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Effects of exposing chicken eggs to a cell phone in “call” position over the entire incubation period
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of exposing fertile chicken eggs to a cell phone repeatedly calling a ten-digit number at 3-min intervals over the entire period of incubation. A pre-experiment was performed first to adjust incubation conditions in an experimental chamber devoid of metallic content and without automatic turning until the overall performance of hatchability was reproducible in the absence of the cell phone. The experimental period consisted of a series of 4 incubations referred to as "replicates". For each replicate, one batch of 60 eggs was exposed to the immediate environment (<or= 25 cm) of a cell phone in the "call" position (exposed group), while another batch of 60 eggs, 1.5m away from the exposed group and also in the incubation chamber, was exposed to a similar cell phone in the "off" position (sham group). For each replicate, 2 other groups each of 60 eggs were also incubated, one in a standard mini-incubator ("Control I" group) and the second in a standard medium size incubator ("Control II" group). Temperature, relative humidity and electromagnetic fields in the experimental chamber were permanently monitored over the entire experiment. A significantly higher percentage of embryo mortality was observed in the "exposed" compared to the "sham" group in 2 of the 4 replicates (p< .05). In comparison with control groups, additional embryo mortality in the exposed group occurred mainly between Days 9 and 12 of incubation but a causal relationship between the intensity of the electric field and embryo mortality could not be established.
... Several of the aforementioned findings involve DNA damage and consequent cell death in reproductive cells of different animals, resulting in decreased reproduction. In particular, the effects of pulsing WC EMFs on the DNA of reproductive cells, as reported by different studies on a variety of animals (25,30,31,36,40,41,46), display a marked similarity and explain other findings that connect WC EMF exposure with insect, bird and mammalian (including human) infertility (56)(57)(58)(59)(60)(61)(62)(63)(64), or declines in bird and insect populations (especially bees) during the past 15 years (65)(66)(67)(68)(69). A significant decrease in reproduction (decrease in egg laying or embryonic death) after exposure to mobile telephony (MT) radiation was identically observed in fruit flies (30,40,57,58), chicken eggs (61), birds (65)(66)(67), and bees (63). ...
... In particular, the effects of pulsing WC EMFs on the DNA of reproductive cells, as reported by different studies on a variety of animals (25,30,31,36,40,41,46), display a marked similarity and explain other findings that connect WC EMF exposure with insect, bird and mammalian (including human) infertility (56)(57)(58)(59)(60)(61)(62)(63)(64), or declines in bird and insect populations (especially bees) during the past 15 years (65)(66)(67)(68)(69). A significant decrease in reproduction (decrease in egg laying or embryonic death) after exposure to mobile telephony (MT) radiation was identically observed in fruit flies (30,40,57,58), chicken eggs (61), birds (65)(66)(67), and bees (63). Similar effects are reported for amphibians (70,71), rats (31,62), and human sperm (decreased number and motility of spermatozoa) (59,60). ...
... The present study reviewed experimental and epidemiological findings connecting exposure to purely ELF, and RF (containing ELF) human-made EMFs, with DNA damage and related pathologies, including cancer. It is documented that both such types of human-made EMF-exposure can induce OS (3,34,(36)(37)(38)(39)43,45,109), DNA damage 84,85) and infertility (56)(57)(58)(59)(60)(61)(62)(63)(64)(65)(66)(67)(68)(69)(70)(71). It is also documented that the same types of EMF-exposure are linked with increased cancer risk both in humans and experimental animals (72)(73)(74)(75)(76)(77)(78)(79)(80)(81)(82)(83)(86)(87)(88)(89)(90)(91)(92)(93)(94)(95)(96)(97)(98)(110)(111)(112)(113)(114). ...
Exposure of animals/biological samples to human‑made electromagnetic fields (EMFs), especially in the extremely low frequency (ELF) band, and the microwave/radio frequency (RF) band which is always combined with ELF, may lead to DNA damage. DNA damage is connected with cell death, infertility and other pathologies, including cancer. ELF exposure from high‑voltage power lines and complex RF exposure from wireless communication antennas/devices are linked to increased cancer risk. Almost all human‑made RF EMFs include ELF components in the form of modulation, pulsing and random variability. Thus, in addition to polarization and coherence, the existence of ELFs is a common feature of almost all human‑made EMFs. The present study reviews the DNA damage and related effects induced by human‑made EMFs. The ion forced‑oscillation mechanism for irregular gating of voltage‑gated ion channels on cell membranes by polarized/coherent EMFs is extensively described. Dysfunction of ion channels disrupts intracellular ionic concentrations, which determine the cell's electrochemical balance and homeostasis. The present study shows how this can result in DNA damage through reactive oxygen species/free radical overproduction. Thus, a complete picture is provided of how human‑made EMF exposure may indeed lead to DNA damage and related pathologies, including cancer. Moreover, it is suggested that the non‑thermal biological effects attributed to RF EMFs are actually due to their ELF components.
... Few clinical studies have been performed because of ethical limitations. Some experiments in small animals such as rats and chicks have been performed to investigate the effect of EMF on brain development, with conflicting results [14][15][16][17]. ...
... The chick embryo is an accessible and economical model, which has an extensive history of use in developmental biology, transplantation research, pharmaceutical teratogenicity evaluation, and cancer research [18]. EMF's effects on chick embryonic development are mainly investigated with respect to embryo survival and hatchability, macro-shape or microstructural changes in histology, and oxidative stress levels in tissues [16,19,20]. To our knowledge, the effect of EMF exposure during development on the social behaviors of chicks after hatching has not been investigated to date. ...
... The effect of mobile phone radiation exposure on the chick hatching rate has been investigated in some studies, but results are conflicting [16,19,31]. The different sample sizes and exposure periods may have influenced the results. ...
Background:
The potential adverse effect of mobile phone radiation is currently an area of great concern in the field of public health. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of mobile phone radiation (900 MHz radiofrequency) during hatching on postnatal social behaviors in chicks, as well as the effect on brain size and structural maturity estimated using 3.0 T magnetic resonance imaging. At day 4 of incubation, 76 normally developing chick embryos were divided into the control group (n = 39) and the radiation group (n = 37). Eggs in the radiation group were exposed to mobile phone radiation for 10 h each day from day 4 to 19 of incubation. Behavioral tests were performed 4 days after hatching. T2-weighted MR imaging and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were subsequently performed. The size of different brain subdivisions (telencephalon, optic lobe, brain stem, and cerebellum) and corresponding DTI parameters were measured. The Chi-square test and the student's t test were used for statistical analysis. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results:
Compared with controls, chicks in the radiation group showed significantly slower aggregation responses (14.87 ± 10.06 vs. 7.48 ± 4.31 s, respectively; P < 0.05), lower belongingness (23.71 ± 8.72 vs. 11.45 ± 6.53 s, respectively; P < 0.05), and weaker vocalization (53.23 ± 8.60 vs. 60.01 ± 10.45 dB/30 s, respectively; P < 0.05). No significant differences were found between the radiation and control group for brain size and structural maturity, except for cerebellum size, which was significantly smaller in the radiation group (28.40 ± 1.95 vs. 29.95 ± 1.41 cm(2), P < 0.05). The hatching and heteroplasia rates were also calculated and no significant difference was found between the two groups.
Conclusions:
Mobile phone radiation exposure during chick embryogenesis impaired social behaviors after hatching and possibly induced cerebellar retardation. This indicates potential adverse effects of mobile phone radiation on brain development.
... Specifically, the damage on reproductive cells of different animals found in several of the above studies explains other findings connecting microwave EMF exposure with insect, bird, and mammalian (including human) infertility [40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48], or reduction in bird and insect (especially bees) populations during the past 10-15 years [49][50][51][52][53]. ...
... While ∼50% of the studies employing simulated exposures do not find any effects, studies employing real-life exposures from commercially available devices display an almost 100% consistency in showing adverse effects [34][35][36]84,[100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118]. A wide variety of biological and clinical effects are already found to be induced by real-life exposures on a similarly wide variety of animals/biological samples including human volunteers exposed in vivo (19 studies) [19,34,35,100,104,[106][107][108][109]114,116], human sperm in vitro (2 studies) [23,100], mice or rats or guinea pigs or rabbits in vivo (24 studies) [100,102,103,105,110,111,115,117], Drosophila (11 studies) [15,16,26,31,41,42,100,101,140,141], bees (4 studies) [47,100,118], ants (1 study) [100], chick embryos (3 studies) [36,45,100], quails (1 study) [100], human cells in vitro (2 studies) [100,112], cow brain tissue in vitro (1 study) [113], mouse cells in vitro (1 study), protozoa (1 study), and even purified proteins in vitro (1 study) [100]. From a total of 71 studies reviewed above that employed real exposures 68 recorded significant adverse effects (95.8%) ranging from loss of orientation, kinetic, behavioural, or EEG changes, heart rate changes, effect on cognitive function and memory impairment, effect on cell growth and proliferation, temperature increases in brain tissue, to decrease in male and female reproductive capacity, reproductive declines, molecular changes, changes in enzymatic activity, biochemical changes in the pregnant women and their embryos, DNA damage and cell death, protein damage, and histopathological changes in the brain [34][35][36]84,[100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118]. ...
... A large scale monitoring study (N10 years) revealed that in trees, a closer range to phone masts resulted in significant damages in the side facing the mast in contrast to the opposite side (Waldmann-Selsam et al., 2016) whereas Roux et al. (2006Roux et al. ( , 2008 found exposed tomato plants to show similar consequences when wounded, trimmed or burnt. In chicken eggs, Batellier et al. (2008) found an increased mortality when exposed to cell phone radiation over the entire incubation period. Very similar to previous study results from Bastide et al. (2001) and Grigoryev (2003), this developmental stage seems to be particularly vulnerable for non-thermal levels of radiation. ...
... Very similar to previous study results from Bastide et al. (2001) and Grigoryev (2003), this developmental stage seems to be particularly vulnerable for non-thermal levels of radiation. A proportional relationship between the intensity of the electromagnetic field and the negative effects, however, could not be established (Batellier et al., 2008). ...
