanal octopus fishers, who are mostly men, although some are women who also share information on the fishing of C. furvus and hold leadership positions in the fishing colony. Cronbach’s alpha was used to analyze reliability of the form used in the interviews. A logistic regression model with binomial distribution was used to assess whether the probability of capturing the “eastern octopus” was associated with some of the interview variables. A cluster analysis based only on the respondents who caught the “eastern octopus” indicated the formation of groups and revealed greater dissimilarities among the fishers from the southeastern marine ecoregion of Brazil due to the fishing method used in the region. Heat maps showed that most of the information on the species was obtained in the eastern marine ecoregion of Brazil. The occurrence of the “eastern octopus” was recorded in all the studied Brazilian marine ecoregions. Moreover, this study revealed the relevant contribution of fishers’ knowledge to the distribution diagnosis of species with scarce scientific information.
The people of Assam, a northeastern state of India, have unique tradition of selection and utilization of plant resource. Many food plants both from cultivation and wild are being used as ethno medicinal plants by herbal healers in Assamese society. The present study was conducted to highlight the traditional knowledge of medicinal herbs used mostly as vegetables, condiments and fruits by the people residing in different parts of Jorhat district of Assam. No ethnobotanical work including its quantitative analysis has been carried out in Jorhat district although the villagers of this area are well known for their practices of various herbal preparations as a part of tradition and culture. The collected data have been analysed employing suitable statistical tools like Informant Consensus value for Plant Part (CPP), Consensus Factor (Fic), Fidelity Level (FL%), Preference ranking exercise, Importance value (IVs) and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient (PCC). In the present study a total of 42 medicinal herb species belonging to 26 families used in 6 ethnic categories of cuisines with 32 different recipes and many ethnomedicinal preparations for curing 20 types of diseases were documented. Leaves secured the highest CPP value (0.49). Bone disease, sinusitis, Hyperuricemia and Leprosy secured the highest Fic value (1). The highest FL value (100%) has been recorded for seventeen herbs which are being used for curing pain and stomach related problems. Cucumis sativus L. is the most frequently used plant in the cuisines in our study area by preference ranking exercise. The highest score of IVs observed in Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott and Paederia foetida L. The PCC between IVs and FL was 0.151 showing low positive linear relationship. The current study also showed a significant difference (p<0.05) in the knowledge of uses of important herbaceous species for curing ailments between rural and urban respondents.
The need to find alternatives to existing antibiotic drugs and to cure cancer increases every day. Medicinal plants contain a vast array of substances that indicate antimicrobial and anti-proliferative activity. Therefore, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anti-proliferative effects of ethanol extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Pistacia atlantica were evaluated. Antibacterial effect was measured using agar well diffusion and microtiter plate dilution methods. Antioxidant effect was assessed using DPPH and ABTS assays. Anti-proliferative effects were assessed using the MTT assay against K562 leukemia cell line. Eucalyptus camaldulensis fruits and leaves extracts and P. atlantica leaves extract had strong antibacterial activity against Bacillus megaterium, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus aureus, except P. atlantica leaves extract did not have an antibacterial effect against Corynebacterium diphtheria. Pistacia atlantica leaves extract had strong antifungal activity against Aspergillus alliaceus, Aspergillus niger, Rhizoupus stolonifer, and Cunninghamella elegans while it was insensitive against Aspergillus flavus, which was the only tested fungi affected by E. camaldulensis fruit extract. Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves extract had strong antifungal activity against A. alliaceus. Pistacia atlantica petioles extract had strong cytotoxic activity against K562 cell line while the cytotoxic effect of E. camaldulensis fruits and leaves extracts were moderate. All plant extracts had low cytotoxic effects against normal skin fibroblast cell line. Pistacia atlantica leaves extract had the highest total phenolic content followed by E. camaldulensis leaves extract; then, E. camaldulensis fruit extract had the highest total flavonoids content followed by P. atlantica leaves extract then E. camaldulensis leaves extract.
Mangaba (Hancornia speciosa) is a native fruit tree of Brazil and of great importance as an alternative source of income and subsistence for many rural communities of the Northeast region. This study aimed to identify and characterize the uses, local knowledge and management practices of H. speciosa in extrativist communities of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Northeast Brazil. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 59 informants. The importance of mangaba was analyzed based on the mentioned types of uses and by calculating the use diversity index and consensus value among the interviewees. Knowledge of H. speciosa is equally distributed among communities. The categories of food (0.39) and commercialization (0.37) were the most relevant use categories. No significant differences were found in the diversity of uses between genders (p>0.05, U=414), with the only differences being found between age groups, for informants over 40 years of age (IDV: p<0.05, H=25.37; IVE: p<0.05, H=24.07). Results show that the informants are dependent on the resources offered by this species, and that its importance is mainly related to the use of fruits for food and commercialization. The main form of management of mangaba was collecting the fruit, followed by promotion, tolerance, and protection.
Keywords:
Apocynaceae; ethnobotany; plant conservation; local knowledge; management; mangaba
El Congreso Latinoamericano de Plantas Medicinales (COLAPLAMED), nace a la luz
pública en Rosario, Argentina cuando se realiza su primera versión, con la idea de compartir los principales avances en este campo.
En este libro de memorias se recogen las investigaciones presentadas en la IX edición del COLAPLAMED que, debido a las medidas adoptadas por todos los países para hacer frente a la situación de emergencia sanitaria provocada por el SARS-Cov-2, se realizó de manera virtual, del 13 al 15 de Octubre de 2021. Se muestran en el documento, avances en disciplinas tan diversas como la etnobotánica, la fitoquímica, recursos genéticos de plantas medicinales, aplicaciones terapéuticas, entre otras. Todas con la única finalidad de mostrar los beneficios que aportan las plantas medicinales a nuestra sociedad.
