... Effects of PD and dopaminergic therapy on pattern and association learning are somewhat complex. The vast majority of studies, however, find that at the baseline, patients with PD perform sequence (Kwak et al., 2010) and association learning normally relative to age-matched controls (De Wit et al., 2011;Sharp et al., 2016) and this normal performance is actually worsened by dopaminergic therapy (Cools, 2001, 2006, Cools et al., 2003Feigin et al., 2003;Graef et al., 2010;Hiebert et al., 2014bHiebert et al., , 2019Jahanshahi et al., 2010;Levy-Gigi et al., 2019;MacDonald et al., , 2013Seo et al., 2010;Shohamy et al., 2004Shohamy et al., , 2006Swainson et al., 2000;Tomer et al., 2007;Torta et al., 2009;Tremblay et al., 2010;Vo et al., 2014; for reviews see; . Dopaminergic therapy also worsens association learning in healthy elderly (Vo et al., 2018;Breitenstein et al., 2006;Mehta et al., 2001;Santesso et al., 2009) and younger (Hiebert et al., 2014b;Vo et al., 2017Vo et al., , 2016 controls. ...