Mobile phones can be found almost everywhere across the globe, upholding a direct point-to-point connection between the device and the broadcast tower. The emission of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) puts the surrounding environment inevitably into contact with this radiation. We have therefore exposed honey bee queen larvae to the radiation of a common mobile phone device (GSM band at 900 MHz) during all stages of their pre-adult development including pupation. After 14 days of exposure, hatching of adult queens was assessed and mating success after further 11 days, respectively. Moreover, full colonies were established of five of the untreated and four of the treated queens to contrast population dynamics. We found that mobile phone radiation had significantly reduced the hatching ratio but not the mating success. If treated queens had successfully mated, colony development was not adversely affected. We provide evidence that mobile phone radiation may alter pupal development, once succeeded this point, no further impairment has manifested in adulthood. Our results are discussed against the background of long-lasting consequences for colony performance and the possible implication on periodic colony losses.
... Some of the studies report DNA damage or cell death or oxidative stress induction on reproductive insect and mammalian (including human) cells (Panagopoulos et al 2007a;De Iuliis et al. 2009;Agarwal et al 2009;Mailankot et al 2009;Yan et al 2007). The findings of these studies seem to explain the results of other studies that simply report insect, bird, and mammalian (including human) infertility (Panagopoulos et al 2004;2007b;Gul et al 2009;Agarwal et al 2008;Batellier et al 2008;Wdowiak et al 2007;Magras ans Xenos 1997). Other recent reports regarding reduction of insect (especially bees) and bird populations during the last years (Stindl and Stindl 2010;Bacandritsos et al 2010;van Engelsdorp et al 2008;Everaert and Bauwens 2007;Balmori 2005), also seem to correlate with the above mentioned studies since their findings may be explained by cell death induction on reproductive cells. ...
... Recent results of other experimenters regarding mammalian (including human) infertility, (Gul et al 2009;Agarwal et al 2008;Wdowiak et al 2007;Magras and Xenos 1997) or chicken embryonic mortality (Batellier et al 2008;Grigor'ev IuG. 2003), especially those regarding DNA damage or oxidative stress on mammalian-human reproductive cells, (De Iouliis et al 2009;Mailankot et al 2009;Yan et al 2007;Agarwal et al 2009), exhibit an even more distinct similarity with our results. ...
While different classes of biological effects of radiation used in modern telecommunications are already confirmed by different experimenters, a lot of contradictory results are also reported. Despite uncertainties, some of the recent results reporting effects show an intriguing agreement between them, although with different biological models and under different laboratory conditions. Such results of exceptional importance and mutual similarity are those reporting DNA damage or oxidative stress induction on reproductive cells of different organisms, resulting in decreased fertility and reproduction. This distinct similarity among results of different researchers makes unlikely the possibility that these results could be wrong. This chapter analyzes and resumes our experimental findings of DNA damage on insect reproductive cells by Global System for Mobile telecommunications (GSM) radiation, compares them with similar recent results on mammalian-human infertility and discusses the possible connection between these findings and other reports regarding tumour induction, symptoms of unwellness, or declines in bird and insect populations. A possible biochemical explanation of the reported effects at the cellular level is attempted. Since microwave radiation is non-ionizing and therefore unable to break chemical bonds, indirect ways of DNA damage are discussed, through enhancement of free radical and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, or irregular release of hydrolytic enzymes. Such events can be initiated by alterations of intracellular ionic concentrations after irregular gating of electrosensitive channels on the cell membranes according to the Ion Forced-Vibration theory that we have previously proposed. This biophysical mechanism seems to be realistic, since it is able to explain all of the reported biological effects associated with exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs), including the so-called "windows" of increased bioactivity reported for many years but remaining unexplained so far, and recorded also in our recent experiments regarding GSM radiation exposure. The chapter also discusses an important dosimetry issue, regarding the use of Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), a quantity introduced to describe temperature increases within biological tissue (thermal effects), while the recorded biological effects in their vast majority are non-thermal. Finally the chapter attempts to propose some basic precautions and a different way of network design for mobile telephony base station antennas, in order to minimize the exposure of human population and reduce significantly the current exposure limits in order to account for the reported non thermal biological effects.
... Although in most studies with real mobile phone exposures the biological samples were exposed in close proximity (within the near-field up to approximately 5 cm) with the mobile phone handset, in several studies the samples/animals were exposed at greater distances in the far-field up to 1 m (Ilhan et al. 2004;Ferreira et al. 2006;Yan et al. 2007;Balci et al. 2007;Batellier et al. 2008;Panagopoulos et al. 2010;Panagopoulos and Margaritis 2010a, b;Vecchio et al. 2010) where the intensity variations are much smaller and the dosimetry absolutely "reliable" as is generally accepted for far-field antenna measurements (Slater 1991). In one of these studies it was found that at 20-30 cm distance from the mobile phone the biological effect (DNA damage) was even more intense than at zero distance . ...
... In studies with real mobile phone exposures investigating the dependence of observed effects on dose (radiation intensity and/or exposure duration) the effects were found to be dose-dependent (Panagopoulos et al. 2004(Panagopoulos et al. , 2007a(Panagopoulos et al. , b, 2010Panagopoulos and Margaritis 2010a, b;Batellier et al. 2008;Tsybulin et al. 2013;Aldad et al. 2013). The dependence on dose was in most cases non-linear, although in two studies the dependence of certain effects on exposure duration was approximating linearity (Panagopoulos and Margaritis 2010a;Aldad et al. 2013). ...
Exposure of Drosophila melanogaster young adult insects to Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs)/Radiation (EMR) emitted by an active GSM (Global System for Mobile telecommunications) mobile phone handset during a usual “talk” operation for a few minutes daily for 2–5 days, revealed an impressive decrease (up to 57%) in reproductive capacity (fecundity) (Panagopoulos et al. 2004). That effect directed us to focus our next studies on the effects of this type of EMF/EMR on the DNA and proteins of the insect’s reproductive cells (gametes). More specifically, we focused on the effects on the female ovarian cells. We used the TUNEL (Terminal deoxynucleotide transferase dUTP Nick End Labeling) assay, to detect fragmented DNA in the ovarian cells. Moreover, we used the Rhodamine-conjugated Phalloidin staining assay, to detect possible damage in the actin cytoskeleton of the ovarian cells. We found a high degree of DNA fragmentation in the nuclei of ovarian cells of the exposed insects (up to +55% compared to the sham-exposed insects) (Panagopoulos et al. 2007a). The DNA fragmentation was highly dependent on the intensity of radiation (distance from the handset) and was found to be maximum for intensities higher than 250 μW/cm2 (in close proximity with the handset) and within a “window” around 10 μW/cm2 (at 20–30 cm distance from the handset) (Panagopoulos et al. 2010). The DNA fragmentation in the nuclei of the exposed ovarian cells was found to be accompanied by actin cytoskeleton damage (Chavdoula et al. 2010). These effects caused a destruction of a significant percentage of egg chambers in the ovaries of the exposed females (Panagopoulos 2012a). New data (Panagopoulos et al. 2015a, b) suggest that the continuous and unpredictable variability of the mobile telephony signals, in combination with the fact that they are totally polarized (just like every type of man-made EMF), and the inclusion of Extremely Low Frequencies (ELF) - due to pulsing and modulation of the microwave carrier - in all modern mobile telecommunication microwave signals, constitute the main reasons for their intense bioactivity. A significant opposition is found between the results of experimental studies employing real exposures of biological samples from commercially available mobile phones, and the results of studies employing simulated exposures from generators or “test” phones as suggested by health authorities (Health Protection Agency 2012; IARC 2013). While experimental studies employing simulated EMF-emissions present a strong inconsistency among their results with nearly 50% of them reporting no effects, studies employing real-life emissions demonstrate an almost 100% consistency in showing adverse effects (Panagopoulos et al. 2015a). Finally, in the present chapter we show why polarized (man-made) EMFs are significantly more bioactive than natural (unpolarized) ones, and we describe the “Ion Forced-Oscillation Mechanism” for the action of polarized EMFs on biological systems.
... Jak wiadomo, działanie organizmów żywych związane jest z generowaniem zjawisk bioelektrycznych, dlatego zarówno człowiek, jak i zwierzęta podatne są na działanie pola elektromagnetycznego (PEM) emitowanego przez telefonię komórkową [15]. Prowadzone od wielu lat badania dotyczące pól elektromagnetycznych, w tym PEM emitowanych przez telefonię komórkową, nie dają jednak jednoznacznej odpowiedzi na pytanie dotyczące skutków jego oddziaływania na organizmy żywe [1,10,14,22]. ...
... Natomiast Batellier i wsp. [1] w swoich badaniach dotyczących wpływu pól elektromagnetycznych na zarodki kurze wykazali gwałtowny wzrost śmiertelności embrionów między 9. a 12. dobą inkubacji. Na uzyskane przez tych autorów wyniki może mieć jednak wpływ zaniechanie obracania jaj w trakcie procesu inkubacji, co jak wiadomo jest niezbędne do prawidłowego przebiegu embriogenezy. ...
Począwszy od drugiej połowy XX wieku obserwuje się gwałtowny wzrost promieniowania elektromagnetycznego, którego jednym ze źródeł jest telefonia komórkowa. Celem pracy było zbadanie wpływu pola elektromagnetycznego (PEM) o częstotliwości 900 MHz na wylęgowość zarodków kurzych. Emisja pola elektromagnetycznego w grupach doświadczalnych odbywała się przez cały okres inkubacji i wynosiła 10x4 minuty na dobę lub 1x40 minut na dobę. Uzyskane wyniki wykazały, że pole elektromagnetyczne o częstotliwości 900 MHz, niezależnie od długości czasu jednorazowej ekspozycji, istotnie przyspiesza proces nakluwania i wykluwania się piskląt. W grupach poddanych działaniu pola skróceniu uległ okres między nakluciem a wykluciem się piskląt. W toku badań nie stwierdzono wpływu PEM o częstotliwości 900 MHz na wylęgowość, liczbę wad rozwojowych zarodków, masę ciała oraz liczbę brakowanych piskląt kurzych.
... Some of the studies report DNA damage or cell death or oxidative stress induction on reproductive insect and mammalian (including human) cells (Panagopoulos et al 2007a;De Iuliis et al. 2009;Agarwal et al 2009;Mailankot et al 2009;Yan et al 2007). The findings of these studies seem to explain the results of other studies that simply report insect, bird, and mammalian (including human) infertility (Panagopoulos et al 2004;2007b;Gul et al 2009;Agarwal et al 2008;Batellier et al 2008;Wdowiak et al 2007;Magras ans Xenos 1997). Other recent reports regarding reduction of insect (especially bees) and bird populations during the last years (Stindl and Stindl 2010;Bacandritsos et al 2010;van Engelsdorp et al 2008;Everaert and Bauwens 2007;Balmori 2005), also seem to correlate with the above mentioned studies since their findings may be explained by cell death induction on reproductive cells. ...