The study is carried out in Benin in the municipalities of Kétou and Pobè, involving 156 individuals.
Ethnobotanical, phytochemical and toxicological studies have been carried out on Ricinodendron
heudelotii to evaluate endogenous knowledge on the use of the species in the Nago, Holli and Mahi
ethnic groups, to identify the chemical groups characteristic of leave extracts and to evaluate in vitro
their toxicity.
The target groups know the species with an unequal distribution of knowledge for both ethnic
groups and for age and sex categories. The Nago use much more Ricinodendron heudelotii for its
artisanal properties, the Mahi for its food properties and the Holli for its medicinal properties.
Phytochemistry reveals the great families of chemical groups (alkaloids, flavonoids, etc.) whose
number and nature vary according to the provenance. The water-ethanolic extracts of the leaves
have a half lethal concentration (LC 50 ) higher than 0.1 mg / mL, and are therefore non-toxic on
human cells.
The extract of Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (aroeira), as a vehicle, associated with calcium hydroxide (CH) paste was evaluated based on cell viability, antimicrobial action, calcium ion release, and pH variation. Calcium hydroxide with propylene glycol was used as control. The pH variation was measured at 3, 24, 72, 168, 140, 360, and 720 h and calcium ion release was measured on days 7, 15, and 30. Cell viability was assessed with NIH/3T3 cells using MTT and crystal violet assays, after 24, 48, and 72 h. Antibacterial activity was determined by the disc diffusion method, while microbial reduction (Enterococcus faecalis) was evaluated using the time–kill test. The CH paste formulated with aroeira showed antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis and further did not interfere with pH, calcium ion release, or cell viability; moreover, the formulation had antimicrobial activity and could serve as a vehicle for CH paste.
Les écosystèmes assurent une fonction primordiale dans la survie des êtres humains. Malgré leur importance, ils subissent de nos jours de nombreux maux tels que le déboisement, la fragmentation, la dégradation et la désertification. Leur capacité à abriter une biodiversité végétale et à produire des services écosystémiques est en baisse. L'objectif principal de cette étude est de permettre une meilleure connaissance des ligneux et des herbacées alimentaires du village de Kokorowé. Ainsi, un inventaire a été réalisé. Des enquêtes ethnobotaniques et ethnoécologiques ont été menées auprès de 10 personnes dans le village pour connaitre les espèces qui entrent dans leurs habitudes alimentaires. Au total 50 espèces végétales dont 05 non identifiées ; regroupées dans différents genres et familles ont été inventoriées. Selon les parties utilisées, les tiges font 34,78% des espèces inventoriées, les fruits/graines représentent 26,09% ; 21,74% pour les fleurs et 4,35% pour les racines comestibles. En ce qui concerne le type habitat, 54,35% de ces espèces alimentaires sont aux alentours des concessions, ensuite 28,26 se trouvent en savane et enfin 17,39% de ces espèces sont présentes le long des cours d’eaux. En fonction de la période de disponibilité, on note 39,13% d’espèces hivernales, 34,78% de ces espèces sont pérennes et 26,09% présentent en saison sèche. Parmi toutes ces espèces, 65,22% sont sauvages et 34,78% domestiquées. La connaissance de ces espèces alimentaires de Kokorowé permettrait leur conservation et leur utilisation durable.
Darâa-Tafilalet is considered as one of the charming Moroccan areas concerning the knowledge connected to the traditional use of plants for a therapeutic purpose. This work aims to collect, analyze and evaluate the ethnobotanical knowledge about medicinal plants used in the management of diverse forms of cancer in the Darâa-Tafilalet region. The total number of informants interviewed in this study was 1026 (944 were ordinary local inhabitants and 82 were herbalists). Information was obtained by means of structured and semi-structured interviews with local people. Then, data obtained from interviewees were analyzed by calculating some relative cultural importance (RCI) indices (UV, FUV, ROP and FL). Principal component analysis (PCA) was also involved in this study for comparing some characteristics of species. 101 plants used in folk medicine and belonging to 47 families were identified in this study. The highest UV was attributed to Suaeda vermiculata (0.06897); while, the optimal FUV has been given to Ranunculaceae (0.05956). Concerning the FL values, Nigella sativa, Allium sativum, Allium cepa, Calotropis procera, Foeniculum vulgare and Olea europaea were classified in first with a value cited 100% all for general cancer; whereas Nigella sativa had the highest ROP value (86%). The present enquiry highlighted interesting botanical and cultural findings related to the anticancer ethnomedical knowledge adapted by the local population of Darâa-Tafilalet. However, several experimental and fieldwork studies are needed to give more validity and reliability to such investigation.
While a number of recent health care studies have focused on the availability of modern health care services among rural U.S. populations, the commensurate study of access to folk medical systems has been relatively neglected. In this paper we explore the cultural conservation of folk medicinal plant use in 14 communities across the Ozark Mountain region of Arkansas and Missouri. Six relevant socioeconomic and demographic factors are examined in relation to the number of medicinal plant applications reported by expert informants in each locale. Using a multiple correlation and regression analysis, we find that the preservation of traditional medicine and praxis in the Ozarks is inversely related to community 'delocalization.' It is suggested that the survival of esoteric, albeit dynamic, medical knowledge and praxis among rural populations ultimately depends upon sustaining biological and cultural diversity.