... Recent results of other experimenters regarding mammalian (including human) infertility, (Gul et al 2009;Agarwal et al 2008;Wdowiak et al 2007;Magras and Xenos 1997) or chicken embryonic mortality (Batellier et al 2008;Grigor'ev IuG. 2003), especially those regarding DNA damage or oxidative stress on mammalian-human reproductive cells, (De Iouliis et al 2009;Mailankot et al 2009;Yan et al 2007;Agarwal et al 2009), exhibit an even more distinct similarity with our results, than the above mentioned (in the previous paragraph) older experiments. ...
Different kinds of biological effects of mobile telephony radiation have been already confirmed by different experimenters, while a lot of contradictory results are also reported. In spite of any uncertainty, some of the recent results reporting effects show a distinct agreement between them, although with different biological models and under different laboratory conditions. Such results of exceptional importance and mutual similarity are those reporting DNA damage or oxidative stress induction on reproductive cells of different organisms, resulting in decreased fertility and reproduction. This distinct similarity among results of different experimental studies makes unlikely the possibility that these results could be wrong. This chapter analyzes and resumes our experimental findings of DNA damage on insect reproductive cells by Global System for Mobile telecommunications (GSM) radiations, compares them with similar recent results on mammalian - human infertility and discusses the possible connection between these findings and other reports regarding tumour induction, symptoms of unwellness, or declinations of bird and insect populations. A possible biochemical explanation of the reported effects at the cellular level is attempted. Since microwave radiations are non-ionizing and therefore unable to break chemical bonds, indirect ways of DNA damage are discussed, through enhancement of free radical and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, or irregular release of hydrolytic enzymes. Such events can be initiated by alterations of intracellular ionic concentrations after irregular gating of electrosensitive channels on the cell membranes according to the Ion Forced-Vibration mechanism that we have previously proposed. This biophysical mechanism seems to be realistic, since it is able to explain all of the reported biological effects associated with electromagnetic fields (EMFs) exposure, including the so-called "windows" of increased bioactivity reported since many years but remained unexplained so far, and recorded also in our recent experiments in regards to GSM radiation exposure. The chapter discusses also, an important dosimetry issue, regarding the use of Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), a quantity introduced to describe temperature increases within biological tissue (thermal effects), while the vast majority of the recorded biological effects are non-thermal. Finally the chapter attempts to propose so basic precautions and a different way of mobile telephony base station antennas network design, in order to minimize the exposure of human population and reduce significantly the current exposure limits in order to account for the reported non thermal biological effects.
... A significant number of studies have already been published which employed commercially available mobile phones during connection ("talk", "listen", or "call" modes) for exposure to a wide variety of animals (including humans)/biological samples, including Drosophila [6,8,26,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37], ants [38], chicken eggs [39], quails [40], human sperm in vitro [41,42], human volunteers in vivo [43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52], mice or rats or guineapigs or rabbits in vivo [53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69], mouse cells in vitro [70], bees [71][72][73], protozoa [74], and even purified proteins in vitro [75]. An impressive percentage (95.8%) of these studies (46 out of 48 studies with real-life exposures) have recorded significant adverse biological or clinical effects, ranging from loss of orientation, kinetic changes, and behavioral or electroencephalographic (EEG) changes to decrease in male and female reproductive capacity, reproductive declines, molecular changes, changes in enzymatic activity, DNA damage and cell death, and histopathological changes in the brain. ...
... Although in most studies employing real mobile phone emissions the biological samples were exposed in close proximity (within the near-field up to approximately 5 cm) with the mobile phone handset, in several studies the samples/animals were exposed at greater distances in the farfield up to 1 m [32,34,35,39,51,53,[56][57][58] where the intensity variations are much smaller and the dosimetry is absolutely "reliable" as is generally accepted for far-field antenna measurements [97]. In one of these studies it was found that at 20-30 cm distance from the mobile phone the biological effect (DNA damage) was even more intense than at zero distance [32]. ...
We examined whether exposures to mobile phone radiation in biological/clinical experiments should be performed with real-life Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs) emitted by commercially available mobile phone handsets, instead of simulated EMFs emitted by generators or test phones. Real mobile phone emissions are constantly and unpredictably varying and thus are very different from simulated emissions which employ fixed parameters and no variability. This variability is an important parameter that makes real emissions more bioactive. Living organisms seem to have decreased defense against environmental stressors of high variability. While experimental studies employing simulated EMF-emissions present a strong inconsistency among their results with less than 50% of them reporting effects, studies employing real mobile phone exposures demonstrate an almost 100% consistency in showing adverse effects. This consistency is in agreement with studies showing association with brain tumors, symptoms of unwellness, and declines in animal populations. Average dosimetry in studies with real emissions can be reliable with increased number of field measurements, and variation in experimental outcomes due to exposure variability becomes less significant with increased number of experimental replications. We conclude that, in order for experimental findings to reflect reality, it is crucially important that exposures be performed by commercially available mobile phone handsets.
... The consequences of such exposures especially need a very meticulous monitoring when the organism is in its very early stage of life, i.e., embryonic development; for the reason that, all the systems are yet naive and still developing at that point of time and could be easily prone to environmental stress. Some studies have reported high mortality rate and teratogenic effects in chick embryos (Augustianath et al. 2023;Batellier et al. 2008) and asynchronous growth and mortality in frog tadpoles (Balmori 2010). Also (Koohestanidehaghi et al. 2023), have reported oxidative stress, delayed development and decrease in blastocyst viability in mouse preimplantation embryos exposed to RF-EMR. ...
Biological effects of radio frequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) in the range of 900-1800 MHz emerging from the mobile phone were investigated and were found to influence the locomotor pattern when exposure was initiated from 1 hour post fertilization (hpf) in zebrafish embryos (ZE), Danio rerio. Mobile phones and other wireless devices offer tremendous advantages. However, on the flipside they are leading to an increased electromagnetic energy in the environment, an excess of which could be termed as electromagnetic pollution. Herein, we tried to understand the effects of RF-EMR emerging from the mobile phone, on the development and behavior of ZE, exposed to RF-EMR (specific absorption rate of 1.13 W/kg and 1800 MHz frequency) 1 hr daily, for 5 days. To understand if there could be any developmental stage-specific vulnerability to RF-EMR, the exposure was initiated at three different time points: 1hpf, 6hpf and 24hpf of ZE development. Observations revealed no significant changes in the survival rate, morphology, oxidative stress or cortisol levels. However, statistically significant variations were observed in the batch where exposure started at 1hpf, with respect to locomotion patterns (distance travelled: 659.1 ± 173.1 mm Vs 963.5 ± 200.4 mm), which could be correlated to anxiety-like behavior; along with a corresponding increase in yolk consumption (yolk sac area: 0.251 ± 0.019 mm2 Vs 0.225 ± 0.018 mm2). Therefore, we conclude that RF-EMR exposure influences the organism maximally during the earliest stage of development, and we also believe that an increase in the time of exposure (corresponding to the patterns of current usage of mobile phones) might reveal added afflictions.
... This result is linked either to a lack of egg-laying or to a clutch with sterile eggs. Experiments conducted in the laboratory on hens exposed directly (< or = 25 cm) to EM radiation showed that they suffered a higher percentage of embryonic mortality than those exposed at 1.5 m (Batellier et al., 2008). Finally, nests located more than 300 metres from antennae appear to be less affected, with a higher reproductive success rate. ...
New nest supports used by the white stork Ciconia ciconia ciconia (Linnaeus, 1775) are mobile phone network relay antennas, which are not without danger because they emit electromagnetic waves that can have a major, although insidious, impact on the species. The aim of this study is to assess the effects of electromagnetic waves from mobile phone network base stations on white stork reproduction. We monitored the breeding phenology of the storks as a function of the distance of their nests from the base stations over 2 consecutive seasons, 2020 and 2021. The work took place in the North-East of Algeria, in Annaba and El-Tarf provinces. The nests were counted and divided into 3 distinct groups. The first is located on the relay antennae, the second less than 200 m and the third more than 300 m from the antennae. We calculated nest occupancy, number of young in the nest and number of nests without young. The results show that nests located directly on base stations have a reduced clutch size, not exceeding two storks and a low reproductive success since the majority of nests (51.9%) remained without young. The number of young storks tends to increase in nests far from base stations. Broods with 3 and 4 young are generally those located more than 300 m from relay antennas.
... Azzouz et al. (2020) reported a 15% hatchability rate in eggs exposed to EMR emitted from smart mobile phones. Earlier studies also reported an increased mortality rate and inhibition of development in chick embryos exposed to RF-EMR radiation from cell phones (Batellier et al., 2008;Bastide et al., 2001;Zareen and Khan, 2008). ...
The present study was aimed at studying the effects of RF-EMR in causing teratogenic changes in the embryonic development of organisms using chick embryo as a model. The fertilized eggs of the hen were incubated in a digital humidified incubator and exposed to RF-EMR from 2G and 4G mobile phones by ringing at regular time intervals. The dose of RF-EMR was varied by increasing the call duration and number of calls per day, with the lower dose being a call duration of 50 min/day and the higher dose being 90 min/day. The phone kept had a range of radiofrequency between 900 and 1800 MHz and SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) 1.355 (2G) and 1.12 (4G) watts/ kg respectively. The batch of eggs incubated without any exposure to RF-EMR was taken as control. The hatchability of 2G and 4G experimental groups were respectively, 65% and 75% at lower radiation exposure and 40% and 55% at higher radiation exposure. The teratogenic effects of RF-EMR on the morphology of chick embryos manifested as the cross beak, non-retracted yolk sac, macrocephaly, malformed legs and toes, disability in standing and balancing the body and variations in body weight, body length and beak length. The results indicate that the RF-EMR poses potential threats to the developing stages of organisms.
... There are numerous studies in the literature that show the adverse effect of radiofrequency waves produced by cell phones on endometrial tissue, granulose cells of the ovary, the quality of oocyte and embryo, the number of follicles, oocyte differentiation and folliculogenesis, risk of spontaneous abortion, and cardiac physiology of fetus in pregnancy [26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. ...
... However, the extent of impact RF-EMR emitted from cellular phone have on female reproductive cycle is still poorly researched. Data obtained from both animal and human studies have shown adverse effects on granulosa cell numbers of ovarian follicles, endometrial tissue, oocyte and embryoquality (4,15,16). Researchers have also suggested that EMF exposure may disturb normal folliculogenesis (17). The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation from mobile phones on the oestrous cycle and reproductive hormones of Wistar rats. ...
Aim of Study: The study was aimed at evaluating the impact of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) from mobile phones on the oestrous cycle and reproductive hormones in female Wistar rats.Methods: Twenty-one Mature female Wistar rats weighing 180 to 250 grams were acclimatized for 2 weeks and divided into control (A), 4hrs (B) and 6hrs (C) groups and were exposed to RE-EMF for a period of 28 days. Oestrous cycle was monitored daily and hormonal level was determined using standardized enzymatic colorimetric methods. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare the mean values of variables among the groups accepting statistical significance at p≤ 0.05.Results: Oestrous cycle was deranged in experimental group compared to the control. Mean serum level of Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in control group remained low compared to the exposed groups. Luteinizing hormone (LH) levels in group A were almost double that of the group B and C, while the serum level of Oestrogen was lowest in group A. Progesterone level in the control group was higher than the experimental group.Conclusion: RF EMR showed an adverse effect on the weight and oestrous cycle but the effect on the reproductive hormones is not significant although the effect appeared to be related to the duration of exposure.
... 12 The current scientific evidence indicates that prolonged exposure to electromagnetic fields at the levels encountered in the environment, may affect the immune system function. Pulsed magnetic fields can influence the development and incidence of abnormalities in chicken embryos 13 while a stressed immune system may increase the susceptibility of a bird to infectious diseases. Plumage deterioration is the first sign of stress and illness in the birds. ...
Cellular phones are essential to our lives and so are the cellular phone base stations. They are not simply free standing towers but a balloon of invisible electromagnetic field with radiations that continue to threaten life around them, specifically of the birds. This article explores the various published scientific studies of the effects that electromagnetic radiations produce on various bird species in India. Relevant information was collected from different peer reviewed publications on how the electromagnetic radiations have been impacting the bird species. Research results from the available studies are presented and discussed. The limited number of observations and studies endorse the negative impacts the electromagnetic radiations carry for the various bird species in the country. Overall, there is a decline in the diversity of the bird species. Therefore, it becomes important to pay considerable attention to the observed patterns and opt for a sustainable development approach for the protection of bird species
... They highlighted that more exposure time and higher power might cause higher mortality rates in the exposed group. Another study reported a rate less than 1% when fertilized eggs were exposed to 900 MHz from E7 to E14 [19]. ...
... Many studies reported that mobile phone radiation (MPR) is a highly biological stressor that negatively affect all livestock's health by an oxidative stress (Nazıroğlu et al., 2013), these surrounding electromagnetic radiation (EMR) that compulsorily produced from using of technologies in all fields especially its application and networking even in farm management, subjecting our environment to huge source of EMR which in turn affect human health (Adebayo et al., 2014), domestic animals (Ebrahimi et al., 2018;Everaert and Bauwens, 2007;Hässig et al., 2014), (Wenzel et al., 2002) noted the abnormal behavior in cattle such as lying, pasture and ruminating behaviors as daily behavior profile, also there are the other notable effects recorded in poultry as embryo mortality especially between 9 th and 12 th days of incubation (Batellier et al., 2008), chicks myocardium pathological changes, DNA damage and increased mortality (Ye et al., 2016), these impacted effect also included the wild livestock in form of animal populations decline and deterioration (Balmori, 2009). The biological analyses to these effects explained various effects include anxiety-like behaviors and oxidative stress (Shehu et al., 2016) so a number of studies have concerned to EMR hazards, reported that EMR affects mainly the brain causing neural damage (Hussein et al., 2016), disturbed permeability of blood-brain barrier BBB (Sirav and Seyhan, 2016;Sırav and Seyhan, 2016), affected memory performance (Brzozek et al., 2018), Increasing incidence of the carcinogenic potentiality especially the heart and brain tumors (Falcioni et al., 2018), disturbed urogenital function (Türedi et al., 2017), decreasing the reproductive capacity of both males (Gautam et al., 2019) and females (Shahin et al., 2017), induced hormonal disturbance (Asl et al., 2019;Stephen et al., 2019) and liver damage (Moradpour et al., 2020). ...
The cognition is a very critical process even for animals, enables them to recognize each other, their owner, feeding space requirement and help them in the vital behaviors as mate choice, foraging, on the other hand, the surrounded mobile phone radiation (MPR)and its increased application even for animal farms management and feeding can radiate inside the farms leading to the threaten animals’ health especially vital organs so this will reflect negatively on the farm income. Our study aimed to evaluate the effect of some famous historical architectural shapes on cognitive state and spatial memory impairment induced by effects of the mobile phone radiation, (900 MHz) for 8 weeks and possibility to create healthy and high efficient architectural farm designs. Thirty-two (32) Swiss Albino male mice were randomly divided into 8 groups (n = 8), they housed in 4 cages with various shapes. Group I & II housed in a traditional cage, Group I served as a control which did not subject to a mobile phone but groups (II-IV) are exposed to mobile phone radiations. Our result revealed that these changes in architectural shapes as housing in pyramid shape can induce positive effects on cognitive state and spatial memory impairment induced by MPR, it also retains the antioxidant capacity total antioxidant (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) plus it alleviate the neurodegenerative effect of MPR on hippocampus and cortex in histopathology, it concluded that housing under pyramidal architectural shape may have a positive effect on cognition and spatial memory impairment induced by the hazard of electromagnetic waves and this study can be useful for architects and advised to be used in the creation of healthy architecture buildings for either human or animal farms.
... They highlighted that more exposure time and higher power might cause higher mortality rates in the exposed group. Another study reported a rate less than 1% when fertilized eggs were exposed to 900 MHz from E7 to E14 [19]. ...
... Large numbers of experimental studies showed that microwave radiation from mobile phone causes damage to the embryonic development (Salama et al. 2010, Roda et al. 2011. Permanent exposure to mobile phone during incubation of the chick embryo, caused higher mortality rates compared to the control (Bastide et al. 2001, Batellier et al. 2008, Ye et al. 2016 Electromagnetic fields potentially affects embryonic development, but the mechanism of effect is still not completely understood. Studies on the effects of 50-100 Hz electromagnetic fields in embryos of different species of animals (fish, chicken, rat and mouse) shows that the early stages of embryonic development are sensitive to the electromagnetic field radiation. ...
Smart mobile phone use has increased dramatically in the last five years. Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) emitted from mobile phones might affect embryonic development. However the mechanism of this effect is not completely understood. Vitelline vessels are the first blood vessels formed, playing a vital role in embryonic nutrition during development. The aim of this research was to study the effect of mobile phone EMR (450-2100 MHz) on the formation of vitelline vessels in chick embryo (Gallus gallus domesticus) and detect the resulting congenital malformations. Fertilized chicken eggs were divided into three groups: control (C), exposed without call (EO) and exposed with call (EW). In EW group the mobile phone was called every 6 hours for 15 minutes, (60min/24hr.). While the EO group was exposed to a mobile phone connected through the Wi-Fi to the internet only. Embryos were extracted on day 2, 3, 4 and 5 of incubation. A major decrease in the formation of vitelline vessels was seen in the treated groups compared to the controls causing bleeding seen in several sites of the treated embryos. Congenital malformations increased in treated groups compared to the controls of all experimental ages. The congenital malformations seen were growth retardation, bleeding, clotting and neural tube defects. It was concluded that mobile phone EMR prevented proper formation of vitelline vessels resulting in deformed embryos.
... Nowadays, the advantages of pulse repetition frequency (PRF) and its biological effects are subject to so many studies on humans and animals. Poultry eggs can be incubated under standard conditions such as frequent rotation, expose eggs to electromagnetic fields as well as the exposure to the repetition frequency may have beneficial improvement on the nervous system (Batellier et al., 2008). Many factors as the type of pulse repetition frequency (PRF), the intensity of PRF and duration of exposure that impact the performance of chicken embryos and consequently hatchability (Shafey et al., 2011). ...
... They highlighted that more exposure time and higher power might cause higher mortality rates in the exposed group. Another study reported a rate less than 1% when fertilized eggs were exposed to 900 MHz from E7 to E14 [19]. ...
... Other malformations reported by Lahijani et al. such as spina bifida, monophthalmia, microphthalmia, anophthalmia, exencephalic embryos, and embryos with asymmetrical faces, crossed or shorter beak, and gastroschisis were not found in this study [18]. In an extensive study done by Farrell et al. at five different laboratories and using 60 Hz magnetic field (pulsed and sinusoidal by a Tenma function generator) over 2500 chick embryos, did not show significant difference in the mortality for 48 hours; however, over the period of time, malformations were 6.8% in the exposed group compared to 1.8% in the control; most common anomaly reported was the neural tube defects [19]. ...
... The International Telecommunication Union reports that global mobile cellular subscriptions exceeded 7 billion (The State of Broadband 2016). Research carried out for many years does not provide a conclusive answer as to the effect of an electromagnetic field on living organisms (Platano et al. 2007;Batellier et al. 2008;Geoffry et al. 2009;Augner et al. 2012). One of the reasons is that determining the way in which EMFs affect living organisms involves taking into account a large number of factors. ...
Exposure to artificial electromagnetic fields emitted mainly by mobile telephony has been steadily increasing with the development of modern technology. Haematological indices are among the most common indicators of the body’s physiological status. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of an 1800 MHz electromagnetic field emission on the blood picture of one-day-old domestic hen chicks. During the experiment, chick embryos were exposed to artificial electromagnetic fields throughout incubation for 13 ´ 2 min/day, 4 ´ 10 min/day and 1 ´ 40 min/day. After hatching, blood was collected from 10 one-day-old chicks from each group to determine: red blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, white blood cell count, and leukocyte differential count. In addition, the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio was calculated. The present study is probably the first to show an increase in the red blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, white blood cell count, segmented heterophils and the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio, and a decrease in lymphocyte percentage of embryos exposed to an 1800 MHz electromagnetic field. The observed changes may be indicative of the stress-inducing effect of EMF on living organisms.