Se presentan los resultados de un estudio sobre el conocimiento y uso de los recursos vegetales en una comunidad campesina en el semiárido del Estado de Pernambuco (Brasil). Son descritos y comentados los usos de 75 especies, indicadas por un grupo de 30 campesinos, especialmente para fines medicinales y comestibles. Se hizo una evaluación de las especies más importantes con base en criterios cuantitativos. Entre las especies citadas, son importantes: Spondias tuberosa Arr. Cam., Anacardium occidentale L., Amburana cearensis (Arr. Cam) A.C. Smith, Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roem. e Schult.) T.D. Penn., Lippia alba (Mill.) Brow, Opuntia ficus-indica Mill., Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan var. cebil (Griseb) Altschul, Psidium guajava L., Hymenaea courbaril L. y Myracrodruon urundeuva (Engl.) Fr. All.. Se evaluó también la disponibilidad temporal de los recursos vegetales, así como las formas de manejo observadas.
Para estudar o uso de recursos vegetais de uma floresta estacional seca por uma comunidade rural, foram demarcadas parcelas em áreas de vegetação perturbada e relativamente preservada. O estudo foi conduzido em vegetação de caatinga arbórea hiperxerófila situada no município de Alagoinha (08o27'59" S e 36o46'33" W), no estado de Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil. Os resultados mostram que um padrão semelhante de oferecimento de recursos medicinais foi encontrado ao de outras florestas tropicais, nas quais as áreas perturbadas ou de vegetação secundária são uma maior fonte de plantas medicinais. Todavia, um novo padrão foi evidenciado ao verificar-se que áreas perturbadas não detêm a preferência das pessoas, e que isso pode estar relacionado com a disponibilidade temporal dos recursos (adaptação a estacionalidade característica do tipo vegetacional) e a permanência dos valores culturais e de conhecimentos básicos sobre as plantas da vegetação natural, e que são de maior importância para a comunidade.
Woody medicinal plants of the caatinga in the state of Pernambuco (Northeast Brazil)). Floristic and phytosociological studies undertaken in six areas of the state of Pernambuco were selected with the aim of analyzing the Relative Importance of the woody medicinal plant species of Pernambuco's caatinga from an ethnobotanical perspective. For the data analysis, only those identified up to the species level were selected and information on medicinal properties was obtained for each one from the literature. The Relative Importance was calculated for each species. From the 57 woody species, 22 had therapeutic indications; from these, Anacardium occidentale L., Tabebuia impetiginosa (Mart. ex DC) Standley, Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl., and Myracrodruon urundeuva (Engl.) Fr. All. had the greatest values of Relative Importance. The correlation analysis made clear that the Relative Importance of the species is negatively correlated with the Density and Relative Frequency (p
A quantitative ethnobotanical method based on structured interviews was used to evaluate local use-preferences and dynamics of practically all woody species in the Sahel of Burkina Faso. One hundred Fulani informants estimated the value of 56 woody species for food, firewood, construction, medicine, field trees, shade and fodder, as well as conservation priority, abundance and dynamics of each species. There was a large consistency in answers, but significant between-village differences existed. Gender and age of informants did not influence answers significantly. The present valuation method identified a large number of species important for local use and demonstrated a more varied plant use than seen from free-listing interviews. Furthermore, the Fulani informants described a decline of practically all woody species. The present valuation provided management-relevant information about plant use and vegetation change. The woody vegetation in the Sahel is currently without sufficient management to uphold a rational use of the vegetation, following the gradual disappearance of the traditional nomadic trekking routes that previously helped to ensure a rational use of the vegetation.
Ethnobotanical information relevant to the management of savanna vegetation was obtained through interviews with 57 elderly villagers living near Delta du Saloum National Park, Senegal. Local people had observed a change in the local environment from forest to savanna during their lifetime and considered it primarily a result of frequent intensive fires and declining rainfall. Most people preferred the woody vegetation to be dense. In particular, nine woody species were useful for construction, 10 for protection in agricultural fields, 19 for medicine and 10 for livestock fodder. Some of the locally highly preferred species were also considered to be declining in the local environment, they included Cordyla pinnata, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Daniellia oliveri, Parkia biglobosa, Khaya senegalensis and Pericopsis laxiflora. Highly preferred and declining species were characteristically large trees, non-thorny, with edible fruits and of Sudano-Guinean to Guinean affinity. The study furthermore identified a close coincidence between the interest in conserving tree species diversity in protected areas and the priorities of local people which included preservation of plenty of large trees (including many fruit trees), maintenance of a variety of species, improvement of woody regeneration, and reduction of fire intensity and frequency. Focusing management strategies on increasing populations of such declining and highly preferred species, by active fire protection for instance, would enhance the natural resource value considerably and thereby the quality of life for the local people.
The purpose of this paper is to document relationships between knowledge of plant use and indicators of modernization in Mexico. The model we are testing envisions increasing loss of plant use knowledge with increasing modernization indicated by loss of indigenous language and acquisition of nontraditional community services such as literacy and quality of housing. As predicted, we demonstrate that empirical knowledge about plant use is both more diverse and more evenly shared by people speaking an indigenous language-the Huastec-than by mestizo and Spanish-speaking indigenous populations in the Sierra de Manantlan. Our analyses also indicate that the adoption of modern community services by eight rural communities in the Sierra de Manantlan of western Mexico has had notable effects eroding traditional knowledge about useful plants in some but not all communities. From this we suggest that even though traditional knowledge about plants probably suffered a decline that accompanied loss of the indigenous language in Manantlan, traditional knowledge may be able to survive the modernization process today where such knowledge has an important role in subsistence.