... These data are consistent with the results previously obtained by Sechman, Niedziółka, Lis, and Rząsa (2006) who found that the exposure of chick embryos to a 50 Hz field did not change the hatching process. On the other hand, they are not consistent with those obtained by Batellier, Couty, Picard, and Brillard (2008) who demonstrated that hatchability in the group of embryos exposed to 900 MHz EMF decreased by 16% ...
The level of artificial electromagnetic field (EMF) has steadily increased with the development of human civilization. The developing chicken embryo has been considered a good model to study the effects of EMF on living organisms. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of a 1800 MHz electromagnetic field during embryogenesis on the frequency of chick embryo malformations, morphometric parameters of the heart and liver and concentration of corticosterone in blood plasma, lipid and glycogen content in the liver of newly hatched chicks. A 1800 MHz EMF was found to shorten the duration of embryogenesis (earlier pipping and hatching of chicks) while having no effect on the quantity and quality of chicks and on increasing the incidence of embryo malformations. Exposure of chick embryos to EMF caused decreases in relative heart weight and right ventricle wall thickness. The pipping and hatching of chicks can be accelerated by stressful impact of EMF, which is confirmed by a significant increase in plasma corticosterone concentrations and decrease in fat and glycogen in the liver of chicks exposed during embryogenesis on the electromagnetic field with a frequency of 1800 MHz.
... Damage to female reproductive tissue or processes from both low frequency EMF as well as higher frequency RF due to the widespread use of mobile phones may increase the risk for infertility or contribute to abnormal fetal growth (Fig. 4) (Poulletier de Gannes et al., 2013). Data obtained from both animal and human studies of EMF have shown adverse effects on granulosa cells, numbers of ovarian follicles, endometrial tissue, oocyte and embryo quality, and even changes in fetal heart physiology during pregnancy (Batellier et al., 2008;Diem et al., 2005;Merhi, 2012). Male offspring exposed prenatally to EMF develop a range of deficiencies in Leydig cells as well as reduced levels of testosterone and have also been associated with increased behavioral anomalies (Aldad et al., 2012). ...
... Indeed, while many previous studies linked the prenatal restraint with alterations of various gestation outcome endpoints (including gestation length, implantation, teratology signs, litter size, pups birth weight and body weight gain) in rodents [22,49,50] and humans [51], other reports denied such effects [52][53][54]. For the in utero WiFi exposure, the negative effects on gestational parameters mentioned above were detected in different animal species (rat, mice, rabbit and chicken) in some investigations [55][56][57] but not in rat in other reports [58][59][60]. ...
Today, due to technology development and aversive events of daily life, Human exposure to both radiofrequency and stress is unavoidable. This study investigated the co-exposure to repeated restraint stress and WiFi signal on cognitive function and oxidative stress in brain of male rats. Animals were divided into four groups: Control, WiFi-exposed, restrained and both WiFi-exposed and restrained groups. Each of WiFi exposure and restraint stress occurred 2 h (h)/day during 20 days. Subsequently, various tests were carried out for each group, such as anxiety in elevated plus maze, spatial learning abilities in the water maze, cerebral oxidative stress response and cholinesterase activity in brain and serum. Results showed that WiFi exposure and restraint stress, alone and especially if combined, induced an anxiety-like behavior without impairing spatial learning and memory abilities in rats. At cerebral level, we found an oxidative stress response triggered by WiFi and restraint, per se and especially when combined as well as WiFi-induced increase in acetylcholinesterase activity. Our results reveal that there is an impact of WiFi signal and restraint stress on the brain and cognitive processes especially in elevated plus maze task. In contrast, there are no synergistic effects between WiFi signal and restraint stress on the brain.
... Indeed, while many previous studies linked the prenatal restraint with alterations of various gestation outcome endpoints (including gestation length, implantation, teratology signs, litter size, pups birth weight and body weight gain) in rodents [22,49,50] and humans [51], other reports denied such effects [52][53][54]. For the in utero WiFi exposure, the negative effects on gestational parameters mentioned above were detected in different animal species (rat, mice, rabbit and chicken) in some investigations [55][56][57] but not in rat in other reports [58][59][60]. ...
The present study was carried out to investigate the potential combined influence of maternal restraint stress (and 2.45 GHz WiFi signal exposure on postnatal development and behavior in the offspring of exposed rats. 24 pregnant albino Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups: Control, WiFi-exposed, restrained and both WiFi-exposed and restrained groups. Each of WiFi exposure and restraint occurred 2 h/day along gestation till parturition. The pups were evaluated for physical development and neuromotor maturation. Moreover, elevated plus maze test, open field activity and stationary beam test were also determined on postnatal days 28, 30 and 31, respectively. After behavioral tests, the rats were anesthetized and their brains were removed for biochemical analysis. Our main findings showed no detrimental effects on gestation progress and outcomes at delivery in all groups. Subsequently, WiFi and restraint, per se and mainly in concert altered physical development of pups with slight differences between genders. Behaviorally, the gestational WiFi irradiation, restraint and especially the associated treatment affected the neuromotor maturation mainly in male progeny. At adult age, we noticed anxiety, motor deficit and exploratory behavior impairment in male offspring co-exposed to WiFi radiation and restraint, and in female progeny subjected to three treatments. The biochemical investigation showed that, all three treatments produced global oxidative stress in brain of both sexes. As for serum biochemistry, phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, triglycerides and calcium levels were disrupted. Taken together, prenatal WiFi radiation and restraint, alone and combined, provoked several behavioral and biochemical impairments at both juvenile and adult age of the offspring.
... This is comparable with Batellier who reported a mortality rate of less than 1% from day 7 to 14 when fertilized eggs were exposed to 900 MHz. 29 Many other studies however, have reported a higher mortality in the radio wave exposed groups; Youbicier-Simo reporting a mortality of 54% in the exposed group and 14% in the control; where exposure was by continuous mobile phone activity during the embryonic life (21 days). 19 Jyoti et al. showed a higher mortality in the exposed group and reported that the increased exposure duration and higher power (20 dBm) had both influenced the mortality in the exposed groups. ...
Background:
The objectives of this study were to explore the effects of low dose of the nonionizing (REW) emitted by a mobile phone on the development of chick embryo.
Methods:
one hundred and twenty chick fertilized eggs were equally divided into a control and an exposed group. Sixty fertilized eggs were placed in an egg incubator with a mobile phone (SAR US: 1.10W/kg (head) 0.47 W/kg body) in silent mode having vibration disable mode. Mobile was called for a total of 20 minutes in 24 hours. Twenty embryos each were sacrificed at day 5, 10 and 15, mortality, wet body weight, head to rump length, eye diameter and morphological changes were noted. The control group, 60 eggs were incubated in the same conditions, having removed the phone.
Results:
No mortality was noted. The experimental group exposed to REW showed subcutaneous haemorrhagic areas and significant growth retardation at day 10 as evidence by smaller eye diameter, wet weight and CR length than the control group. There were no significant growth differences at either day 5 or at day 15.
Conclusions:
Electromagnetic waves emitted from mobile phones even though for a very short duration of 20 minutes per day have affected the growth of the chick embryo at day 10 of incubation, Hence exposure of these waves are not 100% safe.
... "Old" beyond (40 years) (Bouharati and al; 2012). Several studies have demonstrated the effect of EMF on the fetus -during pregnancy-(Di Carlo and al;2002, Batellier and al;2008). So, a fourth track has been added: ...
... "Old" beyond (40 years) (Bouharati and al; 2012). Several studies have demonstrated the effect of EMF on the fetus -during pregnancy-(Di Carlo and al;2002, Batellier and al;2008). So, a fourth track has been added: ...
Many countries have developed limits for public exposure values. However, there are no Algerian recommendations or laws governing electromagnetic pollution. This work aims to assess the exposure by measuring the electromagnetic field. Then, these results are compared with literature studies that treat the effects of electromagnetic field on public health. Because these reactions are characterized by uncertainty and imprecision, we found it useful to analyze these data by fuzzy logic. Fuzzy logic is perfectly appropriate in our case in which a fuzzy algorithm is proposed to predict the health effects on exposed subjects from the input variables.
... No conclusions can be drawn from this study because of the low number of animals and inadequate reporting of dosimetry. Batellier et al. (2008) studied embryo mortality in fertile chicken eggs exposed to 900 MHz mobile phone fields. The exposure was generated by a mobile phone that was programmed to call once at 3 min intervals during the entire period of incubation. ...
The purpose of this opinion is to update the SCENIHR opinion of 21 March 2007 in the
light of newly available information, and to provide a methodological framework and
corresponding guidelines to evaluate available scientific evidence in order to ensure the
best possible quality for risk assessment.
1. Update
Radio frequency fields (RF fields)
It is concluded from three independent lines of evidence (epidemiological, animal and in
vitro studies) that exposure to RF fields is unlikely to lead to an increase in cancer in
humans. However, as the widespread duration of exposure of humans to RF fields from
mobile phones is shorter than the induction time of some cancers, further studies are
required to identify whether considerably longer-term (well beyond ten years) human
exposure to such phones might pose some cancer risk.
Regarding non-carcinogenic outcomes, several studies were performed on subjects
reporting subjective symptoms. In the previous opinion, it was concluded that scientific
studies had failed to provide support for a relationship between RF exposure and selfreported
symptoms. Although an association between RF exposure and single symptoms
was indicated in some new studies, taken together, there is a lack of consistency in the
findings. Therefore, the conclusion that scientific studies have failed to provide support
for an effect of RF fields on self-reported symptoms still holds. Scientific studies have
indicated that a nocebo effect (an adverse non-specific effect that is caused by
expectation or belief that something is harmful) may play a role in symptom formation.
As in the previous opinion, there is no evidence supporting that individuals, including
those attributing symptoms to RF exposure, are able to detect RF fields. There is some
evidence that RF fields can influence EEG patterns and sleep in humans. However, the
health relevance is uncertain and mechanistic explanation is lacking. Further
investigation of these effects is needed. Other studies on functions/aspects of the
nervous system, such as cognitive functions, sensory functions, structural stability, and
cellular responses show no or no consistent effects.
Recent studies have not shown effects from RF fields on human or animal reproduction
and development. No new data have appeared that indicate any other effects on human
health.
From the risk assessment perspective it is important to recognise that information on
possible effects caused by RF fields in children is limited. Furthermore, there is a lack of
information on diseases other than those discussed in this report.
Intermediate frequency fields (IF fields)
Occupational exposure to IF fields in certain areas is considerably higher than exposure
to the general public. However, very little research on IF and health risks in occupational
settings or for the general public have been presented since the previous opinion, and no
epidemiological studies have appeared. Consequently, the data are still too limited for an
appropriate risk assessment.
In view of the increasing occupational exposure to IF among workers in e.g. security,
shops, and certain industries it is important that research in this area is given priority.
Extremely low frequency fields (ELF fields)
The few new epidemiological and animal studies that have addressed ELF exposure and
cancer do not change the previous assessment that ELF magnetic fields are a possible
carcinogen and might contribute to an increase in childhood leukaemia. At present, in
vitro studies did not provide a mechanistic explanation of this epidemiological finding.
No new studies support a causal relationship between ELF fields and self-reported
symptoms.
Health Effects of Exposure to EMF
5
New epidemiological studies indicate a possible increase in Alzheimer's disease arising
from exposure to ELF. Further epidemiological and laboratory investigations of this
observation are needed.
Recent animal studies provided an indication for effects on the nervous system at flux
densities from 0.10-1.0 mT. However, there are still inconsistencies in the data, and no
definite conclusions can be drawn concerning human health effects.
Very few recent in vitro studies have investigated effects from ELF fields on diseases
other than cancer and those available have very little relevance. There is a need for
hypothesis-based in vitro studies to examine specific diseases.
It is notable that in vivo and in vitro studies show effects at exposure levels (from 0.10
mT and above) to ELF fields that are considerably higher than the levels encountered in
the epidemiological studies (μT-levels) which showed an association between exposure
and diseases such as childhood leukaemia and Alzheimer's disease. This warrants further
investigation.
Static fields
Although a fair number of studies have been published since the last opinion, the
conclusion drawn there stands: there is still a lack of adequate data for a proper risk
assessment of static magnetic fields. More research is necessary, especially to clarify the
many mixed and sometimes contradictory results.
Short term effects have been observed primarily on sensory functions for acute
exposure. However, there is no consistent evidence for sustained adverse health effects
from short term exposure up to several teslas.
Environmental effects
The current database is inadequate for the purposes of the assessment of possible risks
due to environmental exposure to RF, IF and ELF.
Research recommendations
The scientific rationale has identified a number of areas characterised by insufficient and
contradictory information regarding possible health associated effects from the various
frequency bands of the EMF spectrum. It is recommended that certain knowledge gaps
are filled.
2. Methodological Framework
The SCENIHR is asked to provide a methodological framework and corresponding
guidelines to evaluate available scientific evidence in order to ensure the best possible
quality for risk assessment. The subject is covered in detail in chapter 3.8 of the opinion.
The present opinion provides a methodological framework and guidelines as:
- a general outline of criteria used for making EMF health risk assessment
- a description of the work procedure leading to the overall evaluation
- a specialised section where characteristics and quality criteria regarding dosimetry
and exposure assessment, epidemiology, human laboratory studies, in vivo
studies, and in vitro studies are presented.
... Similar to the results of the dormant seeds in our study, fertile chicken eggs were exposed to a cell phone in the call position over the entire incubation period. A harmful effect was observed on embryo survival upon prolonged and permanent exposure of fertile chicken eggs to cell phone radiation [26]. Detection of negative effects on embryo is consistent with our findings that seeds in the dormant state were more affected. ...
In this study, the effects of electromagnetic waves emitted from mobile phones operating at 1800 MHz were investigated on germination, root growth and mitotic division of root tips of Lens culinaris Medik. Seeds were split into three groups. The first group was exposed to a mobile phone electromagnetic field for 48 hours at the state of dormancy, and the second group was exposed to the same electromagnetic field at the state of division. The third group, the control group, was not exposed to an electromagnetic field beyond the natural background. The results obtained in the study indicate that electromagnetic waves emitted from mobile phones affect seeds in the state of dormancy more than the state of germination. Germination rate was not affected under the specified exposure conditions, but root growth decreased due to a possible effect of oxidative stress in the state of dormant seeds. There was also a noticeable increment in the c-mitosis rates, especially in the state of dormant seeds. The reason for this increment could be problems in spindle function.
... WB 1800 MHz exposure of pregnant rabbits (15 min/day for 1 week) was reported to cause a significant decrease in liver lipid peroxidation (FOX assay) in newborns, but no effect on DNA oxidation (8-OHdG) (Tomruk et al., 2010). Exposure to RF fields emitted by a commercial mobile phone (GSM-900 MHz) transiently affected ossification in mouse fetuses (Fragopoulou et al., 2010) and induced a lethal effect on chicken embryos be-tween the 9th and 12th day of incubation (Batellier et al., 2008). Unfortunately, most of the studies suggesting deleterious effects of in utero RF fields exposure on fetal development or other endpoints in pups used non-state-ofthe-art exposure setups and low-quality exposure characterization, thus making an accurate interpretation impossible. ...
... Research on the impact of electromagnetic fields (EMF) on living organisms has been conducted for over a century. Despite many studies, the possible health consequences of exposure to weak electromagnetic fields, including EMF produced by mobile telephony, have not been conclusively established yet [2][3][4][5]. One of the research areas receiving special emphasis in recent times is the impact of electromagnetic fields on organisms at the embryo stage of development, neonatal organisms, as well as juvenile organisms [6,7]. ...
... The mortality rate was significantly increased in chick embryos on exposure to RFR emitted from cell phone. [5][6][7][8] . Exposure also caused congenital malformations, [9,10] and structural changes in developing kidneys. ...
The mobile phones have become popular due to faster communication, convenience and lower costs. The electromagnetic fields emitted by them are absorbed into the user’s body. The scientific reports on the possible health effects of these radiations on both human and animal models are contradictory. The present study is undertaken to evaluate the possible tissue damage in developing retina of chick embryo following chronic exposure of radiation emitted from 2G and 3G cell phone. Fertilized chick embryos were
incubated in four groups - Group A-experimental group exposed to 2G radiation, Group B- experimental group exposed to 3G radiation, Group C- sham exposed control group and Group D – control group. After the scheduled duration, the embryos were processed for routine histological studies. The thickness of each layer of retina was measured using oculometer and statistically compared using one way ANOVA.The eyes of one batch of eggs of all groups were processed for assessment of DNA damage using the alkaline comet assay
technique. Our study conclude that the 2G and 3G cell phone radiation caused significant changes in the thicknesses of different layers of retina and structural changes in the form of increased intercellular spaces and disintegration of optic nerve fibre.The DNA damage was highly significant in the experimental groups. The changes were more pronounced in 3G group
Cell phones operate with a wide range of frequency bands and emit radiofrequency-electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR). Concern on the possible health hazards of RF-EMR has been growing in many countries because these RF-EMR pulses may be absorbed into the body cells, directly affecting them. There are some in vitro and in vivo animal studies related to the consequences of RF-EMR exposure from cell phones on embryo development and offspring. In addition, some studies have revealed that RF-EMR from cellular phone may lead to decrease in the rates of fertilization and embryo development, as well as the risk of the developmental anomalies, other studies have reported that it does not interfere with in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection success rates, or the chromosomal aberration rate. Of course, it is unethical to study the effect of waves generated from cell phones on the forming human embryos. Conversely, other mammals have many similarities to humans in terms of anatomy, physiology and genetics. Therefore, in this review we focused on the existing literature evaluating the potential effects of RF-EMR on mammalian embryonic and fetal development.
Ambient levels of nonionizing electromagnetic fields (EMF) have risen sharply in the last five decades to become a ubiquitous, continuous, biologically active environmental pollutant, even in rural and remote areas. Many species of flora and fauna, because of unique physiologies and habitats, are sensitive to exogenous EMF in ways that surpass human reactivity. This can lead to complex endogenous reactions that are highly variable, largely unseen, and a possible contributing factor in species extinctions, sometimes localized. Non-human magnetoreception mechanisms are explored. Numerous studies across all frequencies and taxa indicate that current low-level anthropogenic EMF can have myriad adverse and synergistic effects, including on orientation and migration, food finding, reproduction, mating, nest and den building, territorial maintenance and defense, and on vitality, longevity and survivorship itself. Effects have been observed in mammals such as bats, cervids, cetaceans, and pinnipeds among others, and on birds, insects, amphibians, reptiles, microbes and many species of flora. Cyto- and geno-toxic effects have long been observed in laboratory research on animal models that can be extrapolated to wildlife. Unusual multi-system mechanisms can come into play with non-human species — including in aquatic environments — that rely on the Earth’s natural geomagnetic fields for critical life-sustaining information. Part 2 of this 3-part series includes four online supplement tables of effects seen in animals from both ELF and RFR at vanishingly low intensities. Taken as a whole, this indicates enough information to raise concerns about ambient exposures to nonionizing radiation at ecosystem levels. Wildlife loss is often unseen and undocumented until tipping points are reached. It is time to recognize ambient EMF as a novel form of pollution and develop rules at regulatory agencies that designate air as ‘habitat’ so EMF can be regulated like other pollutants. Long-term chronic low-level EMF exposure standards, which do not now exist, should be set accordingly for wildlife, and environmental laws should be strictly enforced — a subject explored in Part 3.