Rural communities in South Africa harvest a diversity of wild resources from communal woodlands for home consumption and sale. The contribution these resources make to the rural economy has been little recognized, and few studies have attempted to place a monetary value on this use. This paper describes three case studies which aimed to determine the value of savanna resources for the livelihoods of rural households. Use patterns and values of resources in three villages of differing socioeconomic status were determined using household interviews, PRA techniques and key informant interviews. Questions were designed to establish the types of products used, frequency of use, quantities used, seasonality of use, longevity of durable resources, local prices, and the extent of trade. All households were procuring at least some woodland resources, with the most frequently used being fuel wood, wood for implements, edible herbs and fruits, grass for brushes, and insects. Patterns of resource use varied across villages. The most "rural" village used the greatest diversity of resources and had the highest number of users for most resources. Gross value of resources consumed per household per year ranged from R2819 to R7238. Total value was highest in the less obviously resource dependent village, primarily the result of higher local prices due to greater extraction costs and a larger market for traded goods. Values are comparable to those contributed by other land-based livelihood activities such as subsistence cultivation and livestock production.
Caiaras are native inhabitants of the Atlantic coast on southeastern Brazil, whose subsistence is based especially on agriculture and artisanal fishing. Because of their knowledge about the environment acquired through generations, Caiara people can play an important role in Atlantic Forest conservation. An ethnobotanical study was conducted within two Caiara communities (Ponta do Almada and Cambur beach, So Paulo State, Brazil), focusing on plant uses. In 102 interviews, 227 plant ethnospecies were quoted, mainly for food, medicine, handicraft and construction of houses and canoes. People from studied communities depend on the native vegetation for more than a half of the species known and used. Using diversity indices, plant uses are compared between studied communities and between gender and age categories within each community. We found quantitative differences in the knowledge about plants between gender categories for each kind of use (medicinal, food and handicrafts). Older and younger informants also have different knowledge about plants for handicraft and medicine, but not for edible plants.
A questionnaire was used to measure plant use knowledge for 18 plants from 40 randomly selected Winikina Warao respondents
of two villages in the Orinoco River Delta, Venezuela. Five use values are presented: reported use (RU) value for each plant
and plant part; plant part value (PPV); specific use (SU) value; intraspecific use value (IUV); and overall use value (OUV).
The overall use value can be used to target plants of potential interest to researchers. Although certain precautions must
be taken when undertaking this type of study, questionnaires are important tools that can be used to assess the dynamic interplay
between people and the plants they use.
Un cuestionario fue utilizado para medir el conocimiento de 18 plantas usadas por los Winikina Waroa del delta del rio Orinoco,
Venezuela. Cinco valores de uso son presentados: valor de uso reportado (RU) para cada planta y parte de planta; valor de
la parte de planta (PPV); valor de uso especifico (SU); y valor de uso total (OUV). El valor de uso total se puede utilizar
para escoger plants de interés a investigadores. Aunque es necesario tomar ciertas precauciones para emprender un estudo de
este tipo, cuestionarios son herramientas que se pueden utilizar para asesar la interacción dinmica que existe entre la gente
y su uso de plantas.
This study focuses on knowledge of medicinal plants among the Caiaras (rural inhabitants of the Atlantic Forest coast, Brazil). In particular, we examine the use of medicinal plants according to sex and age to reveal general patterns of Caiara knowledge and use of plant resources. Data collected through 449 interviews at 12 Caiara communities (Rio de Janeiro and So Paulo coastal sites) include citations of 249 plants and identification of 227 species. We show the importance of introduced as opposed to native plants and of key individuals for the conservation of the Caiaras-Atlantic Forest.
A Vegetação Caducifólia Espinhosa (VCE) que recobre a maior parte do semi-árido, vulgarmente chamada caatinga, é bastante diversificada em função de diferenciações climáticas e morfopedológicas. Como pouco se sabe sobre suas características nos limites de sua distribuição, como na região fisiográfica do Agreste no planalto da Borborema, foi realizado o levantamento florístico e fitossociológico de uma área do município de Caruaru, Pernambuco. Foram amostrados todos os indivíduos com diâmetro do caule ao nível do solo > 3 cm e altura total > 1 m, presentes em 36 parcelas de 10 × 20m (total de 0,72 ha). Foram coletadas 96 espécies, distribuídas por 41 famílias, com 55 espécies amostradas no levantamento fitossociológico. A maioria delas é comum a outras áreas secas do sertão nordestino, embora algumas também ocorram em ambientes com maior disponibilidade hídrica. Densidade (3.810 indivíduos ha¹) e área basal (24,9m² ha-1) totais e as distribuições de diâmetros foram na faixa encontrada em outras áreas da VCE, mas o número de plantas com altura acima de 8m foi maior, quase o dobro da que tinha o maior número registrado. Também as espécies mais importantes foram as mesmas encontradas em outras áreas da VCE e foram distintas das encontradas nas Florestas Estacionais de Altitude (FEA, brejos), na Vegetação Caducifólia não Espinhosa (VCNE, carrasco) e nas Florestas Ombrófilas das Terras Baixas (FOTB, Mata Atlântica), do Nordeste. Numa análise de agrupamento com base na flora, as FOTB formaram um grupo separado e no outro, VCE e FEA foram mais semelhantes que VCNE. Estruturalmente, VCE tem menos plantas de pequeno porte que FEA e VCNE e tem menos plantas com porte grande que FEA e mais que VCNE. A vegetação na área de Agreste em Caruaru é uma VCE arbórea, com porte alto e presença de algumas poucas espécies mais comuns em locais mais úmidos que o núcleo do Sertão nordestino.
No presente trabalho, sintetiza-se algumas informações sobre o conhecimento botânico tradicional em uma comunidade rural situada no município de Alagoinha, agreste do estado de Pernambuco, como parte de um projeto etnobotânico desenvolvido na região. Utilizou-se uma boa variedade de métodos de pesquisa, incluindo levantamentos florísticos em sistemas agroflorestais e em vegetação natural. As pessoas identificam e/ou usam mais de 108 espécies de plantas distribuídas em 10 categorias: comida, medicinal, madeira (para combustível, construção etc), uso doméstico (tecnologia), forragem, veneno, repelente de inseto, ornamentação, sombra e místico. Discute-se as formas como os recursos da floresta estacional são utilizados e manejados, e a implicação disso na conservação da caatinga.
Visando contribuir para a caracterização química de uma madeira nobre nativa e em extinção no Brasil, no presente trabalho estão apresentados os estudos de identificação e quantificação dos taninos da aroeira-preta (Myracrodruon urundeuva), uma espécie da família Anacardiaceae. Este estudo foi conduzido com base nos extratos acetona-água (AA) e metanol-água (MA), em que foram determinados os teores de fenóis totais e proantocianidinas. O teor de fenóis totais foi determinado pelo método Folin-Ciocalteau e pelo método azul-da-prússia modificado. Os valores encontrados para os métodos AA foram 19,1 e 24,7% e para MA, 20,2 e 22,8%, respectivamente. O teor de proantocianidinas foi determinado pelo método da vanilina, tendo alcançado no extrato AA 2,7% e no MA 16,7%. Não foram constatadas as presenças de antocianidinas nem de apigedinidinas, podendo haver 3-deoxi-proantocianidinas do tipo luteolinidinas. Por meio da cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), foram identificados a fisetina e os ácidos gálico e elágico. Os resultados mostram que a aroeira-preta contém uma elevada quantidade de taninos, que podem contribuir para sua resistência natural à degradação.
Chemical investigation of the aerial parts of Anadenanthera colubrina led to the isolation of a new flavonoid named anadanthoflavone ( 1), along with 11 known compounds: alnusenol, lupenone, lupeol, betulinic acid, alpha-amyrin, beta-amyrin, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, apigenin, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and cinnamic acid. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activity on human platelet 12-lipoxygenase (12-hLO), human reticulocyte 15-lipoxygenase (15-hLO) and soybean lipoxygenase-1 (15-sLO). Compound 1 was found to be active against 12-hLO and 15-hLO with IC50 values of 13 +/- 3 microM and 17 +/- 3 microM, respectively. Apigenin selectively inhibited the activity of 15-hLO (IC50 : 4.0 +/- 1 microM), while lupenone, lupeol and alpha-amyrin were found active against 15-sLO (IC50 : 22 +/- 3 microM, 35 +/- 9 microM and 15 +/- 3 microM, respectively).
The bark of M. urundeuva (Anacardiaceae) used in popular medicine as an antidiarrhoeal agent has been investigated for its effects on castor oil‐induced diarrhoea and on intestinal motility. In rats, the ethanol extract of stem bark significantly inhibited the castor oil‐induced diarrhoea, small intestinal transit and accumulation of fluid volume at an oral dose of 400 mg/kg. Furthermore, the plant extract caused marked inhibition of the contractile responses evoked by acetylcholine and histamine on guinea‐pig ileum in vitro. These results point to a possible antidiarrhoeic effect of M. urundeuva bark extract since inhibition of intestinal motility and secretion can greatly control clinical diarrhoea. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The present work showed a significant antinociceptive activity in the tannin fraction (TF) extracted from the bark of Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. All. This inhibitory effect was demonstrated not only against abdominal contractions but also in the formalin test in mice. In the first case, at doses of 0.1 and 1 mg/kg, i.p. the TF caused inhibitions of the order of 39.6% and 80.8%, respectively, and in the second one, inhibitions of 47.8% and 77.2% (phase I) and 59.2% and 100% (phase II), after the administration of 5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p. The antinociceptive effect was partially reverted by naloxone. The TF presented also an antioedematogenic effect in rat paw oedema induced by carrageenan as well as dextran. In the carrageenan model, significant inhibitions were seen at 2 h (29.7% and 41.7%) and 3 h (40.5% and 44.2%), after administration of 5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p. In the dextran induced oedema, the TF (10 mg/kg, p.o.) caused inhibitions of 29.2%, 42.4% and 54.5% at 2 h, 3 h and 4 h, respectively. The TF (10 and 25 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly inhibited the inflammatory events (vesical oedema and increased vascular permeability) which occur at the onset of the haemorrhagic cystitis induced by cyclophosphamide. After subcutaneous or oral administration, the TF (5–50 mg/kg) also blocked neutrophil migration induced by direct (fMLP) as well as indirect (carrageenan) stimuli. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
This review deals with the main issues relating to the analysis of hydrolysable tannins (HTs). It covers briefly their distribution in the plant kingdom and describes their main structural features. HTs have often been ignored because they are apparently more difficult to analyse than condensed tannins. Meaningful analytical data are critically dependent on appropriate sample preparation, storage and extraction techniques. This requires some understanding of the reactivities of hydrolysable tannins. Mixtures of HTs have been measured by general tannin assays, such as precipitation with metals or proteins, and by colorimetric assays for total phenols. Some HTs can also be measured by more specific colorimetric tests. Although colorimetric assays are widely used for tannin analyses, they generally do not provide accurate quantitative data. At best, they provide data for comparative purposes. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are useful tools to screen samples for the different types of tannins, hydrolysable or condensed tannins. In addition, there are physicochemical techniques, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS), which are used to identify pure tannin compounds. More recently, other MS techniques have been developed that are capable of yielding molecular weights of crude tannin mixtures.