Present study investigated the long-term effects of mobile phone (1800 MHz) radiation in stand-by, dialing and receiving modes on the female reproductive function (ovarian and uterine histo-architecture, and steroidogenesis) and stress responses (oxidative and nitrosative stress). We observed that mobile phone radiation induces significant elevation in ROS, NO, lipid peroxidation, total carbonyl content and serum corticosterone coupled with significant decrease in antioxidant enzymes in hypothalamus, ovary and uterus of mice. Compared to control group, exposed mice exhibited reduced number of developing and mature follicles as well as corpus lutea. Significantly decreased serum levels of pituitary gonadotrophins (LH, FSH), sex steroids (E2 and P4) and expression of SF-1, StAR, P-450scc, 3β-HSD, 17β-HSD, cytochrome P-450 aromatase, ER-α and ER-β were observed in all the exposed groups of mice, compared to control. These findings suggest that mobile phone radiation induces oxidative and nitrosative stress, which affects the reproductive performance of female mice.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of 3rd-generation (3G) cellular phone radiofrequency-electromagnetic wave (RF-EMW) exposure on fertilization and embryogenesis in mice. Oocytes and spermatozoa were exposed to 3G cellular phone RF-EMWs, 1.95 GHz wideband code division multiple access, at a specific absorption rate of 2 mW/g for 60 min, or to sham exposure. After RF-EMW exposure, in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection were performed. Rates of fertilization, embryogenesis (8-cell embryo, blastocyst), and chromosome aberration were compared between the combined spermatozoa and oocyte groups: both exposed, both non-exposed, one exposed, and the other non-exposed. Rates of fertilization, embryogenesis, and blastocyst formation did not change significantly across the four groups. Considering that the degree of exposure in the present study was ≥100 times greater than daily exposure of human spermatozoa and even greater than daily exposure of oocytes, the present results indicate safety of RF-EMW exposure in humans. Bioelectromagnetics. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In present review, the results of bioelectromagnetic studies on chicken embryo (from d-0 to d-21) are summarized. With attention to feasibility in exposing embryo to electromagnetic fields (EMF) in egg, chicken is a suitable model in compared with mammalian. Because its development formed in external condition (separate from uterus). In present review, EMFs are categorized with its frequency (Hz) and intensity (Tesla). Also, content were separated with kind of filed (electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields). The review had attempted to introduce hazardous effect of EMF on embryo health and development.
This study investigated the effects of 935-MHz electromagnetic radiation (ER) on fertilization and subsequent embryonic development in mice. Ovulating mice were irradiated at three ER intensities for 4 h/day (d) or 2 h/d for three consecutive days; the ova were then harvested for in vitro fertilization to observe the 6-h fertilization rate (6-FR), 72-h morula rate (72-MR), and 110-h blastula rate (110-BR). Compared with the control group, the 6-FR, 72-MR, and 110-BR were decreased in the low ER intensity group, but the differences were not significant; in the mid- and high-intensity ER groups, 72-MR and 110-BR in the 4 h/d and 2 h/d subgroups were decreased, showing significant differences compared with the control group. Moreover, the comparison between 4 h/d and 2 h/d subgroups showed significant differences. Mid- and high-intensity ER at 935 MHz can reduce the fertilization rate in mice, and reduce the blastulation rate, thus reducing the possibility of embryo implantation.
The increasing use of social media for information sharing has elevated the need for information literacy (IL) education to prepare students to be effective information creators and communicators. One concern is that students sometimes indiscriminately forward misinformation. Understanding the reasons behind misinformation sharing would help the development of IL intervention strategies. Guided by the Uses and Gratifications approach and rumor research, undergraduate and graduate students in Singapore were surveyed on why they share misinformation on social media. Gender and study-level differences were investigated. Over 60% of respondents had shared misinformation. The top reasons were related to the information's perceived characteristics, as well as self-expression and socializing. Accuracy and authoritativeness did not rank highly. Women had a higher prevalence of sharing and intention to share misinformation. Undergraduate and graduate students differed in their reasons for sharing misinformation. The former share (and intend to share) more misinformation than the latter, but the difference was not statistically significant. Because many of the reasons cited were social in nature, IL training should address the social motivations propelling such behavior. Social media systems may also develop features that encourage users to flag debunked postings and allow a correction to be displayed alongside the misinformation.
The biological effects on cardiovascular development of chicken embryos were examined after radiation exposure using mobile phone (900 MHz; specific absorption rate˜1.07 W/kg) intermittently 3 h per day during incubation. Samples were selected by morphological and histological methods. The results showed the rate of embryonic mortality and cardiac deformity increased significantly in exposed group (P < 0.05). No any histological pathological changes were observed on Day 5-7 (D5-D7) of incubation. A higher distribution of lipid droplets was unexpectedly present in myocardial tissue from the exposure groups on D10-D13. Soon afterwards, myofilament disruption, atrioventricular valve focal necrosis, mitochondria vacuolization and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) decrease appeared on D15-D21 of incubation. Comet assay data showed the haemocyte mean tail in the exposed group was significantly larger than that of the control (P < 0.01). The arterial vascular wall of exposed group was thicker (P < 0.05) than that of the control on D13, which was reversed to normal in later stages. Our findings suggest that long-term exposure of MPR may induce myocardium pathological changes, DNA damage and increased mortality; however, there was little effect on vascular development.
© 2015 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.
The aim of present study was to determine the effect of intermitted exposure to Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) and Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) during different periods of incubation on embryonic mortality, total hatchability and thyroid hormones level in hatched chicks. Experimental groups were classified as group 1 (control), with normal incubation process and without any exposing to EMF; group 2 included eggs exposed to ELF-EMF, 2 h daily for 0-7 day of incubation; group 3 included eggs exposed for 2 h daily from day-8 to -14 of incubation; group 4; included eggs exposed from day-15 to -21 of incubation and group 5 included eggs exposed from day-1 to -21 of incubation (whole incubation period). Incubation condition with exception to EMF exposing was similar for all groups. After observations for hatching characterizes, the blood samples were collected. The samples were centrifuged and serum was obtained for determination of the T-3 and T-4 level. Exposure to EMFs didn't have similar effect on hatchability; the groups 2 and 3 that exposed for a stage had significant lower hatchability in comparison with group 1 (control) and group 5. Group 3 had highest mid-embryonic mortality rate. The late-embryonic mortality was high in control group. The group 5 had highest early-embryonic mortality rate. There is not any significant difference for T-3 concentrations between groups. Level of T-4 is significantly increased for groups 2 and 3, when it compared with control groups (p<0.05). It was concluded that intermitted exposure to ELF-EMF during 2nd or 3rd week of embryonic life can cause considerable mortality rate and hatchability decreases. Although exposure to EMF entire incubation period or at first week couldn't has significant effect on hatchability. Exposing to ELF-EMF during 1-14 d of incubation caused T-4 level increases, whereas T-3 level was not affected by EMF.
The objectives of this study were to explore the effects of the non-ionizing low frequency electromagnetic waves emitted by a mobile phone on the development of chick embryo. 40 chick fertilized eggs were equally divided into a control and an exposed group. 20 fertilized eggs were placed in an egg incubator with a mobile phone (SAR US: 1.10W/kg (head) 0.47 W/kg body) in silent mode having vibration disable mode. Mobile was called for a total of 50 minutes in 24 hours. The control group, 20 eggs were incubated in the same conditions, having removed the phone. Embryos were sacrificed at day 15, mortality, wet body weight; head to rump length, gross morphological and histological changes were studied. Experimental group at day 15 revealed increased mortality, gross malformations and developmental anomalies, decrease in wet body weight and length when compared with the control group. Liver tissue revealed degeneration of hepatocytes, disruption of architecture, and accumulation of lipid droplets and lack of sinusoids. We conclude that RFW emitted by mobile phones have cytotoxic and teratogenic effects on the developing chick embryo.
Embryonic mortality does not occur randomly at all days of incubation (Christensen, 1978; Lerner et al., 1993; Krueger, 1993). More embryos die in the first and third trimesters than in the second. The frequency of "early embryonic mortality" has been observed to increase between 2 and 4 days in the chicken and between 3 and 6 days in the turkey (Hutt and Pilkey, 1930; Insko and Martin, 1935; Christensen, 1978; Lerner et al., 1993; Krueger, 1993). When comparisons are made between older (Hutt and Pilkey, 1930; Insko and Martin, 1935) and more recent studies (Lerner et al., 1993; Krueger, 1993), the increased frequencies of mortality at these early stages of incubation are similar at both periods of time. Many physiological and genetic events occur during the initial days of development. A brief description of these events is included below. The development is far more complex than is portrayed below, so the reader interested in greater detail is referred to additional papers (Hamburger and Hamilton, 1951; Eyal-Giladi, 1984; Gupta and Bakst, 1993). In the chicken Eyal-Giladi and Kochav (1984) stages I-X occur before oviposition and stages XI-XIII occur within the first 24 hours of incubation. The remaining stages discussed in the current paper are described by the Hamburger and Hamilton (1951) stages 1-24. In the turkey Gupta and Bakst (1997) stages I-VII occur before oviposition and the subsequent stages VIII-XIII occur during the first 48 hours of incubation. The remaining stages are described by the Hamburger and Hamilton (1951) stages 1-18.
The effects of continuous exposure of chick embryos and young chickens to the electromagnetic fields (EMFs) emitted by video display units (VDUs) and GSM cell phone radiation, either the whole spectrum emitted or attenuated by a copper gauze, were investigated. Perma-nent exposure to the EMFs radiated by a VDU was asso-ciated with significantly increased fetal loss (47–68%) and markedly depressed levels of circulating specific antibodies (IgG), corticosterone and melatonin. We have also shown that under chronic exposure conditions, GSM cell phone radiation was harmful to chick embryos, stressful for healthy mice and, in this species, synergistic with cancer insofar as it depleted stress hormones. The same pathological results were observed after substan-tial reduction of the microwaves radiated from the cell phone by attenuating them with a copper gauze.
Eggs from Cobb broiler breeders were incubated for 18 d. Eggs were not turned (T0) or were turned until 9 (T9), 12 (T12), 15 (T15), or 18 (T18) d. First, the effects of turning on embryo and albumen weights were studied. Samples of eggs were opened at d 9, 12, 15, and 18 for embryo and albumen weighing. The results show that embryos from unturned eggs had lower weights and higher remaining albumen weights than those from turned eggs. At d 18, albumen utilization was completed in the T12, T15, and T18 groups only. Also, further turning until d 15 and 18 increased embryo weights. The responsiveness of the embryo after adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) injection was studied to test stress control in embryos. Blood samples were collected from embryos at 60 and 150 min after injection at d 12, 15, and 18 and were analyzed for corticosterone concentrations. The results showed that basal corticosterone levels increased with embryo age. At 60 min after ACTH injection, corticosterone levels were lower at d 12 than at d 15 and 18. At 150 min after ACTH injection, corticosterone levels followed different trends according to incubation stage and turning duration. The highest basal corticosterone levels were obtained with the T15 group at d 15 and 18. Also at d 18, corticosterone levels in the T15 group were the highest at 150 min after ACTH injection. We concluded that egg turning was required during incubation until d 12, at least, and should not be stopped until after d 15.