The bark of M. urundeuva (Anacardiaceae) used in popular medicine as an antidiarrhoeal agent has been investigated for its effects on castor oil-induced diarrhoea and on intestinal motility. In rats, the ethanol extract of stem bark significantly inhibited the castor oil-induced diarrhoea, small intestinal transit and accumulation of fluid volume at an oral dose of 400 mg/kg. Furthermore, the plant extract caused marked inhibition of the contractile responses evoked by acetylcholine and histamine on guinea-pig ileum in vitro. These results point to a possible antidiarrhoeic effect of M. urundeuva bark extract since inhibition of intestinal motility and secretion can greatly control clinical diarrhoea. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The new fisetinidol-3-O-β-d-xylopyranoside, named anadanthoside, was isolated from the bark of Anadenathera macrocarpa (Leguminosae). The structure was assigned by FABMS and 2D NMR analysis.
In this article, the authors contribute to the empirical study of culture as shared knowledge by exploring correlations of individual responses to different questionnaires of the same tasks and correlation of individual responses to different tasks. They collected data on ethnobotanical knowledge from 149 adult Tsimane’ Amerindians in Bolivia. The authors used a cultural consensus model to calculate individual scores of cultural knowledge for each questionnaire, correlating individual scores using pooled samples and various subsamples. Results from multiplechoice questionnaires show high reliability. A comparison of competency scores from the paired-comparison and the average of the three multiple-choice questionnaires showed a positive correlation ( r = .46), although it was lower than when comparing multiple-choice to each other. Competency on the triad questionnaire did not correlate with information from any of the other questionnaires. The evidence presented suggests that cultural competence may be consistent across questionnaires of the same task but not necessarily across different tasks in the same domain.
This study explores the basis for conservation action on Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. Allemão (Anacardiaceae). This is a wide-ranging forest species occurring in Brazil and other South American countries, notably in the Cerrado region. This paper aims to provide a structured review of available knowledge of its biology, ecology, silviculture and management. Widely-scattered published reports have been critically considered and efforts made to highlight and resolve contradictions and inconsistencies. Information about this species is scanty and scattered, particularly in respect to its biology and ecology. Some effort has been applied to its domestication and improvement, but opinion on its silviculture and management is still controversial. The taxon is typical of open and deciduous forest in the Cerrado. Gaps in current knowledge relevant for conservation are identified and steps to fill them proposed. Where in situ conservation proved to be more appropriate, recommendations are made for the location of additional protected areas. Complementary ex situ and enrichment conservation actions are suggested for specific parts of the range where resource losses are already so extensive that in situ measures alone are inadvisable. Opportunities for refining the limited management and conservation knowledge are proposed by highlighting priorities for study of the taxon. Finally, future action is discussed in the context of the infrastructure of the national conservation sector.
The present work showed a significant antinociceptive activity in the tannin fraction (TF) extracted from the bark of Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. All. This inhibitory effect was demonstrated not only against abdominal contractions but also in the formalin test in mice. In the first case, at doses of 0.1 and 1 mg/kg, i.p. the TF caused inhibitions of the order of 39.6% and 80.8%, respectively, and in the second one, inhibitions of 47.8% and 77.2% (phase I) and 59.2% and 100% (phase II), after the administration of 5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p. The antinociceptive effect was partially reverted by naloxone. The TF presented also an antioedematogenic effect in rat paw oedema induced by carrageenan as well as dextran. In the carrageenan model, significant inhibitions were seen at 2 h (29.7% and 41.7%) and 3 h (40.5% and 44.2%), after administration of 5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p. In the dextran induced oedema, the TF (10 mg/kg, p.o.) caused inhibitions of 29.2%, 42.4% and 54.5% at 2 h, 3 h and 4 h, respectively. The TF (10 and 25 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly inhibited the inflammatory events (vesical oedema and increased vascular permeability) which occur at the onset of the haemorrhagic cystitis induced by cyclophosphamide. After subcutaneous or oral administration, the TF (5–50 mg/kg) also blocked neutrophil migration induced by direct (fMLP) as well as indirect (carrageenan) stimuli. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the utilization of tree species within and around the borders of the Maya Biosphere
Reserve in Guatemala and to compare two sampling methodologies for the acquisition of such data. Residents in the communities
of Caoba (border of reserve) and Uaxactún (within reserve) demonstrated significantly different utilization of tree species.
Differences were due to the unique ecological and socio-economic conditions in each of the towns. Residents of both communities
relied most heavily onSwietenia macrophylla, Manilkara achras. Cedrela odorata, Pouteria mammosa and Caesalpinia spp. Residents of Caoba considered 39% of all useful tree species to be marketable compared with only 18%
in Uaxactún. Overall, more than 80 tree species were identified as useful in each of the communities. Changes in forest composition
along with dynamic economic conditions were found to be altering the commercial utilization of tree species throughout the
region. Some suggestions are offered for community development projects.