The effect of turning angle (from vertical) and the interaction with turning frequency during incubation on fertile hatchability, embryonic mortality, and the incidence of embryos with head in the small end of the egg (malpositioned) was studied in 2 experiments comprising 2 trials each to determine if a turning angle of less than 45 degrees could be successful. Hatching eggs from commercial broiler breeder flocks from 55 to 61 wk of age were utilized, and turning was for 18 d. Eggs were subjected to turning angles of 35, 40, or 45 degrees, with a turning frequency of 24 times daily (24x) in Experiment 1. Turning angle had no effect on fertile hatchability. However, the incidence of separately enumerated, malpositioned embryos was increased by the 35 degrees angle, compared with both the 40 and 45 degrees angles in Experiment 1. Eggs were subjected to turning angles (from vertical) of 35 degrees, with a turning frequency of either 24x or 96x daily, or 45 degrees, with 24x turning in the 2 trials of Experiment 2. Turning angle and frequency had no effect on fertile hatchability or embryonic mortality, but the incidence of separately enumerated, malpositioned embryos was increased by the 35 degrees angle with 24x turning, compared with the 35 degrees angle with 96x turning, and the 45 degrees angle, with 24x turning, in Experiment 2. These data demonstrated that the incidence of malpositioned embryos was increased by a reduced turning angle, but that this effect was ameliorated by a concomitant increase in turning frequency.
A possible mutagenic effect of 2.45 GHz radiofrequency exposure was examined using lacZ-transgenic Muta mice. Pregnant animals were exposed intermittently at a whole-body averaged specific absorption rate of 0.71 W/kg (10 seconds on, 50 seconds off which is 4.3 W/kg during the 10 seconds exposure). Offspring that were exposed in utero for 16 hours a day, from the embryonic age of 0 to 15 days, were examined at 10 weeks of age. To minimize thermal effects, the exposure was given in repeated bursts of 10 seconds of exposure followed by 50 seconds of no exposure. Mutation frequencies at the lacZ gene in spleen, liver, brain, and testis were similar to those observed in non-exposed mice. Quality of mutation assessed by sequencing the nucleotides of mutant DNAs revealed no appreciable difference between exposed and non-exposed samples. The data suggest that the level of radiofrequency exposure studied is not mutagenic when administered in utero in short repeated bursts.
FORTY-FIVE FIGURES The preparation of a series of normal stages of the chick embryo does not need justification at a time when chick ernbryos are not only widely used in descriptive and experimental embryology but are proving to be increasingly valuable in medical research, as in work on viruses and cancer. The present series was planned in connection with the preparation of a new edition of Lillie’s DeueZopmerzt of the Chick by the junior author. It is being published separately to make it accessible immediately to a large group of workers. Ever since Aristotle “discovered” the chick embryo as the ideal, object for embryological studies, the embryos have been described in terms of the length of time of incubation, and this arbitrary method is still in general use, except for the first three days of incubation during which more detailed characteristics such as the numbers of somites are applied. The shortcomings of a classification based on chronological age are obvious to every worker in this field, for enormous variations may occur in embryos even though all eggs in a setting are plmaced in the incubator at the same time. Many factors are responsible for the lack of correlation between chronological and structural age. Among these are : genetic differences in the rate of development of different breccls (eg., the embryo of the White Leghorn breed develops more 49
1. The physiological effects of egg turning during incubation are described. 2. There was a critical period for turning, from days 3 to 7 of incubation, which affected hatchability, embryo growth and utilisation of extra-embryonic fluids. 3. Failure to turn eggs retarded formation of allantoic and amniotic fluids, restricted alumen uptake and retarded growth of the embryo, but only after day 12 of incubation.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of radiofrequency radiation emitted from cellular phones on the lipid composition, malondialdehyde concentration, p53 immune reactivity, sperm count, morphology, histological structure of testes, and on rectal temperature of rats exposed to microwave radiation emitted from cellular phones. Sixteen Spraque-Dawley rats were separated into two groups of eight, sham exposed (control) and experimental. The rats were confined in plexiglas cages specially designed for this study, and cellular phones were placed 0.5 cm under the cages. For the experimental group, cellular phones were activated 20 min per day (7 days a week) for 1 month. For the control group, the cellular phones were placed beneath the cages for 20 min a day, but the phones were turned off. Rectal temperatures were measured weekly. For 250 mW radiated power, the whole body average SAR (rms) is 0.52 W/kg and 1 g averaged peak SAR (rms) is 3.13 W/kg. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used for statistical comparisons of groups. No statistically significant alteration in any of the endpoints was noted. This study found no evidence suggesting an adverse effect of cell phone exposure on measures of testicular function or structure.
In this report we examined the effects of a discontinuous radio frequency (RF) signal produced by a GSM multiband mobile phone (900/1,900 MHz; SAR approximately 1.4 W/kg) on Drosophila melanogaster, during the 10-day developmental period from egg laying through pupation. As found earlier with low frequency exposures, the non-thermal radiation from the GSM mobile phone increased numbers of offspring, elevated hsp70 levels, increased serum response element (SRE) DNA-binding and induced the phosphorylation of the nuclear transcription factor, ELK-1. The rapid induction of hsp70 within minutes, by a non-thermal stress, together with identified components of signal transduction pathways, provide sensitive and reliable biomarkers that could serve as the basis for realistic mobile phone safety guidelines.
Exposure to high-density microwaves can cause detrimental effects on the testis, eye, and other tissues, and induce significant biologic changes through thermal actions. To examine nonthermal effect of continuous wave (CW) 915MHz microwaves used in cellular phones, we compared the effects of microwaves with those of heat. Thirty-six pregnant rats were assigned to six groups: rats exposed to microwaves at 0.6 or 3mW/cm(2) incident power density at 915MHz for 90min, rats immersed in water at 38 or 40 degrees C, which induces about the same increase in colonic temperature of 1.0 or 3.5 degrees C as 0.6 or 3mW/cm(2) microwaves, respectively; rats immersed in water at 34 degrees C, which is considered to be thermoneutral; and control rats. We identified significant differences in the uteroplacental circulation, and in placental endocrine and immune functions between pregnant rats immersed in water at 34 and 38 degrees C, but not between rats immersed at 38 degrees C and those exposed to microwaves at 0.6mW/cm(2). By contrast, we observed significant decreases in uteroplacental blood flow and estradiol in rats exposed to microwaves at 3mW/cm(2) as compared with those immersed in water at 40 degrees C. These results suggest microwaves at 0.6mW/cm(2) at 915MHz, equal to a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.4W/kg, which is the maximum permissible exposure level recommended by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), do not exert nonthermal effects on blood estradiol and progesterone, on splenic natural killer cell activity, on the uteroplacental circulation.
Chicken embryos were exposed to EMF from GSM mobile phone during the embryonic development (21 days). As a result the embryo mortality rate in the incubation period increased to 75% (versus 16% in control group).
Effects of nonthermal radiofrequency radiation (RFR) of the global system of mobile communication (GSM) cellular phones have been as yet mostly studied at the molecular level in the context of cellular stress and proliferation, as well as neurotransmitter production and localization. In this study, a simulation model was designed for the exposure of pregnant rats to pulsed GSM-like RFR (9.4 GHz), based on the different resonant frequencies of man and rat. The power density applied was 5 microW/cm2, in order to avoid thermal electromagnetic effects as much as possible. Pregnant rats were exposed to RFR during days 1-3 postcoitum (p.c.) (embryogenesis, pre-implantation) and days 4-7 p.c. (early organogenesis, peri-implantation). Relative expression and localization of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) and their receptors (BMPR), members of a molecular family currently considered as major endocrine and autocrine morphogens and known to be involved in renal development, were investigated in newborn kidneys from RFR exposed and sham irradiated (control) rats. Semi-quantitative duplex RT-PCR for BMP-4, -7, BMPR-IA, -IB, and -II showed increased BMP-4 and BMPR-IA, and decreased BMPR-II relative expression in newborn kidneys. These changes were statistically significant for BMP-4, BMPR-IA, and -II after exposure on days 1-3 p.c. (P <.001 each), and for BMP-4 and BMPR-IA after exposure on days 4-7 p.c. (P <.001 and P =.005, respectively). Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization (ISH) showed aberrant expression and localization of these molecules at the histological level. Our findings suggest that GSM-like RFR interferes with gene expression during early gestation and results in aberrations of BMP expression in the newborn. These molecular changes do not appear to affect renal organogenesis and may reflect a delay in the development of this organ. The differences of relative BMP expression after different time periods of exposure indicate the importance of timing for GSM-like RFR effects on embryonic development.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether long-term exposure to a 1.6 GHz radiofrequency (RF) field would affect the incidence of cancer in Fischer 344 rats. Thirty-six timed-pregnant rats were randomly assigned to each of three treatment groups: two groups exposed to a far-field RF Iridium signal and a third group that was sham exposed. Exposures were chosen such that the brain SAR in the fetuses was 0.16 W/kg. Whole-body far-field exposures were initiated at 19 days of gestation and continued at 2 h/day, 7 days/week for dams and pups after parturition until weaning (approximately 23 days old). The offspring (700) of these dams were selected, 90 males and 90 females for each near-field treatment group, with SAR levels in the brain calculated to be as follows: (1) 1.6 W/kg, (2) 0.16 W/kg and (3) near-field sham controls, with an additional 80 males and 80 females as shelf controls. Confining, head-first, near-field exposures of 2 h/day, 5 days/week were initiated when the offspring were 36 +/- 1 days old and continued until the rats were 2 years old. No statistically significant differences were observed among treatment groups for number of live pups/litter, survival index, and weaning weights, nor were there differences in clinical signs or neoplastic lesions among the treatment groups. The percentages of animals surviving at the end of the near-field exposure were not different among the male groups. In females a significant decrease in survival time was observed for the cage control group.
In 2002, we published a review of the cognitive and physiological effects of extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF MFs) and ELF-modulated radiofrequency fields associated with mobile phones. Since the original preparation of that review, a significant number of studies have been published using techniques such as electroencephalography, event-related potentials and positron emission tomography to investigate electromagnetic field effects upon human physiology and various measures of performance (cognitive, perceptual, behavioral). We review these recent studies, and when effects were observed, we reference the time course of observed effects (immediate or delayed). In our concluding remarks, we discuss a number of variables that are not often considered in human bioelectromagnetics studies, such as personality, individual differences and the specific laterality of ELF MF and mobile phone exposure over the brain. We also consider the sensitivity of various physiological assays and performance measures in the study of biological effects of electromagnetic fields.
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