Madagascar's palm flora is very diverse (171 species) and has a high degree of endemism (97%). Palm products make an important contribution to the household economy of many rural families, especially in the palm-rich eastern escarpments. Many palms are, however, threatened by overexploitation and habitat destruction. We investigated which palm species were found and used in three villages on the eastern escarpments of Madagascar. The importance local people accorded to each species was compared to the number of its uses, number of people using it, and other aspects of its use. From this comparison it was concluded that even if important palms are used for more purposes than less important palms, they owe their importance to one or two of their main uses. We also investigated if there were any patterns in the distribution of informants' knowledge and whether such patterns could be related to socio-economic factors. There was a positive relationship between knowledge about palms and personal wealth and a negative relationship between distance to the forest and amount of knowledge. The latter can be a sign of an ongoing knowledge erosion. Sustainable use of native palms should be encouraged as it may contribute positively to village economy and knowledge preservation, and may provide incentives for preservation of remaining forest tracts.
Communities in Cabo Delgado have a long tradition of using medicinal plants. In Mozambique, rural populations in general are highly dependent on natural resources. One example is the use of surrounding vegetation by people from Cabo Delgado. They use plants for food, handicrafts, construction, as a primary energy source and even for medicine purposes. In this survey, we examined the diversity of plant usage for medicinal purposes by 146 individuals, including adults and youth living in the Cabo Delgado province. This community quoted 16 species of plants, belonging to 13 families. Utilisation by different categories of people based on sex and age was compared and differences were found among some groups. In general, older people show a deeper knowledge of medicinal plants than younger people. Men and women show similar knowledge of medicinal plants.
The leaves and bark of fifteen species of Mexican Anacardiaceae were analyzed by paper and thin layer chromatography for the
presence of toxic phenols such as catechols, resorcinols and biflavonoids. Based on the results of this and previous studies,
toxic phenols are present in fifty-two species belonging to twenty-seven genera in Anacardiaceae. The majority of species
contain toxic catechols, a few species contain toxic resorcinols and sixteen species contain biflavonoids. Genera from the
basal group in Anacardiaceae, including Spondias and allied genera lack biflavonoids. Biflavonoids are present in the rest
of the genera of Anacardiaceae.
En este trabajo se analizaron corteza y hojas de quince especies de Anacardiaceae distribuídas en México. El análisis se llevó
a cabo por cromatografía de papel y de capa delgada para determinar la presencia de fenoles tóxicos tales como catecoles,
resorcinoles y biflavonoides. Con base en los resultados de este trabajo y de literatura previa, se ha detectado la presencia
de fenoles tóxicos en cincuenta y dos especies de veintisiete géneros en Anacardiaceae. La mayoría de las especies contienen
catecoles tóxicos, unas cuantas contienen resorcinoles tóxicos y deciseis contienen biflavonoides. Los géneros del grupo basal
de Anacardiaceae, que incluye a Spondias y géneros afines carecen de biflavonoides. Los biflavonoides están presentes en el
resto de los géneros de Anacardiaceae.
Dypsis fibrosa is widespread in eastern Madagascar and local people regard it as one of the most important palms due to its use as thatch.
In an interview survey 12 different uses of this palm were reported. Most informants knew only one or two uses, but variance
was large. How many uses people know and what they use different palm parts for is correlated to socioeconomic factors such
as personal wealth and home village. Comparison of data obtained from interviews and observations showed that there is not
always a strict correlation between ethnobotanical data elicited in surveys, actual extent of use, and importance accorded
to different plant resources. Informants were generally aware of an human-caused decline inD. fibrosa abundance, but viewed it as inevitable and suggested to replaceD. fibrosa products by other materials. Although local people viewD. fibrosa as very important, motivation for its conservation and sustainable use seems to be low.
The amount of tannins present inAcacia berlandierii, A. farnesiana, A. greggii andA. rigidula, 4 common species of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, was determined. Bark samples of the 4 species were
extracted with water, 80% methanol, and 70% acetone. Of these, 70% acetone proved to be the most efficient solvent. Tannins
were determined by Folin-Denis analysis for total phenolic materials, followed by precipitation with casein or hide powder.
The hidepowder method was modified to facilitate handling of smaller samples. Results of tannin determination by casein and
hide-powder precipitation methods gave comparable results. The amount of tannins present in leaves, bark, wood, and immature
fruits of samples of these species was then determined by the same analytical methods. In most instances, bark and immature
fruits had the highest percentage of tannins (5–15%) and wood was much lower (less than 1%). Leaves had intermediate values.
The percentage of tannins in leaves, bark, wood, and immature fruits of several species of Acacia and related mimosoid legumes
from the southwestern U.S. and Mexico, along with a few from Costa Rica and Argentina, was determined by a modified hide powder
procedure and by precipitation with casein. The relative percentages of hydrolyzable and condensed tannins were determined
by the iodate and the vanillin-HCl methods, respectively. Gallotannins of selected samples were also determined by the rhodanine
method. Although the amount of total tannins was similar for the first two methods, values for condensed tannins by the vanillin-HCl
method were frequently two to four times greater than the total tannin values.
Despite its central importance to tropical forest conservation, the understanding of patterns in traditional resource use still is incipient. To address this deficiency, we compared known palm uses among two indigenous (Yawanawá and Kaxinawá) and two folk (rubber tapper and ribeirinho) communities in Southwestern Amazonia (Acre, Brazil). We conducted one-hundred-and -forty semi-structured "checklist" interviews about palm uses with male and female adults in the four communities. The knowledge of each community about the uses of the 17 palm species common to all communities was compared by testing for significant differences in the mean number of uses cited per informant and by calculating the Jaccard similarity index of known uses of palm species among the four communities. The following three hypotheses were confirmed: 1) the use of palms differs according to the cultural preferences of each community; 2) indigenous communities know significantly more about palm uses than folk communities; and 3) part of the indigenous knowledge was acquired through contact with Amazonian folk communities.
Despite their importance, homegardens in Northeast Brazil have not been systematically studied. A study of 31 homegardens in a dry forest region in the municipality of Alagoinha, Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil, is described here. Species composition and structure as well as plant uses, diversity, and variability are discussed. All together, 54 woody species were found to be used for numerous purposes, especially as food sources. Prosopis julifora is the principal tree species in local homegardens. This species is thoroughly disseminated throughout Brazilian Northeast, and constitutes the majority of the total population of homegarden trees in the region. It was observed that the size of the homegardens varied greatly, but was related only to the number of individual plants present, not species richness. The floristic structure of homegardens is also very variable, but there is a core group of very frequent species, with significant representation of the local flora. This suggests that the homegardens may contribute to the conservation of native species.
An ethnobotanical study was undertaken in conjunction with a phytochemical approach to the medicinal flora of the caatinga, popularly used in communities of the Xingó region (Northeast Brazil); the focus was on applying the apparency theory to explain the choice and use of these plants. Initially, an ethnobotanical study was carried out to survey the medicinal plants used in the region in which 339 people were interviewed using standardized questionnaires. To eliminate the effect of cultural interference, exotic plants cultivated intentionally were not considered, which resulted in a total of 41 species. In the field, data was obtained on the types of life strategies and habit for each species and plant parts indicated for medicinal use were collected. A phytochemical study was undertaken with five classes of chemical compounds for the species collected. Significant differences were found in the number of positive occurrences for each of the compound classes in relation to life strategy and habit. Strategist-K plants had a greater number of occurrences than strategist-r plants. In general, trees were more diversified than herbs and bushes in relation to the presence of compound classes. The scores (local relative importance) obtained for each plant are independent from compound classes found, habit, life strategy, and plant part used. Nevertheless, strategist-K species obtained the highest averages.
The in vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties of bark extracts of Anadenanthera macrocarpa Brenan (Fabaceae), Astronium urundeuva Engl. (Anacardiaceae), Mimosa verrucosa Benth. (Fabaceae) and Sideroxylon obtusifolium T.D. Penn. (Sapotaceae), four trees used as anti-inflammatory agents in the Brazilian state of Bahia, were studied using different bioassays. The total reactive antioxidant potential (TRAP) of the aqueous and methanolic extracts was determined by monitoring the intensity of luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence (CL), using 2,2'-azo-bis(2-amidinopropane) as a peroxyl radical source. All the extracts studied were active in this method. The highest activity, measured as equivalents of Trolox concentration, was observed in the methanolic extract of A. macrocarpa (TRAP = 3028 +/- 95 microM). Lipid peroxidation was assessed by means of the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and hydroperoxide-initiated CL in rat liver homogenates. As in the case of luminol-enhanced CL, all the extracts tested were effective in reducing the production of TBARS. The highest activity was observed in the aqueous extract of A. macrocarpa (IC50 = 54 microg/ml). Extracts of A. macrocarpa and S. obtusifolium also reduced hydroperoxide-initiated CL, the methanolic extract of the former being the most active, showing an IC50 = 2.0 microg/ml. DNA-sugar damage induced by Fe(II) salts was also used to determine the capacity of the extracts to suppress hydroxyl radical-mediated degradation of DNA. All extracts tested were highly effective in reducing oxidation of DNA. The highest activity was observed in the methanolic extract of A. urundeuva, showing an IC50 = 37 microg/ml. The results obtained suggest that the antioxidant activity described could play an important role in the anti-inflammatory activity claimed for the plants under study.
Population growth, urbanization and the unrestricted collection of medicinal plants from the wild is resulting in an over-exploitation of natural resources in southern Africa. Therefore, the management of traditional medicinal plant resources has become a matter of urgency. In southern Africa the most frequently used medicinal plants are slow-growing forest trees, bulbous and tuberous plants, with bark and underground parts being the parts mainly utilized. A strategy which would satisfy the requirements of sustainable harvesting, yet simultaneously provide for primary health care needs, would be the substitution of bark or underground parts with leaves of the same plant. This paper outlines the concept of plant substitution, using preliminary results of our recent investigations into four of the most important and most threatened South African medicinal plants - Eucomis autumnalis (bulb), Siphonochilus aethiopicus (rhizome), Ocotea bullata (bark), and Warburgia salutaris (bark) - as a demonstration of the kind of research necessary. Extracts of various plant parts were compared chemically using TLC-analysis, and pharmacologically in terms of antibacterial activity and cyclooxygenase-1 inhibition in vitro. The importance of the concept of plant part substitution as a strategy for the conservation of medicinal plants in southern Africa is discussed in terms of the results obtained.
A comparative study of tannin composition of three species known as barbatimão (Stryphnodendron adstringens, Stryphnodendron polyphyllum and Dimorphandra mollis) was developed by TLC, hydrolysis followed by PC, and colorimetry. Principal component analysis of the data obtained showed strong differentiation between the genus Dimorphandra and Stryphnodendron. Additionally, barks from the two Stryphnodendron sp. also presented considerable differences in the tannin structure.